Nationalism in Section 1 in Europe Section 1

Italian Unification

Preview • Starting Points Map: Europe,1815 • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Stirrings of Nationalism • Quick Facts: Elements of Nationalism • The Path Toward Unity • Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Italian Unification

Preview, continued • Map: The Unification of • Challenges After Unification Nationalism in Europe Section 1

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Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Italian Unification Main Idea In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified as the Kingdom of Italy.

Reading Focus • How did nationalism stir in Italy after the Congress of Vienna? • What role did Cavour and play in the path toward Italian unification? • How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy? • What challenges did Italy face after unification? Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Stirrings of Nationalism

Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of • Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into competing states, each with own government • invaded Italy – United many states under one government – Unification did not last – After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states • Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe Nationalism in Europe Section 1

After Congress of Vienna

• Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old Europe, old relationships • 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed beyond repair • 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe, fostered by decisions made at Congress of Vienna National Groups Ignored

• Congress had ignored national groups, placing them under control of large empires; some empires included different ethnic groups • split into three groups—much of northern Italy under Austrian rule, other states under Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler • Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Mazzini and Secret Societies Young Italy • Italian artists, writers, thinkers • 1831, popular writer, Giuseppe became interested in Mazzini, launched nationalist celebrating Italy’s cultural group called Young Italy to fight traditions for unification of Italian states • Others formed secret societies • Mazzini had been exiled but to work for political change, smuggled patriotic pamphlets plotted to overthrow Austrian into Italy government in Italy • Young Italy attracted tens of thousands of Italians to cause of unification Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Define

What is nationalism?

Answer(s): devotion to one's national group Nationalism in Europe Section 1 The Path Toward Unity As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions. Then two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy. Uprisings, Revolutions Cavour and Sardinia • 1848, nationalist-inspired • Only successful revolt was in revolutions spread throughout Sardinia Europe • Rulers forced to grant new • In some Italian states, citizens constitution; Sardinia remained rebelled against Austrian rule independent – declared war • One of most important leaders of against Austria, fought for Italian unification emerged, year, was defeated Camillo di Cavour – Others seized , 1849; • Founded nationalist newspaper, Il French troops helped Risorgimento—“resurgence” or regain control “rebirth” Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Sardinia and Italy Economy • 1852, Cavour became prime • Cavour worked to build minister of independent Sardinian economy Kingdom of Sardinia • Believed Italy should be reborn • Believed thriving economy as monarchy important for Italy to be reborn Ally France’s Support • Cavour in position to cultivate • France agreed to support powerful ally Sardinia in war against Austria • Supported France in war with • 1860, northern Italian states Russia; gave France provinces liberated from control of of Savoy, Nice Austrian Empire Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Identify Cause and Effect

How did Cavour help Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire?

Answer(s): He cultivated an alliance with the French. Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Sword of Italy • Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart” • has been called “sword” of Italy • Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833

Exile • Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice • Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America • Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination

Return • 1854, Garibaldi returned for good • Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria • After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up , retaining Venetia Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Control and Elections The Red Shirts Unification • Followers known as Red Shirts • 1861, territories held elections, all because of colorful uniforms agreed to unification • By July 1860, using guerilla • Holdouts were Venetia, still warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts belonging to Austria; , gained control of island of under French troops supporting pope • September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered • 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy • Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula • 1870, Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome • Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor • Italian troops entered Rome, Emmanuel completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Find the Main Idea

What actions led Garibaldi to be called the “sword” of Italian unification?

Answer(s): He used guerilla tactics to gain control of the southern Italian states. Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Challenges After Unification In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges. Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems.

Social, Economic Poverty, Emigration Reforms Problems • Strong regional • Poverty serious • Voting reform a major differences led to lack problem, caused priority of unity many to emigrate • 1870, only wealthiest • Southern Italians • 1880s, large numbers Italian men could vote resented being left Italy, many for • By late 1800s most governed by Rome Americas adult male taxpayers • did • Unemployment, rising could vote not recognize Italy as taxes led to rioting, legitimate violence Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Reforms and Empire • As Italy industrialized, particularly in north, government passed reforms including laws limiting work hours, prohibiting child labor • Government encouraged building transportation, water systems to improve cities, encourage industry

A New Foreign Policy Empire Building • 1882, Italy formed military alliance • Italy tried to build empire with Austria-Hungary, Germany • Tried to gain control over • Agreed to defend each other • Failed after being defeated by against any possible attack larger Ethiopian army, 1896 • Arrangement known as Triple • 1911, Italy declared war on Alliance; this, other alliances, ; gained territory in brought Europe to war in 1914 Africa Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Summarize

What problems did Italy face after unification?

Answer(s): Regional differences kept the nation from being truly united; pope did not recognize Italy as a legitimate nation; widespread poverty caused many Italians to emigrate.