Pintores Españoles 05 Francisco De Zurbaran

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Pintores Españoles 05 Francisco De Zurbaran PINTORES ESPAÑOLES 05 FRANCISCO DE ZURBARAN 2 Francisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664) Zurbarán fue un genial pintor de la época barroca española. Vivió durante el siglo XVII, es decir, en el primer Barroco . Fue coetáneo de los grandes pintores del Siglo de Oro, como Velázquez , Murillo , Ribalta y Ribera . Su estilo se mantuvo prácticamente invariable, mientras que el de los anteriores iba evolucionando. Esta inmovilidad fue durante varias décadas el secreto de su éxito, pero terminó por condenar su carrera artística. Hijo de un comerciante o tendero, nació en Fuente de Cantos (Badajoz) en 1598. De sus primeros años nada se sabe, aunque podría suponerse que el padre deseara transmitirle el negocio y, por tanto, lo educara en el mismo. Sin embargo, en 1614 Pedro Díaz de Villanueva, pintor de Sevilla, lo toma como aprendiz con 16 años, durante 3 años. Desconocemos los motivos que llevaron a su padre a inscribirle en este taller, pues lo normal era que existiera una vinculación familiar con el gremio en el que se desarrollaba la formación profesional de los jóvenes. Tal vez unas excepcionales dotes para el dibujo inclinaron a sus progenitores por esta profesión. Cuando Zurbarán comienza de aprendiz, el panorama artístico de esos años era muy fértil. Sevilla era una ciudad próspera y la producción de pintura y escultura marchaba a un ritmo espectacular, apoyado por los encargos de la clientela religiosa y las ventas de pintura a América (todos los barcos rumbo al nuevo continente partían de esta populosa urbe). Las principales personalidades artísticas del momento eran Francisco Pacheco , Juan de Roelas y Francisco de Herrera, el Viejo . De estos tres, el más importante sin duda era el taller de Pacheco, quien quería dotarlo de rasgos de Academia, a la manera italiana. Siendo el taller de mayor éxito, encontramos en sus jóvenes aprendices a personalidades de la talla de Velázquez, quien figura en el taller de Pacheco en el año 1610, con 11 años; esto nos indica que cuando Zurbarán se inicia como aprendiz con 16 años, Velázquez, de 15 años, ya lleva estudiando cuatro años. Otro insigne alumno era Alonso Cano , que consta en el taller Pacheco en 1616, con 15 años. De la nueva generación a la que corresponde Zurbarán tan sólo nos queda citar en Sevilla a Francisco de Herrera el Mozo , hijo de Herrera el Viejo. Es algo más joven que los pintores mencionados, pero su estilo se desenvolvería por caminos similares, siguiendo las enseñanzas de su padre. Al terminar el aprendizaje, Zurbarán no regresa a su pueblo, sino al vecino: Llerena. Se establece con 18 años como pintor y al año siguiente contrae matrimonio por primera vez: ella es una mujer viuda, diez años mayor, María Páez. Este rasgo se mantuvo en las tres esposas de Zurbarán, que solían ser mayores que él y de familias acomodadas de comerciantes. Se casan en 1618 y ella muere en 1623. En 1625 se casará con Beatriz de Morales, también viuda y mayor que él. La rapidez en el nuevo matrimonio puede explicarse por la presencia de hijos pequeños de la primera esposa, que había que criar y educar adecuadamente. Zurbarán mantiene a su ya abundante familia con los clientes que consigue en su tierra. Sus primeros encargos para Llerena consisten en pequeñas obras secundarias y en algunos diseños urbanísticos: una fuente, por ejemplo, para la plaza. Sin embargo su talento comienza a ser conocido: en 1626 recibe un encargo para el convento de San Pablo el Real de Sevilla, de nada menos que 21 lienzos. El gran número de lienzos indica que Zurbarán ya había formado un taller para satisfacer todos los encargos, y que bajo su dirección trabajaban varios oficiales y aprendices. De otro modo, al pintor le hubiera resultado imposible terminar el trabajo a tiempo. Si pensamos que Zurbarán era un pintor todavía joven y relativamente poco conocido, puede sorprender la importancia del encargo. Una explicación podría encontrarse en el competitivo mercado sevillano: la producción de pintura se encontraba monopolizada en los talleres de los grandes maestros reconocidos (Pacheco, Roelas, Varela , Legot , Herrera...) y por tanto sus precios eran muy altos. El joven extremeño poseía la 3 habilidad y los recursos humanos para llevar a cabo la obra por mucho menos dinero. El precio de los 21 lienzos sumaba un total de 380 ducados. Como comparación mencionaremos que tan sólo tres años más tarde, afincado ya en Sevilla con su taller, Zurbarán cobró por 22 lienzos la cifra de 1.500 ducados. ¿Por qué Zurbarán aceptó un precio tan bajo? Toda la comarca del sur de Extremadura estaba bajo influencia sevillana; todos los encargos se encomiendan a artistas sevillanos. El encargo de los 21 lienzos provenía de los dominicos, que eran una de las Órdenes más poderosas de Sevilla. Zurbarán no cobraba el trabajo sino la posibilidad de penetrar en el hermético mercado sevillano. En este primer encargo de importancia encontramos los rasgos tempranos de su estilo: torpeza en las perspectivas, falta de coherencia espacial, prodigiosa capacidad para reproducir los materiales, intensidad expresiva en los rostros, delicadeza cromática, rico colorido, gran variedad de blancos... Se ha dicho que Zurbarán era increíblemente desmañado a la hora de construir los espacios, y esto se mantendrá constantemente en su pintura. La abundancia de personajes le bloquea y se muestra incapaz de ordenarlos coherentemente en un espacio realista. Las leyes de la perspectiva y la proyección geométrica descubiertas en el Renacimiento se le resisten, por lo que sus espacios carecen de profundidad u orden. Estas carencias las compensa con las otras características: su minuciosidad consigue plasmar telas, cacharros, cabellos, pieles, como si pudieran palparse, tan reales como la vida. Los rostros son penetrantes, animados, diferentes por completo a las expresiones acartonadas de otros pintores de su taller o de la propia Sevilla. Por último, poseía una particular concepción del color, que le llevaba a colocar juntos colores que tradicionalmente se consideraban contrarios, pero que bajo su mano parecían armónicos. Recurrió a gamas brillantes y alegres, poco frecuentes, como los púrpuras, morados, verdes esmeralda o amarillos limón. De los 21 lienzos de este importante encargo se conservan varios: la Curación milagrosa de Reginaldo de Orléans , Santo Domingo en Soriano , y tres Padres de la Iglesia, San Gregorio , San Ambrosio y San Jerónimo . El año siguiente a este trabajo, 1627, pinta el maravilloso Crucificado del Art Institute de Chicago. En él se enfrenta y apropia del decálogo del Naturalismo tenebrista . En efecto, este estilo del Barroco italiano caló profundamente en la sensibilidad pictórica de Zurbarán, quien lo adoptó como estilo propio a lo largo de su carrera. La obra de mayor referencia para Zurbarán fue la de Caravaggio por un lado; por otro, la llegada a Osuna de un cargamento de lienzos que había encargado el duque de Osuna le hizo conocer la obra de Jusepe Ribera, el Españoleto, protegido del duque, con quien encontramos las mayores consonancias estilísticas. En 1628, Zurbarán aún aparece como vecino de Llerena, pero residente en Sevilla. Ya tiene claro que su objetivo es la capital: este mismo año firma el contrato para 22 lienzos en el convento de la Merced Calzada, comprometiéndose a pintar todo aquello que el padre comendador le ordene: le suministraron textos e ilustraciones, para que se ajustara a la ortodoxia, interpretándola. Es decir, las posibilidades creativas de Zurbarán prácticamente no estaban contempladas en aquel momento. No se pedía a los pintores que fueran originales sino que trabajaran para sus clientes, siendo éstos los que verdaderamente concebían el cuadro en su imaginación para que el pintor lo llevara a cabo. En 1629 parece evidente que Zurbarán se va a establecer en Sevilla, contrariamente a todas las leyes municipales. Para apoyarle, se extiende una petición del cabildo municipal que diera pie al establecimiento de Zurbarán en Sevilla. La petición se firma en el mes de junio y, en septiembre, el maestro aparece ya como pintor de la ciudad. Al año siguiente, 1630, los alcaldes del gremio de pintores exigen que Zurbarán se someta a los exámenes y controles establecidos para ejercer la pintura. El control gremial era poderosísimo, de ahí la importancia de que Zurbarán fuera apoyado previamente para saltarse las normas. Ante la instancia del 4 gremio, Zurbarán pidió apoyo al cabildo. Alonso Cano, de fogoso temperamento, exigía por escrito que se cumplieran las ordenanzas. El cabildo, sin embargo, protegió a Zurbarán y el examen no se llevó a cabo. De esta manera, Zurbarán se convertía en vecino de pleno derecho de Sevilla. El prestigio adquirido tras esta trifulca llevó al pintor a rechazar encargos menores que le llegaban de la periferia, ciudades pequeñas con menor poder adquisitivo. Las obras que le pedían las encargaba a sus oficiales, por lo que el taller de Zurbarán dejó su huella en toda la comarca andaluza. El taller de cada maestro tenía su forma particular de pintar, que podía o no estar de moda, pese a seguir un estilo común. Los modelos que se practicaban en el taller de Zurbarán dependían normalmente de estampas y dibujos ajenos, brindados por los comitentes del lienzo, que normalmente resultaban ser teólogos. Uno de los temas de mayor éxito era el de Cristo en la cruz. Casi todos los Crucificados son de cuatro clavos en este momento, por influencia del prestigioso taller de Pacheco (podemos ver como ejemplo el Cristo de Velázquez). Otro tema predilecto de Zurbarán era el de los corderos trabados: funcionaban como símbolos del sacrificio pascual. El blanco de su lana encarna la pureza y la victoria de la vida sobre la muerte. Pero al mismo tiempo eran bocetos y estudios preparatorios para lienzos de mayor tamaño que incluían corderillos como motivos secundarios.
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