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D4.1 Final Report on Relationships Between Biodiversity, Ecosystem

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D4.1 Final Report on Relationships Between Biodiversity, Ecosystem EC Contract Ref: FP7-ENV-2011- 282743 Deliverable: D4.1 Final report on relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values in case studies PART I: Literature review of the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values Due date of deliverable: 31 August 2014 Actual submission date: 31 August 2014 Version: Final Main Authors: P.A. Harrison, M. Termansen, P.M. Berry, M. Blicharska, U. Brandweiner, M. Bucur, R. Dunford, B. Egoh, N. Geamănă, W. Geertsema, J.R. Haslett, H. Lindhjelm, E. Lommelen, L. Martinsen, L. Mathieu, L. Meiresonne, F. Møller, C. Polce, P. Rajapakshe, J. Smart, G. Simpson, R. Tinch and F. Turkelboom Reviewer: Alison Smith Dissemination: PU Keywords: Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity, Values D4.1 Final report on relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values in case studies (Part I) 1 Literature review of the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values P.A. Harrison1, M. Termansen2, P.M. Berry1, M. Blicharska3, U. Brandweiner4, M. Bucur5, R. Dunford1, B. Egoh6, N. Geamănă5, W. Geertsema7, J.R. Haslett4, H. Lindhjelm8, E. Lommelen9, L. Martinsen2, L. Mathieu10,L. Meiresonne9, F. Møller2, C. Polce2, P. Rajapakshe2, J. Smart2, G. Simpson1, R. Tinch10 and F. Turkelboom9 1 Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK 2 Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark 3 Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 4 Department of Organismal Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria 5 Departamentul de Ecologie Sistemica si Dezvoltare Durabila, Universitatea din Bucuresti, Spl. Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucuresti, Romania 6 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy 7 Alterra-Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 8 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS), Norway 9 Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Kliniekstraat 25, Brussels 1070, Belgium 10 EFTEC, 73-75 Mortimer Street, London, W1W 7SQ UK D4.1 Final report on relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values in case studies (Part I) 2 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Methods for studying the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services ..... 4 1.2 Methods for studying the relationship between ecosystem services and values .............. 8 2. Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Literature review on the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values ................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Mapping the empirical evidence of relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values using network analysis ...................................................................... 17 3. Results ......................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Literature review on the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values ................................................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Mapping the empirical evidence of the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values using network analysis ...................................................................... 31 4. Discussion and conclusions ......................................................................................................... 45 5. References................................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix 1: Keywords used in the literature review on linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem services .................................................................................................................................................. 53 Appendix 2: Definitions of ESPs and biodiversity attributes used in the literature review .................. 55 Appendix 3: Full literature review results ............................................................................................. 57 A3.1 Timber production ............................................................................................................ 57 A3.2 Freshwater fishing ............................................................................................................ 62 A3.3 Freshwater provision ........................................................................................................ 66 A3.4 Water purification ............................................................................................................. 73 A3.5 Water flow regulation (flood protection) ......................................................................... 79 A3.6 Mass flow regulation (erosion protection) ....................................................................... 87 A3.7 Atmospheric regulation (carbon sequestration) .............................................................. 91 A3.8 Pest regulation .................................................................................................................. 99 A3.9 Pollination ....................................................................................................................... 104 A3.10 Recreation activities ....................................................................................................... 110 A3.11 Landscape aesthetics ...................................................................................................... 119 A3.12 References ...................................................................................................................... 125 D4.1 Final report on relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem services and values in case studies (Part I) 3 1. Introduction Although ecosystem services are generated from myriad interactions occurring in complex systems, improving understanding of at least some of the key relationships between biodiversity and service provision will help guide effective arguments for biodiversity conservation. Considerable research has been undertaken on the contribution of biodiversity to selected ecosystem processes, and scientists have begun to extend such work to include ecosystem services. Nevertheless, there are still numerous uncertainties and gaps in scientific knowledge on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is unclear how these uncertainties affect decision-makers’ perceptions of the value of biodiversity and their subsequent decisions related to biodiversity conservation. BESAFE has advanced the state-of-the-art in this area by undertaking a systematic review of the contribution of relevant aspects of biodiversity (e.g. key species abundance, functional traits) to the delivery of specific ecosystem services and their associated economic and social values. Existing methods for evaluating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services and the implications for the valuation of biodiversity have been reviewed and their relevance for the BESAFE case studies assessed. These include approaches which aim to determine the importance of biodiversity for ecosystem service delivery, such as the identification of Ecosystem Service Providers, Service Providing Units and functional traits which can be linked to service provision (Section 1.1). Furthermore, the project has reviewed methodological approaches relevant for the valuation of different types of ecosystem services (Section 1.2). The review focuses on scientific literature to gather the best available evidence, but many of these papers result from previous EU-funded projects, such as the FP6 RUBICODE project (Section 2). The results have been analysed to assess general patterns of linkages across ecosystem services (Section 3.1). A typology of biodiversity – ecosystem service relationships has also been created to structure existing evidence using network analysis (Section 3.2). Full results of the literature searches for each ecosystem service are presented in the Annex to the main report. 1.1 Methods for studying the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services Over two decades of research has demonstrated a clear link between biodiversity and key ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling or biomass accumulation (Cardinale et al., 2012). More recently, this has been complemented by a growing body of research exploring the role of biodiversity in the provision of ecosystem services of value to humans, such as climate regulation and water purification. As this research field has evolved, awareness has grown that biodiversity cannot be described simply by the number of species present in an ecosystem (species richness). The number, abundance, composition and spatial patterns of species, genotypes, populations and functional groups are all important aspects of biodiversity (Díaz et al., 2007a). Research has revealed that
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