No. 1231 November 4, 1998

NAVIGATING THE INITIATIVE: WASTING RESOURCES ON BUREAUCRACY ALEXANDER F. ANNETT

Even if Clinton’s American Heritage Rivers unnecessary new level of federal bureaucracy Initiative (AHRI) is not a federal land grab or could cost millions of tax dollars each year. It will a brazen attempt to exercise federal control divert funds away from the rivers and communities over local land use and zoning decisions, it is that are most in need and make it more difficult nonetheless unconstitutional. Only Congress for state and local govern- may adopt such programs. Until Congress ments to decide how best to Produced by enacts the AHRI, Clinton has no authority to protect and enhance their The Thomas A. Roe Institute act. rivers and river communi- for Economic Policy Studies ties. —William Perry Pendley, Published by Mountain States Legal Foundation Although the American The Heritage Foundation 214 Massachusetts Ave., N.E. Heritage Rivers Initiative is Even as many Americans continue to press Con- Washington, D.C. an appealing program, it also gress to downsize the federal government and 20002-4999 has several important flaws: return control of more programs to the states, (202) 546-4400 http://www.heritage.org President Bill Clinton has initiated a new program • It violates a number of that will impose costly new federal involvement on constitutional and statu- the local zoning and planning process. During a tory provisions by giv- ceremony at the New River in North Carolina last ing the executive branch July, the President designated 14 rivers as “Ameri- powers that belong to can Heritage Rivers” for 1998, targeting them for Congress, such as federal oversight. He did so under authority he authority over interstate gave himself by signing Executive Order 13061, commerce and the the American Heritage Rivers Initiative (AHRI), on appropriation of money. It threatens the Fifth September 11, 1997. Amendment by giving federal bureaucrats con- trol over private land surrounding the rivers The stated purpose of the President’s initiative is and their associated resources, and the Tenth to spur economic growth along designated rivers, Amendment by pre-empting the states’ land protect their natural resources, and preserve their use and zoning powers. heritage. As attractive as these goals are, however, they duplicate many of the goals of currently avail- • It duplicates the functions of federal programs able federal programs. In addition, the AHRI’s already available to assist states, localities, No. 1231 November 4, 1998

businesses, and individuals in improving 1. SStttrrreeeaaammmlililinnniiiinnngg the hundreds of federal programs America’s waterways by protecting natural to eliminate duplication and waste by termi- resources, rejuvenating surrounding areas, and nating obsolete, redundant, and dysfunctional stimulating economic growth. Many of these programs and privatizing functions that could programs already duplicate each other’s efforts be performed more efficiently and cost-effec- and award similar grants. tively in the private sector; • Scientific analysis of need is not mandated as 2. DDeeevvvooollllvvviiiinnngg to the states functions that are the basis for AHRI designation. Consequently, addressed more appropriately at that level; and the AHRI allows the executive branch to target 3. IInnnvvveeessstttiiiinnngg the money saved from this streamlin- federal money to river communities in ways ing effort in the remaining programs, to target that could be interpreted more as political rivers and communities most in need of pork than environmental necessity. This poten- improvement. tial is highlighted by the fact that not one of the ten “most endangered rivers” of 1998 as Members of Congress who take a stand against selected by the environmental interest group bigger government should ensure that states main- American Rivers appears on the President’s tain control over decisions that involve the land 1998 list of American Heritage Rivers. adjoining their rivers. They should study the cur- rent federal programs to determine the level of • It establishes a new federal bureaucracy. Each duplication and waste and how much is being of this year’s 14 American Heritage Rivers will spent already to achieve the President’s goals as be assigned a “river navigator” to “guide” local outlined in the AHRI initiative. And they should officials through the maze of applicable federal use their authority under the President’s AHRI ini- programs. In other words, federal bureaucrats tiative to request that rivers and river sections in will be injected into local decision-making on their districts be excluded from future consider- how best to clean up a designated river, or ation. develop or enhance its surrounding areas. Fed- eral agencies make their field staff available for Instead of allocating limited federal resources to the local implementation of AHRI initiatives. It an unnecessary new layer of bureaucracy, Congress is not clear how creating additional bureau- should work to eliminate duplication in programs cracy facilitates the AHRI’s goal of helping while ensuring that the federal government’s states maneuver through the current bureau- efforts to protect and enhance the nation’s rivers cracy. Furthermore, the hiring of each river are clearly documented and truly achieving their navigator will cost an estimated $100,000 a goals. year, yet the question of where the funding will come from has not been adequately addressed. —Alexander F. Annett is a Research Assistant in The Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Stud- If President Clinton wants to involve the states ies at The Heritage Foundation. and local communities in protecting and rejuve- nating America’s rivers, he should focus on: No. 1231 November 4, 1998

NAVIGATING THE AMERICAN HERITAGE RIVERS INITIATIVE: WASTING RESOURCES ON BUREAUCRACY 1 ALEXANDER F. ANNETT

Even if Clinton’s American Heritage Rivers The stated purpose of the President’s initiative is Initiative (AHRI) is not a federal land grab or to protect the resources of America’s rivers, pre- a brazen attempt to exercise federal control serve their historic and cultural heritage, and spur over local land use and zoning decisions, it is economic growth in their nonetheless unconstitutional. Only Congress surrounding communities.4 may adopt such programs. Until Congress To do this, however, the Produced by enacts the AHRI, Clinton has no authority to AHRI creates a level of fed- The Thomas A. Roe Institute act. eral bureaucracy that not for Economic Policy Studies —William Perry Pendley, only is unnecessary, but also Published by Mountain States Legal Foundation2 will divert millions of dollars The Heritage Foundation in federal funds away from 214 Massachusetts Ave., N.E. Even as many Americans continue to press Con- the rivers and river commu- Washington, D.C. gress to downsize the federal government and nities most in need of 20002-4999 return more control to the states, President Bill (202) 546-4400 improvement. This new level Clinton has initiated a program that will impose http://www.heritage.org of bureaucracy will only costly new federal involvement on the local zoning make it more difficult for and planning process. During a ceremony at the state and local governments New River in North Carolina in July, the President to decide for themselves designated 14 rivers as “American Heritage Rivers” how best to protect, for 1998, targeting them for federal oversight. He improve, and enhance their did so under authority he gave himself by signing rivers and surrounding Executive Order 13061, the American Heritage areas. Rivers Initiative (AHRI), on September 11, 1997.3

1. The author would like to thank Gregg VanHelmond, Research Assistant, and Jennifer Olsen of the Roe Institute for their contributions to this paper. 2. In correspondence to the author, July 15, 1998. 3. Federal Register, Vol. 62, September 15, 1997, p. 48445. 4. See “President Clinton Announces 14 American Heritage Rivers,” at http://www.achp.gov/newsahr.html. No. 1231 November 4, 1998

Although the American Heritage Rivers Initia- to determine how much duplication exists and tive is an appealing program, it also has several what is being spent already to achieve the goals the important flaws: President outlined in his new initiative. And they should use their authority under the AHRI to • It violates a number of constitutional and stat- request that rivers and river sections in their dis- utory provisions by giving the executive tricts be excluded from future AHRI consideration. branch powers that belong to Congress, such as authority over interstate commerce and the Instead of allocating limited federal resources to appropriation of money.5 It threatens the Fifth an unnecessary new layer of bureaucracy, Congress Amendment by giving the executive branch should make sure that federal efforts to protect control and authority over private land sur- and enhance the nation’s rivers are clearly docu- rounding the designated rivers and their asso- mented and truly achieving their goals. ciated resources, and the Tenth Amendment by pre-empting the land use and zoning powers RAFT OR BUREAUCRATIC LOGJAM? of the states.6 Rivers have played a vital role in U.S. history, • It duplicates functions and goals of at least 100 and they continue to be important to American federal programs currently available to assist culture, health, economy, environment, and recre- states, localities, businesses, and concerned ation. Over the latter half of this century, many individuals in their efforts to improve their states, cities, towns, and local communities that local waterways (see the Appendix).7 Many of depend on the nation’s rivers have taken consider- these programs award similar grants. able steps to ensure that water quality is moni- tored and enhanced, and that their rivers, as • Since scientific analysis is not mandated as the natural resources, are safeguarded for generations basis for designation, the AHRI allows the to come. As the Appendix illustrates, states and executive branch to target federal money to local governments and public organizations river communities in a way that could be inter- already have available to them many federal pro- preted more as political pork than environ- 8 grams that can help them protect their river mental necessity. resources, rejuvenate their surrounding areas, and If the President wants to achieve the goals of the stimulate economic growth. American Heritage Rivers Initiative, he should For example, among the current federal pro- make every effort to streamline the existing federal grams that offer assistance in flood prevention are programs to eliminate waste and duplication. Fur- the Wetland Reserve Program, Watershed Protec- ther, Members of Congress who have taken a stand tion and Flood Prevention Program, and Conser- against even bigger government should work to vation Technical Assistance Program in the make sure that the states maintain control over Department of Agriculture; the Flood Plain Man- their waterways and surrounding land areas. agement Program and Planning Assistance to the Congress should ask the U.S. General Account- States Program in the Department of Defense; the ing Office (GAO) to evaluate the current programs Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Pro-

5. Alex Annett, “Good Politics, Bad Policy: Clinton’s American Heritage Rivers Initiative,” Heritage Foundation F. Y. I . No. 171, February 2, 1998, p. 3. 6. Ibid., pp. 4, 6. 7. The Appendix is a partial listing of federal programs that attempt to improve America’s rivers and river communities. It illustrates the duplication of efforts within federal agencies and was compiled from telephone conversations and corre- spondence with agency staff, the 1997 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, and the American Heritage Rivers Initiative Web site at http://www.epa.gov/rivers/services/. 8. Annett, “Good Politics, Bad Policy,” p. 8. No. 1231 November 4, 1998

Table 1 B 1231 N u m b e r o f C u rre n t Fe d e ra l P ro g ra m s W ith G o a ls T h a t O v e rla p A H R I

Water Wildlife/ Soil Quality/ Forest Grazing Farm Aquatic Flood Air Economic Erosion Quantity Wetlands Land Land Land Conservation Prevention Quality Development Transportation Department of Agriculture 11 15 9 11 6 7 13 4 4 8 Department of Commerce 51 11 5 11113 Department of Defense 33 3 2 2 1 Department of Housing 50 and Urban Development Department of the Interior 2169 556 131 171 Department of Justice 2 Department of Transportation 1 25 Environmental Protection 83222 2 13 4 4 Agency Note: Additional programs listed in the Appendix cover such things as historical preservation of battlefields, tribal land, archaeological sites, and historic buildings, and other goals not included in this table. Source: See Appendix; list compiled from the AHRI Web site, http://www.amrivers.org/ar-heritage.html, and various agency sources, 1997, 1998. gram in the Department of the Interior; and the The President, however, has the final say as to Capitalization Grants for State Revolving Fund which rivers will be designated, with no stipulated Program in the Environmental Protection Agency. guidelines for making that decision. Such leeway No fewer than 58 of the programs listed in the inevitably raises the question of whether, without Appendix have improving water quality, water adequate safeguards, federal dollars might be tar- quantity, or management of water resources among geted to communities in ways that could be criti- their program goals (see Table 1). cized as based on politics rather than need. Despite such expensive overlap, the AHRI cre- Each of the 14 rivers designated by the Presi- ates another layer of bureaucracy that involves fed- dent for 1998 (see sidebar, page 4) will be assigned eral bureaucrats in local efforts to protect and a federal bureaucrat (a “river navigator”) to “guide” improve at least ten designated rivers every year. local officials through the maze of federal pro- The American Heritage Rivers Initiative Advisory grams. Federal agencies also will make their field Committee (AHRIAC)9 will be responsible for staff available for implementation of the AHRI.11 implementing the initiative, and the Chair of the In addition, river navigators and agency field staff Council on Environmental Quality will choose will act as “liaison between the community and the AHRIAC’s panel of “experts” who will review nom- appropriate federal programs.”12 inations and recommend rivers each year for AHRI Thus, federal bureaucrats will be injected into designation.10 local decision-making on the cleanup or develop- ment and enhancement of these rivers and their

9. AHRIAC members include representatives from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, and Transportation; the Attorney General; the Administrator of the Environmental Protec- tion Agency; and the chairpersons of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, National Endowment for the Arts, and National Endowment for the Humanities. 10. The panel is to include “representatives of natural, cultural and historical resources concerns; scenic, environmental and recreation interests; tourism, transportation, and economic development interests; and industries such as agriculture, hydropower, manufacturing, mining, forest management and others.” See “President Clinton Announces 14 American Heritage Rivers,” op. cit. 11. See http://www.libertymatters.org/AHRI_5898PR_CEQ.htm.

3 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

PRESIDENT CLINTON’S AMERICAN RIVERS’ 1998 1998 AMERICAN HERITAGE RIVERS “TEN MOST ENDANGERED RIVERS” (by state, in order of severity) Blackstone and Woonasquatucket Rivers (Massachusetts, Rhode Island) 1. Columbia River, Hanford Reach (Connecticut, Vermont, New (Washington) Hampshire, Massachusetts) 2. Missouri River (Minnesota, North Dakota, (Ohio) South Dakota, Nebraska, Idaho, Kansas, (Michigan) Missouri) () 3. Pocomoke River (Delaware, Maryland, (New York) Virginia) New River (North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia) 4. Kern River (California) (Pennsylvania) 5. Blackfoot River (Minnesota) Upper (Iowa, Illinois, Minne- 6. Colorado River Delta (Mexico: Baja sota, Wisconsin) California, Sonora) Lower Mississippi River (Louisiana, Tennessee) 7. Chattahoochee River (Georgia, Alabama, River (Texas) Florida) (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Vir- 8. Lower Snake River (Washington) ginia, West Virginia) St. John’s River (Florida) 9. Apple River (Wisconsin, Illinois) (Oregon) 10. Pinto Creek (Arizona) SSooouuurrrccceee:::: Environmental Protection Agency Web site, at SSooouuurrrccceee:::: American Rivers, “America’s 20 Most Endangered http://www.epa.gov/rivers/plan/. Rivers of 1998,” available at http://www.amrivers.org/ 20map.html.

local communities. Such federal involvement in a river navigator for each river at a cost of the local planning and zoning process means that $100,000 each per year. With related expenses, states, communities, and private landowners will this means it could cost the taxpayers around $5 no longer be able to make decisions that constitu- million a year to implement the President’s initia- tionally have been their own for over two centu- tive.13 ries. How in need of federal assistance are the rivers Although it is not clear where the funds will the President selected this year? An environmental come from to pay the river navigators, the esti- interest group called American Rivers14 released a mated cost of this layer of bureaucracy is high. The list of the ten “most endangered rivers” in 1998 citizens’ group Defenders of Property Rights, for (see sidebar, above). Interestingly, the list released example, points out that the AHRI calls for hiring by American Rivers varies considerably from the

12. Council on Environmental Quality, “American Heritage Rivers Initiative,” Final Federal Register Notice, September 17, 1997. 13. David Almasi, “River-Borne Trojan Horse,” The Washington Times, July 25, 1997, p. A18. See also Adriel Bettelheim, “River Proposal Doesn’t Flow in the West,” The Denver Post, September 8, 1997. 14. American Rivers, a national river conservation organization in Washington, strives to protect and restore America’s rivers. Its annual report lists the country’s most endangered rivers as selected by a staff of experienced river conservation profes- sionals. The criteria for selection include the magnitude and imminence of the threat; the likelihood that major actions in the coming year could either intensify or lessen the threat; the regional and national significance of the river; and the diver- sity of threats to rivers nationwide. See http://www.amrivers.org.

4 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

President’s American Heritage Rivers list. Although the states. Examining the EPA’s 1994 report on parts of the Columbia and Missouri Rivers were water quality, for instance, highlights some of the removed from AHRI consideration by their repre- significant problems encountered in measuring sentatives in Congress,15 not one of the eight other and reporting on water quality:18 rivers on American Rivers’ “most endangered” list 1. The EPA surveyed only 17 percent (615,806 appears on the President’s list. Clearly, there is a miles) of the nation’s 3.5 million miles of rivers need to rely on scientific analysis of need to deter- and streams; 42 percent (17.1 million acres) of mine which rivers should receive the AHRI desig- its 40.8 million acres of lakes; 9 percent (5,208 nation by the President. miles) of its 58,421 miles of ocean shoreline IS THERE REALLY waters; and 78 percent (26,847 acres) of its 34,388 acres of estuaries.19 A WATER QUALITY CRISIS? 2. Due to a lack of scientific consensus on the Some environmentalists argue that water quality validity of any single indicator of water quality in America’s rivers is declining and that a new fed- in rivers and streams, little national data exist eral bureaucracy is needed to focus on this prob- to describe national water conditions. For lem. But no one can say for certain that there is example, there are few national data on toxic indeed a water quality crisis, since assessing water contaminants in streams, such as pesticides, quality accurately has been difficult. industrial organic compounds, and toxic trace metals. Needed: Reliable Water Quality Assessments 3. State reports, as mandated by Section 305(b) One major problem in determining the need for of the Clean Water Act, that assess whether additional water quality programs is the lack of water bodies support designated uses contain reliable scientific data on the overall quality of the methodological inconsistencies from state to nation’s rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, estuaries, state and from year to year within each state. and shorelines. Estimates indicate that taxpayers These inconsistencies make it impossible to and the private sector have spent over $500 billion summarize either water quality conditions or on water pollution control since the enactment of national trends accurately. 16 the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972. Because such limited scientific information is But there is no reliable national database of available on water quality trends, it is difficult for research on water quality with which to evaluate 17 the EPA or Congress to determine (1) the extent of the impact of that sizable investment. a water quality problem and (2) whether states To help assess progress on improving water and local communities have taken adequate steps quality, Congress requires the Environmental Pro- to address their problems before the federal gov- tection Agency (EPA) to prepare a biennial report ernment implements its programs. on water quality which analyzes information from

15. Kathleen A. McGinty, Description of Administration’s Policy Regarding Congressional Opposition to Designation of American Her- itage Rivers, Council on Environmental Quality, May 6, 1998. 16. Steve Hayward and Laura Jones, “Index of Leading Environmental Indicators,” Pacific Research Institute, April 1998, p. 25. 17. Ibid. 18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Executive Summary,” National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress, December 1995. 19. Ibid.

5 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

What We Know About Water Quality EPA’S 1994 The most recent assessment of water quality in NATIONAL WATER QUALITY INVENTORY* the United States was contained in the EPA’s In 1994, of the 615,806 miles of river surveyed: National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to • 64 percent were of “good” quality; Congress. As the sidebar shows, the EPA found that • 22 percent were of fair quality; and the majority of the nation’s waterways are of “good” quality.20 The percentage of water bodies • 15 percent were of poor quality. that do not meet “good” and “fair” quality stan- Of the 17.1 million acres of lakes ponds and res- dards actually may be overestimated, since states ervoirs surveyed: have a bureaucratic incentive to assess waters • 63 percent were of good quality; where they most expect problems to be found.21 • 28 percent were of fair quality; and The Environmental Protection Agency also has • 10 percent were of poor quality. noted that “it is likely that unassessed waters are Of the Great Lakes miles surveyed: not as polluted as assessed waters.”22 Consider: • 3 percent were of good quality; • The percentage of the population served by • 34 percent were of fair quality; and secondary or better wastewater treatment • 63 percent were of poor quality. plants increased substantially from 42 percent Of the estuaries surveyed: in 1970 to more than 62 percent in 1992, • 63 percent were of good quality; despite a 30 percent increase in volume of sew- 23 • 27 percent were of fair quality; and age flows. • 10 percent were of poor quality. • Industrial pollution has decreased over the Of the Ocean Shoreline waters surveyed: past decade. Organic wastes have fallen by 46 • 93 percent were of good quality; percent, toxic organics by 99 percent, and 24 • 5 percent were of fair quality; and toxic metals by 98 percent. • 2 percent were of poor quality. • Point source pollution has been reduced dra- matically. More than 1 billion pounds of toxic NNooottteee:::: “Good” denotes waters that currently meet pollution have been prevented from entering designated use criteria. “Fair” denotes waters the nation’s waters each year due to the waste- that occasionally fail to meet one or more of the water standards put in place over the past gen- designated uses at all times. “Poor” denotes eration.25 waters that frequently fail one or more desig- nated use criteria. • Measures of phosphorous, fecal coliform, and SSooouuurrrccceee:::: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Executive dissolved oxygen exceeding local standards in Summary,” National Water Quality Inventory, 1994 Report to rivers and streams decreased between 1974 Congress, December 1995. and 1994.26

20. Ibid. For data on rivers and streams, see p. ES–13; for lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, p. ES–16; for estuaries, p. ES–23. 21. Hayward and Jones, “Index of Leading Environmental Indicators,” p. 28. 22. U.S. EPA 1989: XI. 23. Clean Water Act, “25 Years, Clean Water: Everybody Needs It ,” at www.cwn.org/docs/facts/cwa.htm. 24. Hayward and Jones, “Index of Leading Environmental Indicators,” p. 27. 25. Clean Water Act, “25 Years.” 26. Hayward and Jones, “Index of Leading Environmental Indicators.”

6 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

• Based on these facts, the argument that the ones have records of positive results and which President needs to establish another level of ones assist the states in their efforts most effec- federal bureaucracy to protect and enhance tively. Eliminating duplication would make it eas- America’s rivers appears to be, at best, ques- ier for states, cities, local communities, and tionable. individual activists to find out what federal pro- grams are available to help them meet their goals. WASTEFUL ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES Examples of Duplication and Waste As the Appendix shows,27 at least 100 federal Maintaining more than 100 federal programs in programs fall under the AHRI umbrella to assist in eight different Cabinet-level departments and state and local efforts to improve America’s water- agencies (see the Appendix) to protect rivers, reju- ways by protecting rivers, enhancing natural venate the areas that surround them, and stimulate resources, rejuvenating their surrounding areas, economic growth is extremely inefficient. Rather and stimulating economic growth. However, many than allocate resources to another layer of duplica- of these programs duplicate each other’s efforts tive bureaucracy, as President Clinton wants to do and award similar grants. Table 2 demonstrates by creating river navigator positions, the Adminis- program duplication in four of the common func- tration should streamline existing programs and tion areas: economic development, soil erosion, eliminate duplication and overlap. Only programs water quality, and protecting and enhancing water- that produce demonstrable results in enhancing sheds. water quality and promoting wise use of river resources should be continued. The fact that the The examples that follow are taken from gov- Administration would rather “help” the states ernment reports, especially agency inspector gen- maneuver through the maze of federal programs eral (IG) reports. They point out the level of waste than streamline those programs is yet another con- and duplication in function and service area that tradiction of its claim that it is making government exists at the federal level. If the President were to smaller and more efficient. eliminate the wasteful or duplicative programs and streamline the rest, the funds appropriated for More important, downsizing and restructuring these programs could be used to advance water the federal government is critical to maintaining quality and economic development in the rivers the long-term health of the environment and the and communities that most need them. economy. The President should work with Con- gress to reduce the size of government by termi- DDeeepppaaarrrtmtmtmeeennntt ooff AAgggrrriiiicccuuulllltttuuurrree ((UUUSSSDDDAAA))).... Under the nating obsolete, redundant, or dysfunctional requirements of the 1993 Government Perfor- programs; privatizing functions that could be per- mance and Results Act, the Department of Agricul- formed more efficiently and cost-effectively by the ture submitted its annual performance plan for private sector; and turning back to the states func- fiscal year (FY) 1999 to Congress. According to the tions that are performed more appropriately at the General Accounting Office, the plan provides only local level. a limited picture of the agency’s intended perfor- mance and its strategies and resources for achiev- If the Administration wants to achieve its goal of ing its stated goals.28 For example, the mission of smaller, more efficient government, it should man- the Forest Service includes protecting, improving, date that AHRI’s Advisory Committee (AHRIAC) and restoring ecosystems and habitat for fish and be responsible for reviewing the goals and out- wildlife species, and protecting threatened, endan- comes of all existing programs to highlight which gered, and sensitive animal and plant species. Yet a

27. The list of programs in the Appendix was compiled from conversations and correspondence with agency staff, the 1997 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, and the AHRI Web site at http://www.epa.gov/rivers/services/. It is a partial listing based on 1998 Heritage research.

7 No. 1231 November 4, 1998 B 1231 am ry ry ment vation etland d Flood ation ns Program, ogram, m, Fish ts; Fish, Colleges stance ation Fund; ildlife mage lopment, and y and ram, ogram, estoration Act, m, Coastal oric Monuments m Wetland deral Aid in Sport ment of es Habitat National Maritime Relending Program Resource Conservation and Development Program, Forest Stewardship Economic Action Business Industrial Loa Rural Economic Development Loans and Grants, Cooperative Grants Program, Intermedia Coastal Zone Management, Economic Adjustment Program, Local Technical Assistance Planning Program for Develop Districts, Planning Program for States and Urban Areas, Public Works Development Facilities Program, University Center Prog Economic Development—Grants for Public Works, Fisheries Development and Utilization Planning Assistance of States, Specifically Authorized Projects—Ecosystem Restoration Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Soil and Water Conservation Wetland Reserve Watershed Protection an Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, Watershed Surveys and Planning Conserv Prevention, Watershed Improvement Program, Technical Assistance Program, Conservation Reserve Program Planning Assistance of States, Specifically Authorized Projects—Ecosystem Restoration Program, Project Modification for Improve Wetland Protection—Development Grants, Community Based Environmental Protection, Pollution Prevention Grants Program Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program; Partners Against Weeds; American Battlefield Protection Archaeolog Ethnography Program; Certified Local Government Comprehensive Historic Preservation Planning Preserv the Environment Riparian–Wetland Initiative for the 1990s, Environmental Contaminants Program, Refuges Challenge Cost-Share Fish and W Assessment and Restoration Program Community Development Block Grants Program, for States and Small Cities, Historically Black and Universities, Community Outreach Partnership Center, Indian Community Development Block Grant Program Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives; Landscape Initiative; National Landmarks Assistance Heritage Grants Program; Tribal Historic Preservation Fund Grants; Sport Fish Restoration Administrative for Fe Planning; Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program; Disposal of Federal Surplus Real Property for Parks, Recreation, Hist Management Assistance Program, Administrative Grants for Federal Aid in Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration Coastal Pr National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant Program, and Fish, Wildlife Parks Program on Indian Lands, Natural Resource Da Fish and Wildlife Restoration Program; Fish, Wildlife, Parks Programs on Indian Lands; Outdoor Recreation—Acquisition, Deve Management Appalachian Clean Streams Initiative, State Reclamation Programs, Environmental Contaminants Program, Federal Aid in Wildlife R and Wildlife Management Assistance Program, Administrative Grants for Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Progra Program, National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant Water Recycling Fisheries Across America Challenge Gran Forest Stewardship Program, Incentives Watershed Improvement Conservation Reserve Conser of Private Grazing Land Initiative, Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, Watershed Surveys and Planning Inland Fisheri Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Program, Refuges Challenge Cost-Share Sport Fish Progra Wildlife and Parks Programs on Indian Lands; Water Resources Lands; Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Progra Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Resource Conservation and Development Soil Water W Reserve Program, Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention, Conservation Technical Assistance Rural Abandoned Mines Pr Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Soil and Water Conservation of Private Grazing Land Initiative, Reserve Program, Watershed Surveys and Planning Protection Flood Prevention, Conservation Technical Assi Program, Rural Abandoned Mine Stewardship Incentive Watershed Improvement Conservation Reserve Progr 8 17 11 15 16 9 5 2 9 3 3 9 Number of Programs E x a m p le s o f P ro g ra m D u p lic a tio n U n d e r th e A m e ric a n H e rita g e R iv e rs In itia tiv e Agriculture Commerce HUD Interior Agriculture Agriculture Interior Agriculture Defense EPA Interior Defense See program descriptions in the Appendix. Source: Water Quality Water Wetlands Econom ic ent Developm S o il E ro s io n Problem Area Agencies Listed Programs Table 2

8 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

Table 3 B 1231

Exam ples of Duplication of Program s in the Department of Agriculture

AHRI goals Soil Water Wetlands Forest Grazing Farm Wildlife/ Flood Recreation Air Economic Erosion Quality/ Land Land Land Aquatic Preven- Opportunity Quality Development Quantity Conservation tion

Environmental Quality x xxxxxx Incentives Conservation of Private xx xx x Grazing Land Initiative

Wetlands Reserve x x x x x Watershed Surveys x x x x x and Planning Program Watershed Protection x x x x x and Flood Prevention Conservation Technical x x x x xx x x x Assistance Rural Abandoned Mines x x x x xx x

Forest Stewardship x x xxx

Stewardship Incentive xx x xxx

Watershed Improvement x x x xx

Conservation Reserve x x x x xx x

Source: See Appendix; list compiled from various sources, 1997, 1998.

1996 audit by the USDA’s inspector general found • Vacancies in critical regional program leader- that:29 ship positions were not filled promptly. • About $84,000 in fish and wildlife funds ear- As a result, projects designed to inventory and marked for the FY 1996 AmeriCorps program improve habitat for wildlife and fish—including were not returned for fish and wildlife use threatened and endangered species—were not when that program was canceled; performed, and the effectiveness of land resource and management plans designed to protect and • About $63,000 was charged to improper enhance wildlife and fish habitat continues to be resource fund codes; questionable.30 The inspector general noted that • Land resource and management plans often the Forest Service had costs of $2,515,740 and lacked measurable program goals; $54,737,449 in funds that could be put to better use.31 • One project costing $1 million was funded without thorough planning; and For additional examples of program duplication in the Department of Agriculture, see Table 3 and the Appendix.

28. U.S. General Accounting Office, Results Act: Observations on the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Annual Performance Plan for Fiscal Year 1999, June 11, 1998, p. 3. 29. Ibid. 30. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General, Semiannual Report to Congress FY 1998, First Half, May 1998, p. 36. 31. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Inspector General, Semiannual Report to the Congress, November 1997, p. 66, and May 1998, p. 71.

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Table 4 B 1231

Exam ples of Duplication of Program s in the Department of Com m erce

AHRI Goals Water Wildlife/ Soil Quality/ Aquatic Flood Recreation Economic Erosion Quantity Conservation Prevention Opportunity Development Coastal Zone Management xxx x x x Planning Program for States x and Urban Areas Planning Program for Economic x Development Districts Public Works and Development xx Facilities Program Economic Development Grants x For Public Works Fisheries Development and xxx Utilization Anadromous Fish xx x x Conservation Act

Source: See Appendix; list compiled from various agency sources, 1997, 1998.

UU....SSS.. DDeeepppaaarrrtttmmmeeennntt ooff CCooommmmmmeeerrrccceee.. The National For additional examples of program duplication Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the National in the Department of Commerce, see Table 4 and Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) the Appendix. strives to ensure the conservation and manage- UU....SSS.. DDeeepppaaarrrtttmememennntt ooff tthhhee IInnnttteeerrriiiiooorrr.. The GAO’s ment of living marine resources through 29 labo- examination of the Department of the Interior’s ratory facilities located in five regions. The FY annual performance plan for FY 1999 found that 1998 report of the Commerce Department’s Office the department’s agency plans do not provide a of Inspector General identified several opportuni- concrete statement of expected performance or ties for the NMFS to streamline its field structure annual performance goals linked to missions, stra- at a possible savings of approximately $25 million tegic goals, and program activities in the budget.34 over five years.32 For example, NOAA’s Coastal Most of the plans do not adequately identify cross- Zone Management (CZM) program and National cutting activities, strategies, and performance Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) are goals, or note whether they are coordinating their federal–state partnerships that help states fulfill efforts with the other agencies in the department. their responsibilities in coastal zones and adjoin- For example, the department’s inspector general ing estuaries. Among the IG’s concerns are (1) defi- found that: cient NOAA coordination in aiding coastal management; (2) unworkable coastal non-point • Improvements are needed in the administra- source pollution provisions; and (3) no measure- tion of Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) grants ment of the effectiveness of the CZM program.33 awarded under provisions of the North Ameri- can Wetlands Conservation Act;35 the FWS

32. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Inspector General, Semiannual Report to Congress, March 31, 1998, p. 39. 33. Ibid., p. 41. 34. U.S. General Accounting Office, Results Act: Department of Interior’s Annual Performance Plan for Fiscal Year 1999, May 28, 1998, p. 2.

10 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

Table 5 B 1231

W h a t th e D e p a rtm e n t o f th e In te rio r In sp e cto r G e n e ra l A u d its S h o w

Questioned Funds Put to Total Costs Better Use Dollars Notes Bureau of Indian Affairs $2,703,655 $4,174,405 $6,878,060 Bureau of Land Management 169,719 79,907 249,626

Bureau of Reclamation 126,025 691,702 817,727

Minerals Management Service 56,997 3,216,049 3,273,046

National Park Service 338,130 5,462,937 5,801,067

Surface Mining Reclamation 1,653,108 0 1,653,108 and Enforcement

U.S. Bureau of Mines 40,516 0 40,516 4/1/97-9/30/97

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2,380,272 3,810,045 6,190,317 4/1/97-9/30/97

U.S. Geological Survey 130,371 0 130,371 10/1/97-4/31/98 Total $7,598,793 $17,435,045 $25,033,839

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of the Inspector General, Semiannual Report to the Congress, October 1997, p. 58, and April 1998, p. 47.

Waterfowl and Wetlands Office, which has restoration work and/or the responsibilities of responsibility for grants administration, did federal and non-federal program partici- not adequately review or obtain sufficient pants;36 guidance on cost-sharing arrange- information to verify the propriety of costs that ments was insufficient, documentation were charged to the grants; and in a review of supporting project expenses was not adequate, 29 wetlands conservation grants, 12 had costs and program costs and accomplishments were of $1 million that were improperly reimbursed not tracked and accurately reported; and the or credited to partners as contributions to FWS did not have sufficient controls to admin- project costs resulting from inadequate admin- ister program activities effectively. istrative oversight. As Table 5 shows, agencies within the Depart- • In a review of 101 FWS program project files, ment of the Interior had questionable costs and some cooperative agreements lacked specific funds that could be put to better use for the period and/or standard provisions on the scope of the of April 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998.37

35. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Inspector General, Semiannual Report, October 1997, p. 26. 36. Ibid., p. 27. 37. Ibid.

11 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

Table 6 B 1231

Exam ples of Duplication of Program s in the Department of the Interior

AHRI Goals Water Wildlife/ Soil Quality/ Aquatic Flood Recreation Economic Erosion Quantity Wetlands Conservation Prevention Opportunity Development Federal Aid in Wildlife x xx Restoration Act Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration xxx Program Administrative Grants for Federal Aid in Sport Fish and xxxxx Wildlife Restoration Program National Coastal Wetlands xxx Conservation Grants Fish and Wildlife Management xxx Assistance Program Rivers, Trails and Conservation xx x xxx x Assistance Program Source: See Appendix; list compiled from various agency sources, 1997, 1998. For additional examples of program duplication A Member of the U.S. House of Represen- in the Department of the Interior, see Table 6 and tatives may request that a river nominated the Appendix. as an American Heritage River be excluded from designation. If the entire WHAT CONGRESS SHOULD DO nominated portion of the river flows through the district of that Member, then Several Members of Congress have questioned the nomination will not be considered by the need to fund the American Heritage Rivers Ini- the AHRIAC. If only a portion of the river tiative; and many have noted the importance of flows through the Member’s district, then returning to the states, cities, towns, and local that portion of the river would not be communities the constitutional responsibility for included in any designation by the Presi- making decisions that would rejuvenate their river dent….38 communities. On June 10, 1997, for example, Representative Helen Chenoweth (R–ID) and 46 Senators from a state may request that a cosponsors introduced H.R. 1842 to terminate nomination as an American Heritage River AHRI funding by any federal agency. The bill not be considered for selection. A request cleared the House Resources Committee by a voice made by both Senators will be dispositive vote on November 5, 1997. of the application. If an entire nominated portion of the river flows through the state Members of the House and Senate also can of the Senators, then the advisory commit- request that rivers or stretches of river in their dis- tee will not consider the nomination. If tricts be excluded from consideration. According only a portion of the river flows through to the Council on Environmental Quality: the Senator’s state, then that portion of the river would not be included in any desig-

38. McGinty, Description of Administration Policy Regarding Congressional Opposition to Designation of American Heritage Rivers.

12 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

RIVERS AND RIVER SECTIONS ELIMINATED FROM AHRI CONSIDERATION BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

Rivers 4. Columbia River (Oregon); by Senator Gor- 1. Clearwater River (Idaho, Montana); by Rep- don Smith (R-OR) resentative Helen Chenoweth (R-ID), Repre- 5. French Broad River (North Carolina); by sentative Rick Hill (R-MT), Senator Conrad Representative Charles Taylor (R-NC) Burns (R-MT), Senator Larry Craig (R-ID), 6. James River (Virginia); by Representative and Senator Dirk Kempthorne (R-ID) Thomas Bliley, Jr. (R-VA) 2. Gunnison River (Colorado; by Representa- 7. Jordan River (Utah); by Representative tive Scott McInnis (R-CO) and Senator Ben Christopher Cannon (R-UT) Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO) 8. Mississippi River (Missouri); by Representa- 3. Osage River (Missouri); by Representative tive Pat Danner (D-MO) and Representative Ike Skelton (D-MO) James Talent (R-MO) 4. St. Mary's River (Michigan); by Representa- 9. Missouri River (Montana, Missouri, tive Bart Stupak (D-MI) Nebraska, South Dakota); by Representative 5. San Joaquin River (California); by Represen- Pat Danner (D-MO), Representative Rick Hill tative George Radanovich (R-CA) (R-MT), Representative Kenny Hulshof (R- 6. San Juan River (New Mexico); by Represen- MO), Representative James Talent (R-MO), tative Bill Redmond (R-NM) Representative Ike Skelton (D-MO), Repre- sentative John Thune (R-SD), Representative 7. San Luis Rey River (California); by Represen- tative Randy Cunningham (R-CA) and Rep- Vincent Snowbarger (R-KS), Senator Sam resentative Ron Packard (R-CA) Brownback (R-KS), Senator Conrad Burns (R-MT), and Senator Chuck Hagel (R-NE) 8. Snohomish River (Washington); by Repre- sentative Jack Metcalf (R-WA) 10. Ohio River (Indiana); by Representative John Hostettler (R-IN) 9. Upper Rio Grande (New Mexico); by Repre- sentative Bill Redmond (R-NM), Representa- 11. Ouachita River (Louisiana, Arkansas); by tive Steven Schiff (R-NM), and Representative Jay Dickey (R-AR), Represen- Representative Joe Skeen (R-NM) tative Asa Hutchinson (R-AR), and Senator Tim Hutchinson (R-AR) River Sections 12. St. John's River (Florida); by Representative David Weldon (R-FL) and Representative American River (California); by Representa- 1. Clifford Stearns (R-FL) tive John Doolittle (R-CA) and Representa- tive Richard Pombo (R-CA) 13. San Antonio River (Texas); by Representative Lamar Smith (R-TX) 2. Arkansas River (Arkansas, Colorado, Okla- homa, Kansas); by Representative Marion 14. South Platte River (Colorado); by Senator Berry (D-AR), Representative Tom Coburn Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO) (R-OK), Representative Jay Dickey (R-AR), 15. Santa Cruz River (Arizona); by Senator Jon Representative Asa Hutchinson (R-AR), Rep- Kyl (R-AZ) resentative Jerry Moran (R-KS), Representa- 16. Yellowstone River (Wyoming, Montana); by tive Todd Tiahrt (R-KS), Senator Sam Representative Barbara Cubin (R-WY), Rep- Brownback (R-KS), Senator Tim Hutchinson resentative Rick Hill (R-MT), Senator Conrad (R-AR), and Senator Ben Nighthorse Camp- Burns (R-MT), Senator Michael Enzi (R-WY), bell (R-CO) and Senator Craig Thomas (R-WY) 3. Cold Water Creek (Missouri); by Representa- 17. Willamette River (Oregon); by Senator Gor- tive James Talent (R-MO) don Smith (R-OR) Source: Kathleen A. McGinty, Description of Administration Policy Regarding Congressional Opposition to Designation of American Heritage Rivers, Council on Environmental Quality, May 6, 1998.

13 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

nation by the President. If a single Senator that the AHRI will divert millions of federal dollars opposes a nomination and the other Sena- away from the rivers that are most in need of tor and relevant House Member express improvement and make it even more difficult for no view, the nomination will not be con- state and local governments to decide how to pro- sidered by the advisory committee. When tect and enhance the quality of rivers in their juris- the view of a single Senator who opposes a diction and promote economic growth in their nomination conflicts with the position of river communities. the other Senator from that state or a A far better way for the President to protect the Member of Congress then the views of all quality of America’s rivers would be to eliminate members of the congressional delegation waste and program duplication by streamlining will be presented to the advisory commit- the more than 100 federal programs that already tee.39 address similar goals. Congress, too, should take a Members of Congress successfully eliminated closer look at these programs and ask the GAO to nine rivers and 17 segments of rivers from consid- determine how much is being spent by federal eration by the President for American Heritage agencies on programs that not only are redundant River designation (see page 13). or ineffective, but also duplicate what the Presi- dent wants the AHRI to accomplish. CONCLUSION Finally, Members of Congress who want to take Americans generally support Congress’s efforts a stand against even bigger government should to downsize the federal government and return ensure that the states maintain their constitutional more control to the states. The American Heritage authority over their own waterways and surround- Rivers Initiative, however, runs counter to this ing land areas by requesting that rivers in their dis- goal. It creates an additional level of unnecessary tricts be excluded from consideration. federal bureaucracy, and little has been offered to show where the funding will come from to sup- —Alexander F. Annett is a Research Assistant in port the “navigators” for the rivers designated by The Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Stud- the President each year. Some estimates predict ies at The Heritage Foundation.

39. Ibid.

14 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

APPENDIX More than 100 federal programs currently assist Scenic Rivers have been identified. For example, states, cities, local communities, businesses, and the Nationwide Rivers Inventory of the National concerned individuals in their efforts to improve Park Service has identified over 2,600 river seg- and protect the nation’s waterways and surround- ments as candidates.44 In late 1996, Congress des- ing areas. Many of these programs create collabo- ignated 51.4 miles of the Clarion River rative relationships among federal, state, local, and (Pennsylvania, 11.5 miles of the Lamprey River tribal governments to address the same environ- (New Hampshire), and 6.4 miles of the Elkhorn mental and economic concerns that the American Creek (Oregon).45 (202) 205-0925; http:// Heritage Rivers Initiative is supposed to address, www.nps.gov/htdocs3/rivers/index.html. again illustrating the overlap between agencies and NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall RRuuurrraaall DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt PPaaarrrtttnnneeerrrssshhhiiiippp:: A col- programs. laborative relationship among federal, state, local, This Appendix lists some of the federal pro- and tribal governments and private, nonprofit, and grams that are available. The amount of overlap community-based organizations to create a com- within and between Cabinet-level departments prehensive strategy for rural development. illustrates the need to make better use of taxpayer Encourages innovative approaches; maintains a resources. The list was compiled from information cooperative national framework to support state on the American Heritage Rivers Initiative Web site Rural Development Councils and the National at http://www.epa.gov/rivers/services/; conversations Rural Development Partnership; and resolves and correspondence with agency staff regarding intergovernmental or interagency impediments to programs designated by the agencies as falling effective rural development, such as red tape, under the AHRI umbrella; and the White House jurisdictional conflicts, and language barriers. Office of Management and Budget’s 1997 Catalog of (202) 690-2394; http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/nrdp/. Federal Domestic Assistance.40 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INDEPENDENT FEDERAL PROGRAMS EEnnnvvviiiirrrooonnnmmmeeennntttaaall QQuuuaaalililitttyy IInnnccceeennntttiiiivvveeess PPrrrooogggrrraaamm NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall WWiiiilllldd aandnd SSccceeennniiiicc RRiiiivvveeerrrss PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: Seeks ((EEEQQQIIIPPP))):::: Through the Natural Resources Conserva- to preserve rivers and their immediate environs tion Service (NRCS), provides technical, educa- that possess remarkable scenic, recreational, geo- tional, and financial assistance to farmers and logical, fish and wildlife, historic, and cultural ranchers in areas with significant natural resource value41 by maintaining free-flowing conditions, problems. Areas generally are watersheds, regions, protecting water quality, and fulfilling vital or areas having significant concerns over soil ero- national conservation purposes.42 Congress has sion, water quality and quantity, wildlife habitat, designated 154 rivers since 1968.43 Through land wetlands, forestland, and grazing land. Conserva- management planning process and public initia- tion districts convene local working groups from tives, a significant number of potential Wild and district board members and key staff members of

40. White House, Office of Management and Budget, 1997 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance. 41. Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council, Wild & Scenic Rivers Reference Guide, The Wild Scenic Rivers Sys- tem, Technical Papers, February 1995, p. 1. 42. Ibid., p. 11. 43. Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council, Wild and Scenic Rivers Reference Guide, June 1, 1997. 44. Ibid. 45. P.L. 104–333.

15 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

the Cooperative State Research, Education, and FFaaarrrmmmllllaaannndd PPrrrooottteeeccctttiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Through NRCS, Extension Service and other federal, state, and helps purchase development rights to keep pro- local agencies. Programs must reflect local needs ductive farmland for agricultural use, including and priorities, and include the Agricultural Con- cropland, rangeland, pasture, or forest. (202) 720- servation Program to control erosion and sedimen- 2847; http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/NRC- tation, encourage voluntary compliance with SProg.html#Anchor–Farmland. federal and state requirements to solve point and CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn ooff PPrrriiiivvvaaatete GGrrrazazaziiiinnngg LLaaannndd IInnniiiitttiiiiaaatttiiiivvveee:: non-point source pollution, and improve water Through NRCS, provides technical, educational, quality; the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control and other assistance to owners of grazing land. Program to reduce pollution from excessive salt Emphasizes better grazing land management loads due to agricultural operations; the Great plans, protecting soil from erosive wind and water, Plains Conservation Program to conserve and uti- using more energy-efficient ways to produce food lize soil and water resources on farms and ranches and fiber, conserving water, providing wildlife, with serious soil erosion from wind and water; and and sustaining forest and grazing plants. (202) the Water Quality Incentives Projects to encourage 720-1873; http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/NRC- farming practices that reduce water pollution SProg.html#Anchor–Conservation. caused by agricultural activities. (202) 720-1845; http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/NRCSProg.html#Anchor– WWeeetttllllaaannndd RReeessseeerrrvvvee PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 48 Through NRCS, Environmental. helps to restore and protect wetlands on private property. Encourages private landowners to RReeesososouuurrrcccee CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn aandnd DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt PPrrrooo-- improve water quality voluntarily, enhance wildlife ggrrraaammm:: Through NRCS, brings residents, communi- habitat, reduce soil erosion, reduce flooding, and ties, various units of government, and grassroots improve the water supply. Participants may sell a organizations together to solve environmental, conservation easement or enter a cost-share resto- economic, and social problems. Goals include land ration agreement to restore and protect wetlands. conservation, improving economic and commu- (202) 690-0848. nity development in rural areas, water manage- ment, and environmental enhancement. (202) WWililildddlllliiiifffee HHaaabibibitttaaatt IInnnccceeennntttiiiivvveeess PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 49 Through 720-4527; http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/rcnd_2.html. NRCS, works to improve wildlife habitat, prima- rily on private lands. Provides both technical assis- SSoooilil aandnd WWaaattteeerr CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrramamam:::: 46 tance and cost sharing, for example, to improve Through the NRCS, provides technical assistance habitat for wetland wildlife, threatened and endan- to the public to plan and apply natural resource gered species, and fish. Participants may be own- conservation practices, and furnishes technical ers, operators, or tenants of eligible lands. Cost resource conservation information to state and sharing is available to reimburse practices benefi- local governments. (202) 720-4527. cial to wildlife. (202) 720-1845. FFooorrreeessstttrrryy IInnnccceeennntttiiiivvveeess PPrrrooogggrrraaammmsss:::: 47 Through NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn BuBuffffffeeerr IInnniiiitttiiiiatatatiiiivvveee:::: 50 A NRCS, supports good forestry management prac- public–private effort of NRCS which utilizes tices on privately owned non-industrial forestland grasses and trees to protect and enhance farm to benefit the environment while meeting future resources. (202) 720-4525. demands for wood products. (202) 205-1389.

46. OMB, 1997 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, p. 109. 47. Ibid., p. 7. 48. Ibid., p. 10. 49. Ibid., p. 117. 50. Ibid.

16 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

WWaaattteeerrrssshhheeedd SSuuurrrvvveeeyyyss aannndd PlPlaaannnnnniiiinnngg PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 51 www.nrcs.usda.gov/NRCSProg.html#cta_program– Through NRCS, provides federal, state, and local anchor. agencies with technical and financial assistance to RRuuurrraaall AAbbbaaannndddooonnneeedd MMiiiinnneeess PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Through plan and install watershed-based projects on pri- NRCS, attempts to prevent adverse impacts of past vate land in cooperation with local sponsoring coal mining practices and promote development of organizations and state and other agencies. Can be soil and water resources of U.S.-reclaimed mined broad river basin efforts and detailed watershed land. Cost-sharing funds are available for reclama- efforts that aid in flood prevention; water quality tion, conservation, and development of up to 320 improvements; soil erosion reduction; rural, acres of rural abandoned coal mine land per owner municipal, and industrial water supply; irrigation or lands and waters affected by coal mining activi- watershed protection; water management; sedi- ties. Practices include land stabilization, erosion mentation control; fish and wildlife habitat and sediment control, soil and water quality enhancement; and creating or restoring wetlands. improvement, woodland improvement, wildlife (202) 720-4527. improvement, recreational resource improvement, WWaaattteeerrrssshhheeedd PPrrrooottteeeccctttiiiiooonn aandnd FFlllloooooodd PPrrreeevvveeennntttiiiiooonn and agricultural improvements. (202) 720-2847; ((SSSmmmaaallll WWatatateeerrrssshhheeedd PPrrrooogggrrramamam))):::: Through NRCS, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/NRC- addresses water resource problems in over 1,500 SProg.html#ramp_anchor. watersheds. Provides technical and financial assis- FFooorrreeessstt LLeeegggacacacyy PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: Through the Forest Ser- tance to sponsoring organizations, states, and vice, supports voluntary state conservation efforts other public agencies to plan and install water- to protect environmentally sensitive forestland and shed-based projects. Requires local and state fund- encourage the protection of privately owned for- ing contributions. Is designed to aid in preventing estland. Focuses on acquiring partial interest in damage from erosion, floodwater, and sediment; privately owned forestland. Supports acquisition improving water quality; increasing the efficiency of conservation easements (legally binding agree- of water management; managing water for nonag- ments transferring a negotiated set of property ricultural purposes to improve the environment rights from one party to another without removing and quality of life; improving and restoring fish the property from private ownership) that usually and wildlife habitat; developing recreational restrict development and require sustainable for- opportunities such as boating and fishing; further- estry practices. (202) 205-1389; http:// ing the conservation, development, utilization, willow.ncfes.umn.edu/coop/flp.htm. and disposal of water; and conserving and prop- erly using land. (202) 720-4527; http:// CCoooooopppeeerrraaatttiiiivvvee FFooorrreeessstttrrryy AAssssssiiiissstttaaannnccceee:: Administered aspe.os.dhhs.gov/cfda/p10904.htm. by the Forest Service with staff from its Rural Development and Forest Service Products Conser- CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvatatatiiiiooonn TTececechhhnnniiiicccaaall AAssssssiiiissstttaaannncccee PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: vation and Recycling programs. Assists non-fed- Assists “land-users, communities, units of state eral forest and other rural areas to advance forest and local government, and other federal agencies resources management, encourage timber produc- in planning and implementing conservation sys- tion, control tree insects and diseases, control fires, tems”52 to reduce erosion, improve soil and water promote the efficient utilization and recycling of quality, conserve wetlands, enhance fish and wild- wood, improve and maintain fish wildlife habitat, life habitat, improve air quality, improve pasture and plan and conduct urban and community for- and range conditions, reduce upstream flooding, estry programs. (202) 205-1389; http:// and improve woodlands. (202) 720-4265; http:// willow.ncfes.umn.edu/coop/coop.htm.

51. Ibid., p. 112. 52. See http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/NRCSProg.html, p. 1.

17 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

FFooorrreeessstt SSttteeewwwaaarrrdddssshhhiiiipp PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Administered by eral, state, and tribal agencies, conservation and the Forest Service to bring professional natural industry groups, and private citizens. The program resource management expertise to non-industrial is largely dependent on cost-share partnership private forest (NIPF) landowners and to help them programs and allocations of funds based on the develop forest stewardship plans. Forest steward- amount of resources being managed. (202) 205- ship plans encourage NIPF landowners to become 1205; http://www.fs.fed.us/outdoors/wildlife/fish.htm. active in planning and managing their forests, WWaaateteterrrssshhheeedd IImmmppprrrooovvvemememeeennntt PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 53 Adminis- thereby increasing the likelihood that their forests tered by the Forest Service to implement and will remain productive and social, economic, and maintain treatments to bring watersheds back to environmental benefits will be realized. (202) 205- fully productive levels. Funds projects for water- 1389; http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/coop/fsp.htm. dependent resources, including fisheries, water EEcccooonnnooommmiiiicc AActctctiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Administered by the quality and quantity, and soil quality, and estab- Forest Service. Invests forest-based resources to lishes long-term partnerships. Program objectives support sustainable community development are (1) healthy, diverse, and resilient aquatic eco- goals. Major program areas are rural community systems that maintain a variety of ecological condi- assistance, forest products conservation and recy- tions and benefits and conserve biological cling, and market development and expansion. diversity, and (2) National Forest System land and (202) 205-1491; http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/coop/ water resources restored to a healthy and diverse eap.htm. condition through hazardous waste remediation. (202) 205-1473. SSttteeewwwaaarrrdddssshhhiiiipp IInnnccceeennntttiiiivvvee PPrrrooogggrrramamam:::: Administered by the Forest Service to leverage long-term finan- CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn RReeessseeerrrvvvee PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 54 The largest cial investments and technical assistance in the USDA conservation program; administered by the health and productivity of non-industrial private Farm Service Agency to reduce soil erosion, forestland. Shares the costs of forest practices that improve water and air quality, and enhance wild- provide major environmental benefits, including life habitat. Individuals, partnerships, associations, clean air, clean water, abundant wildlife, soil pro- Indian tribes, states, or any agency thereof owning tection, recreation opportunities, and a sustainable or operating cropland may place highly erodible or supply of timber and other forest products. (202) environmentally sensitive land in a 10- to 15-year 205-1389; http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/coop/ contract. Participants agree to implement a conser- coop.htm. vation plan approved by the local conservation district to convert the land into a long-term IInnnllllaaannndd FFiiiissshhheeerrriiiieeess HHaaabibibitttaaatt MMaaannnaaagggeeemmmeeennnttt:: Adminis- resources reserve program. Attempts to be cost- tered by the Forest Service to (1) protect and effective in assisting owners and operators in the restore inland streams and lakes and the fish and Business and Industrial Loans Program.55 other aquatic life they support; (2) increase the opportunities for recreational fishing through BuBusssiiiinnneeessss aannndd IInnndududussstttrrriiiiaaall LLoooaaannnsss:::: 56 Administered improved habitat, access, and facilities; (3) by the Rural Business–Cooperative Service. Assists increase the enjoyment of aquatic resources and public, private, or cooperative organizations, meet the demand for angling, viewing, and Indian tribes, or individuals in rural areas to resource conservation; and (4) promote effective obtain loans for improving, developing, or financ- management through collaboration with other fed- ing businesses, industry, and employment, and for

53. Fact Sheet, “Watershed Partnerships,” supplied by U.S. Forest Service, August 3, 1998. 54. OMB, 1997 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, p. 8. 55. Ibid., p. 96. 56. Ibid.

18 No. 1231 November 4, 1998 improving the economic and environmental cli- plants, machinery, equipment, access streets and mate in rural communities, including pollution roads, and parking areas; and improving transpor- abatement and control. Financial assistance may tation to the site, utility extensions, necessary be extended for business and industrial acquisi- water supply, and waste disposal facilities. (202) tion; construction; conversion; enlargement; 720-1400. repair; modernization; purchasing and develop- IInnnttteeerrrmememedddiiiiaaarrryy RReeelllleeennndddiiiinnngg PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 60 Adminis- ment of land, easements, rights-of-way, buildings tered by the Rural Business–Cooperative Service. facilities, leases or materials; purchasing equip- Finances business facilities and community devel- ment, leasehold/improvements, machinery and opment in rural areas by loans made to intermedi- supplies; and pollution control abatement. (202) aries, who must re-lend the funds to the final 690-4730. recipients for business facilities or community RRuuurrraaall EcEcooonnnooommmiiiicc DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt LLoooaaannnss aandnd development. Loans must be used to establish new GGrrraaannntttsss:::: 57 Administered by the Rural Business– businesses, expand existing businesses, create Cooperative Service to promote rural economic employment opportunities, and save existing jobs. development and job creation. Includes funding (202) 690-4100. for project feasibility studies, start-up costs, incu- bator projects, and other reasonable expenses to U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE foster rural development. (202) 720-1400. CCoooaaassstttaaall ZZooonnnee MMaaannnaaagggemememeeennntt PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: Adminis- RRuuurrraaall CCoooooopppeeerrraaatttiiiivvvee DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt GGrrraaannntttsss:::: 58 tered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administered by the Rural Business–Cooperative Administration. Voluntary partnership between Service. Establishes and operates centers for rural the federal government and coastal states and ter- technology and cooperative development to ritories to preserve, protect, develop, and restore improve the economic condition in rural areas by and enhance resources, and assist the states in promoting the development and commercializa- achieving wise use of land and water resources of tion of new services and products. Grant funds their coastal zones. Full consideration is given to may be used for such things as technology ecological, cultural, historic, and aesthetic con- research, investigations, basic feasibility studies, cerns, as well as the need for compatible economic and providing technical support to individuals, development. (301) 713-3117; http:// small businesses, cooperatives, or rural industries. wave.nos.noaa.gov/ocrm/czm/welcome.html. (202) 720-1400. EEcccooonnnooommmiiiicc AAdddjjjjuuussstttmmmeeennntt PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Helps states RRuuurrraaall DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt GGrrraaannntttsss:::: 59 Administered by and local areas design and implement strategies to the Rural Business–Cooperative Service. Facilitates adjust to changes that cause or threaten serious development of small and emerging private busi- damage to the underlying economic base. Such ness, industry, and related employment to improve changes may result from industrial or corporate the economy in rural communities. Grants may be restructuring, new federal laws or requirements, used to establish revolving funds, provide operat- reductions in defense expenditures, depletion of ing capital, and finance industrial sites in rural natural resources, or natural disasters. States, cit- areas, including the acquisition and development ies, political subdivisions or a consortium of such of land and construction; the conversion, enlarge- subdivisions, Indian tribes, designated Redevelop- ment, repair, or modernization of buildings, ment Areas (RAs), community development cor-

57. Ibid., p. 105. 58. Ibid., p. 99. 59. Ibid., p. 96. 60. Ibid., p. 95.

19 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

porations, or nonprofit organizations determined cess, and procedures. (202) 482-5314; http:// to represent an RA may apply. Area(s) either must www.doc.gov/eda/text/tplannin.htm. have experienced, or anticipate, a change in the PPuuubbblllliiiicc WWooorrrkkkss aandnd DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt FFaaaccciliiliilitttiiiieeesss:::: Pro- economic situation resulting in the loss of a signif- vides grants to distressed communities to attract icant number of permanent jobs and/or other new industry, encourage business expansion, severe economic impact, or manifest symptoms of diversify local economies, and generate long-term, economic deterioration (very high unemployment, private-sector jobs. Examples of projects include low per capita income, or failure to keep pace with water and sewer facilities primarily serving indus- national economic growth trends over the past five try and commerce, access roads to industrial parks years). (202) 482-5314; http://www.doc.gov/eda/ or sites, port improvements, and business incuba- text/teconadj.htm. tor facilities. Proposed projects must be located LLooocccaaall TTeeeccchnhnhniiiicccaaall AAssssssiiiissstttaaannncece PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Grants within an EDA-designed redevelopment area or assist in solving specific economic development economic development center. Applicant may be a problems, responding to developmental opportu- state, political subdivision of a state, Indian tribe, nities, and building local organizational capacity in special-purpose unit of government, public or pri- distressed areas. Local economic development vate nonprofit organization, or association repre- organizations may be used to address military base senting the Redevelopment Area or part thereof. and industrial plant closures, deteriorating com- (202) 482-5314; http://www.doc.gov/eda/text/ mercial districts, and technical or market feasibil- tpwprog.htm. ity studies. Eligible applicants include nonprofit UUnnniiiivvveeerrrsssiiiitttyy CCeeennnttteeerr PPrrrooogggrrramamam:: Provides grants to national, state, area, district, or local organizations; help colleges and address the economic develop- colleges and universities; Indian tribes; local gov- ment problems and opportunities of their service ernments; and state agencies. (202) 482-2127; areas. Proposals must focus on providing technical http://www.doc.gov/eda/text/tlocltec.htm. assistance to clients outside the sponsoring institu- PlPlaaannnnnniiiinnngg PPrrrooogggrrraaamm ffooorr EEcccooonnnooommmiiiicc DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt tion. A limited amount of University Center-initi- DDiiiissstttrrriiiiccctttsss,, IIndndndiiiiaaann TTrrribibibeeess aannndd RReeedddeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt AArrreeeaaasss:: ated activity, such as applied research on general Provides grants to support the formulation and economic development issues, is permitted if implementation of economic development pro- approved as part of the work plan. Priority consid- grams that create or retain full-time permanent eration is given proposals that focus on service jobs for the unemployed and underemployed in areas with significant economic distress, preferably areas of economic distress. Eligible applicants are statewide service areas. (202) 482-5314; http:// Economic Development Districts, Redevelopment www.doc.gov/eda/text/tunivctr.htm. Areas, Indian tribes, organizations representing OOccceeeaaann RReeesososouuurrrccceeess CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvatatatiiiiooonn aandnd AAsssssseeessssssmmmeeennnttt:::: RAs, or multiple Indian tribes, and common- Administered by the National Oceanic and Atmo- wealths and territories. (202) 482-5314; http:// spheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Ocean www.doc.gov/eda/text/tplanoth.htm. Resources Conservation and Assessment. Provides PlPlaaannnnnniiiinnngg PPrrrooogggrrraaamm ffooorr SStttaaattteeess aandnd UUrrrbbbaaann AArrreeeaaasss:::: decision-makers with comprehensive scientific Provides assistance to economically distressed information on the nation’s coastal areas, estuaries, states, sub-state planning regions, cities, and and oceans; sets policy, directs planning, manages urban counties to undertake significant new eco- fiscal resources, and leads program development nomic development planning, policymaking, and for teams of oceanographers, toxicologists, envi- implementation efforts. Examples include eco- ronmental engineers, computer programmers, sys- nomic analysis, defining program goals, determin- tems analysts, geographers, and economists that ing project opportunities, and formulating and work on problems as diverse as oil spills, natural implementing a development program to enhance resource damage assessment, coastal environmen- economic development planning capability, pro- tal quality monitoring, and long-term national

20 No. 1231 November 4, 1998 environmental assessments. (301) 713-2989; tainable fisheries that support jobs in the fishing http://www.rdc.noaa.gov/~ohb/N/NH0000.html. industry, safe and wholesome seafood, and recre- ational opportunities. (301) 713-2358. EEcccooonnnooommmiiiicc DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennnttt———GGGrrraaannntttss ffooorr PPuuublibliblicc WWooorrrkkkss aannndd IInnnfffrrraaassstttrrruuuctctctuuurrree DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennnttt:::: 61 CCooolllluuummmbibibiaa RRiiiivvveeerr FFiiiissshhheeerrriiiieeess DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennnttt:::: 64 Through the Economic Development Administra- Administered by NOAA. Provides funds for states tion, promotes long-term economic development and nonprofit organizations to utilize the facilities and assists in the construction of public works and and personnel of state fisheries agencies in the development facilities; encourages the creation or Pacific Northwest to enhance salmon and steel- retention of permanent private-sector jobs in head resources in the region. (541) 231-2009. severe economic distress areas. Public facilities include port facilities, tourism facilities, infrastruc- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ture improvements for industrial parks, access AAqqquuuaaatttiiiicc PlPlaaannntt CCooonnntttrrroooll PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 65 Provides state roads to industrial parks, and business incubator and local government agencies with the assistance facilities. Qualified projects must fill a pressing of the Army Corps of Engineers in controlling and need and improve opportunities for successful eradicating obnoxious aquatic plants in rivers, har- establishment or expansion of industrial or com- bors, and allied waters. (202) 761-0660. mercial plants or facilities, long-term employment opportunities, or benefits for the long-term unem- FFlllloooooodd PlPlaaaiiiinn MMaaannnaaagggemememeeennntt SSeeerrrvvviiiiccceeesss:::: 66 Fosters ployed/underemployed and members of lower- public understanding of flood hazards and pro- income families. (202) 482-5265. motes prudent use and management of flood plains; provides technical services and planning AAnnnaaadddrrrooommmooouuuss FFiiiissshh CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn AAccctt PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 62 guidance to support effective flood plain manage- Provides NOAA and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ment, including developing or interpreting site- assistance in conserving and enhancing anadro- specific data on all aspects of the flooding process mous fish and Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and providing information on natural and cultural fish that ascend streams to spawn, and in control- flood plain resources; conducts “Special Studies” ling sea lamprey. Protects and restores streams and on all aspects of flood plain management plan- lakes and anadromous fish and other aquatic life; ning, including the impact of off-flood plain land increases opportunities for recreational fishing and use on the flood plains; and issues guides, pam- subsistence and commercial harvest through phlets, and supporting studies to improve the improved habitat, access, and facilities; enhances methods and procedures for mitigating flood dam- public appreciation through interpretation and age. (202) 272-0169. viewing activities; and promotes effective manage- ment through collaboration of federal, state, and PlPlaaannnnnniiiinnngg AAssssssiiiissstttaaannncccee ooff SStttatatateeesss:::: 67 Assists states, tribal agencies, conservation and industry groups, local governments, and other non-federal entities and private citizens. (301) 427-2014. in the preparation of comprehensive plans for the development, use, and conservation of water and FFiiiissshhheeerrriiiieeess DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt aannndd UUtttiliiliilizzzaaatttiiiiooonn RReeessseeeaaarrrccchh related resources. States make annual requests for aandnd DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt GGrrraaannntttss aannndd CCoooooopppeeerrraaatttiiiivvvee AAgggrrreeeeee-- studies, and the Army Corps of Engineers accom- mmeeennntttsss:::: 63 Administered by NOAA. Increases sus-

61. Ibid., p. 135. 62. Ibid., p. 143. 63. Ibid., p. 151. 64. Ibid., p. 159. 65. Ibid., p. 202. 66. Ibid., p. 205.

21 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

modates as many studies as possible in a district grams and funding priorities and consult with within the funding allotment. Studies may be local residents before making final decisions. All prompted by local identification of problems, CDBG activities must benefit low-income and including water quality, supply, and demand; envi- moderate-income persons, prevent or eliminate ronmental conservation/restoration; wetland eval- slums or blight, or address serious and immediate uation; dam safety/failures; flood damage threats to the health or welfare of a community. reduction; flood plain management; coastal zone (202) 708-1577. management/protection; and harbor/port studies. CCooommmmmmuuunnniiiitttyy DDeeevvveeellllooopppmememennntt BBlllloooccckk GGrrraaannntttss ffooorr (202) 761-0660. SStttaaattteeess aannndd SSmmmaaallll CCiiiitttiiiieeesss:: Provides annual formula SSpppeeeccciiiifffiiiicccaaalll lllyy AAuuuttthhhooorrriiiizzzeeedd PPrrrooojjjjeeecccttts—s—s—EEEcccosososyyysssttteeemm grants to states to distribute to non-entitlement RReeessstttooorrraaatttiiiiooonnn:::: 68 Provides assistance in restoring and communities. Each state’s goals and method of improving degraded ecosystems. Projects may be fund distribution are determined in consultation stand-alone or part of a multipurpose project that with affected citizens and local elected officials. improves aquatic habitat. (703) 693-3654. State subgrants are awarded for a variety of com- munity development activities for economic devel- BBeeennneeefffiiiiccciiiiaaall UUssseeess ooff DDrrreeedddgggeeedd MMaaattteeerrriiiiaaallll:::: 69 Provides opment, neighborhood revitalization, and for the protection, restoration, and creation of improved community facilities and services. (202) aquatic and ecologically related habitats, including 708-3587; http://www.hud.gov/progdesc/ wetlands, in connection with dredging an autho- cdbg–st.html. rized federal navigation project. (703) 693-3654. HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicccaaallllllyy BBllllacacackk CCooolllllleeegggeeess aannndd UUnnniiiivvveeerrrsssiiiitttiiiieeesss:: PPrrrooojjjjeeectct MMooodddiiiifffiiiicccaaatttiiiiooonn ffooorr IImmmppprrrooovvveeemmmeeennntt ooff tthhhee Provides competitive grants annually to several EEnnnvvviiiirrrooonnnmmmeeennnttt:::: 70 Provides modifications to water dozen of the 102 historically black colleges and resources projects constructed by the Army Corps universities to support a wide variety of Commu- of Engineers for the improvement of the environ- nity Development Block Grant activities for neigh- ment. Projects that address degradation of envi- borhood revitalization, economic development, ronmental quality caused by a Corps project may and improved community facilities and services. also be undertaken. Federal per-project limit is $5 Recipients typically collaborate with local govern- million; annual appropriation limit is $25 million. ments and/or nonprofit organizations and consult (703) 693-3654. local residents to develop programs and funding priorities. (202) 708-0614; http://www.hud.gov/ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND progdesc/hbcu.html. URBAN DEVELOPMENT CCooommmmmmuuunnniiiitttyy OOuuutttrrreaeaeaccchh PPaaarrrtttnnneeerrrssshhhiiiipp CCeeennnteteterrrsss:::: Pro- CCooommmmmmuuunnniiiitttyy DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt BBlllloooccckk GGrrraaannntttss 71 gram of competitive grants made by HUD’s Office ((CCCDDDBBBGGG))):::: Provides annual grants to entitlement of University Partnerships to urban colleges and communities for a variety of activities for neigh- universities to support a variety of community borhood revitalization, economic development, development activities for neighborhood revital- and improved community facilities and services. ization and economic development. Universities Entitlement communities develop their own pro-

67. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, “Flood Plain Management Services Planning Assistance to States—Section 22, Water Resources Planning,” April 1995, p. 11. 68. Water Resource Development Act, 1996, Sec. 206. 69. Correspondence with Chip Smith, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, September 1, 1998. 70. Water Resource Development Act, 1986, Sec. 1135, as amended. 71. “HUD Programs Applicable, at Local/State Option, to the American Heritage Rivers Initiative,” provided by Jim Selvazzi, Community Connections, June 3, 1997.

22 No. 1231 November 4, 1998 typically collaborate with local governments and/ SStttaaatttee RReeecccllllaaammmaaatttiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrraaammmsss:::: Through the Office or nonprofit organizations and local residents to of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, develop programs and funding priorities. All activ- supports 23 state and 3 tribal reclamation pro- ities must benefit low-income and moderate- grams (50 percent cost sharing) to establish and income persons, prevent or eliminate slums or enforce water quality and reclamation standards blight, or address serious and immediate threats to for coal mining. (202) 208-2565; http:// the health or welfare of a community, and be con- www.osmre.gov/osm.htm. sistent with the academic mission of the applicant. AAmmmeeerrriiiicccaaann BBaaattttttlllleeefffiiiieeelllldd PPrrroooteteteccctttiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrramamam:: Helps (202) 708-3061; http://www.hud.gov/progdesc/ states, communities, nonprofit organizations, and copc.html. individual citizens become the stewards of signifi- IIndndndiiiiaaann CCooommmmmmuuunnniiiitttyy DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt BBlllloooccckk GGrrraaannntt cant historic battlefields. Battle sites that cannot PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: Provides annual competitive grants to feasibly be incorporated into federal or state park Indian tribes and Alaska Native villages to improve systems are saved so that future generations may housing, build community facilities, make infra- understand the full scope of the American Revolu- structure improvements, and expand job opportu- tion, the Civil War, the Indian Wars, and other nities. Tribes and villages select the projects and conflicts on U.S. soil. Grants are awarded to orga- funding priorities from eligible activities. (415) nizations sponsoring planning and educational 436-8122; http://www.hud.gov/progdesc/icdbg1.html. projects at historic battlefields. (202) 343-3941; http://www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/abpp_p.htm. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AArrrccchhheeeooollllooogygy aannndd EEttthhhnnnooogggrrraaaphphphyy PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Works PPaaarrrtttnnneeerrrss AAgggaaaiiiinnnssstt WWeeeeeedddsss:::: A cooperative effort with public agencies; federal, state, tribal, and among Interior Department bureaus and other local governments; national and regional archeo- federal agencies to improve federal management logical organizations; and colleges and universities and eradication of noxious and invasive plant spe- on projects and programs focusing on archeologi- cies. Aggressive weed management program devel- cal interpretation, preservation, and protection. ops methods by which the spread of weeds can be Helps communities find out about archeological stopped or controlled. (406) 255-2766; http:// sites along their rivers, access existing summary www.nv.blm.gov/Resources/Weeds.html. information about these resources, and find other regional and local archeologists and organizations RRiiiipppaaarrriiiiaaannn–––WWWeeetttllllaaandnd IInnniiiitttiiiiaaatttiiiivvvee ffooorr tthhhee 19901990sss:: Seeks that could provide additional information. (202) to restore and maintain riparian–wetland areas. 343-4101; http://www.nps.gov/aad/. (202) 452-0357; http://www.epa.gov/rivers/services. CCeeerrrtttiiiifffiiiieeedd LLooocccaaall GGooovvveeerrrnnnmmmeeennntt PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Local BBrrriiiinnngg BBaaaccckk tthhhee NNaaatttiiiivvveeesss:::: A collaborative effort of governments that meet local, state, and National the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Ser- Park Service requirements for Certified Local Gov- vice, Trout Unlimited, and the National Fish and ernment status are eligible to receive small match- Wildlife Foundation to promote watershed-scale ing grants from the Park Service, as well as riparian and stream restoration to conserve native technical assistance through their state historic aquatic fauna. (202) 452-7753; http:// preservation offices. Funds may be used for such www.fs.fed.us/outdoors/wildlife/bring.htm. activities as producing historic theme studies or AAppppppaaallllaaaccchhhiiiiaaann CClllleeeaaann SStttrrreeeaaammmss IInnniiiitttiiiiaaatttiiiivvveee:: A cooper- cultural resource inventories and building reuse ative program with the Environmental Protection and feasibility studies. (202) 343-6005; http:// Agency and more than 70 other public and private www2.cr.nps.gov/clg/clgquest.htm. entities to accelerate the clean-up of acid mine CCooommmppprrreeehhheeennnsssiiiivvvee HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc PPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn PlPlaaannnnnniiiinnngg drainage from abandoned coal mines. (202) 208- PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Provides guidance and assistance to 2527; http://www.osmre.gov/acsihome.htm. states, tribes, local governments, and federal agen- cies as they plan for the preservation of historic

23 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

resources. Historic buildings, archeological sites, National Historic Landmark owners through site traditional places, and landscapes become consid- visits, condition assessment reports, technical erations in devising land use, economic, environ- publications, workshops, and special conferences, mental, and social strategies to strengthen as well as the Internet. (202) 343-9591; http:// communities nationwide. (202) 343-9596; http:// www2.cr.nps.gov/nhl/nhl_t.htm. www2.cr.nps.gov/pad/hpp_p.htm. NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall MMaaarrriiiitttiiiimmmee HHeeerrriiiitttaaagggee GGrrraaannntttss PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc PPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn FFuuundndnd:::: 72 Federal matching Competitive grant program for maritime heritage grant program that encourages private and non- preservation and education projects funded federal investment in historic preservation efforts. through a portion of the sale of obsolete vessels in Provides funding to states, territories, Indian the National Defense Reserve Fleet. Administered tribes, and the National Trust for Historic Preser- through a partnership between state historic pres- vation to pay part of the cost of surveys and state- ervation programs, the National Trust for Historic wide historic preservation plans, and to prepare Preservation, and the National Park Service. (202) National Register nominations, architectural plans, 343-9504; http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/maritime/ historic structure reports, and engineering studies. grants.htm. (202) 343-9573. TTrrriiiibbbaaall HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc PPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn FuFunnndd GGrrraaannnttstss:::: Works FFeeedddeeerrraaall HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc PPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn TTaaaxx IInnnccceeennntttiiiivvveeess with Indian tribes, Alaska Native groups, and PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Provides tax incentives for substantially Native Hawaiians to protect resources and tradi- rehabilitated buildings listed in the National Regis- tions of importance to Native Americans; main ter and in certain historic districts for income-pro- goal is to help tribes strengthen their own commu- ducing purposes, according to standards set by the nity preservation programs through grant awards Secretary of the Interior. Managed by the National and training opportunities. (202) 343-4280; http:// Park Service and Internal Revenue Service in part- www2.cr.nps.gov/tribal/tribal_t.htm. nership with state historic preservation offices, it EEnnnvvviiiirrrooonnnmmmeeennntttaaall CCooonnntatatammmiiiinnnaaannntttss PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Con- rewards private investment by providing a 20 per- ducts a wide array of activities aimed at preventing cent tax credit for rehabilitating historic buildings. the adverse effects of contaminants on natural (202) 343-9509; http://www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/tax/ resources, including endangered species, migra- tax_t.htm. tory birds, certain anadromous fish, marine mam- HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc LLaaannndddssscccaaapppee IInnniiiitttiiiiaaatttiiiivvveee:::: In partnership mals, and forestlands, through reviews of and with federal and state agencies, professional orga- coordination on environmental documents, legis- nizations, colleges, and universities, helps define lation, regulations, permits, and licenses. (703) and protect the nation’s designed and vernacular 358-2148; http://www.fws.gov/r9dec/ecprog.html. landscapes by promoting responsible preservation FFeeedddeeerrraaall AAiiiidd iiinin WWililildddlllliiiifffee RReeessstttooorrratatatiiiiooonn AAccctt PPrrrooo-- practices. Provides technical assistance to the pub- ggrrramamam:: Provides grants for state fish and wildlife lic through diverse products and activities, includ- agencies to restore or manage wildlife populations ing guidelines on appropriate treatments, research and the provision of public use of those resources, source books, documentary videos, and training and provide facilities and services for conducting a symposia and workshops. (202) 343-9597; http:// hunter safety program. (703) 358-2156; http:// www2.cr.nps.gov/hli/hli_t.htm. www.fws.gov/r9fedaid/wr/fawr.html. NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc LLaaannndddmmmaaarrrkkkss AAssssssiiiissstttaaannncccee IInnniiiitttiiiiaaa-- NNaaatttuuurrraaall RReeesososouuurrrcccee DDaaammmaaagggee AAsssssseeessssssmmmeeennntt aannndd RReeesss-- ttiiiivvveee:: Monitors the physical condition of the most ttooorrraaatttiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Administered by the U.S. Fish important historic and archeological properties in and Wildlife Service. Evaluates injury to fish and the United States. Provides technical assistance to wildlife resources and their habitats resulting from

72. OMB, 1997 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, p. 371.

24 No. 1231 November 4, 1998 the release of hazardous substances or oil spills tates state efforts to implement these programs. into the environment; determines liability for Funds may be used for administrative projects for those injuries from parties responsible for environ- the conduct of necessary investigations, adminis- mental contamination; and requires compensation tration and execution of the Sport Fish Restoration or action from polluters for the restoration, Act, and aiding in the formulation, adoption, or replacement, and/or acquisition of the equivalent administration of any compact between two or fish and wildlife resources injured. (703) 358- more states for the conservation and management 2148; http://www.fws.gov/r9dec/nrdar/ of migratory fish in marine or fresh waters. (703) nrdamain.html. 358-2156; http://www.fws.gov/r9fedaid/sfr/fasfr.html. RReeefffuuugggeeess CChhhaaalllllleeennngggee CCososostt SShhhaaarrree PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Pro- CCoooaaassstttaaall PPrrrooogggrrramamam:: Works with a variety of part- vides matching funds to conservation groups, pri- ners to conserve and restore important habitat on vate individuals, public agencies, and other non- both private and public lands. In Maine, worked federal sources to develop projects to operate and with a farmer and local river conservation group to maintain public lands and to improve habitat on fence off a stream, plant new vegetation in the private lands. Purposes are to manage, enhance, riparian zone, provide an alternative water source and restore fish and wildlife resources, and to for cattle, and establish pond and riffle habitat in enhance wildlife-oriented educational opportuni- the stream, reducing sediment and bacteria input ties on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands. (703) to an area where salmon congregate before their 358-2422; http://refuges.fws.gov. upstream mitigation in addition to improving the quality of the pasture. Another project, in Texas, is SSpppooorrrtt FFiiiissshh RReeessstttooorrraaatttiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 73 Administered removing an exotic invasive plant (the Chinese tal- by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Supports low) and replacing it with native prairie grasses. projects that restore and manage sport fish popula- (703) 358-2161; http://www.fws.gov/cep/ tions for the preservation and improvement of cepcode.html. sport fishing and related use of fisheries resources. Acceptable activities include land acquisition, NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall CCoooaaassstatatall WWetetetllllaaannndddss CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn GGrrraaannntt development, and research and coordination. PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Awards grants to Great Lakes and coastal (703) 358-2156. states for projects that restore, acquire, manage, or enhance coastal lands and waters. Projects must FFiiiissshh aannndd WWililildddlililifffee MMaaannnaaagggeeemememennntt AAssssssiiiissstttaaannncece PPrrrooo-- provide for the long-term conservation of such ggrrraaammm:::: 74 Administered by the U.S. Fish and Wild- lands and waters and their dependent fish and life Service. Provides technical information, advice wildlife populations. Gives priority to the restora- and assistance to other nations, states, and Native tion of barrier islands and associated maritime for- Americans on the conservation and management ests, coastal wetlands ecosystems, endangered of fish and wildlife resources. Assistance is in the species, and anadromous and inter-jurisdictional form of biological, chemical, and physical advice fish species, and to the building of financial and regarding land and water management; the pro- cooperative private and governmental partner- gram does not provide financial assistance. (703) ships. (703) 358-2156; http://www.fa.r9fws.gov/cw/ 358-1718. cw_jul97.html. AAdddmmmiiiinnniiiissstttrrratatatiiiivvvee GGrrraaannntttss ffooorr FFeeedddeeerrraaall AAiiiidd iiinin SSpppooorrrtt WWaaattteeerr RReeecccyyyccclililinnngg IInnniiiitttiiiiaaatttiiiivvveee:: Conducts appraisal FFiiiissshh aandnd WWiiiilllldddlililifffee RReeessstttooorrraaatttiiiiooonn PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Adminis- and feasibility studies on water reclamation and tered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Funds reuse projects. Federal contribution is limited to projects that assist in the administration of sport 25 percent of project cost, with a $20 million cap fish and wildlife restoration programs and facili- per project. Provides a potential means to augment

73. Ibid., p. 357. 74. Ibid., p. 358.

25 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

water supplies. (202) 208-5007; http:// UUrrrbbbaaann PPaaarrrkk aannndd RRecececrrreeeaaatttiiiiooonn RReeecccooovvveeerrryy PPrrrooo-- www.lc.usbr.gov/main. ggrrramamam:::: 79 Through the National Park Service, pro- vides grants to local governments for rehabilitation FFiiiissshhheeerrriiiieeess AAcccrrrossoss AAmmmeeerrriiiicccaa CChhhaaalllllleeennngggee GGrrraaannntttsss:::: 75 of local park and recreation areas and facilities, Provides funds to non-federal groups on a cost- demonstrations of innovative approaches to share basis to restore and protect aquatic ecosys- improve park system management, recreational tems supporting native fish. Geared to on-the- opportunities, and development of improved rec- ground fish and habitat restoration work with the reation planning. Eligible activities include help of volunteers and communities interested in resource and needs assessment, coordination, citi- conserving local watersheds. (703) 358-1856. zen involvement, planning, and program develop- FFiiiissshhh,, WWililildddlllliiiifffeee,, aannndd PPaaarrrkkkss PPrrrooogggrrraaammmss oonn IInnndddiiiiaaann ment. (202) 565-1133. LLaaandndndss PPrrrooogggrrraaammmsss:::: 76 Administered by the Bureau of DDiiiisssppposososaaall ooff FFeeedddeeerrraaall SSuuurrrppplllluuuss RReeeaaall PPrrrooopppeeerrrtttyy ffooorr Indian Affairs. Promotes the conservation, devel- PPaaarrrkkksss,, RReeecccrrreeeatatatiiiiooonnn,, aandnd HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc MMooonununummmeeennntttsss:::: 80 opment, and utilization of fish, wildlife, and recre- Administered by the National Park Service to ational resources for sustenance, cultural enable states or local governments to apply for enrichment, economic support, and maximum transfer of surplus federal real property for public benefit of Indians. Tribes participate in associated park and recreation use. Surplus property may be resource management and planning. (202) 208- conveyed at discounts of up to 100 percent of fair 4088. market value. (202) 343-9533. WWaaattteeerr RReeesososouuurrrccceeess oonn IInnndddiiiiaaann LLaaannndddsss:::: 77 Adminis- RRiiiivvveeerrrsss,, TTrrraaailililsss,, aandnd CCooonnnssseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn AAssssssiiiissstttaaannncccee PPrrrooo-- tered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to assist ggrrramamam:::: 81 Through the National Park Service, helps Indian tribes in the management, planning, and advocates promote an interconnected U.S. trail development of their water and related land and greenways system. Projects can involve natu- resources. (202) 208-6042. ral resource conservation, wildlife movement, OOuuutttdddoooooorr RRecececrrreeeaaatttiiiiooonnn———AAAcccqqquuuiiiisssiiiitttiiiiooonnn,, DDeeevvveeelllloooppp-- flood and erosion control, transportation, water mmeeennnttt,, aannndd PlPlaaannnnnniiiinnnggg:::: 78 Through the National Park quality, safety, tourism, recreation, and economic Service, provides financial assistance to states and concerns. Does not give grants or provide funding; their political subdivisions for statewide compre- provides technical assistance in areas ranging from hensive outdoor recreation plans and the acquisi- forming partnerships between local and state and tion and development of public outdoor recreation federal agencies to designing landscape or con- areas and facilities. Grants may be used for such struction details, preparing brochures and plans projects as picnic areas, campgrounds, tennis for public information, and assisting in acquisition courts, boat launching ramps, bike trails, and out- of financial support. (202) 220-4113. door swimming pools, and for support facilities such as roads and water supply. (202) 565-1133.

75. 1998 Request for Proposal from National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. 76. OMB, 1997 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, p. 322. 77. Ibid., p. 320. 78. Ibid., p. 377. 79. Ibid., p. 379. 80. Ibid. 81. Ibid., p. 380.

26 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE nic byways. To be eligible, the road must be a state-designated scenic byway. Funds can be used BBuuurrreeeaaauu ooff JJuuussstttiiiicccee AAssssssiiiissstttaaannnccceee:: Makes direct dis- for activities that enhance the traveling public’s cretionary grant awards to states, units of local enjoyment and appreciation of the byway’s government, and private nonprofit groups for the resources. Potential exists for funding transporta- support of state and local criminal justice system tion activities in an American Heritage River corri- initiatives. Funds project ideas submitted from the dor if there is a designated scenic byway in that field in the following subject areas: community corridor. (202) 628-7718 or (800) 4BYWAYS; justice, hate crimes, rural or tribal initiatives, the http://byways.org/. elderly, the role of alcohol in crime, indigent defense, cultural barriers to justice, nontraditional FFeeedddeeerrraaallll---AAAiiiidd HHiiiiggghhhwwwaaayy PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: Provides sub- uses of prosecution resources to enhance public stantial funding to states to implement or comple- safety, public health and criminal justice collabora- ment American Heritage Rivers action plans. tions, and local priorities. (202) 307-0635; http:// Flexible funding has been used for a range of www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ocpa/NewAct/bja.htm. investments, including highways, transit, and pedestrian-type projects. Funds are apportioned to WWeeeeeedd aandnd SSeeeeeedd PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Discretionary grant the states by statutory formulas. Project funding program to assist communities in crime preven- decisions in metropolitan areas are made by the tion. Brings together federal, state, and local state departments of transportation (DOTs), local crime-fighting and social service agencies, repre- governments, and transit operators working sentatives of the public and private sectors, prose- through a metropolitan planning organization. cutors, business owners, and neighborhood Project funding decisions in rural areas are made residents to “weed” out violent crime and gang by state DOTs after coordination with local gov- activity and “seed” the target areas with social ser- ernments. (202) 366-0106; http:// vices and economic revitalization. (202) 616- www.fhwa.dot.gov/fedaid.html. 1152; http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/Plan/eows.htm. FFeeedddeeerrraaall HHiiiiggghhhwwwaaayy AAdddmmmiiiinnniiiissstttrrraaatttiiiiooonn TTrrraaannnssspppooorrrtttaaatttiiiiooonn U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EEnhnhnhaaannnccceeemmmeeennntt PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Under the Intermodal Sur- TRANSPORTATION face Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, a mini- mum of 10 percent of Surface Transportation RReeecccrrreaeaeatttiiiiooonnnaaall TTrrraaailililss PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: Provides funding Program funds must be used for transportation for recreational trail projects. States administer enhancement activities, including bicycle and their own programs through resource or park pedestrian facilities; acquisition of scenic ease- agencies and develop procedures to solicit and ments and scenic or historic sites; scenic or his- select projects for funding. Eligible projects toric highway programs; landscaping; include trail planning; trail-related safety and envi- rehabilitation and operation of historic transporta- ronmental protection education; maintaining tion buildings, structures, or facilities; preserva- existing trails or restoring damaged trails; provid- tion of abandoned transportation corridors, as in ing trail access for people with disabilities; devel- rails-to-trails programs; and mitigation of water oping trailside or trailhead facilities; purchasing or pollution due to highway runoff. Local and state leasing equipment for trail construction, mainte- officials could prioritize the same type of projects nance, or grooming; and acquiring easements or in areas surrounding a designated American Heri- property for trails. Landowners, local officials, or tage River. (202) 366-0106; http:// citizens must ask for this assistance. Projects are www.fhwa.dot.gov/. funded on a cost-share basis. (916) 653-7423; http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep10/progarea/ DDeeevvveeellllooopppmememennntt aandnd PPrrrooommmoootttiiiiooonn ooff PPooorrrtttss aannndd IInnnttteeerrr-- rectrail.html. mmooodddaaall TTrrraaannnssspppooorrrtttaaatttiiiiooonnn:: Administered by the Mari- time Administration. Promotes development and NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall SSccceeennniiiicc BByyywwwaaayyyss PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Federal High- utilization of domestic waterways, ports, and port way Administration discretionary program for sce-

27 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

facilities; provides technical information to gov- WWaaateteterr QQuuuaaalililitttyy MMaaannnaaagggeeemmmeeennntt PlPlaaannnnnniiiinnngg PPrrrooo-- ernment agencies, private industries, and state and ggrrramamam.... 83 Administered by the Office of Water to municipal governments. Includes planning for uti- assist states in carrying out water quality manage- lization and control of ports and port facilities ment planning. (301) 694-7329. under national mobilization conditions, promot- WWeeetttllllaaannndd PPrrroootttececectttiiiiooonn DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt GGrrraaannntttsss:::: 84 ing development and utilization of marine-related Administered by the Office of Water to assist intermodal transportation systems, and formulat- states, Indian tribes, and local governments in ing national or regional policies and objectives for developing new or enhancing existing wetlands intermodal transportation systems. (202) 366- protection programs. (202) 260-5084. 5781; http://marad.dot.gov/inter- modal%5Fdevelopment.html. NNooonnn---pppoooiiiinnntt SSooouuurrrcccee PPooolll llluuutttiiiiooonn CCooonnntttrrroooll GGrrraaannntttsss:::: 85 Administered by the Office of Water to assist states U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL implementing non-point source management pro- PROTECTION AGENCY grams. (202) 260-7100. SSuuussstttaaaiiiinnnaaablblblee DDeeevvveeellllooopppmmmeeennntt CChhhaaalllllleeennngggee GGrrraaannntttsss:::: 82 EEnnnvvviiiirrrooonnnmmmeeennntttaaall JJuuussstttiiiicccee GGrrraaannntttss ttoo SSmamamalll l CCooommmmmmuuu-- Administered by the Office of Air and Radiation to nniiiitttyy GGrrrooouuupppsss:::: 86 Administered by the Office of catalyze community-based and regional projects Compliance Assurance. Provides financial assis- that promote sustainable development to improve tance to community-based groups for projects that environmental quality and economic prosperity; design, demonstrate, or disseminate practices, leverage private and public investment in commu- methods, or techniques related to environmental nity sustainability efforts that continue past EPA justice. Funding assistance granted for environ- funding; build partnerships to increase a commu- mental justice education and awareness programs, nity’s long-term capacity to protect the environ- river monitoring, pollution prevention, technical ment through sustainable development; and assistance in gathering and interpreting existing enhance EPA’s ability to provide assistance to com- environmental justice data, and technical assis- munities and promote sustainable development. tance to access available public information. (202) (202) 260-2441. 564-2515. CCooommmmmmuuunnniiiittty-y-y-BBBaaassseeedd EEnnnvvviiiirrrooonnnmmmeeennntttaaall PPrrrooottteeectctctiiiiooonn WWaaateteterr PPooolllllluuutttiiiiooonn CCooonnntttrrrooollll———SSStttatatatee aannndd IInnnttteeerrrssstttaaatete PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Encourages communities to consider PPrrrooogggrrraaamm SSupupuppppooorrrttt:::: 87 Administered by the Office of local ecological, economic, and quality of life Water to help states and interstate agencies estab- issues when developing solutions to environmen- lish and maintain adequate measures to prevent tal problems. Treats air, water, land, and other and control surface and ground water pollution resources as integrated parts of each place (such as from point and non-point sources, including water a community, watershed, or ecosystem). By look- quality planning, monitoring water quality stan- ing at unique local characteristics and targeting dards assessments, permitting, pollution control individual places, may lead to more successful studies, planning, surveillance and enforcement, long-term solutions to environmental problems. advice and assistance to local agencies, training, (202) 260-3614; http://www.epa.gov/ecocommunity/. and public information. No statutory formula;

82. Ibid., p. 700. 83. Ibid., p. 680. 84. Ibid., p. 684. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid., p. 696. 87. Ibid., p. 675.

28 No. 1231 November 4, 1998 funds are allotted among state and interstate agen- cial activities, which include storm water control, cies according to overall water quality manage- sludge management, and pretreatment. Eligible ment needs. (202) 260-6742. projects include research, investigation, experi- ments, training, environmental technology dem- PPooolll llluuutttiiiiooonn PPrrreeevvveeennntttiiiiooonn GGrrraaannntttss PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 88 Admin- onstrations, surveys, and studies related to the istered by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and causes, effects, extent, and prevention of pollution. Toxic Substances to support state and local pre- (202) 260-9545; http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/ vention and reduction programs for air, land, and 104b3lib.htm. water pollution, such as industrial toxins, agricul- ture, energy, and transportation concerns. (202) CCaaapppiiiitttaaalililizzzatatatiiiiooonn GGrrraaannntttss ffooorr SStttaaatete RReeevvvooollllvvviiiinnngg FFununundd 260-2237. PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:::: 90 Administered by the Office of Water for water quality improvement projects. Each BBrrrooowwwnnnfffiiiieeelllldddss PilPiloootttss CCoooooopppeeerrratatatiiiivvvee AAgggrrreeeeeemmmeeennntttsss:::: 89 state’s revolving loan funds provide independent Administered by the Office of Solid Waste and and permanent low-cost financing to a range of Emergency Response. Empowers states, local gov- environmental projects. Funds to establish these ernments, communities, and others to prevent, programs are provided through federal grants (83 assess, clean-up, and reuse brownfields. Brings percent of total capitalization) and state matching community groups, investors, lenders, developers, funds (17 percent of total capitalization). Projects and other affected parties together to address the include improving water quality, restocking fish, issue of assessing sites contaminated with hazard- restoring wildlife habitat, providing marine sewage ous substances and preparing them for productive pump-out facilities, constructing publicly owned use. Tests innovative approaches in cleanup and wastewater treatment facilities, and fostering redevelopment. Uses CERCLA funds, so money urban wet weather flow control activities. (202) must be used strictly to clean up contaminated 260-7366. property or hazardous waste. (202) 260-1223. NNaaatttiiiiooonnnaaall SSmmmaaallll FFllllooowwwss CClllleaeaearrriiiinnnggghhhooouuussseee:: Provides U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY technical assistance and information about “small CCoooooopppeeerrraaatttiiiivvvee FFiiiissshh aannndd WWililildddlililifffee RReeessseeeaaarrrccchh PPrrrooo-- flows” wastewater treatment systems, such as sep- ggrrraaammm:: A nationwide program that has been in tic systems or small sewage treatment plants that existence for over 60 years and operates 44 Coop- process one million gallons or less of wastewater erative Fish and Wildlife Research Units at univer- each day. Provides information about low-cost sities in 40 states. Each unit functions as a wastewater treatments for communities with pop- partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey ulations of less than 10,000. Emphasis is placed (USGS), state fish and wildlife agency, host univer- on practical solutions. Related topics include treat- sity, and Wildlife Management Institute. Unit sci- ment technologies, design and monitoring, finan- entists conduct research on a range of natural cial issues, planning strategies, regulations, and resources issues, provide technical assistance, and education. (800) 624-8301; http://www.epa.gov/ participate in graduate-level education. (703) 648- owmitnet/nsfc.htm. 4260; http://www.fw.umn.edu/CO–OP/About.html. WaWatteerr QuQuaalliittyy CooCooppeerraattiivvee AgAgrreeeemmeenntt:: Under Water Quall ii ty Cooperatii ve Agreement: FFeeedddeeerrraaallll–––SSStttaaatttee CCoooooopppeeerrraaatttiiiivvvee PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: A WWaaattteeerr Section 104(b)(3) of the Clean Water Act, makes RReeesososouuurrrccceeess PPrrrooogggrrraaammm:: Involves both data collection grants to state water pollution control agencies, and interpretation, within which studies are con- interstate organizations, and individuals to pro- ceived, planned, and funded jointly by about mote the coordination of environmentally benefi-

88. Ibid., p. 704. 89. Ibid., p. 716. 90. Ibid., p. 682.

29 No. 1231 November 4, 1998

1,100 state and local agencies and the USGS ervation Act to encourage and provide training in (which is restricted by law to funding no more historic preservation. Education program instructs than 50 percent of any project). Currently, it federal, state, local, and tribal officials, contractors, invests about $64 million of federal funds in the and applicants for federal assistance in the require- program, the total size of which is $154 million. ments of federal preservation law and Section 106 (703) 648-5031; http://www.usgs.gov/reports/ review to increase efficiency in processing Section yearbooks/1992/pp_wrd.html. 106 undertakings and incorporate historic preser- vation considerations and responsibilities into ADVISORY COUNCIL planning and implementation procedures. (202) ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION 606-8503; http://achp.gov/. AAdddvvviiiisososorrryy CCooouuunnncccilil oonn HHiiiissstttooorrriiiicc PPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiiooonn PPrrrooo-- ggrrraaammm:: Mandated under the National Historic Pres-

30