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Biodiversity and Medicinal Plant Wealth of South Asian Countries

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Biodiversity and Medicinal Plant Wealth of South Asian Countries Biodiversity and Medicinal Plant Wealth of South Asian Countries Country Reports of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka mmmm UNESCO sponsored “Regional Training Programme on Biodiversity Systematics:Evaluation and Monitoring with Emphasis on Medicinal Plants” held at NBRI, Lucknow from 3‘(1to 13Ih September, 2001 Edited by P. Pushpangadan,K.N. Nair and M.R. Ahmad UNESCO MAN b Biosphere Programme - National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific &Industrial Research) Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001,India. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the organization. No part of this book may be reproduced,in any form without permission from the publishers except for the quotation of brief passages for the purpose of review. Y 0UNESCO, 2004 Cover design: Alok Kumar Published by the Director,National Botanical Research Institute,Lucknow-226001, India. Printed at Army Printing Press, 33 Nehru Road,Cantt, Lucknow. Foreword Improving scientific understanding of natural and social processes relating to humanity's interactions with its environment,providing information useful to decision-making on resource use, promoting the conservation of genetic diversity as an integral part of land management, enjoining the efforts of scientists, policy-makers and local people in problem-solving ventures, mobilizing resources for field activities, strengthening regional cooperative frameworks - these are some of the generic characteristics of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB)Programme. Realizing that much of the biodiversity and natural resources are located in the South Asian region, and the need for its conservation and sustainable utilization,a regional training programme on "Biodiversity systematics:evaluation and monitoring with emphasis on medicinal plants",was organized by UNESCO- New Delhi,jointly with the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, from 3Id to13'" September,2001. The main objective of this Training Programme was to equip scientists who are actively involved in medicinal plants research both with better tools and methods. Participation in this Training Programme was from South Asian region - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The present volume is an outcome of this initiative, and contains presentations made by participants and experts in the Training Programme. It is a pleasure for UNESCO to thank the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), New Delhi, for co-sponsoring this training programme. Our very special thanks are due to Dr.P. Pushpangadan, Director, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, for his agreement and enthusiasm to organize this Training,and to his colleagues,who worked behind the scene for its success. It is hoped that this volume may be of value to scientists, planners and decision-makers in the participating countries. Prof. M.Tawfik Director,UNESCO-New Delhi Preface The South Asian region is endowed with a remarkably rich biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge systems. The countries in this region together share about 115 of the known vascular plant species of the world. About 80 % of the people in South Asia are still dependent on traditional medicine systems for their primary health care needs. The medicinal plant species spectrum of the South Asian countries includes more than 8000 species of higher plants that are used in various systems of medicine. Medicinal plants and traditional/ indigenous medicine systems of South Asia, particularly that of the Indian subcontinent,are the vital resource base for building up biodiversity-basedand biotechnology-driven bio-prospectingand bioindustrial enterprises,including herbal drug and pharmaceutical industries. Well-documentedknowledge and information system on the current status of biodiversity including the extent of occurrence, diversity, actual uses or potential values of medicinal plant genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge are the prerequisites for effective conservation and sustainable use of such important natural resources to ensure health, food,nutritional, economic and livelihood securities of the millions of poor people living in the South Asian region. Despite having rich biodiversity in medicinal plant resources, strong traditional knowledge base as well as relevant international and national legal and policy framework, the South Asian countries have failed to make any significant contribution to the global herbal and pharmaceutical market. Lack of comprehensive data and information on the inventory and other relevant aspects of biodiversity,including traditional knowledge systems,and inadequate S&T infrastructure and expertise in advanced areas of biotechnologies,herbal technologies,biodiversity conservation and other relevant areas are the major constraints confronted by many of the South Asian countries. Training and capacity building in the emerging areas of biodiversity and bio prospecting are the immediate priorities of the South Asian countries, so as to equip and enable these countries to venture into prospective bio-industrial regimes capable of generating,protecting and managing intellectual properties (IPR) in the domains of herbal technologies and other natural product development technologies.It was against this background the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI),Lucknow, UNESCO, New Delhi and IDRC,New Delhi have jointly organized a regional Training Programme on “biodiversity systematics: evaluation and monitoring with emphasis on medicinal plants” at NBRI during 3-13September, 2001. Delegates from eight South iv Biodiversity and Medicinal Plant Wealth of South Asian Countries Asian countries,viz. -Bangladesh, Bhutan,India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka participated in the Training Programme. The main objectives of the Training Programme were to build scientific and technological capabilities of those scientists engaged in medicinal plant research by imparting training to them on latest techniques in )biosystematics,bio- prospecting, genetic enhancement and value-additionin medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge systems. The training curriculum covered both theory and practice of a wide range of subjects, including inventory, documentation,collection and assessment of biodiversity, ecology,distribution, biomoniioring, ethnobotany, bioprospecting, pharmaconosy, ethnopharmacology,data basing,development of value added herbal products, standardization and development of herbal drugs. Experts drawn from diverse fields of biodiversity and bioprospecting from NBRI and other R &D institutions in India served as the resource persons for the training. The deliberations and interactive discussions by the experts and the participants at the Training helped identify the following problems and priority actions for the South Asian countries: (a) Protection / conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, (b) Protection and promotion of the rights of local communities, including farmers and indigenous people with respect to their biological resources and knowledge systems,as well as equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the commercial use of traditional resources and associated knowledge of the local communities, (c) Protection of intellectual property rights associated with the use of biodiversity and traditional knowledge,(d) building scientific and technological capacity in dealing with inventory, documentation, conservation,value-addition, particularly through modern biotechnological intervention to convert the rich biodiversity into economic wealth. The present volume entitled “Biodiversity and Medicinal Plant Wealth of South Asian Countries” is the outcome of the presentations made by the participants / experts at the Training Programme on the status of medicinal plant biodiversity and traditional medicine systems in their respective countries. The representative of each participating country gave concise account on the traditional medicine systems, current research on documentation,inventory, conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants, R& D infrastructure and expertise available, constraints faced, and future prospects in biodiversity and medicinal plant research in their countries. The country reports presented in this volume are not exhaustive,but they are intended to provide a birds’ eye view of the medicinal plant biodiversity and the traditional medicine systems Biodiversity and Medicinal Plant Wealth of South Asian Countries V and strategies for their effective conservation and sustainable use for the present generation and posterity as well. I have great pleasure to place on record my warm appreciation and gratitude to Prof. M.Tawfik, Director, UNESCO-New Delhi for his keen interest and support extended to us not only for conducting the Training Programme at NBRI, but also for bringing out the present publication. I also thank Prof. Tawfik for kindly writing a foreword to this volume. Mrs.Sudha Mehndiratta, National Officer in Ecological Sciences, UNESCO-New
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