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Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis)

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Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis) SPECIES AT A GLANCE Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Notch Four spines Hairy claws The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a bur- rowing crab that has a catadromous lifecycle meaning it spends the majority of its life in the freshwater reaches of coastal watersheds, and reproduces and develops in brackish and saline estuaries. This crab can significantly transform the aquatic ecosystems it invades through its intensive burrowing activities and high-density popula- tions, which alter food webs and the physical habitat. The carapace is up to 4 inches in width and light brown in Carapace width: 3 inches New photo credit. New photo color with a notch in the middle, between the eyes. Claws REPORT THIS SPECIES! have white tips and a dense patch of fur-like setae, which Oregon: 1-866-INVADER or OregonInvasivesHotline.org Washington: 1-877-9-INFEST or www.invasivespecies.wa.gov gave them their name. California: www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/report Species in the news Learning extensions Resources “Fishing column: Beware of Mitten Crab Lab, available at USDA species profile:www.invasive - Chinese mitten crabs,” by Martin MenaceToTheWest.org. speciesinfo.gov/aquatics/mitten- Armstrong. www.sfgate.com/default/ crab.shtml article/Fishing-Column-Beware-of- chinese-mitten-crabs-190826.php Why you should care How they got here and spread The Chinese mitten crab threatens ecosystems, The Chinese mitten crab was first identified in earthen structures, and fisheries by preying on and the south San Francisco Bay in 1992 by commercial competing with many species including fish eggs, shrimp trawlers, and quickly spread to the Sacra- clams, and mussels; and by eroding riverbanks, mento and San Joaquin rivers. It was introduced either wetland edges, and levees. It is an intermediate through ship ballast water or intentionally introduced host of lung flukes from the genus Paragonimus P.( as a food source. ringer, P. westermani), which can infest humans and What you can do other mammals if raw or improperly cooked crab is consumed. As of now, the other intermediate host, Clean all bilge and bait wells, fishing nets, and oth- Assiminea parasitologica (AP snail) is not found in the er gear before moving to new water bodies. It is illegal same region as Chinese mitten crab. If the two hosts to import eggs or live specimens of any species of mit- were in overlapping habitats with the parasite, it could ten crab to the United States under the Federal Lacey fully mature and cause a serious health concern. Act. It is also illegal to import, transport, or possess live Chinese mitten crabs in California, Washington, and Oregon. COOL FACTS The most identifiable feature is the dense patch of setae on its white-tipped claws that look like tufts of hair. The purpose of these “furry” mittens is still unknown. Juveniles can adeptly walk on land and migrate upstream a hundred miles or more, climbing over obstacles such as small dams or dikes. Data on map represents established Synonyms: Shanghai crab, river crab, mitten crab population and species occurrence data. Map created 2/14 by USGS. This fact sheet is part of Aquatic Invasions: A Menace to the West! A Toolkit Linking Science, Community, and Action through Education. SPECIES IN DEPTH ChineseChinese Mitten Mitten Crabs Crabs Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Carrie Culver Stephan Gollasch, GollaschStephan Consulting. NATIVE AND INVASIVE RANGE ECOLOGY The Chinese mitten crab is native to the Habitat and food webs coastal rivers and estuaries of the Yellow Sea in Mitten crabs can survive a large range of salinities. China and Korea. It has been introduced and Larval development requires a water temperature of at spread throughout the San Francisco Bay water- least 9°C to survive with an optimal range of 15–18°C. shed and has migrated as far inland as the Sierra They are omnivorous and eat vegetation, detritus, Nevada foothills of California. Range expansion mollusks, crustaceans (amphipods, water fleas, and along the west coast is expected. A single male shrimp), fish, and aquatic insects. Japanese mitten crab was caught in the Colum- bia River in 1997, although no Chinese mit- Life stages ten crabs have been captured yet in Oregon or The Chinese mitten crab is unique because it Washington. The sightings are usually reported spawns in salt water and matures in freshwater (ca- by fishermen because Chinese mitten crabs are tadromous life cycle). This is opposite to species like known to be aggressive bait stealers. salmon (anadromous life cycle). The crab spends most UNITED STATES of its life in freshwater, then migrates to saltwater to DISTRIBUTION reproduce. These massive migrations have clogged fish hatchery equipment and hampered water delivery in In the United Northern California. The mitten crab is reported to States, the species is mature in 2–3 years in San Francisco Bay. Develop- only established in California, although it has been reported in the Detroit River, Mississippi River, Great Lakes, Gulf Coast, Chesapeake Bay, and Columbia River. Amy Benson, USGS Amy West Coast distribution of the Chinese mitten crab. Data on map represents established population and species occurrence data. Map created 2/14 by USGS. Amanda Slade Aquatic Invasions! A Menace to the West • SPECIES GUIDE 1 Chinese Mitten Crabs Brian Tsukimura Chinese mitten crab shipment found at the Shanghai Airport. COOL FACTS ment can range from 1–5 years depending on water temperature. Females carry eggs until hatching and The most identifiable feature is the dense patch of both sexes die soon after the reproduction process. setae (or “fur”) on its white-tipped claws. The purpose The furry claws are usually a distinguishing feature of these “furry” mittens is still unknown. The adult is of the Chinese mitten crab, although the purpose of sexually dimorphic (the male looks different than the these “mittens” is still unknown. (Matt Bentley, New- female); the male crabs have more setae on their claws than the female crabs. castle University) Based on DNA studies, the Chinese mitten crabs found How it got here in the San Francisco Bay are actually from Germany. The most likely mode of transportation is that they This means that the Chinese population established in were introduced as larvae through ballast water of ships Germany and then was transferred to San Francisco Bay from there. from Europe. They may also have been introduced on purpose (via Juveniles can migrate upstream a hundred miles or luggage on planes) to start a fishery. more, and can climb over obstacles such as small dams or dikes. How it spreads Mitten crabs are considered a delicacy in Asia, and are The Chinese mitten crab was first identified in the sold in vending machines, alive! But, they are rare be- south San Francisco Bay in 1992 by commercial shrimp cause many of the waters in Asia are polluted and there trawlers, and quickly spread to the Sacramento and San is a lot of human eating pressure. Joaquin rivers. A female can carry 250,000–1,000,000 eggs. Ocean currents and ballast water are capable of spreading the planktonic larvae of this species to new 2 Aquatic Invasions! A Menace to the West • SPECIES GUIDE Chinese Mitten Crabs coastal areas. They can also spread inland though river systems and canals. It is currently found throughout the San Francisco Bay watershed and has migrated as far inland as the Sierra Nevada foothills of California. Range expansion along the west coast is expected. Ecological impacts The Chinese mitten crab is an opportunistic feeder that preys upon a wide variety of plant and animal ma- terials, making it a predator and competitor with native flora and fauna for limited habitat and resources. Burrowing causes significant erosion damage to Carrie Culver levees, stream banks, and irrigation structures. The Mitten crabs trapped in a fish diversion channel. crabs also burrow in soft-sediment banks, which could increase the frequency of flooding events, thus increas- ing erosion and repair expenses. The mitten crab disturbs commercial and recreational fishermen by stealing bait, feeding on catch, and getting caught in nets. The spiny carapace and legs can damage fishnets. In their native range, young Chinese mitten crabs consume young rice shoots. Economic impacts The crabs burrow for shelter and protection from predators, which weakens levees and increases erosion of banks. The crabs are known to eat salmon, trout, and stur- geon eggs, which may pose a serious threat to the vital- ity of ecosystems and fisheries along the West Coast. The most common economic impact of the Chinese mitten crab has been the result of large numbers (up to 200) caught in shrimp trawling nets, which damage the nets, consumes time picking them out, and damages the shrimp to the point that they are not suitable for the bait market. As the crab population grows and spreads across the Bay, it becomes more difficult to avoid unintention- www.chinahush.com ally catching them. Considered a delicacy in China, live mitten crabs are sold on the Health hazards street in vending machines. This machine is located in a subway station, and it also sells small bottles of vinegar that people use to The crab is a host to the human lung fluke parasite. season their crab. For a story on crab vending machines, see www. The fluke also needs an alternate host to complete its life chinahush.com/2010/10/26/crab-vending-machines-in-subway- cycle: an invasive snail called Assiminea parasitilogica station/ (or the “AP snail”). The AP snail is not currently found in the San Francisco Bay with the mitten crab, however, Aquatic Invasions! A Menace to the West • SPECIES GUIDE 3 Chinese Mitten Crabs Crabzilla! In the fall of 1998, as many as 1 million mitten crabs were collected at the federal and state fish salvage facilities in the south part of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in California.
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