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Antidiabetic Activity of Fruits of Withania Coagulanus Dunal in Streptozocin Induces Diabetic: a Review

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Antidiabetic Activity of Fruits of Withania Coagulanus Dunal in Streptozocin Induces Diabetic: a Review Review Article ISSN 2250 -0774 ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF FRUITS OF WITHANIA COAGULANUS DUNAL IN STREPTOZOCIN INDUCES DIABETIC: A REVIEW BHUVANESH BANIYA Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhupal Noble’s University, Rajasthan Email ID [email protected] ABSTRACT: Herbal medicine is a drug or preparation made from plants or parts of plant (leaves, root, bark, seeds and flowers) valued for its medicinal, aromatic or savoury qualities to treat the symptoms of wide range of problems from depression to cold and flu. Insulin in humans composed of two α- subunit and two β- subunit linked by disulfide bond to constitute the β-α-α-β heteropetramer. Literature review of Withania coagulans prove that this plant have medicinal use and also have antidiabetic activity. The aim of work is “Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of fruits of Withania coagulans dunal in alloxan induce diabetic rat”. Administration of an aqueous extract of fruits of W. coagulans (1 g/kg; p.o.) significantly lowered the blood sugar, serum cholesterol and serum lipid peroxide (LPO) and hepatic LPO levels in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats after seven days of treatment. In the present study, plant was collected from AMAZONE online site, and Fruits of plant were collected from the natural habitats. The plant & fruits were identified & authenticated from BN college , udaipur.A voucher specimen of the plant was deposit in the laboratory. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Historical background 1.1 Herbal medicines In 1675, Thomas willis added the world mellitus, from latin meaning “honey” a reference to the sweet taste of the urine. In Herbal medicine is a drug or preparation made from plants or 1776 Matthew Dobson confirmed that the sweet taste was parts of plant (leaves, root, bark, seeds and flowers) valued for because of an excess of a kind of sugar in the urine and blood of its medicinal, aromatic or savoury qualities to treat the the people with diabetes.11 symptoms of wide range of problems from depression to cold and flu.1 1.6 The Pancreas 1.2 Poly herbal formulations Pancreas is a flattened elongated organ laying against the posterior wall of the upper abdomen.13 The pancreas has both Polyherbal formulations are defined as combination of two or endocrine and exocrine function. The exocrine secretions are more active drugs in single dosage form. Polyherbal formulation mostly the digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase (a formulated in such a way that it should have advantages over carbohydrate digestive enzyme), trypsin and chymotrypsin single formulation product in therapeutic effect, safety or (protein digestive enzymes) and pancreatic lipase (a triglyceride compliance. digestive enzyme). 1.3 Diabetes 1. Alpha cells (α-cell): which constituent about 17% of islet Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder caused due to disturbed mass and secretglucagon that raises blood sugar level. glucose metabolism and in these blood sugar level increases 2. Beta cells (β-cell): which constituent about 70% of islet mass because of deficiency in the production of insulin by the and secret insulin that lower blood sugar level. pancreas. It is characterized by polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, polyurea and due to disturbance in 3. Delta cells (D-cell): which constituent about 7% of islet mass carbohydrate, protein and lipidmetabolism associated with and secret growth hormone release inhibiting hormone or absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion or insulin somatostatin. In pancreas it inhibits the secretion of glucagon action.5 and insulin. In hypothalamus it inhibits the synthesis and release of growth hormone while in GIT it inhibits release of gastrin. 1.4 World Diabetes Day(WDD) 4. The F cells: which constituents the remainder of the islets WDD introduced in 1991 by the International Diabetes mass, secret pancreatic polypeptide which regulate the release Federation (IDF) and Word Health Organization (WHO). In of pancreatic digestive enzymes and concentration of gall December United Nation recognized diabetes as a global threat bladder.15 and designated 14th November as the World Diabetes Day.10 985 | P a g e www.arpb.in Review Article ISSN 2250 -0774 1.6.1 The role of pancreas in the human body (b) In Adipose tissue – it increase fatty acid synthesis and triglyceride formation and storage, decrease lipolysis and blunt The pancreas plays a primary role in the metabolism of glucose lipolytic action of adrenaline, growth hormone and glucagone. by secreting the hormone insulin and glucagon. The islets of Long term effect of insulin regulates gene transcription and langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the blood. stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation. It regulates Insulin is a protein that is essential for proper regulation of protein synthesis and growth regulation. glucose and for maintenance of proper blood glucose level.16 Mechanism of action of insulin:- 1.7 Insulin Insulin in humans composed of two α- subunit and two β- Insulin, the hypoglycemic-anti-diabetic factor polypeptide is a subunit linked by disulfide bond to constitute the β-α-α-β polypeptide hormone secreted by the β cells of islets of heteropetramer.β subunit contain tyrosine kinas residue when langerhens of pancreas. Insulin was the first hormone to be insulin bind to α – subunit at the outside of cell surface the isolated from animal source in pure enough form to be tyrosine kinas activity in β subunits is stimulated. administered therapeutically and it was the first mammalian peptide hormone whose biosynthesis by recombinant DNA- 1.8 Types of Diabetes: technology was achieved. Insulin is present to facilitate the (1) Type-1 diabetes / Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus uptake of glucose, it penetrates most tissue slowly. (IDDM) 1.7.1 Chemistry, biosynthesis of insulin In type-1 diabetes there is complete absence of insulin due to Prepro insulin is a bio-precursor molecule of insulin. In this two destruction of the β-cells in the islets of Langerhans. Destruction polypeptide chains A and B which are connected to each other of β – cell is due to genetic, poor diet and environmental factors by C peptide chain. The proteolytic degradation of proinsulin, and infection with Coxsackie virus B or Encephalo-Myocarditis in golgi apparatus by proteases, result in the formation of insulin virus can also cause destruction of β cell of pancreas. along with C-peptide in equimolar concentrations, which are (2) Type-2 diabetes / Non-insulin-dependent diabetes then stored in the pancreatic β-cells granules. mellitus (NIDDM)In type 2 diabetes body does not produce 1.7.3 Pharmacological action of insulin and Mechanism of enough insulin, and if produce then this insulin is less effective. action19 Type 2 diabetes is due to defects in the islet beta cells, so that Insulin is a major anabolic hormone. It promotes the uptake the less glucose is produced, and to an impairment of insulin's storage of glucose, fats and proteins through effect on liver, ability to stimulate the uptake of glucose in muscles and other muscle and adipose tissues. It is also known as storage hormone. tissues. The cause of this insulin resistance has not yet been fully It influences the cell growth and metabolic function of various established, but may involve defects in the action of insulin after tissues. Excess secretion of insulin leads to hypoglycemia while it has bound to the insulin receptor on the surface of cells.21 lake of insulin release leads to hyperglycemia.Rapid action of (3) Type-3 diabetes / Prediabetes insulin include carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism – It is also known as “impaired glucose tolerance,” is a health Carbohydrate metabolism: condition with no symptom. It is almost present before a person (a) In liver cell - It decrease glycogenolysis (inhibit conversion develops the more serious type-2 diabetes. More than 50 million of glycogen to glucose) by inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase people in the U.S. over age 20 have prediabetes with blood sugar and increase glycogenesis (promot hepatic glucose storage as that are high than normal, but are not enough to classified as glycogen) by activating glycogen synthesis.Insulin also diabetes. Early diagnosis and treatment of prediabetes may decrease gluconeogenesis and inhibit conversion of prevent type 2 diabetes.22 noncarbohydrate substrate to glucose. (4) Type-4 diabetes mellitus (b) In Muscles – Promote glycogenesis by translocation of intracellular glucose transportar and increase glycolysis It is also called “Gestational Diabetes Mellitus”. This type of (conversion of glucose and ADP into lactate and ATP) diabetes observed in the 4-5% pregnancy and usually during the postpartum period, no genetic predisposition. The most (c) In Adipose Tissue – it facilitate glucose uptake. It increase plausible cause is that during pregnancy, the placental hormone intracellular glucose oxidative metabolism. Glycerol is estrified promotes insulin resistance.1 women who develop type-1 with fatty acids to form triglyceride. diabetes during pregnancy and women with undiagnosed Protein Metabolism: symptom of type-2 diabetes mellitus that is discovered as gestational diabetes. (a) In Liver cell – It decrease protein breakdown and inhibits oxidation of amino acids to ketoacids. Causes (b) In Muscles – it increase protein synthesis and increase Heredity - people who belong to family amino acid uptake by muscle cells to produce a net positive background having history of diabetes are 25% more prone to nitrogen balance. develop diabetes. Fat metabolism: Diet – it is one of the major factors for diabetes. Eating too much carbohydrate, protein, fat is all harmful to (a)In liver cell – it increases lipogenesis (conversion of glucose body. & other neutirients to fatty acids) 986 | P a g e www.arpb.in Review Article ISSN 2250 -0774 Obesity – excess body weight as compare to the enough fluid to make up for the fluid losses, they may develop height of individual serve as predisposing factor for diabetes. this life threatening complication. Virus infection – certain virus like coxsackie B 1.12 Diagnosis of diabetes27,28,29 virus may infect pancreas, leading to destruction of β-cells of 1.
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