s 9 -A Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from This project is made possible by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services as administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Education through the Office of Commonwealth Libraries

https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniacoun04unse

INBE3L

M Page M P&8® M Page

NOP

trained in the British armiwanfiTboast- ing of being an Englishman land allow¬ ing no one to dictate to nun. a mere adventurer, a pauper aristocrat who professed that while in the British ser¬ vice he could not make his income covet bis expenses, be preferred and paid S2,0 0 0 per annum under the Government to do a worlc of THE ENGLISH ALIEN AGAIN vast importance that our own compe¬ tent loyal citizens could do far better 9 Why should this alien, who in his An Infamous Wrong—A Paspp official capacity kept a number of spies lish 4 rtstoprnt SfHrto “A Royal bounding his subordinates, and boast¬ Represen«atlve of the Census ing his ill will would follow them into Bureau”—For Shame! , every avenue and by-path, be retained Editor “Government Official m a conspicuous position in a govern¬ ment in which he has only a mercenary When the census work was distrib¬ interest ? ‘ uted the Division of Wealth; Debt. This alien, chosen to expound Amer¬ Taxation and Local Government was ican systems of local government to j ^signed to the charge of an unnatur- the world, in bis sole literary produc¬ tion, “ The Ladder of Journalism,” | alized Englishman, an ex-Lieutenant thus enunciates the sentiment that of the British Army. Tor this prefer¬ g(M erns his life : “ The less the citv ment no intelligent person has been editor has to do with his reporters able to find a just reason. His man¬ outside of the office the better he nnds it to he for himself and the agement of the division was a failure, better for the paper. * * * ]jfi and his displacement a matter of ab- j should make it clear at all times that ! solute necessity. But his removal was he is the city editor, and that if he | unbends socially it is for the occasion not effected until he had been the only.” means of doing much harm to the If this lieutenant of the British public service. He is ignorant of army is afraid of contamination by American people and customs, as he unhanding socially in this country, naturally would be; haughty and in¬ why not return to his former service m the land of the Zulus and Hotten¬ solent in his treatment of ladies and tots, where he can probably exercise gentlemen; visionary and impractical the tyrannical spirit he exhibited in in his schemes, and extravagant and U'R® Census Bureau? Why should wasteful m his expenditures of public this scion of English nobility, selected j funds. Choas and ruin marked his to expound a theory of government of | official career in the office.. a country of which he does not ap- When no longer chief of a division. 1 arently intend to beco'me a citizen, | he was sent into the lield as a special he allowed to humiliate and disgrace agent and consulting statistical expert, Union soldiers and the wives, widows iius tact being self-announced in a and daughters of their comrades by A ery lork paper, together with a large a continuance in any branch of the portrait of himself and his family nub lie service in this country? Is it pedigree, this alien went forth as a not an insult to the American flag and royal representative of the Census the genius of our institutions ? Bureau to consult various state offi¬ The Hon. Secretary of the Interior cials as to the true theory of the Ameri¬ "Til save his department merited dis¬ can Republic, of which he is not a grace by summarily dismissing this citizen. alien from his branch of the Govern¬ „ -Returning, he is now engaged in un- ment service. Outraged justice, the lOlaiiig bis conception of local govern- rights of our epople. and especially of meat in the United States. Claiming the Union soldiers, demand that aliens p i\e-of better blood than the citizens «hall neither hold office under our of this republic, either native or nat¬ Government or take up public lands uralized, this imported bit of the Eng¬ in this country. lish _ aristocracy has been assigned Let it be a statute law, if not so special quarters in the Pension build- already, that only honest, competent ;!ei'e b6 may not come in contact Americans shall occupy places in the with the common herd, while other departmental service of the United officials of the Census Bureau are States. does not take citi¬ thrust into densely packed offices, cor¬ zens of other countries into her ser¬ ridors, back rooms, private dwellings vice. Must we in self-defence raise and even mills. ’ the old familiar battle cry, “America Sensible people are inquiring : Whv for Americans!” should such prominence be given this PEEftABOO. alien ^Vby should a young man The old and reliable Public Opinion; published at Chambersburg. Pa-, takes up the popular demand tha. all foreign¬ ers must vacate public offices in the United States, and in a strong edi¬ torial of May 8th ii says "Put him our.” We reproduce the' article in full: !

PUT HIM OUT! Only last week the Opinion had 'something to say upon the vicious system of admitting foreign contract labor in competition with the hard- handed and brawny-armed tiller of feimetican soil, American mines and American manufactories. In another column will be found an article from the Government Official of the 3 Oth ult.. published at Washington, D. C., which speaks of the preference given to a pauper English aristocrat in the Census Bureau. This English snob found totally unfit at the head .of^n important Division, instead of being summarily dismissed, Avas transferred to another department and gi\'en special quaters where he AA'ould “not come*in contact Avith the common herd.55 F The question arises by AAhat right! is such an insult to Americans counte¬ nanced? No doubt obnoxious to the Secretary of the Interior, this Eng-, lish snob is retained through the in¬ fluence of some Senator or Congress¬ man in violation of decency and re¬ spect for true American manhood. It is none the less an infamous wro'ng and outrage. An alien has no busi¬ ness aauth writing up our local gov¬ ernment. This one particularly ought friever to have been given such a place, and should be made to step ? doAvn and out. Let the a ugean stables be cleansed. No appointment under the American government should be, filled by aliens Avho are working under a foreign flag. Above all, the cen¬ sus should be conducted under the American flag, and fits appointments should be filled by American veterans giul citizens. Put hifn out! AT MOUNT

GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF TH'cl HOME OF WASHINGTON.

Pictures of Pen and Brush—The Good Work of the Ladies’ Mount Vernon Association—Departed Scenes and Char¬ acters in the Mirror of the Present,

Written for Tlie Republican, "" f At' - lishment, which seems evenndw the home Iso spot in all America can command the of somebody, that one forgets for the mo¬ universal veneration that is accorded to ment the flight of years and actually ex¬ Mt. Vernon, the former home of 'Wash¬ pects the appearance of the owner in per¬ ington. That the general appearance #f son and to he charged with intrusion. The the grounds and the mansion, and all im¬ scene of the mansion and its surroundings mediate environments, is a fac simile of at the present time is as if the father-of- the Mt. Vernon of ante- his-country, and his queenly Martha, and times is due to the public spirit and energy the rest of the always numerous family, of the ladies constituting the Ladies’ Mount were only in hiding, and many a visitor— * Vernon Association, who have not only not a dolt either—actually expects to see restored the entire homestead to its orig¬ inal condition, hut have succeeded iu them. “This is the tomb of Washington,” bringing together the larger portion of the said the guide on one occasion. “Is he original furniture, with many historical dead?” ejaculated one of the visitors. Ten keep-sakes, making forever fresh the per¬ thousand who have been there wouldn t sonality of Washington. know any better. I did. To visit Mt. Vernon to-day, and it is A RETROSPECTION. Mecca of a marvelous procession of visit¬ The Washington estate was originally a ors from all parts of the world, is to step princely domain of 8,000 acres. It is situ¬ upon soil, and breathe atmosphere, and ated on the wrest bank of the Potomac,

J pass into hall-ways and rooms, up and sixteen miles south of the now beautiful i down stairways, to look in upon priyate city of Washington and the capitol of the | boudoirs, with all their furnishings of Republic of the United States. It came chairs, stands, bureaus, beds and bedding, into possession of by and jpauy personal effects, and to lookout 'nheritance, and was bequeathed by him at windows, through the same narrow Bushrod Washington, at whose death panes, down upon walks and drives and it descended to his nephew, John A. Wash¬ i lawns and outbuildings that are full of ington, who, in 1858, sold it, including the touch and spirit of Washington, which 200 acres, to the Ladies’ Mount Vernon As¬ have a freshness and an air of boundless sociation for the sum of $200,000, of which hospitality, as if the retinue of old-time $78,494.59 was the contribution of Ed¬ ' servants and attendants were still serving, ward Everett. [and so real the picture of a great estah- APPROACHING MT. VERNON. 10512 The only way of reaching Mt. Vernon is by special steamer, the Charles Macal-1 Consort of Washington.” The only o: ester, built expressly for the Ladies’ Mt. mentation is the United Slates coat-o. Vernon Association, which makes in snm- arms, upon a draped flag, which adorns | mer two trips and in winter one each day. the casket of Washington, A talon of the No visitor is allowed to stop over night or eagle was broken off and stolen by a relic i to remain on the promises after the depar¬ hunter in time of the Rebellion. A little ture .of the last boat for Washington. . to the right is the old tomb where thel '■'he approach of the steamer is always j body was originally deposited, and which | heralded by the tolling of the bell and ! was visited by Lafayette about 18~4. the hoisting of the flag. A handsome shelter new tomb was constructed according to j bouse at the landing, a recent improve- plans made by Washington himself and j ment, gives the visitor a favorable impres¬ the remains of the great chieftan and sion. his kindred were transferred to it April On disembarking you look upward aud 19th. 1831, in specific compliance with his around. Back of you is the broad Poto¬ own request. ... mac; before you is a winding pathway Advancing now, the yisitor is soon con¬ leading evidently to the mansion. Ad- fronted by the mansion itself, which

Tlie Room in -which Washington Died.

vanpe with the crowd. Some turn aside presents an imposing front and notnyi with superstitious reverence to pick up a crowns the elevation which makes it dis-l few fallen leaves from wide-spreading cernible for many miles. willows, the parent stem of which is said to have been brought from the grave of THE MANSION. Napoleon at St. Helena. The crowd The home of Washington is not only moves on until presently they stand en beautiful for situation, but has been pro¬ masse in front of the low brick structure, nounced the most beautiful site for a man-I: faced with great iron gates. Over the en siou in the world. It occupies a promin-H trance read: ence on the right bank of the Potomac, | ‘•Within the enclosure rest the remains of Gen¬ with gently sloping lawns in front and eral George Washington." wide stretch of magnificent landscape in . It is the tomb of Washington. The the rear. From every point of the com¬ iron-gates on their binges. pass the view is superb. The mansion it-1 They are supposed to be locked forever ; self is two stories high, niuety-six feet in and the key was cast into the Potomac tliatl length aud thirty .six feet in j no Vandal should ever ply his trade with-; depth. The piazza, which extends along in. Two marble coffins are plainly visi¬ the entire front, is fifteen feet wide and ble, the one pn the right inscribed. twenty-five feet high, and is supported “Washington;”1 that on the left, “Martha,} by eight large square pillars, surmounted Thein Tomb of Washington ,'y a Balustrade. The floor is marble fib mg, twelve indies square and originally Washington, owned M the (State of .North two and one half inches thick. On the west are curved colonnades leading on one side to the family kitchen and on the other to the kitchen used on State occasions. It is a mansion indeed having spacious rooms and many of them. . all> it has eighteen rooms. Of these it would be invidious to particularize and would enlarge this article to much more than the contemplated length. Aj“enn- sylvanian, however, has ever an impulse towards things belonging to the old Rev¬ s’'0116 (state. Hence we linger a little longer at the door-way of THE RIVER ROO.V. WASHINGTON. which is assigned to Pennsylvania, as others were assigned to various States, in order that the States might be interested in the reproduction of all the historic fea- tures and in preserving intact to the The lad of the Coffin. end of time this most wonderful monu¬ ment to the domestic life of Washington. Carolina and destroyed by fire at the burn¬ You may not enter, only so far as will ing of the State House in 1830. It was of enable you to obtain a full view of the special interest to me, since I had but re¬ room and its contents. This thePennsyl- cently seen and handled at Raleigh pieces of the original statue. Pennsylvania •Vac!iI\tak?s witl1 surpassing interest. It is fitted with antique furniture, part of shows creditably in the completeness of which was used by Washington in Penn the furnishing and the great interest at¬ taching to each separate piece.. Another sf™,Ia' T)lc bedstead was used by Him glory belongs to our State in the fact that ^ durinS the awful winter oi in /-«. The chair just opposite the the marble sarcophagi, containing door is the same he used in the Executive bodies of both Washington and his wife, Mansion at ; two of the other were presented by Mr. John Struthers, of chairs were owned by Elias Boudinot, Philadelphia and were hewn from solid President of Congress in 1782, who was blocks of Pennsylvania marble. appointed by Washington’the third Direc¬ THE OLD BRICK BARN tor of the United States J^int. The cor¬ is as it was, having been built in 1733, ner chair belonged to one of the earliest and carefully reroofed and kept a fac¬ Durban settlers, and that splendid old simile, indeed the fact itself, as when mahogany chair was owned and used by used by Washington. It will repay a . On the vails are look or a few moments inside. some valuable engravings, notable amono- You can enter the mansion—you can go hem one of the famous Canova statue of almost any where, but, if you are bright, you will know how it feels to be watched, - -WiflauRiBipicQjri mumb— - ?4nw- - •. hero-worship a 'prominent ‘feature of life. e Ladies’ Mt.' Vernon Association We all are susceptible and the atmosphere 1 v /not propose to be victimized by relic of Mt. Vernon is full of it; but we go out iiu-icrs. In from its memorials of departed greatness THE EAST PARLOR OR'MUSIC ROOM rejoicing that the cap-stone of that great¬ are many objects of interest, Prominent ness was goodness, and that the prayers among them is tire harpsichord, Wash¬ of Washington and the rules for the gov¬ ington’s bridal present to Eleanor Park ernment of personal conduct speak the Gaustis, his adopted daughter, which orig¬ man as well as the State papers, aud when inal cost $1,000. On it rests a flute often we remember that it took several days to played by Washington. Other objects bring the news of Washington’s election of historic association are displayed to to the Presidency to this matchless re¬ captivate the attention and wonder of treat, we shake the dust of Mt. Vernon the visitor. Every room is a marvel, and off our feet and rejoice that the world has the objects of interest are numberless. moved forward and that many great in¬ WASHINGTON'S BED CHAMBER, ventions and discoveries that are common¬ /The room in which, on the night of places in our time, and even the Republic December 14, 1709, Washington faced the j itself that we see, could “the father of only foe that ever conquered him has his country” look upon would cause even been restored with wonderful exactness. so great a man as he to stagger in amaze¬ As you look within you seem to have ment and wonder. come while the obsequies arc passing just T] A. Dony. out by the tomb, and the visitor looks on in awe-stricken silence. Just over head,1 with dormer window looking out to the place where her liege lord lay buried, is J the little attic room in which the widow of the dead chief was shut-in in the heaviness of her grief until death claimed her also in May 1801. To judge from its & appearance one would suppose the good lady had just stepped out, I THE WEST FRONT. MT. Passing out of the west or rear door¬ way some idea is obtained of the elabor¬ AN INTERESTING HISTORY OF THE ateness of the home of the Washingtons: and the breadth of their possessions. In : ENGLISH OAK, this direction lie the broad acres and the j stately carriageway, beginning at an arch¬ ed gateway, which seems a mile distant Which Was Planted, by H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, at ‘Washington*# Tomb.

Not the least interesting object among the innumerable collected and preserved at ttiis Mecca of the tourist, Mt. Vernon, Is tha sturdy little English oak tree, which was planted by direct order ol the Prince of Wales, several years ago, and which now drives its tenacious roots in the sacred ground fronting the tomb of General George Washington’s Marble Coffin. Washington. The history of tills thriving tree, mada and was originally the only mode of in famous by distinguished association, is gress; on the right close to the mansion is very interesting, and ils planting carries the office, then the family kitchen, the with it a story within a story. In 1SB0, tha milk house, meat house,wash house, ums- Prince of Wales visited the country as a mer house, spinning and weaving house, guest oi President Buchanan, and neces¬ sarily one of the first places for reviewing, etc., etc., not,forgetting the buttler’s, that suggested itseii alter the National house, the servants’ quarters, and the Capital, was Mt. Vernon. So thither he wonderful flower garden and green houses. went with a distinguished American es¬ Here are cort, The trip down the Potomac was very different from one made in our day; Alex- TREES PLANTED BY WASHINGTON, audria was then an important city, now fig¬ and hedges that were the handiwork of uratively moss covered; PL Washington his early manhood, preserved as near to ramparts were crowned with primitive the original as possible in the lapse of the guns, now they are capped with modem years. Everything is historic, even to and destructive armament. Upon reaching the intonations of the guides who parot- Mt. Yernon, the beautiful surroundings, with the sentimental and historical associa¬ Jike describe to the wondering visitor the tions of the place, moved H. R. li., and loi various points of interest. a long time he stood with uncovered head, RUMINATIONS. gazing on the unpretentious tomb of Wash¬ ington. You begin the retracing of steps back Stooping down he picked from the ground again to the little landing abreast the a buck-eye nut. Then, stepping back sev¬ Potomac, not wondering and scolding eral feet and still facing the tomb, he mada about the credulity of human kind, your a hole In the ground with his cane, placed i own countrymen in particular, that make! I the nut In, and covered It over with the soft I The absurdity of such declaration of rapid i phenomenal growth never presented Itseif, I earth, thus contributing a delicate tribute ! to the memory ot one whom he greatly ad¬ however, for mouths to the progressive mired and whom his host revered. It is 1 news gatherer, as he reveled in the knowl¬ needless to say the life and growth of tbs edge that his history and description of tha tiny shoot, which in time pushed its head ceremony alone was original, as Indeed it above earth, was watched and nurtured. I was unfortunately for those who had lakeu For three years it grew, a delicate sap¬ ; part in the planting, for to this daythey’vo never heard the end of this fable acorn ling; then died. Several years ago Sir Julian Pauncefoto which, in a few months, developed Into a returned to England on a visit, and inci¬ mighty oak. dentally the fate oi the tree was brought It thrives now in its healed position ana into a conversation he had with the Prince. has thrown out slender branches, giving Then it was that the latter, who had been every indication of becoming a great tree, disappointed at the failure, suggested to Sir whose boughs and leaves will shade tha I Julian, In view of the fact of the tree hav¬ sacred ground from which they draw theil ing died, the advisability, with the consent life. ! of the .Ladies’ Association in charge ol The changes at and about Mt. Vernon i Mount Vernon, of planting another in ita within a few months are numerous; buiidr I stead, and thereupon he directed Sir Julian ings have been restored to their original ar¬ I Paunceiote lo plant a tree upon the sama chitectural lines, the grounds have been ; site where he had attempted to root ona improved by roadways, and a beautiiul away back in the sixties. park, facing the mansion, has been fenced Upon the return of the British Minister in and again stocked with deer, as it was from England, In the autumn of 1889, he in the time of Washington. The most | consulted with the late Mrs. Lily L. Maca- marked improvement, however, Is the in¬ * j lester Langton, Regent of the association, auguration of a chemical and steam fire and It resulted in their arranging a plan to equipment about completed. Such a pre¬ plant a tree with due ceremony in May, caution has been needed for years, 1890. The slip selected was not, however, and its absence has been the means of pre¬ I of the variety formerly attempted, and was venting many persons, owning authentic) j not sturdy enough—and a» it was meant to relics of George Washington, from bequeath¬ I be permanent and representative—a British ing or loaning them to this Association ol oak was selected. Mr. Harrison Lodge, the Mi. Vernon, irom which many emanated, ' Secretary and Superintendent of the Asso¬ and where it is to be hoped they will ba ciation of Mt. Vernon, procured from the gathered eventually. This latest precau¬ I botanical gardens such a tree, which had tion for absolute safety from fire will un¬ | presumably been propagated from an acorn, doubtedly induce many to relinquish their j brought at some time from England, Washington collections. j Luring the month of May, 1890, on the initial Mount Vernon is under the direction ol ; trip of the then new iron steamer Charles the Ladies’ Association, which body is com¬ I Macalester, which runs from Washington to posed of a representative from each State in Mt. Vernon, the Regent, with Sir Julian the Union, and presided over by one ol theil ; Paunceiote, Mr. George W. Childs from number as Regent, also an Advisory Board, I Philadelphia, and many other persons consisting of Mr. Justin Field and James G. prominent in diplomatic and social circles. Welling, LL.D., from fhe District of Colum¬ Journeyed to Mt. Vernon to participate in bia- Judge Joseph P.Comegys, oi Delaware; the formal planting of this gift from EDg- Colonel C. C. Jones,oi ; Dr. Xnomas land’s Prince. M. McCarter, ot New Jersey; Mr. George ’ The tree had been carefully nurtured for W. Childs, of Pennsylvania, and Hon. John j months at the Government Gardens, and S. Barbour, of Virginia, together with a was now ready for planting Ip the same resident Secretary and Superintendent and ground where the buckeye had struggled : Treasurer. In the hands of this body Is for life. _ , entrusted the guardianship of this old Sir Julian made an eloquent and appro¬ homestead; on them devolves the responsi¬ priate address of presentation, which was bility of gathering here and preserving for responded to ih a delicate speech of accept¬ future generations authenticated lelics, ance and appreciation by the Regent of the known to have been associated with tha association. The event was one causing na¬ Washington family, belongings so sacred ta tional interest and comment, the people of this country, and even to thosa j Then comes the story within itseif. A of Europe. ! well-meaning though rather ambitious Their task has been a stupendous one, but Washington correspondent, wishing, in tha their efforts have been crowned with re¬ vernacular of the newspaper man, to obtain markable success, for the rooms within tha a “beat” on his brethren, interviewed tbs walls of the old mansion are lurnished as Secretary of Mount Vernon Association tot they were when Washington occupied '“points.” He wished to know if the tree them, much of the old furniture, paintings .then planted had been brought from Eng¬ and little appointments and fixings having land. He was told no, but perhaps it may been bought or given for the restoration ol 'have been propagated from an acorn whosa what should be the museum of all that U Iparenttree might have been brought from identified with the Father of His Country. across the sea. W’ithin the past few years valuable acqui¬ ' This disclosure was commonplace to a sitions have been made, among which ara modern correspondent, and detracted too two old portraits, ono of Mrs. Betty Lewis, materially from the sentiment of the occa¬ the other of Lawrence Washington, and a sion, so he concluded to improve on it. handsomely carved bedstead from Lit ham, Accordingly, the next day, when the va¬ on the York river, the residence of Colonel rious accounts of the ceremonies were pub¬ Bassett, a brother-in-law of Martha V ash- lished, his contribution to a prominent ington. In this bed John Curtis, the only Washington paper outrivaled them all, for son of Mrs. Washington, died. with detailed vividness he pictured H. R. H. ' A sun-dial presented by Rhode Island 18 the Prince of Wales selecting an acorn in erected over the site of the original dial the autumn oi 1889, handing It to liir J uiian used by Washington. A very interesting for official disposition upon his return to and valuable relic is Washington s I arewell America, and in a trifle over six months Address. It is embodied in a copy of Ctai/- Sir Julian planted an eight-foot oak. rwWL American Daily Advertiser for Sep- tember 19, 1796, ana on ir arc tue marginal I "I believe in" the] idea of giving to the corrections made by Washington In his own public schools the djfection of the local cele- , handwriting, before it went to press. It hai bration of Discovery (Day. It seems to me a been handsomely mounted on glass and sel very fitting thing. It will have an educa¬ In a swinging frame, beautifully carved. tional effect upon the whole rising genera¬ The entire thing wa.s presented by Air. tion. They will study the meaning of the George W. Childs, oi Philadelphia. movements of the fifteenth and sixteenth) A now day is evidently dawning lor Mount centuries to break out and make new re¬ V'eruoD, and it should in view of the ap¬ gions for civilization. They! will also study j proaching G. A. R. meeting next September American history with a different interest, i In Washington and the World’s Pair. The continuity in development from the dis-1. Many foreign visitors journeying there will covery till now will begin to lappeal to them, j not fall to see Mount Vernon. Marked Besides that, this general observance by the change Is seen going or reiarniog on this public schools will have a patriotic influence Potomac trip at Fort WashlugLon.'which is upon all who take part in it It will bring ' about four miles away, and is even visible out the idea of our countrk—one country. from the high ground of the mansion. Aa I think that everything that mes to make the the steamer glides by It on tbe return trip people realize the national idea is a dis¬ the tourist is struck w)tn the marvelous tinct gain. It will he a great thing for all activity in pushiug to completion the new' these millions of young people to realize that i earthworks, mounting of guns ana general they are thinking the same thoughts . and1 equipment, which will, with Port Monroe, saluting the same flag. lu the event of war, absolutely protect thl “, I think, has been the first National Capital by water-way. State to make Oct. 21 a legal holiday. There Henry Russell Wray. is no doubt that the celebration will be suc- : cessful in that State. I guess that New , York will lead the other States In the extent and scale with which this celebration is car¬ ried out.” !

A GREAT EVENT.

The Proposed Public School Cele¬ bration of Columbus Day.

WHAT UNITED STATES SENATOR FRANK HISCOCK HAS TO SAY OF ITS OB¬ SERVANCE BY THE CHILDREN—A STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY.

The national observance of Columbus Day, A True Representation of the Building Oct. 21, by the public schools, promises to be one of the most significant events of this Co¬ After the Battle of Antietam—A lumbian year. Unlike many great public Movement for a Memorial Church demonstrations, it aims to teach a great na¬ in Memory of the Brave Union tional lesson. It will not be merely exulta¬ Soldiers Who Fought and Those tion over the 400 years of American life, hut Who Fell in That Battle. will bring to the minds of all thoughful citi¬ zens what this northern continent owes to This cut is a true picture of the old free education. Lutheran Church_in Sharpsburg Wash¬ Dr. Harris, United States Commissioner of ington county , as it appeared Education, says this movement is the greatest after the Battle of Antietam. A me¬ thing in the entire educational horizon, other morial Lutheran Church is to be built in prominent educators and eminent statesmen Sharpsburg, Washington countv, Mary¬ have advanced opinions of like import. There land, in Memory of the brave' Federal seems to be a friendly feeling to¬ soldiers who fought and those who fell in ward the movement in all quarters. the Battle of Antietam September 17th This is perhaps not at all remarkable, as it 1862. pertains to the public school—our most repre¬ At a meeting of the council and mem¬ sentative institution. A Washington correspondent of The bers of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Standard-Union interviewed Senator Hlscoek a of Sharpsburg, Washington county Md., few days ago, and in the course of the con¬ versation the public school celebration was .. held Sunday, December 13th 1891, it was mentioned. In reply to the question: “What unanimously agreed to build a new is your opinion of the proposal for a national ■ church to be known as the “Soldiers’ celebration of Columbus’ Day, to he led by Memorial Lutheran Church,” in memory the public schools?’’ Mr. Hiscock replied: of our brave Federal soldiers, who fought and those who fell at the Battle of Antie- Contributions for the Memorial Church tam, September 17th, 1862. I will be thankfully received and duly ac¬ The old church was built March 17th, knowledged The name of the donor 1768, and tom down in April 1863, and with address will be entered upon the was shelled considerably at the battle. It church register for future reference. Will was used as a Federal hospital from Sep¬ you aid us to build this memorial? tember 17, 1862,- to 'Feburary 1863, and Address, Rev. J. W. Lingle, was filled with sick and wounded, many Pastor Evangelical Lutheran Church, of whom died and were buried in the little Sharpsburg, Washington Co., Md. graveyard adjoining the church and I hereby certify that the above appeal afterwards removed to the Autietam Nat¬ ! is j ust and true in every particular. ional Cemetery. George Hess, Another church was erected in the year Supt. Antietam National Cemetery, 1867, but was so badly constructed that Sharpsburg, Md. it is now in a dilapidated condition. The Late Co. I. 28th Regt., Pa. Yet., Yols.^ congregation view with sadness its ruin and decay and are painfully conscious that a new church is a necessity and that ! there should be at least one church erected i in Sharpsburg, Md., to the memory of j the brave men who in the morning of lile abandoned cherished enterprises and sacrificed their lives on the altar of their country that this grand old Union of ours might be preserved. The congregation not being able of themselves to fully accomplish the pur- OLD FOR 1 pose kindly solict aid from the -Boats Associations and individual members of the different regiments who participated in the fierce struggle for liberty and ngh An Interesting Relic of the Early 1 An architect is now devising a plan for the church. The windows doors, pews, Struggles of Our Fathers. chancel, pulpit, chairs, lectern font, oi- ! o-an Bible, hymn book, alms plates, etc., will all be memorials. Here is a gran A WELL PRESERVED FORT. I opportunity for some Regiment or Assm elation to place a memorial window to the On tlie Banks of tlie Potomac River Near ;memory of their fallen comrades, fora Cherry Run.—The Facts Relating to j sister mother or father, to place something | to the memory of a brother or son or It. children to contribute a memorial to the

- century. These clever ..people, withj Special Correspondence of RBPOSItohv.- ! others of the community,are impressed Probably one of the oldest, best that much of the written history of preserved, the most interesl ing of his-! this l’ort is. mere conjecture, since asj torical landmarks found in the mid-l far back as oral reports and family die Atlantic States is this old fort' records show, this place was known to now known as “Fort Frederick." the preceding generations merely by It is located in sight of the B. & the name “Old Fort,’’and not as “Fort Frederick.'1 It is positively known, O. and the new Philadelphia and however, that this fort was used as a Reading Railroad, five miles south¬ west of Clearspring. Md., and two refuge from the depredations of savage miles East of Cherry Run, overlook¬ and warlike Indians of colonial times; | but the precise date of its erection as. ing the windings of the Potomac river from a sloping elevation one well as the identity of its builders seems! furlong distant, north of the riven to be partially lost: so also the purpose ! bank. for which it was built. These are the points we have carefully investigated,! The elevat ion on which the structure is built rises from the eastern side of a and are prepared to report as follows: basin formed by a wall of hills and The construction of this fort clearly ridges extending from the north-west shows that it was not strictly intended toward the east and curving somewhat as a fort of defense, but rather as one in the form of a fish-hook. Within of shelter or a place of safety. No the curve of this wall of hills the fort port-holes for artillery nor evidences is located, commanding a far and of bombardment are anywhere visible beautiful view of the river and country on the well preserved walls: although toword the west. H it is said that Gen. Hancock at one The land and farm on which the fort time during the Civil War took posi¬ is built is now owned by an aged tion in this fort and from an opening colored lady whose son Samuel E, made in the wall on the east side pro¬ Williams, resides with his mother on, ceeded to shell the Confederate forces the farm. The farm contains over 300' quartered in the eastern hills. acres, and has been in possession of the Family records of the community Williams’ and Prather's for half a1 trace the time of building this fort as ^ riflBi

j j M

•r y

I Wb i

6';' far back as 1740: ancf it is said that was also 3riven, aripwitfi'a promise of this date was found many years ago i assistance from England* the-English i r-*n portions of removed masonry; but iu America set about making more as there is found in history no,occasion thorough preparations for war. j for the erection of such a fort at that “General Braddock was sent to time, it is likely that this date America eaih in 1755 with troops,‘and I ,s unreliable, since the structure called a meeting of the governors of ure, so far as the plan of construction several colonies at Alexandria, Va., in and manner of building is concerned, April, at which time and place the I corresponds with that of other forts campaign of 1755 was arranged.” In alone a line extending from Alexan- [.June of this year Gen. Braddock moved j dria to Pittsburg which are known to : from the banks of the Potomac with | have been built in the years 1754 and an army of 2000 men to attack Fort 1755. Duquesne, but met with defeat and ' Some writers say that this fort was. | death on July 9tli to 13tli. Lossing built by the British in 1755 as a pro¬ traces his line of march north-west¬ tection and defense from the French ward along the Potomac river via and Indians during colonial wars; and Forts Frederick. Cumberland and also that Gen. Braddock left th Ft. Necessity. on his memorable march againff^Ft. After Braddock’s defeat, his army Duquesne, at which time he met his | fell back to Ft. Cumberland, the first defeat and death In the Monongaliela j stronghold on the Potomac. Had his fight, seven miles south-east of Pitts¬ burg. ; army been followed by the French and Indians and driven from this Be this as it may, Lossing tells us [position, his next stand of de¬ that the English government in 1749 fense would have been at Fort granted to the Ohio Company, compos¬ [Frederick, the 1 subject of this ed of Englishmen and Americans, a sketch. But as they were not followed tract of land on the upper Ohio river, by the French on English territory, on which the French traders had al¬ I Ft. Frederick was not needed for ready located and were engaged in trad¬ active engagement, in consequence of ing with the Indians whose confidence which it remains somewhat obscure they had already sfecured. On this ter¬ in connection with the history of the, ritory the French had erected a line ! campaign for which it was built. of forts and in 1753 seized the English So then, with little or no conjecture surveyors sent by the Ohio Company and with strong circumstantial evi¬ to survey this tract of land, and re¬ dence of written history back of us, tained them as prisoners. They pro¬ we may say that the British, in order ceeded to erect other forts between to cempete and combat with the line Pittsburg and Erie, which by the Eng¬ of French forts erected along the up¬ lish was considered a preparation for war. per Ohio valley had erected a line of strong fortifications along the Potomac Eobert Dinwiddie, then governor of river, extending as far north and west Virginia colony, sent with Geo. Wash¬ as Ft. Duquesne,—Alexandria. Fred¬ ington a letter to the French comman¬ erick, Cumberland, Duquesne. der, inquiring what was meant by From the plans of procedure, and this conduct. The reply received the route taken by Braddock’s army substantiated the English idea, and to Duquesne, military science would i n 1754 the English began a prepara¬ dictate at least this number of fortifi¬ tion for war by erecting one of these cations by the way; then too, since bastioned forts on what is now the they were all built on this same square site of the city of Pittsburg. The bastioned plan, this fort must neces¬ French drove them from this position sarily be included in the line of forts and comnleted the building them begun and built by the British, in 1754 selves, naming it Fort Duquesne. -5, to carry out the plan of Braddock’s Washington, with his Virginians, campaign. pressed forward to retake this This fort stands in a remarkably fort, but was likewise driven well preserved condition, and may be back by a superior French force. He seen by the interested tourist from then proceeded to erect a stockade the windows of the passing railway which he appropriately named “Fort trains. Necessity.” From this position he It is built^ on at least five acres of ground and hi Closes a DTXic more taSjfi] cuitiyat®. ana naspitcfhateiy ’be two acres. The walls, faced both in]! used as an oiphard apd vineyard. side and outside, are Constructed oil The inatcrjal used jn the construe rough sandstone boulders, laid in aj tion of tliei fort will aggregate at superior and thoroughly tempered least 5000 perches solid masonry, mortar. The walls are 12 to 20 feet; and would require 1G to 20 skilled me „ high, 5 feet thick at the base, and 3 clianics oneyear to build a like struct feet thick at the top. They are built; ure. Then with inconveniences of the! perpendicularly on the inside, while1 time, in the transportation of material on the outside they slope inward from —stone, lime and sand for mortar: a hight of 7 to S feet. The greatest food, shelter, and other necessaries, hight of the wall is at the southeast, the work of constructing such an edi¬ facing the river. fice at that time was a feat of more The foundation wall of the struct¬ than ordinary note. ure below the surface of the soil is at! It is said that thirty-six years ago least six feet thick, and has been sol the venerable American historian, firmly laid that the masonry resting George Bancroft, with artists, attend¬ on tlie same is without cracks or ants, etc., visited this fort, took views, breaks, neither are the walls swung and made a careful examination of the from the perpendicular. The work surroundings. It therefore remains remains a model in military engineer¬ for the interested reader to continue ing, showing superior mechanical skill his research, and more fully verify this in its construction, and is well worth brief historical sketch of Fort Freder¬ the study of wall builders of to-day. ick. A. B. Ramsey. / The accompanying diagram shows; Lemasters, Pa. Dec, 1891. the position of the fort, gives the! / measurements of its bastions, gorges. A &i. angles, etc., which remain as regular! and true .as it was possible to have; ,4 them at the time of construction. From the eastern to the southern / ■b points of the bastions there are por¬ tions of the wall yet standing so firm! that the original ,finishing layer’’of OLD FORT stone.at the top of the wall still re¬ mains in position, and firmly held FREDERICK. there by climbi ng i vy of strong growth growing from the base of the wall,; An Interesting' Relic of the Early! and closely entwined and clinched! over its top. Struggles of Our Fathers. It remains to be seen that there was originally but one entrance to the in¬ A WELL PRESERVED FORT. terior of the fort. It is at the south¬ eastern side 12f feet wide. Here are' Additional Right Thrown upon the Sub¬ right-angular, parallel wallsextending ject Introduced by Mr. Ramsey. The inward 25 feet from the outside. In pages of History show the Record. both of these walls are grooves on either side, 12 feet long, terminating Communicated. with an opening through the walls This fort to which reference is made six inches square,—no doubt used in by Mr. A. B. Ramsey of Lemasters, in some way to secure the entrance. his communication which appeared in On the interior and at several places j yesterday’s Repository, is not by any jj on the exterior of the walls, at regular means of such vague and uncertain intervals, are evidences of fires having | history as he supposed. been built. On the inside of the; If lie will examine McSherry’s or southern bastion is an elevation of,1 Dulany’s history of Maryland, or - earth 5 to 8 feet high, as though this “Lossing’s Field book of tlie American part of the fort was used for storage Revolution,” he will find clear and purposes. The western bastion is definite accounts of its erection, cost, partly torn away, and a portion of the etc. These histories say that after wall has been used in erecting a barn Braddock’s defeat in 1755, the frontier and other adjoining buildings. Tliei was comparatively defenseless, in con¬ W"; soil inside the fort is now regularly j sequence of which the settlements in ■TfecTeriGlc-^^al^, of which Washing- ton' county then formed a part, suf¬ h/whe , 1Way cr6ek e“Pties fered no little from the French and to the same and marched through Indians. tne dreariest, roughest mountain In the summer of 1755 an appropria- country eyes have ever seen. • | : tion of £10,000 was voted for the de- As “the fort was erected on the | fense of the settlements, about one- sue where the Canalloway creek j' ■ j fourth of which was to be used i n - empties into the Potomac river ” I building a fort on the frontier General Braddock passed near the Work upon Fort Frederick was be- present location of the fort but the gun in 1755, and the immense struct- was not the„ there, ..pon1‘it *4 ure completed in 1756. The fort Was ad not been commenced, and the 1 built under the direction of Governor mammoth structure was not com k .1 Sharpe, of Maryland, and was named death1 Until tbe yerr after Bl’adcI°ck’s f Fort Frederick, “after Frederick, ’ I- James Schaff. B Lord , then lord proprie- chambersburg, Pa., Aug. 2.3, 1892. ! jtary of the province of Maryland. ! It was in August of that year, manned ffdh by two hundred men under command | of Colonel Dagworthy.” It contained barracks for seven-hundred men. A The Fort Frederick was built not only as a frontier defense against A | the encroachments of the French and Indians but also as a base of aggressive | operations against the French to OLD FORT H break up their scheme of forming an I extensive empire west of the Ohio and Frederick. Mississippi rivers, in pursuance of An Interesting- Relic of the Early1 ■ which they were about building a line V; of forts from Montreal to Hew Orleans. Struggles of Our Fathers. . - It was at Fort Frederick that the , remnant of Burgoyne’s troops captur- CHAPTER ~~THE FOURTH..

■ ed at Saratoga, and also those of Corn- Additional In formation On the Old ,■ wallis captured at Yorktown, were for Stronghold. tossing and Others . a time kept. These troops having been Quoted. Why and When B subsequently removed to Lancaster Built. L Pa., the presumption is that they > passed through Chambersburg on their . Communicated. way thither. From the clear and The ancients, it is said, taught that ij definite statements of history as there were only seven apertures m touching this relic of Colonial times, Iln Gle head, as there were only seven K it is evident that the “records of the metals and six principal planets, and Community” which “trace the time one moon, the number was complete— i of building this fort back as far as there could not possibly be any more. 11710” are incorrect, and the figures As late as the sixteenth century, an 91-7-4-0 which is said “were found astronomer of Florence who was an many years ago on portions of remov- advocate of the then exploded theory, :<9 ed masonry” could not have referred peremptorily refused to look through to the date of its erection, the telescope and see for himself the yl Tmis fort has always been known in newly discovered planet. But however history as “Fort Frederick”, notwith¬ tenaciously this astronomer adhered standing the statement that it “was o qis eai'ly, but erroneous teachings, ; known to the preceding generations ■such absurdities could not long j merely by the name ‘Old Fort,’ ” obscure the light of truth.” Mr. It is not probable that General Ramsey, of Lemasters, in his com¬ ■ ,| Braddock ever saw Fort Frederick— munication, which appeared in | indeed it is certain he did not. “In 1 hursday’s edition of the Repository, | May 1755 he marched from Frederick clings to the traditonal accounts ||for Winchester, Va. Returning to the which he gathered in regard to “Old IfPotomac, he crossed into Maryland, Fort Frederick.” He is by no means rand matched through the wilderness so incredulous as the Florentine as¬ t > Fort Cumberland. He crossed tronomer, referred to, but intimates that there were defects in the ‘historical telescope” through which he was asked to look, or else the built in 1756.” “Butler’s History~of instrument was not focused with that, Maryland,” is published by E. H. But¬ precision needed to bring objects ler A Co., Philadelphia, Pa., andwas clearly within the range of his vision.! “Copyrighted in 1886.” On page 138 The “historic telescope” through: “McSherry’s History of Maryland.” which he is now requested to look, [ ffhe following words) are found: “On has been supplied with larger lenses, the 22nd of March 1756, the bill was and a readjustment of these may: passed. It provided for raising a sum enable him to see objects, which) of £40,000, of which £11,000 were to heretofore, were to him indistinct or be applied to the erection of a fort, invisible. The telescope has live and small block houses, on the West-! lenses arranged in the following order: ern frontier, and for levying, paying, Benson J. Lossing, in his “Field Book and maintaining a body of troops, not of the ,” on page) j exceeding two_pundred men, to 347, Volume two says: “Fort Frederick garrison these posts?7 “McSherry’s I is yet a well preserved relic of Colonial History of Maryland” was “Printed) times. It is upon the north bank of and published by James Murphy, and! the Potomac, in Washington county, j the author’s name as given in the book j Maryland, about fifty miles *below is James McSherry. It purports to Cumberland. It was built in 1755-56, give the history of Maryland from under the direction of Governor 1634 to 1848. But the foregoing arei Sharpe. The material is stone. The not the only authors who speak of fort is quadrangular, and contained “Fort Frederick.” The “History of barracks for seven hundred men. This) Western Maryland,” of which there{ was one of the six forts built as are two large columns, is published by frontier defenses, against the en-j J. B. Lippencott & Co” Philadelphia, croachments of the French and) Pa” and was copyrighted by L. H. Indians.” It may be proper to say: Evert 1882. In order that Mr. Ram¬ that the author of the “Field Book,” sey may know something of jthe au¬ is the same“Lossing”of whom brother thor of this history we quote from the Ramsey, in his last communication title page of the work which says that said: “Now we know Lossing quite he is the author of the “History of well and would hesitate to inquire of Baltimore City and county.” “flistory j 4wm as To the source of his writer*! of Maryland;” is a member of the history relating to Fort Frederick.”! “Maryland Historical Society and The “Field Book of the American Academy of Sciences:” Member of the Revolution” is published by Harper Historical Society of Pa.; of tile His¬ & Brother, Franklin Square, New torical and Philosophical Society of York City, from whom it can be ob-j Ohio, etc., This author after stating tained. Should he not be able to get) that “The land was filled with terror it there, he can secure a copy through| caused by savage raiders says,: “Mean¬ the National Library Association, while there had been a convention of Chicago, Illinois. provincial Governors in the city of If Mr. Ramsey will turn to page 128 New York to devise measures for the “Dulany’s History of Maryland,” he present protection of their people and j will find these words: “In 1756 Gov. prospective offensive operations Sharpe erected a fort on the site where against the common enemy. Horatio Canalloway Creek empties into the Sharpe, Governor of Maryland, was Potomac river, and called it Fort among them and on his return home,, Frederick,after Frederick, Lord Balti¬ the General Assembly of his state more, then lord proprietary of the; voted a supply of £40,000, of which province of Maryland. It was, in £11,000 were to be applied to the! August, of that year, manned by two building of a fort * * on the) hundred men under the command of western frontier and 1 keeping it j Colonel Dagworthy.” “Dulany’s His-' garrisoned.” The fort was built un-j tory of Maryland” is published by Wm. der the immediate supervision of Gov. j J. C. Dulany & Co., Baltimore, Md., Sharpe. In a letter to Mr. Calvert l-J and gives the history of that state under date 21st August, 1756, speak¬ “from 1632 to 1882.” In “Butler’s His- ing of Fort Frederick, Governor tory of Maryland,” page 66, these Sharpe says: “I thought proper to words will greet Mr. Ramsey’s eye: build Fort Frederick of stone, which “For t)he better protection of the peo¬ steps I believe our assembly will now ple of Maryland, Fort Frederick was approve of though I hear some of them, some time su-ce, intimated Ipf Lossing is Drought within range of to their constituents that a stoc- his vision; and will show him that cado would have been sufficient, “Dulany’s History” is not a myth and and that to build a fort of stone would ‘will aim to convince him that it was put the country to a great and un¬ possible for McSherry to gather infor¬ necessary expense, but whatever their mation relative to “Fort Frederick”, j sentiment may be with respect to that before Mr. Ramseys “brief historical matter, I am convinced that I have 'sketch” was prepared, or before it ap¬ done for the best, and that my con¬ peared in print. From the numerous duct therein will be approved by any quotations made from different au¬ Governor and by every impartial per¬ thors, whose reliabilty cannot be ques¬ son. The fort is not finished, but the tioned, Mr. Ramsey cannot but see garrison are well covered and will, that “the slumbering circumstances with a little assistance complete it at which lie hidden about those ruins,” 'their leisure. * * I have made a I have long since been linked to “the purchase in the Governor’s name, for true actors which gave them origin j the use of the country, of 150 acrqs of and historical prominence.” Equally | land that is contiguous to the fort, apparent will it be to him, that I which will be of great service to the others visited these ruins became garrison, and as well to the fort, be “intensely interested,” kept this of great use in case of future expedi¬ intensity bright by close and tions to the westward, for it is so sit¬ ! continued research and have the facts uated that the Potomac will always in the case (if you may choose to call be navigable thence almost to Fort them so) recorded for the light of Cumberland.” Gov. Sharpe furnished keen public criticism.” To Mr. I the plans of the fort, says this histo¬ Ramsey’s eye, the pages of history, rian and adds, “So vigorously was the from which quotations have been work prosecuted that in August, 1156, made, may not be “the cleanest, * * * it was sufficiently advanced brightest, purest and most interest¬ to receive a garrison and was named ing,” though it is not improbable but Fort Frederick, in honor of Frederick that the “impartial, refining fire of the last Lord Baltimore.” This same judicious criticism” was brought to i author says: Its massive walls of hard play upon them, long enough to “re-, magnesia limestone, are four feet move tradition and conjecture” and to thick at the base, and two feet thick change “pure history” into “pure 'bio¬ at the top. The stone, which is mostly graphy.” Hone of the historians in large, irregular blocks, was brought quoted seemed to “grow impatient from the mountain, three miles dis¬ [ seeking authentic sources of informa¬ tant.” tion” and evidently understood how The walls are m feet in height, at to “jot down here and there phrases” the highest point. The greatest dam¬ and to form sentences without losing age that has been done was the cut¬ the “fact." “The name of the builder ting of a wagon gate through the west of Fort Frederick, the cost and pur- ; curtain, sixty years ago. The fort is pose,” also the “records as to the - square with a bastion at each angle. ' source of the materials used in its con- There is-nob a piece of the old wood¬ structions” being so clearly set forth work left, some curiosity seekers hav¬ in quite a number of histories, “most ing caried off the last bit in 1858. Gen. assuredly-the point is clear that Gen. Ivenly’s first Maryland regiment oc¬ Bffiddock did not leave “this fort on cupied this fort in 1861, and knocked his memorable march against Fort a hole in the wall through which to Duquesne at which time he met his point a gun for taking shots at the defeat and death in the Monongahela ; Confederates across the Potomac.” fight seven miles south-east of Pitts¬ These quotations are from the “His¬ burg.” It is equally clear that Brad- tory of Western Maryland,” Yol. 2, dock never saw Fort Frederick, for pages 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298. when he crossed the Potomac whcr.q, Mr Ramsey now has the names of the Canalloway Creek empties into the authors quoted, he knows by whom the same, this fort was not then there the books ^are published, where pub¬ ■ was not yet commenced and was not com¬ lished and from whom they be ob¬ pleted until the year after his death, tained. If he will come to Ckambers- j All that friend Ramsey has offered to burg I will see that the printed page: show that these historians err as to | the account which they give as to the year when lUe fore was erected |

is the traditional reports which •: {A- 1 i— . he collected from the “people of the community and the statement that four figures “1-7-4-0” were found in “portions of removed masonry” some! years ago. Those who make these j traditional statements, are perfectly ~Thit OF"akclent^htstory.' - honest in what they say and doubtless| believe them, but tradition cannot Some Facts About the MTectoral Commis¬ stand when the “facts'’ of history sion tor an Inquifjfig Reader—Hriet bi¬ show their incorrectness. The his¬ ographies of Certain Members. tories from which quotations have: J. P. V., Elk Lick, Pa.—The act creat¬ been made, show, too, that Braddockj ing- the Electoral Commission was ap- • proved January S9, 1877. It provided “marched through the dreariest, j- that the Commission should be composed roughest country eyes have ever seen” of 15 members, chosen from the two before he reached Fort Cumberland. Houses of Congress and the Supreme This last named fort, the “History of Court of the United States. The Sena¬ Western Maryland” says, “waserected tors on the Commission were chosen by in 1749, and its site is now occupied by J the Senate, and the Representatives by a beautiful church, of Gothic Archi¬ the House. There was a question as to tecture, the property of the Episcopal j how the Judges should be chosen, so as to congregation. Fort Frederick avoid a charge of prejudice or unfairness, and it was determined that they should was the most substantial and ex- : be taken according to circuits, which pensive of all the frontier defenses, were in different parts of the country. | having been built of stone, while thejj The Supreme Court consisting of nine six other ‘forts were more like a members, selecting the live in this way would not permit an inference that there Stoccado and, composed of ma¬ were reasons, personal or other, for not , terial which could not long resist, choosing any of the remaining four. the ravages of time hence their lo-| The Senate chose as its members, ]. George F. Edmunds, Oliver P. Morton, cation cannot now be told with any Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Allen G. I degree of certainty. The questions five Thurman and Thomas F. Bayard. The in number, which Mr. Ramsey men- j first three, the majority, were Republi- j cans. Thurman and Bayard, as every tions in his last article have all been one knows, are Democrats. The choice answered though perhaps not in the was made January 30, as the law pro¬ vided. February 36, on account of Thui'- order in which they stand. He is told j man’s physical inability, Senator Kernan, when where and by whom the histories Democrat, of New York, filled his place. referred to are published, by whom the The House chose as its members, Henry B. Payne, of Ohio: Eppa Hunton, of Vir¬ £40,000 was,voted for the defense of the j ginia; Josiah G. Abbott, of Massachu¬ settlements; “records as to the source setts; George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts, of the material are cited” and an expla¬ ana James A. Garfield, of Ohio. The House was Democratic, and therefore the nation is given as to why Fort first three, the majority, chosen by it Frederick is so well pre were Democrats. The Supreme Court members were Na- served, while the other “forts” than Clifford, oi the First Circuit, ‘-from have disappeared. It must not be the far-off borders of New England,” as supposed that everything that the Mr. Edmunds said in his speech on the bill; Samuel F. Miller, of the Third Cir¬ histories cited say of “Fort Frederick” cuit, from “the center of the great com¬ has been reproduced,—to have done mercial populations of our Union;” Ste¬ so would have swelled this communi¬ phen J. Field, of the Eighth Circuit, had “his home and residence in the great cation to too great proportions, and Northwest;” William Strong, of the would not have been more convincing; Ninth Circuit, “administered justice for many years on what has been said to be than it is without them. That other, the golden slope.” Here were four, and histories there are, which speak of the! to guard against prejudice, as Mr. Ed¬ time of the building of Fort Frederick, munds remarked, “we saytHese four men shall choose the fifth from'STfiong their is altogether probable, and the writer) own associate number.” Accordingly hereof, would not presume that such) January 30, in a letter to the Speaker of the House, they say they “have this day histories do not exist because lie) selected Hon. Joseph P. Bradley, the As¬ chanced not to have seen them. sociate Justice assigned to the Fifth Cir¬ The foregoing is written in the most cuit, to be a member of the Commission.” Judge Clifford, who as the oldest of the kindly feeling and solely for the puri Associate Justices became president of I pose of shedding light where friend! the Commission, was a native of New [ Ramsey thought darkness existed. Hampshire, born at Rumney August 18, J803; was from 1830 to 1834 a member I. James Schaff, of the Maine Legislature,, and one of the Chambersburg, Pa,, Aug. 27, 1892. / leading- Democrats of that State. He supported Van Buren in 1840, was made This school was established in 1868 by Attorney General by President Polk in MartbaSchofield.ofDarby, Pennsylvania 1846, and in 1858 was nominated Asso¬ j —a member ol the religious Society of ciate Justice of the Supreme Court by Friends. Her motive for entering this Buchanan. He was a firm believer in he election of Tilden. He died at work is best answered in her own words lornish, Me., July 25, 1881. I written years ago: “During the war my Samuel P. Miller w-as a native of Ken¬ coming to womanhood brought with it tucky, boi'n in Richmond, April 5, 1816, Studied medicine and practiced it for a an earnest realization of the responsibility time; then turned to the law. He was of living, and an ardent desire to know an earnest emancipationist, and probably in what corner of the Master’s field He for that reason left Kentucky for Iowa in 4850, where be became a leader of the would call me to labor. The answer came I Republican narty. In 1862 Lincoln nom- [in the consciousness that among the linated him to the Supreme Court. (lowly and depressed race there -would be 1 Stephen J. Field ' is a native of Connec¬ [work given me to do.” For two years ticut, born at Haddam, Nov. 4, 1816; went to California in 1849; became Jus¬ she felt this would be her mission, and tice ot the Supreme Court of that State the call of the Father was so plain that in 1859, and was nominated to the Su¬ the painful separation from family was preme Court of the United States by Lincoln in 1863. He is a Democrat, and made. The parting words to her mother voted with the Democrats on the Com¬ were: “Mourn not, dearest mother, be- mission. He is still a member of the Su¬ cause thy child is striving to walk in the preme Court. path of duty. Can we not trust our William Strong also was born in Con¬ | Father, whose overshadowingloveguides necticut, at Somers, May 6, 1808. He and guards those who walk in accord- i graduated at Yale, studied law there, and ance to His will? I feel very deeply the ; in 1832 settled at Reading, Pa.; learned bitterness of this separation, but the German, became very popular in old Comforter will come and enable us to.: Berks, and was sent to Congress twice as bear all that shall fall upon us. I go forth a Democrat. In 1857 he was elected a iin .perfect trust, knowing that if I en¬ member of the Supreme Court of Penn¬ deavor to do my duty the end will be sylvania. resigned in 1868, and in 1870 well. In our Father’skeeping I trusting¬ was appointed to a place on the Supreme ly place my life. No future cau make me bench of the United States. He voted (loose this faith nor take away the con-, with the Republicans on the Commission, stant comfort it gives.” contending that Congress could not go She entered the work October, 1865, on behind the returns regularly certified. a sea island of South Carolina, but the Joseph P. Bradley was a New Yorker, climate was unsuited to her, and after born at Berne, in Albany county, March passing through a long and serious ill¬ 14, 1813; graduated from Rutgers Col¬ ness she settled in Aiken, S. C., selected lege in 1836; began the practice of law for its healthful and desirable climate, in Newark, N. J., in 1840. President where she established the Schofield Grant appointed him to the Supreme School for Colored Children in 1868. The Court in 1870. In early life he was a building was erected by the government*. Whig and joined the Republican party Miss Schofield giving the land upon when it was rorrned. In 1862 he was a which it was built. member of Congress from the Sixth New As the school increased in size ancTin- Jersey district, and in 1868 headed the fluence it outgrew its accommodations, New Jersey Republican electoral ticket. and during the summer of 1881 Miss By the New York Sun he was given the Schofield and her principal, William T. name of “Aliunde Joe” because of the Rodenbach, visited New York, Phila¬ point determined by the commission that delphia and Boston,and raised the money “it was not competent under the Con¬ to erect a large brick building, which stitution and the law to go into evidence was ready for usein November, 1882. At aliunde on the papers opened by the Pres¬ this time several industries were under¬ ident of the Senate in the presence of the taken—printing, carpentry and sewing. two Houses, to prove that other persons As years passed on more space was re¬ than those regularly certified to” were quired, and the desire of the founder was elected. to supply a home for the boarding stu¬ dents, and thus endeavor to protect them more fully from the temptations of town life. The old school building wag at first used for this purpose, but the need called for another, and “Carter Hall,” a two- story frame building, was erected for the boarding girls, the boys sleeping in the old one until the demand for more room was again felt, and in 1888 Miss Schofield raised the funds for another building and AN UNIQUE SUCCESS, named it the “Deborah Fisher Wharton Industrial Hall,” desiring to place on ScliofieM Norm a 4 ust rial School record, as an example to the colored of Aikesa—Sliort Sketch of a Prosper* people, a representative woman, a minis¬ ter in the Society of Friends, who in her otis Educational Institution quiet dignity embodied many Christian Founded nearly ja Quarter of a graces, purity of life and character, be¬ nevolence, frugality and industry. Century Ago Through the In this large brick building the indus¬ Pious Energy and tries of harness making, shoe making, Courage of a Con¬ printing and carpentry are carried on, and a room is waiting to be opened for a secrated Quakeress. wheelwright and blacksmith shop when it is expedient To do so, while the dormi¬ delivered the address before the annual tories are used for boys. meeting of the Society of the Army of Endeavoring to give the best instruc¬ Northern Virginia. His subject was The tion in trades, the pointing department Confederate Private Soldier and What He j has advanced until now it does as fine Has Accomplished in Peace.” The meeting work as any office in the State, securing took place in the hall of the House ot Dele- many orders outside the city of Aiken. gales m the Capitol, which was packed to its The harness department is fast growing j utmost capacity. Mr. Breckinridge handled in favor, and from it is turned out the bis subject with remarkable ability and was finest hand work, a new departure for ’ often enthusiastically applauded by his , this city, giving great satisfaction to its 1 i st)6Qcr§ patrons. From the outside orders re¬ Among the prominent ex-Confederates ceived these branches are almost self- supporting. present were: Gen. Thomas L. Rosser, Gen. The school is chartered and held by a J. A. Early, Governor McKinney and Dr. J. ! board of trustees of prominent men and William Jones. In response to oaiis General : Early made a brief speech, during the course 1 women, mostly from New York, Phila-j of which he referred to the statement ema¬ delphia and Boston. nating from a member of the society” to the t For twenty-five years Miss Schofield effect that Gen. Robert E. Lee bad permitted j has raised most of the money for carry- , the destruction of private property during ing on the work. The public school fund' the Pennsylvania campaign. Geu. Early said i of Aiken has given it some support. he was glud to see that a Southern private (, soldier Had denied this statement. No private But the needs of the school increase year¬ property, the speaker declared, was de-|- ly with the scope of its usefulness. Many Sirojediu Pennsylvania by the authority or: of the Northern guests who visit Aiken, with the knowledge of General Lee. I: each season for its delightful climate and General Early said that he was the only I its health-restoring qualities fee 1 an in¬ Confederate commander during that earn-- terest in the Schofield school, visiting it paign who permitted destruction of the property of private persons. W hen bis army frequently as ope of the attractions of came to the iron works of Thad Stevens, i the city, and they often give liberally to¬ i General Early, said he could not resist the1 ward its support. We trust they and temptation to destroy these. After he sat| others will continue an interest in the ■down some one near him asked General: good work carried on in this pleasant Early to what member of the society he re¬ spot of the vineyard. ferred. His reply was, “General or, more I properly speaking, Major James G. Field.” William T. Ttodenback was the prin¬ Rev. Dr. J. Wm. Jones in his opening cipal and gave faithful service for twelve prayer before the society alluded to the i years, from 1874 to 1886. At his resigna¬ affliction which has befallen President Har¬ tion ElizabetbF. Criley,of Westchester, rison. The following were elected officers of Pa., became , principal, and Samuel J. the society for the year: George L. Christian, Entriken, of the same place, superinten¬ of Richmond, president; Judge T. S. Garnett, Norfolk, first vice-president; Gen, T. L. Ros- I dent of industries. They were here four ser, of Albemarle, second vice-president,; R.« years, and have returned this year with T. Barton. Winchester, third vice-president;! Henry C. Ash as business manager. Thomas L. Ellett, Richmond, secretary; R. S. Under these and other efficient workers Bosbor, Richmond, treasurer. Executive! the school year has entered upon a pros¬ Committe— VV. E. Cutshaw. James T. Gray.E. j perous term. P. Reeve, Richmond; John Cussens, Glen A farm of 250 acres a few miles out of Allen, W. Gordon McCabe. Petersburg. . J the city of Aiken, held by the trustees, gives ample space for work. The temperance and literary societies At-*- in connection,with the boarding depart¬ ment are means of growth in righteous causes. The school is unsectarian. The found¬ ation principles have been to do the duty of the hour, keeping the best good ■ (ft of the school a ruling motive for action. The basis of its management rests on The Signing of the Declaration.!. developing and strengthening self-denial, To the Editor of ThbEvening Post: self-discipline and self-respect. Its aim is the unfolding and growth, not only of Z Sir: I cannot see that the point raised the intellectual, but of the moral and by your correspondent “ C.” affects my ; spiritual nature. statement, in Scribner's Magazine, as to Dedicated to the service of the All Father, the sheaves of blessing are surely the influence of the weather on July gathered in by the Divine Husbandman, 4, 1776. The myth that the great heat and must redound to peace and righteous¬ forced the members to agree to the adoption ness on earth and to the glory of God. / of the Declaration, which I supposed I had ended, can hardly be revivified by claiming that the signing did not take place on July 4, 'but on August 2. The adoption was disput¬ ed, and so the weather might have formed an element in affecting the disputing members. The signing was never disputed, and indeed was mandatory. The heat of August 2, there¬ fore, could not affect the Declaration ot Inde¬ pendence, for it was already an accomplished Denial That Gen. Dee Ordered Penn- j fact. sytvania Property Destroyed. As to the question whether the Declaration ; ISpeoial Disnateff to the Baltimore Sun.l Richmond, Va., Oct, 26.—Congressman was not signed on July 4, we are hardly in a Breckinridge, of Kentucky, this evening position to say positively, the most recent evi- r

| dence tending to prove that there was a for- Lowry and Boyd Defeated at ! mat signing of a copy on that day. Certain¬ Fort Greenville. ly, if it was not signed on that day, it is to be questioned if there ever was such a formal signing. It is true that the “engrossedcopy,” according to the Journal of Congress, was Tile Siege of Fort Recovery—An In signed on August 2, but the Journal is un¬ cideat showing the Cunning lie- trustworthy, and would have been apparent¬ vices of tlie Indians—Complete ly more accurate if it had stated that it was Victory at Fallen Timber. ordered signed. The truth is, that less than half of the iifty-six men whose names are at¬ tached to it were in Congress on that day, most ol them, in fact, being in their own colo¬ (Written for the Bee. nies. To give the proof of this in full would Mad Anthony is a name familiar to be too long, but a sample delegation—the Vir¬ I American readers. was ginian—will illustrate it sufficiently. As in¬ a Pennsylvanian by birth, having been scribed on the engrossed copy, they stand thus: born in Chester county, in that state, in Wythe, K.H.Lee, Jefferson, Harrison, Nelson, the year 1745. It was said off him that F. L. Lee, Braxton. Of these, only Harrison in youth he discovered an unusual inclin¬ was in Philadelphia on August 2, Jefferson be¬ ation for military tactics, giving the mat- ing absent from the city for two days. Thus, tea: much more of his olttenittiou than his as a curious bit of contradiction, the only Vir¬ sdhool books received. In his future ca¬ reer as a military commander, be was ginian delegate who could have signed the De¬ impetuous, daring and stormy, which ac¬ claration on August 2 was Harrison, who had quired for him the sobriquet of Mad An¬ opposed its adoption. On August 20 R. H. Lee thony. arrived from Virginia, and was followed on The government at last came to the September 3 by Nelson, and by F. L. Lee on comprehension of the indispensable im¬ portance of speedy measures for settling September 7, while Wythe did not attend till the authority of the United States over well into the next year. The most curious ate rightful domain, and at once began the case is Braxton’s, who had left Philadelphia organization of a small army at the bor¬ der of the Ohio, to be placed under the on July 22, 1776, and, not being reelected, command of Gen. Anthony Wayne. After never returned to the Congress as a delegate. putting his troops in the best condition Yet he signed the Declaration, and was, so far possible in the brief time allowed him, he as I know, the only man not a member of commenced the forward movement in Sep¬ tember, 1793; and, passing up the great Congress who did so. it must, of course, Miami by rapid marches to Foil: Jeffer¬ have been done on some subsequent visit to son, he halted there, and spent the whiter Philadelphia. In short, the signing of the in constructing a strongly fortified fort, engrossed copy of the Declaration must have which he named Greenville. From there been a desultory affair, done by each member he expected to operate against the Indians during the following summer, if peace I at his convenience, and in one case not in- were not sooner made. Pending hostili¬ ] scribed till 1781. ties peace commissioners visited the prin¬ Thus “ C.” will find that historic statements cipal chiefs, and as the best results of their conferences, they brought hack Ithe are ever subject to revision, as the investiga- ultimatum, viz.: that as a basis of settle¬ I tion of history grows broader and deeper; and ment, all white families Should remove to that even incidents hitherto not “disputed,” the south side of the Ohio river, and that and of which there can be “no doubt,” may that river should line between the United States and the Indian hunting grounds prove as mythical as the temperature of our forever. This proposition being rejected, nation’s birthday. active preparations for war were begun Paul Leicester Ford. on both sides. Century Club, New York. In October, 1793, a train of twenty wagons loaded with army stores was en- rouite for Fort Greenville, under the es¬ cort; of Lowrey and Boyd in command of ninety men. The train was attacked by From,_ Little Turtle with a superior force, result¬ ing in the entire rout of the Americans,

... with fifteen killed, including both the commanding officers. The remainder of the escort fled precipitately, leaving in the hands of the victors the entire train, in¬ cluding seventy horses. In the following August Gen. Scott; re¬ inforced Gen. Wayne with 600 mounted volunteers; and in the succeeding Decern- Iber, the force advanced to the place of St. OLaire’s defeat, where strong fortifications were constructed, and ithe place named Fort Recovery. Scon after a part of the anmy advanced 'to the junction of the Auglaize and Mau¬ Pioneer Sketches by Dr. H mee, where another strong defense, with a dyke, was speedily erected, and named Scott, of Lancaster, 0, Fort Defiance. I The had now en- nehecf'I'tself jn the heart oftlie Indian _ intry. The tribes inhabiting the Mau¬ sule were thirty-two commissioned and mee and Auglaize countries had formerly non-commissioned officers. Of the form- ' been under the patronage of the French, er was Major MeM bo:; and of the lat¬ and had made some advances in civiliza¬ ter was Lieutenant Drake. Captain Gib¬ tion. The surrounding country was re¬ son, who commanded the fort, behaved presented as being in a high state of cul-| with great gallantry and received the tivation, with abundance of Vegetables, thanks of the commander-in-chief, as and thousands of acres of corn, as also did every officer and soldier of the gar¬ large apple and peach orchards. General rison, and the escort who were engaged Wayne had now at his command an ef¬ in the most gallant and successful de¬ ficient army of fighting men, numbering! fense. about three thousand; while the Indian “Immediately after the'enemy had re¬ forces converging for the coming conflict, treated, it was ascertained that their loss was, as near as could be found out, not had been very heavy; but the full extent I exceeding two thousand. It was also as¬ of it was not known till it was disclosed1 certained that a large number of British at the treaty of Greenville. References' officers were co-operating with the In¬ were made to that battle by several chiefs ch: ns: besides Canadian troops. The in council, from which it was manifest British officers did not hesitate to declare that they had not even then ceased to their co-operation; and also, that it was mourn the distressing losses sustained on, not unlikely that their government would that occasion. They mourned the loss of shortly joiu the savages in making war several of their greatest chiefs.” on rhe United States, all of which, it was The enemy succeeded, during the night,; understood, had for its object the estab¬ by the aid of torches, in carrying away; lishment of the river Ohio rs the bound¬ most of their dead; only those nearest the ary line. walls of the fort being left; but in this “The Indians had carefully watched hazardous enterprise several red elfins fell the movement of the troops in erecting under bullets from the garrison. Fort Recovery. They resolved to make After the retreat the commandant sent: a desperate effort to destroy the small gar¬ out scouts to watch the movements of the | rison left on guard, and to gain the fort retreating army, who brought back word; for themselves. On the thirtieth of June, that they were mainly moving in the di-| 1794, a large force, consisting of fifteen reotion of Old Ohiliicothe on the Big hundred Indians with several companies Miami. of Canadians with blackened faces, and An incident is here worthy of record. in Indian costume, led by British officers Captain Shaylor, as well known to the) in full dress, made a furious attack on Indians, was fond of hunting. The In¬ the fort with* about one hundred and fifty dians were supposed to be far away since troops. Mr. Burnet in his notes gives their signal defeat. On a pleasant morn¬ the following account of this important ing the gobble of a wild turkey, as he| conflict: supposed, attracted Shaylor’s attention, j (Burnet, in his notes on the Indian wars, With no fear of danger, he called liis son' introduces the siege of Fort Recovery in —a boy—and shouldering his gun, set off' the following language): in the direction of the gobble, with the “On the 30th of June, a very severe and confidence of returning soon with a fine bloody battle was fought under the walls gobbler, as the woods was known to be of Fort Recovery, between a detachment alive with wild turkeys. They had uot of American troops, consisting of ninety proceeded over half a mile, cautiously riflemen and fifty dragoons, commanded looking out foe the game on all sides, by Major McMahon, and a very numerous when they were fired upon from ambush,' body of Indians and British, who at the and the son fell, mortally wounded. The: same instant rushed on the detachment, ‘ captain fled, and was pursued by the sav¬ and assailed the fort on every side with ages with the usual yells; but the love of fury. They were repulsed with heavy life lent fleetness to his limbs, and he I loss; but again rallied and renewed the gained the fort in safety, leaving the boy attack, keeping up a heavy and constant to be tomahawked and scalped—possibly fire during the whole day, which was re¬ tortured at the pleasure of the fiends. turned with spirit and effect by the gar¬ The gobble was one of the well-known de¬ rison.” vices of the Indian, and therefore the It was beyond doubt the Intention to more strange that Captain Shaylor should bake the fort by storm, from the manner have taken the risk. of the attack. From their extensive en¬ The Indians practiced other devices to campments they advanced in seven heavy decoy the unwary white into the woods, columns, presenting a very formidable and many an one one thoughtlessly went to front. It was also manifest that the as¬ his death by following the noises. Among sault was directed by British officers, these devices were the whistle of the deer who were known to be in the movement in and the cry of the panther—a very per-: considerable numbers. It was 1'kewiise feet counterfeit of a lost woman or child known that a considerable force of Cana¬ in the woods, and calling for help; and dian and British soldiers were in the this was sometimes a death trap. The movement. After the withdrawal of hooting of the big owl was a private call! Major McMahon within the fort the fight¬ among themselves, by which they some-; ing was kept up with desperate fury with times regulated their own movements. \ heavy loss on both sides; though that of There were few sounds made by ani-i •the ’assaulting party was the greatest. mals that they could not make very per-j The siege was at length abandoned, and feotly. The white pioneers copied the art j the forces withdrawn, though uot before from the savages, and many of them be-1 a large number of the chiefs had fallen. came quite expert, as they did likewise in The following extract from the official the use of the bow and arrow. report of Major Mills will throw much "Wayne's Victory. light on t.he subject: “Among the killed on the American Wayne's victory over the combined savage tribes of the northwest, which ---«——- • o -■» - s ../• .v, T- -v.. - —/ was virtually tae ena oi cue maun war except as they fought with the British'in the war of1812, has been so fcffifr as (Do-neid-gafwa); of Xew York chy. The I hf/; n0 more than a condensed .. has a medal, but the firm i fiumnury. After maneuvering durin» the ; summer of 1793, and up to AuguTTl794 | asSTS. the °hHon. SUC \William Pati6nt C.invest BrvnnPijators j ?an a, general movement of his of Buffalo; the Hon. George S. Conover of She-e fhe r,Jpids of the Muramee, Gen„» ,nd Georee H Hm,s_ of ajt g tihoi^ -e Indians were concentrating their forces in the vicinity of Fort Bmn- the three greatest living authorities j ordered Cton ^ \V' °1 the British- He on Inman life in Western Hew York—is that ; mmned ol the Winchester, who was Se n Au,gl®ze- a fe"r miles i clubr0t th6 ISdal W°rn by Refl Jacke*- The H™'e n ort Defiance, to move down on club received its medal from Mrs. Thomas the south side of the Muumee, while wdh Francis Meagher, a grand-daughter of Cap¬ ! h s own force he took the north side tain Jasper Parrish, of Canandaigua, Ini Has scouts kept him well advised as to the movements of the enemy. He knew recent ietter written from Dansville to the Hon. George S. Conover, Mr. Harris says: SZXrePpCeilt-?ringKin the kilen tLherl ,r5llef above the foot of the enii I kn0W 1 haV® been en^aged manv years ' finiaJ attack was precipitate collating material for a history of Horatio Jones, the noble old patriot and pioneer of th° utrs 2and rout the enemy™ atb the noint nf s.* nb*,r" “ Genesee valley. Jasper ParrisH w^ap Je! ml1buy0net’ reseiwing their fire until the tj the Indians m 1777, and Jones in 1781 The I their* real61 The T* I™’ and » “fire on Mohawk home of the former was at j cisl ve-^the Niagara and the Seneca home of Jones was on the Genesee. but the the b(fitlefltv m grolt consternation; and tv o hoys were often companions in captivity Sr @0 un VoTerKbef°re Ge?- Winches I ter got up. Act mbvoe one-third of the anddurmg their enforced residence with the I w.=tlDg fo?lee Participated. Gen. Wayne’s Iroquois formed a friendship as strong and nn j lo^s was mconsidenalble—that of the Tn tW ZdUnkn0Wn’ as bore many of ! fievellTe S\wi

wfshinlo-H °f I6 Six Iro(luois chiefs whom 1 j Washington honored with medals, died prior to Asms $ the Canandaigua treaty of 1794 and *hl i treatv In be said over the British. The

« ffii™ « ft?" Sr”i£SS,“t“y *»

<». hlSlef’”r”CiS V «'• Rochester I cannot j P'L * K" Sfiffut „ date, hut two or three days after The Canandaigua council opened. Red Jacket made a speech m open convention, saying he held in his andameda1 which one of the distinguished Senecas had received from Washington ■■ that the chief had died, and in accordance with the iSSS* §LvlS" native custom on such occasions his people now returned the medal to thQ People now of those f , the representatives

I havT always '^rstL'"“tJTl”^ ^ hi ':;:r 30 - bTlthTt J6 Senepa iDtGrpreter on «>at occasion" but that Jasper Parrish, as United States inter

R^ Jacket'. f. . • P WIT?Why Parrish retainedthe medal the frommedal « individual property I do not know, but as ha was a man of strict integrity and above even suspmion 0f wrong doing, there can be noThe & V Vi i--- to keen th & he was Mly authorized t o keep the medal by General Chapin or other* i _ RED JACKETS MEDAlT then m charge of Indian affairs. , During the last few years an interesting Undoubtedly the owner of the genuine (discussion has been going’on among histo¬ ot rians, antiquarians, and investigators as to Of NaTTHew York T edalcity. iS HeGeneral was LornEly Sa- iPark01 Tonal'- | the whereabouts of the silver medal pre- wanda, about 1825, on the Seneca reserva¬ , sented by President Washington in 1793 ' tion and is of pure Indian blood. He re¬ jte Red Jacket (Sagoyewatha,) the famous ceived a good education in Rochester and | Seaeca eh,ef- The Red Jacket club of Can- elsewhere and became a civil engineer. He jandaigua has claimed to be the owner of rendered great aid to the Hon. Lewis i that medal ; so has General Ely S. Parker H. Morgan of this city in the preparation of famous work on'the League of the Iro- VV'uo'is, ana the work was dedicated to him. Mr Parker resided for a time at Galena, Ill where he made the acquaintance of U. S. Grant. He took an active part in the civil war. served on the staff of p“?slf in 1794 by Red Jacket it would General Grant, and reached the rank of naturally show few. if any, signs of wear naturally . u it3 original brevet brigadier-general. When Grant was j lmins ”ontu, •• while |' general of the army General Parker was one of his secretaries. In 1869 President Grant appointed him commissioner of Indian affairs and he served as- such until lbit, when he resigned and went into business m as a civil engineer. p«ed in the Ontario Coanty Two years ago General Parker saw Kmef rf WrfrfW Mr. Conover mn*\ the medal belonging to the Red Jacket o The inference, drawn by Mr. Harm ttas club of Canandaigua on exhibition at Tiffany:s, labeled 11 Red Jacket’s Medal. ” ~<*—*$r He caned at the store, assured the Tiffany :r«„sr'b“ i.e people that the medal was not the one woin by “ the last of the Senecas,” and showed them the genuine Red Jacket medal. The medal on exhibition was, however, a does the one in possession of Geneial My » o-enuine Washington Indian medal, shaped: Parker.” and inscribed on both sides like the one up ~the red jacket MEDAL. General Parker’s possession, and with the same date—mj^-jhsjongestdiarneter ^ IN , authobitativk statement five inches, while the Red Jacket medal was AN seven inches wide. In a letter to the Hon. REGARD TO this HISTORIC REM George S. Conover, General Parker said: It is almost a century since these medals were Editors Time*-The Allowing let- given and I believe nearly all of the present from Mr. George H. Ham possessors of the Washington Indian medals ter eminent historical investigator have be^un to trace their ownership hack to the Bed Jacket. Besides mine and this one at of Rochester, H. Y., Canandaigua. I hear of one being m some cohec- a flood of light on the history o the tinn at Albanv, another in the collection of the Pennsylvania"Historical society at Philadelphia, Red Jacket medal in possession of the and another still in Texas. Red Jacket Club, Canandaigua N . At Bed Jacket’s death, and m accordant > Mr Harris has for many years been a Indian custom, my medal was given by his relatives, in the distribution of bis persona, Pat-t, untiring | effects, to one James Johnson, a favorite nephevi of hta, and at that time a young and prominent chief. Johnson retamed it sr*"-town sites in Western NewHrd' York, b | about twenty years, and at my aS^ leading sachem of the Iroquois confeder acy 1851 I was formally invested with it by the become **~**?j£ h". master of ceremonies placing it about my nec , The speaker remarking the fact that it was given n“.r ^ M,great by the great Washington to my tribal relative ZLs the Senecas on the Cattaraugus Bed jfcket and that it was to be retained reservation some time since adopted and worn as evidence of the bond of perpeW peace and friendship established and enteed him into the family of C. C. Lay, • Lto between the people of the UnitedLStates S. interpreter, giving him^® “‘JJj and the Six Nations of Indians at the tune of of Ho-tar-shan-nyooh, or Th I its presentation. There were scores of chiefs and other Indians present at this ceremony who finder: , personally had known Bed Jacket and were JSCKS OP-S SASBOBIW. familiar wixh the medal, and it is not probable DANSVILLE, N. Y„ Jan J. , ’I or supposable that they all would have been de¬ ceived as to its genuineness, or countenanced an Eon. Geo. 8. Conovlr, Geneva, N. J imposition by having a bogus medal placed Bear Fne7^: o£ the Ontario about my neck on so important an occasion. forwarded, the copy 4 which I have since met many old settlors of Buffalo COUNTY °f8Jr aad the article „r,a vie-'nitv • • • who have asked me t you sent to Roeheste , late show them the medal, aud they have instantly and invariably recognized it as the °ne they had Thomas M^eTol'cnaudaigua, 1 so often seen worn by Bed Jacket and also tl e bead string by which it is suspended. “r^rwri-cSouts - The Washington medals are all msenbed all A« yon are^™’h aQd unable to upon both sides, varying only injzeand da e. 1 ^vi^^^u^^jxtended letter,. or article, Jacket Club of Canandaigua, and yet for your • personal satisfaction I not Red Jacket’s personal ornament? will brave the disapproval of my phy¬ Let me suggest a simple test:—I have sician by a short statement re¬ never seen any description nor heard garding the famous medal. I any mention of the present condition You know I have been engaged of the Canandaigua medal; but if it many years collating material for a is the one handed to Parrish in 1794 history of Horatio Jones, the noble by Red Jacket, it will naturally show old patriot and pioneer of the few,if any,sign8 of use or wear, having GeDesee Valley. Jasper Parrish was been worn by its original owner but a captured by the Indians in 1777, and fe sv months; while the medal owned and Jones in 1781 The Mohawk home worn by Red Jacket, now possessed by of the former was at Niagara and the General Parker, bears abundant evi¬ Seneca home of Jones was on the dence of many years’ service on the Genesee, but the two boys were breast of the Seneca orator. often companions in captivity, and If these conditions can be substan¬ during their enforced residence tiated I think you will find in due with the Iroquois formed a friend- j time that the above is the correct his¬ ship as strong and unselfish as tory of the medal now owned by the that which bound the hearts of Jon¬ Red Jacket Ciub, of Canandaigua; athan and David; hence the record that the statement of Jasper Par- of Jones’ life includes many incidents rish’s'deseendants that he received the regarding Parrish; and the manner in medal from Red Jacket is true; and which the so-called Red Jacket medal I that General Parker now possesses came into the hands of Jasper Parrish iRed Jacket’s personal medal. constitutes one of these incidents as I have a collection of facts regard¬ related in my manuscript history of ing these medals that I had intended JoDes, to put in form months ago, but the Briefly—one of the six Iroquois pressure of business upon me for the chiefs whom Washington honored i past two years has left no time fo: with medals, died prior to the Canan¬ thought or pen, and I am now in no daigua treaty of 1794, and the deceased condition to enter into extended ex¬ chieftain’s family requested Red Jack¬ planations. I will simply add that the et to return his medal to the Great idea advanced by Mr. Howell that Father of the United States. Horatio Parrish had the medal that once be¬ Jones was then a chief and acting in¬ longed to Farmer’s Brother, is not: terpreter of the Seneca nation, while correct. Jasper Parrish was the official inter¬ I hope you are improving, and that preter of the United States, As my the road to health may soon be our manuscript is at Rochester I cannot only thoroughfare. I am gainiug give the exact date, but two or three slowly, and endeavor to keep cheer¬ days after the Canandaigua council ful and hopeful. opened, Red Jacket made a speech in With kind regards to yourself and open convention, saying he held family. in his hand a medal which one of the As ever Geo. H. Harris. distinguished Senecas had received From the above it will be seen that from Washington; that the chief had since died, and in accordance with the Red Jacket actually presented a medal native custom on such occasions at the council at Canandaigua and his people now returned the medal which was placed in the hands of Jas¬ to the representatives of those from per Parrish. Mr. Harris is very whom it was received. I have always understood that conscientious in making any statement Jones acted as the Seneca interpreter and never asserts a fact unless he has on that occasion, but that Jasper Par¬ abundant proof to sustain his asser-1 rish, as United States Interpreter, per¬ tions. sonally received the medal from Red Jacket. For many years he has patiently Why Parrish retained the medal as and thoroughly investigated the life individual property I do not know, and times of Horatio Jones, and to my but as he was a man of strict integrity certain knowledge has gathered many and above even suspicion of wrong doing, there can be not the shadow of items and facts that are new and of a doubt that he was fully authorized the greatest interest. to keep the medal, by General Chapin Having had the care and manage¬ or others then in charge of Indian ment of the Arcade and other real es¬ affairs. You will ask how I know that the tate of the late Mortimer Reynolds, medal above mentioned is the one in and being in ill health for the past i questionmm now belonging to the Red jthree or four years, he has hitherto 24 v»r-

By tariffs and tux laws her industries I beeu prevented trom finishing up, put ting in shape, and publishing the re-1 and commerce were ruined by test acts) and personal disabilities; her schools and suit of aDy of his investigations. It churches were virtually destroyed. Says is sincerely to be hoped that his health will be completely restored so that the Froude, “Men of spirit and energy re¬ vast amount of material he has collect¬ fused to remain in a country where they ed may be collated and given to the were held unfit to receive the rights of: citizeus, and thenceforward until the public. The inference cfrawn by Mr. Harris speil of tyranny was broken in 1782, an that the Canandaigua medal is the nual ship loads of families poured them¬ one that was presented to Mr. selves out of fc'eifast^and Londonderry, Parrish is confirmed by the in snd sought homes in the wilds of Am¬ erica. formation I have received from Jas. A. Robson, Esq., who was Good men mourned at the desolation not aware of the object of the inquiry, of so fair a province, but it was theyeryi that the medal shows no such signs best thing that could have happened,! of hard usage as does the one in lor it transferred this thrifty and liberty- j possession of General Ely S. Parker. loving people to ihe most favorable pos¬ Geneva, N. Y., Jan 24, 1893. ition, where they could successfully Geo. S. Conover. accomplish the very work God design¬ ed, These gallent defenders of London¬ derry, their sons and giandsons became From,._.. the life aDd soul of the great rebellion, winch enabled the followers of John Knox to create a state without a King, ! .AJL and a church without a Bishop. William Aulis, born near Londonder¬ Date,?, ry, January 21, 1748, when scarcely six¬ teen years old, came with one of the i'lUJN Kbit SKETCHES. emigrant ships from Belfast, and landed! in Boston. Having a superior education I he engaged in teaching in Boston or its! William A nils, the Pioneer of vicinity. It is a significant fact, aa the! Pleasant Valley. records show, that a very large propor¬ tion of the preachers, professors of col¬ It Is well known that the province of leges and teacners in America, at an Ulster in Ireland was settled by the early period were from Ulster, indicat¬ Scotch Covenanters in Ihe Seventeenth ing that it was then entitled to be count¬ century, by whose industry the forbid ed the new Athens of the old world., ding bogs and fens were converted into {Learning of the death of his father a blooming fields, and its wild streams few years after young Aulis returned to harnessed to mills and manufactories, Ireland, received his patrimony, and in and its unvexed seas burdened with com¬ 1771, sailed again to Boston, and there merce. This proyince, for its thrift, resumed his old employment, de soon civilization and intelligence, was not¬ married the young widow of Captain ed throughout the world. Its growth Nelson, who was lost at sea. She was a, and prosperity aroused the jealousy of lady of culture and refinement. Desir-j the friends of the established church and ing to engage in some permanent busi¬ the ruling dynasty. No wonder! the ness, he removed to New Brunswick, N. people were Presbyterians of tne strict¬ J., and there opened a country store, j est type, and acknowledged no sovereign erected a flouriug mill, and became a | but God. They were the stern advocates of civil as well as of religious liberty. landholder to a consiberable extent,. He There were strenuous efforts made by was in a flourishing condition when the the ruling powers to crush so dangerous war of the revolution opened. An ard | a community. Royalty and church es ent whig—he was m a critical position, j tablishment was in danger. surrounded by tories, and in the very! truck ot Ttie contending hosts. Earnestly desiring to take a hand in the fray, he deemed it advisable to dis¬ From,. pose of his property for the best terms he could obtain, and probably received \ his pay in Continental currency irom his loyalist purchaser. He then removed •A. hia family to Lancaster county for safety, I Date, (~> / / £/? / (where there was a large settlement ot jfccotch-Insh, whigs to the back-bone. |Leaving there his wife, her daughter by NEARLY 100 TEARS AGO. J Captain Nelson and hia children born to him, he hastened to the front and served EVEN THE CIDER MADE IN OVID in the till the close of WAS EXCELLENT. the war. He returned to his family in A Traveller’* Record of Eirly Settlement Lancaster, when lie found himself in ■ot Geneva, Romulus, Ovid and Canan¬ 1 somewhat straightened circumstances daigua comes to (Light and (Furnishes In¬ owing to his pecuniary losses aud neg¬ teresting Fact*. lect of business. Voyage Dans La Haute Pensyl-vanie Et I On his second trip to America he was Dans L'Etat De New York (by an adopted j .accompanied by his cousin, by the name ■member of the Oneida Nation, translated! and published by the author of the Letters j jot Calhoun, a relative of the family of of an American Farmer.) 3 Vols. and at¬ John C. Calhoun, wno immediately las 8vo Pans, 1801. ma.ie his way to tiouth Carolina. It was Extract from Vol. 3 beginning at page 145. Mr, Aulls inientioh to have followed When crossing the Cayuga reservation we ; ■ him and take up his residence in the Pal- met several old chiefs of this Nation engag¬ rnetto btate. After a struggle of several ed in fishing in the Lake; they gave us years he found himseif comparatively some fish and two days larer we entered (poor, notwithstanding his desire to emi the district of Romulus,* where almost all grate to South Carolina, he gave up the the settlers Jiad the fever, and this made us i project for he would not go among hasten to the eastern shores of Canoderago friends as “a poor relation,” In 179a, orSeneeca, where we discovered the town or Capt. Williamson established his head¬ rather the humble village of Geneva, ‘‘If, quarters in Northumberland, not far said Mr. Herrnon, we can compard little from Lancaster, and was engaged Id things with great, I should say that the {opening his celebrated road from the view recalls the idea of new Salente, found¬ ed like this, in the midst of the woods by jSusquchana at Williamsport to the Gen- men who like these Genevans had been jnesse at Williamsburgh, for the purpose I obliged to fly from their native country. of bringing in settlers from Pennsylva¬ How powerful must have been the motives nia to his new purchase in Ontario coun¬ which persuaded these families to cross the ty. It was completed in the spring of j ocean to settle among a .people whose lan- 1793, and in April the Captain ouened i guage even they did not know ! How his land office at Bath for the sale of many sacrifices they must have been oblig¬ lauds. Mr, Aulls had heard much of ed to make in giving up their old homes the beauty and fertility of the far-famed and in becoming hard working colonists ! jGennesse country. How many privations must they not suffer [to Bfi CONTINUED, j before living in ease! ” ■“So, said I, the many dissensions and the wars so common in the old world con¬ tribute to populate this one. After we had landed, the only inn in the village, (which was also a store,) was polnt- out to us, where to our great satisfaction, . we found neatness and abundance. “You have come a few years too soon,” said tte proprietor in Frencn, “ we are still, as you there wou’d be room, whose government •see, in the midst ol the difficulties audj an i laws would be staple and protecting, j labors of first settlement. We have been | where eaoh could live by his own industry The stumps of the i ? litre only four years. without being exposed to arbitrary imposi¬ are having the for- i trees still ex’st. We tions, where at lad we could be separ ted tune of new settlers, but with the assistance forever from the storm ol Demagogueism of heaven, we, like so many others, shall as well as from tae center of wars mid a- sometime enjoy some of the fruits of our larms which so often take p'ai e in the old -labors, and Oitr children shall enjoy them world. Here we believe, we have found after us. Yes, it requires more courage this advantage. than would be thought of in Europe before This new Geneva, he continued, is like being deeently * housed here, before our the old one situate on the shores of a Like, field-ij -our yards, and our gardens are equal in length to Leman but less in width, cleared up and in ^condition to bear grain, j and, as it is not surrounded by mountains, vegetables and fniits. Unless the settler j storms are rarer. Already its shores begin lives a^ong life, kt is generally only tu.e to be moderately cultivated. There are; y second generation which can enjoy the some orchards, the cider from which is ex- j mellowed land, an orchard in full bearing eellent. That which you drink comes from and passable roads. the town of Ovid, where there was built What considerations caused you to form last year a pretty schooner of 70 tons which a settlement so far from the sea ? brings into our warehouses the farm pro¬ The ease of communication, the fertility ducts intended to be shipped on the Senee- of the soil, and, let me tell you, the repu¬ ea This river, as you perhaps know, fails: tation of Col. Williamson, proprietor of an into tbe Oswego or the Onondaga, from immense concession which extends to Lake which boats pass to Lake Oneida and enter Ontario and covers a vast expanse of the Mohawk by the new Stanwick canal! country Besid-s the virtues of the man, I 270 miles in length. he possesses all the talent, activity, gener-1 This young town, should, by its position, osity and candor, as well as all the qaaii- j become at some time the market for all the ties necessary for the found e# of such aI commodities of the neighboring . regions, large colony. We acquired the township ! the quantity of which increase by the popu. from him In the bargain he gave us 200 lation. By means of a very short canal, in¬ acres of land, of which 100 are intended 1 tended to unite the waters of the little Sen- for a church which we are going to found, ecca,£whieh falls into the southern part of and the other 100 for a school wh eh is this Lake, and those of the Tioga (branch already begun. He thinks of everything,! of the eastern Susquehanna), we shall have foresees, everything even to the improve¬ easy communication with the interior of ment in the breeding of horses and cattle. i Pennsylvania. Col. Williamson, who has Happy are the Wriest colonists that have had levels taken, estimates the cost of the * to deal with hitn. We respect him like a construction of this canal at only twenty father, he loves us as children. The price thousand pounds sterling. of his land is fncreasing every day. We Come here in ten years and you will not know that he lias asked from the Legis¬ recognize this country, which without lature, and that he ought to obtain at its doubt, appears to you very wild and sav¬ next session, a charter of incorporation for age. Our humble log houses will then be this little village, which will contribute replaced by pretty dwellings, our fields will much to its prosperity. be well enclosed, the stumps of the trees Why did you lea- e the shores of Lake will have disappeared. Leman to settle on these of Canoderago? He spoke to us then of the new village of The fear of the volcanic explosion-which Canadargue 25 miles west of Geneva to¬ in 1790 made themselves felt in all parts o’ wards the northern extremity of the beau¬ did not spread their terrible lava tiful lake known by the same name ; of the over our City, which as you know, is only village of Bath, of Canawaga, of Ontario, a point in immensity. Subsequent occurr¬ etc., settled nor far from the River Jene- ences have only to evidently justifi d our zee ; of a number of settlements which prudence and onr presentiments. were formed in this country within a few Besides we are tired of a Bern cratic years ; of the fertility of the plains which rule whose violent changes did not permii this river crosses ; of a colony which Col. us to enjoy more than 10 or 12 ye

Ontario, 30 miles from Oswego, and 90 from | umvirate ot directive officers, whom Rich¬ Niagara ; of the bilious fever to which the mond values for their excellences. The settlers were much more exposed thau in second of these is your own loved presi- 1 dent—the chief herald of the cause of the other parts of the State ; of his theories education in our teeming republic. The of the cause of this disease ; of his hopes Hon. William Wirt Henry and Colonel Archer Anderson hold the first and third that the drying of the marshes and the culg trusts. Since 1870 tho essential exponent tivation of the wood land would make the of our State has been known more simply i as the Virginia Historical Society, having country healthy. relegated then philosophy to the dreamer, .After we had stayed three days in this i It had a predecessor in imposing name more than a half centurybefore. new village some of its settlers proposed to The Philosophical Society for the Diffu¬ shorten our route, go by water to the town sion of Useful Knowledge, instituted at of Ovid 20 miles away : The charming trip the ambrosial capital of the Old Domin¬ ion—Williamsburg, m the month of flow¬ which we made on the only schooner on ers—May, 1773. I may recur to it again. the Lake whose name she bore. Having Does not history repeat itself? A Vir¬ ginian proclivity is reasserted in the name crossed this town where we met many fam¬ of your promising society. Constituted ilies which had settled there for two yeaiS as you are of representatives of quite every county of our own State and of many of we came to Cayuga, etc. the southern sisterhood; bouyed with the infectious ardor and activity of youth why should we not in the results of your devo¬ tion hope for a golden fruition in your co¬ operative and inspiring investigations? 1 Devoutly, may the Geographical and Historical Society in unlimited usefulness endure as a feature of this beneficent in¬ stitution, the providence and zeal of Whose faculty called it into being 1 Virginia has not been unmixedly blessed in the officers of her annalists and histo¬ Batej rians. Doughty John Smith, whilst in the enamored description that “Heaven and earth seemed never to have agreed better to frame a place for man’s commodious and delightful habitation,” offers sweet (lj A LOOK BACKWARDS. pabulum to our regard for our gen¬ erous mother, is yet most unlovely m his virulent denunciation of his fellow- colonists. Whatever his merit, it is not The Colonial Virginian Treated by easy to forget some peculiar trait of his. Prom adventurous John, along the cycle Mr. R. A. Brock. of Virginia’s being, have the children of her own womb bared her bosom to the shaft of the detractor. HAPPILY ANTICIPATED. A VALUABLE ADDRESS. The invitation to address you was a sur¬ prise to me. In casting about for a sub¬ ject I at first thought to utilize some notes I had gathered as to the provision for edu- Education, Religion, the Professions, and i cation made by our forefathers, but that Social Influences in the Early Days dutiful office has been most happily an- of the Old Dominion. J ticipated in the elaborate address of Mr. f Wyndham R. Meredith on “ Colonial Cul¬ ture in Virginia,” delivered before the literary societies of William and Mary Col¬ The Dispatch gives this morning in full lege July 1st last. I am told that its pub¬ the address of Mr. R. A. Brock, secretary lication in durable form is designed. It is of the Southern and the Virginia Histori¬ eminently worthy of your consideration. cal Societies, delivered last Tuesday night There is another presentation that I would commend to you in its interest and in the before the “ Society for Historical and Geo¬ a attractive views it unfolds—the eloquen graphical Study of Richmond College.” address of Dr. Thomas Nelson Page befori The address will be found pregnant with the literary societies of Emory and Henry College June 10th last on “The Social Lifen j valuable and interesting historical facts. I Mr. Brock said: of Old Virginia.” In serving you this evening mine shall I Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen,— be but a modest effort. I shall endeavor The Geographical and Historical Society simply to add a few lights to the delinea¬ of Richmond College, at whose bidding I tions of the gentleman cited. If aught' have the honor to be here, was happy, I that I offer as to the Virginian character trust, in the choice of its designation. may prove suggestive to you I shall be It should be potential in its range of pos- sincerely gratified. ! pibilities. It follows, emulously, it One whoso labors in behalf of American teems, other Virginian precursors of en- history are valuable, confesses his “ per¬ I llglltGIIIDGnt. plexity ” (2) as to the sources of Virginian ; ■ The original title of a dignified body ability and cites a prominent Virginian Which I have for years striven to serve. m educator (3) as an authority in his mystifi¬ Was the Virginia Historical and Philosophi¬ cation. Withal, he makes the somewhat cal Society. It was organized December Singular admission that “the product was ! E9, 1831, with Chief-Justice Marshall as its here, for the number of educated Vir¬ first president. It is honored now in a tri- ginians was large as compared with such *>

l

The Established Church in Virginia has ■persons in other colonies: Ouf~the ma¬ been arraigned tor the persecution of those chinery appeared to be jvanting, and in a differing from them in religious tenets. onntar peopled with Wen of high culture | The Cavaliers of Virginia and the Puri¬ for ‘ At time) and of great political | tans of New England agreed in thinking nowll^Ke and experience the educational' religion an essential part of .the State, j actor Wn b&rdly be traced. * * * * * Between the two, in characteristic ele¬ the fact remains, however, that the list qt. ments, there was unavoidable autagonism. Revolutionary leaders in Congress and in It would be more pleasant and charita¬ State' politics from 1765 to 1799 would bo ble to regard our ancestors as not implaca¬ very much lessened in number and im¬ bly intolerant. portance were the Virginians to be stricken It is not to be forgotten that the parish from it.” To him who would believe levies were largely disbursed in the ex¬ there should be little cause for marvel. penses of local government and the sup¬ "Whatever may have been the general in¬ port of the poor and helpless. : terest of the English nation in colonizing The historian Beverly states that “liber¬ Virginia the fact should not be ignorc-d ty of conscience is given to all other con- i that in the first charter of King James to gregations pretending to Christianity, on I the Virginia company ‘‘their desires in condition that they submit to the parish! the “propagating of the Christian re-i dues ” (10). In 1705 the Erench Protestant ligion ” has signal acknowledgment. Refugees at Manakin-Town, were exempts . THE HENCOPOLIS MASSACRE. ed from the “ payment of all publiok and i This pious object is noted in the third: county levies,” and the “allowance set-! and last charter. Was there no earnest¬ tied by law for a minister’s maintainance ” j was enacted not to be construed as to tno j ness in reiterated desire 'i It is admitted by Neill, who is constantly cited as an minister of said parish of King William h arch-detractor of the glories of Ould but that the inhabitants be left at their Virginia,” that the Virginia company were own liberty to agree with and pay their the first to take steps relative to the estab¬ minister as their circumstances will ad-! lishment of schools in the English col¬ mit ” (11). In 1730 tbelGerman Protestants I onies of America. (4) . It is not at Germanna, in Stafford county, were ex-1 only ungenerous but disingenuous to empted from the payment of parish, urge that the results of the desire for levies (12). There is basis for the be-i the civilizing and Christianizing of the lief that the persecution of the natives ended substantially witii the Quakers was never inexorable and, , blight of the College at Hearico polls by that their religious meetings were allowed : the Indian massacre of March 22, 1622. i from the period of their first seating, The conversion of the “ gentle Pocahon¬ in the colonv. In 1683 John Porter, a mem- tas” can scarcely be regarded as unim¬ ber of the House of Burgesses from lower portant fruit. The Indians, like those of Norfolk county, was arraigned before the | . our own day, were perverse pupils. Never- j House for being “ loving to the Quakers,” theless, efforts for their enlightenment did | and being “at their meetings.” He was • not cease. The Brafferton school at Wil¬ also charged with being “so far an Ana-; liam and Mary College, endowed by the bantist as to be against the baptizing of Hon. Robert Boyle in 1691, it is noted by j children ” (13). I recall among the trea- j an English traveller, exercised its useful sures of the very interesting museum of offices in 1759, (5) and it is believed that [ tin's college a precious relic, a brick from ' they were continued until tlie period 01 the Chesterfield jail, a votive shrine of re- , the Be volution. Governor Spotswood, m ligious liberty, as the prison of Baptist 1711 desiring to increase the iaciiiuies tor apostles. Foote, the Presbyterian histo¬ the education of the Indians, recommend¬ rian, asserts that under the provisions or ed to the Assembly an annual appropriation the Act of Toleration—1st. William and tor the purpose. (6) That the companions Mary, 1689, the minister Francis Makemie, • of John Smith were not as graceless as he who was also a merchant, was tha first would stigmatize them as being, it is in evi¬ Dissenter licensed to hold meetings m Vir¬ dence that they held religious observances ginia, the date being October, 1699, and | in regard. , , the places his three houses at Pocomoke, . Their piety and reverence are instanced Accomack town, and Onancock (14). both by Smith and Wingfield. In Bag- ' It is well known that the Quakers were . nail’s narative in the “Histone 1 of the quite numerous in Nansemond and Isle of | first (7) it is noted that “ order was daily Wight counties about the middle of th&j to haue prayer with a Psalme” ; and Wing¬ seventeenth century. field states that when their store of liquors HENRICO QUAKERS. was reduced to two gallons each of sack John Pleasants, the ancestor of thei and “aqua vitse,” the first was ‘‘reserved j for the communion-table.” (8)iue Vir¬ worthy family of the name in this coun-1 ginia Assemby, which met at Jamestown try, emigrated from Norwich, England, to July 30, 1619, the first representative legis¬ Virginia in 1665, and settled in Henrico lative body convened in America, en¬ county in 1638. In the records of thei joined the religious instruction of the comity, of date October 1, 1692, appears' natives. It also enacted that all persons the following : whatsoever upon the Sabbath days shall j “John Pleasants, in fcehalt of himself frequent Divine service and sermons both and other Quakers, did this day, in open j forenoon and afternoqn.”^). court p’sent ye following Acc’t of- ye i Drunkenness, gaming, and blasphemy Quaker places of public meeting in this were rigorously punished. county—viz., Att our Public Meeting, House, P Thomas Hoims [presumed to be CHURCH ATTENDANCE. the minister]; Att Mary Maddox’s, a The requirement of church attendance, monthly meeting; Att John Pleasants’. the interdiction of travelling on the Sab¬ These are directed to be committed to re-1 bath, and the punishment of various in¬ cord as the Act of Parliament enjoins, dulgences and immoralities were continued they being the places of worship. in enactments of increasing severity, and John Pleasants, Henry Randolph, C. these statutes remained, in the Code with¬ C.(15.) . ! out modification until the period of the The Record Book of the Henrico Meet- j - American .Revolution, as Betting's Statutes ings of the Society of Friends from 1699 verify. Religious liberty is a priceless to 1746 is preserved. boon. At a monthly meeting of the Society of -Luo court, nowever, not Knowing Uot Friends held March 3, 1700, it was agreed to proceed to judem’t ” referred tlTe ease VvitU John Pleasants to build a new meet- | to the Supreme Court, the Council, for d<£ lug-house 30x70 feet in dimensions instead cision. The Council in like perplexity re¬ ' of repairing the old one. A just inference is ared it to too Attorney-General, Stevens ; tnat the old one was so dilapidated that it Ihomson He gave it as his “ optnfon was judicious to build a new structure that the County C’t should have made a It may be of interest to note that the fuller examination” (iy). j ancestors of the lamented Henry K. Elly- 1 he persecution of the alleged witch it ;Son, the late honored president ot the i?ny„ba6+rncIuded ended with thi3 opm- -Hoard of trustees of this college, were 1 “i Q,here is no further record of the members of the Henrico Meetiug of case. She survived, it appears, until 1741 friends. If there was not an earlier house ln wi“cil 3lie bequeaths her estate of worship of the Quakers in Norfolk, to three sons, being of record in that year ' -Nansemond, or Isle of Wight counties, with m Princess Anne county (20). It is signi- some, it might be held that in this early facant that the forewoman of the able fury licensed meeting-house in Henrico county was Rhza Barns, from Anne Arundel eounf rests the honor of the germ of Religious ty, Md„ which was the harbor of the Puri- -Liberty in Virginia. b&D S. Sweet charity! how waywardly thy be¬ the bace elements. hests and sometimes misinterpreted. |. 13 t0 be deplored that the zeal of soma The constitution of the population of intinerants betrayed them into unseemly Virginia in tile seventeenth century—the utterances. It would be a rare Christian race elements that entered into its comno- I indeed, who would be pleased with a char¬ sition may be noted. It is conclusively acterization such as this: “At church ye or ELEVATING THE XEGBO. the alphabet in swelling numbers and com¬ " Had the African been left, like the In¬ prehensive examples of ability and worth. dianan hisnMive freedom, his would have More than a score of knights and baro¬ nets had residence in the colony from time to time, and the descendants of the Skip- withs, Fairfaxes. Peytons, and Diggs, and s;s^yhohihto^hoin?ff4: perhaps others are among us still. USES OF HERALDRY. Heraldry may yet be oae of tbe studies taught iu the law schools. It has its ma¬ terial uses in determining succession and inheritance. It is beginning to have one largely ostentatious in republican Ameri¬ ca. The study has also iys incidental | rising in trie intellectual and moral order; gmians in the struggles for Independence, until he is far above his race in their na¬ They are admitted lo be whole-souled tive scats.” rebels. In these facts we see traces of an all-wise It is an old subject of complaint that Providence in permitting the black man to Virginians devoted themselves too exciu- be brought here and subjected to the dis¬ clsiveiy to agricultural and individual en¬ cipline of slavery, tempered by Christiani¬ terprises. The history of our colonial ty and regulated by law. Verily, if there legislation is replete with acts to en¬ bad been no other end of such a procedure courage the establishment of towns. To this seeming sharp Providence of God Virginia helcmffs the honor of in&ngurating would have been highly justified. Africa the manufacture of iron in America. In GAVE VIRGINIA A SAVAGE AND A SLAVE—VIR¬ 1619, on Failing creek, a tributary of James GINIA GIVES BACK TO AFRICA A OITIZEN AND A river, Chesterfield county, about seven Christian (28)! miles below the present city ot Manches¬ It is encouraging to know that a promi¬ ter, works for smelting iron were erected. nent negro, the Methodist Bishop Turner, The Indian massacre of 1622 unfortunately accepts this just conclusion. In an ad¬ terminated the enterprise. There wore dress delivered recently in Baltimore he early efforts for the cultivation of flax said: "I believe that Providence sanc¬ and hemp and the breeding of silk-worms tioned slavery for a time in order to bring for the manufacture of fabrics. In 1657 the negro in contact with the white race premiums were offered for the production that he might absorb the white man’s of silk, flax, and other staple eommodi- Christianity and civilization and [he 1 ties (32). added, what is of infinite moment to the races.] return to Africa and civilize his brethren Mr. Meredith, whose able address I have there." referred to, conclusively refutes the charge What a truly grand destiny this would of illiteracy and disregard for education I be tor the “Afro-American.” in our ancestors. My limits, with the com¬ The Virginian planter was essentially a prehensive view I have essayed, will allow me only opportunity for the statement of transplanted Englis liman in tastes and convictions and emulated the amenities some facts in augmentation of his presen¬ tation. and the culture of the mother country. I The ease with which wealth was acquired, My own examination of various records in planting, fostered the habits of person¬ of Virginia incidental to historical re¬ al indulgence and generous expenditure search has proven to me that the general into which he was led bv hereditary cha¬ educational attainments of the Virginia racteristics. colonists, from tne earliest period, com¬ Hardy sports and habitual exercise in pared favorably with such average acquire¬ the saddle intensified his self-reliance and ments in Old England or New England. instinct of command. My friend, President Tyler, of William and Mary College, who has carefully examined Prom the meeting of the first Assembly the records of York county from 1645, in¬ I in 1619 the colonists enjoyed ail the privi¬ leges of Englishmen. , They were loyal to forms me that they sustain this conclusion. He found, however, at the conclusion of the Crown. The inconveniences arising from their distance from the throne were the seventeenth century evidences at a counterbalanced by advantages resulting marked improvement in education and in material circumstances. Possessions were ; from the same distance and their wilder- Iness home. The King could raise a more valuable and included many con¬ revenue only through the House of Bur- comitants of comfort and refinement. Mr. Igesses. They were ever jealous of in¬ Meredith proves from the marriage bonds fractions of their rights. To stimulate recorded in Norfolk county from 1750’to individual energy and extend individual 1761 that 94 per cent, of its inhabitants could write. liberty was paramountly their aim. A representative government having been Indentured servants and others, who by established, domestic organization and service usually for three years, repaid the uolicy were soon moulded to meet substan¬ costs advanced for their transportation tially the wants of the people. Article 8 (here the term transport) were employed of the Assembly of 1623-’24 (29) declares from an early period. Many of such ser¬ that “ the Governor shall notiav any taxes vants were persons of education, who by or ympo3itions upon the colony, their vicissitude of fortune had fallen into lands or commodities other way than by poverty. I published from the original in the Richmond Standard November 16, the authority of the General Assembly, to be levyed and ymployed as the said Assem- 1878, an indenture dated July 1, 1628, ibly shall appoynt.” In 1642 they declared binding one John Logwood to service for | “ freedom of trade to be the blood and four years to Edward Hurd, in Virginia. |life of a community" (80). This document is witnessed by excellent { signatures of two servants of Hurd. Such bacon’s rebellion. 1 educated servants were constantly em¬ The cumulus of political grievance in ployed as tutors in the families of the 1676 was stoutly met by what in history ! planters. The fact is noted by a traveller has been termed Bacon’s rebellion. In in 1748. who writes of the Virginians: 11718 the payment of a penny-a-letter post¬ Those that can’t afford to send their chil¬ age on letters from England was resisted dren to the better schools send them to on the ground that Parliament could not the country schoolmaster. * * * Often levy a tax here without the consent of the a clever servant * is indentured to some General Assembly, which body wrote Gov¬ planter * * as a schoolmaster.(33) ernor Spotswood, to the Lords of Trade, TWENTY CHURCHES IN 1649. rendered the imposition inoperative by In 1649 there were twenty churches in declaring the postmaster “ in no ways Virginia, with ministers to each. There lyable by the Act of Parliament,” and by was also besides other schools, a free laying a penalty of £5 on him for every school in Elizabeth City county amply letter “ he demands or takes from a Board endowed by bequest of Benjamin Symes any ship.” The appointing of stages was in 1634—the first iegacty for such purpose also interdicted by onerous penalties (31). made by a resident ot the American plan¬ Thus was the prime resistance of Vir¬ tations (34). ginia to the Stamp Act heralded. You are I Other free schools followed in the bene¬ [familiar with the exemplification ofWir- factions of Virginia planters—in Glouces-

jmfc r, ■PH

John Pott in 1621. (33) The ter county’in 1676, founded by Henry ernor of the colony in 16281 Paaslev': in Westmoreland in 1700. by Wil¬ deficiency onward of sucb, mi liam Horton; in Accomao in 1710, by find “Chirurgeoa” John . Sawuel'Sanford; in Elizabeth City in 1730, others in 1610, and a little late by Thomas Eaton. In 1700 there were five Daniel Parko, Robert Ellisoti, schools in Henrico county. Beverley, : Haddon, and Patrick Napier, writing about the same period, states: I county. ‘‘ There are largo tracts of land, houses, Dr. John Mitchell, F. R. S., emin and other things granted to free schools i botanist as well as physician, lo~ in many parts of the county, and soma'of , Middlesex in 1700. Another alike - them are so large that, of themselves, they | distinguished in science was John Clayton, are a handsome maintamence for a mas¬ who settled in Gloucester in 1708. ter. * * In all other placos where such j John Tennent, Sr. and Jr., of Spotsyl¬ endowments have not already been made j vania, the former of whom made valuable the people join and build schools for the contributions to medical literature. children (35). Dr. William Cabell, who had been a sur¬ In 1724, in the replies to the Bisaop of geon in the British navy, and was. the London made by the rectors of the several founder of the distinguished family of his parishes as to the number of endowed name. Dr. John Baynbam, of Caroline, schools in Virginia, it appears that there and Dr. William Ba.ynham, of Esex county. were as many as four schools in many The heroic General Hugh Mercer, who parishes, in some of which Latin and fell at Princeton in 1777 and our own Rich¬ Greek were taught (36.) McCabe, among mond pioneers, James McClnrg and Wil¬ the sources of education in the Colony, liam Foushee, both of whom rendered ex¬ cites the “Parsons’ Schools”; that .of cellent service in the Revolution. Kev. Dovereux Jarratt, in Fluvanna I may mention also Ephriam McDowell, ‘ county ; the Classical school of Rev. son of James McDowell, of Rockbridge John Todd, in Louisa, in 1750 ; Au¬ county, who was the first surgeon: on gusta Academy, in Rockbridge, m record to successfully perform, in Ken¬ 1774_the germ of the present Washing¬ tucky, in 1809, the operation for extirpa¬ ton and Lee University ; Prince Ed¬ tion of the ovary. ward Academy, in 1776—now Hamp- den-Sidney College; Washington-Henry COLONIAL PHYSICIANS. Academy in Hanover, founded a few year3 The list of Virginia-born physicians later by Kev. John H. Biair—the “Parson graduated from Edinburgh and Glasgow Blair,” of Richmond, of revered memory : is a lengthy one. The earliest in preserved the schools of Rev. Archibald Campbell record wore Theodrick Bland, in 1763 ; and Thomas Martin (the latter of whom Arthur Lee, 1764, and Corbin Griffin, 17G5. prepared James Madison for Princeton Among the subsequent names were those College) in Richmond county; of Rev. of McClurg, Campbell, Walker, Ball, James Maurv, in Orange, (the preceptor of Boush, Lyons, Gilliam, Smith, Field, Jefferson and many eminent Virginians) ; Lewis, McOaw, Minor, Berkeley, Corbin, of Donald Robertson, of King and Queen. Brockenbrough, Adams,Greenhow, Archer, (37) I may add Rev. William Douglas, who Dabney, Banister, and others, endeared taught in Goochland and Aibemarlo coun¬ to us iii the office of their decendants. ties, and said to have boon an early pre¬ Nor was their deficiency in lights of the ceptor of Jefferson, and the classical law. It may be presumed chat their pres¬ school at “ Wingfield,"in Hanover county ; ence would not have aided in pacifying of Rev. Peter Nelson, an alumnus of Wil¬ turbulence among the early colonists. liam and Mary College, who died a minister Some names were impressed on the an- ot the Baptist church. Many eminent men nals of Virginia in the latter part of the of Virginia and the southern States wore seventeenth century. Among them I may educated by him. The providence of mention Robert Beverley, Secretary of the the parish system is indicated in the ap-. Colony and father of the historian; Wil¬ pointed duty of the vestryman in binding 1 liam Fitzhugh, the ancestor of those of out pauper children, to require by contract the name in the South; Edmund that they should have three years’ school¬ Jenings, Launcelot Bathurst, Maximilian ing. This practice is attested by the Boush, Maximilian Robinson, William vestry records of various parishes. It Robertson, Secretary of the Council, cannot be questioned that many sons of and William Byrd (thp second of the wealthy planters enjoyed the advantages name), of varied useful and accomplished of English and Scotch universities and exemplification, who was a member of the schools.of Oxford and Cambridge, Eton, Inner Temple as well as a fellow of tne Harrow, Winchester, Wakefield, York¬ Royal Society. shire, of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and of Early in the eighteenth century, we the Merchants’ Taylors’ School. have Sir John Randolph, of the Inner EABLY CLASSICAL EDUCATION. Temple and Gray’s Inn, John Holloway, In America the excellent offices of the William Hopkins (39), John Clayton. God¬ University of Pennsylvania, of Princeton, frey Pole, Edward Barradall, Stevens Harvard, and Yale were availed of. Our Thomson, and John Mercer, the last the women, ever the sweetest and noblest of founder of a distinguished family, the their sex, it is realized, were effective ffte-l compiler of an Abridgment of the Laws of tors in the formation of Virginian charac¬ Virginia, a cogent writer and an accom¬ ter. It is notable that George Wythe was plished botanist. With the luminous names taught Latin and Green by his mother,1 ot Bland Wythe, Nicholas, Henry, Robin¬ and the brilliant John Randolph " of j son, Lee, YValler, Randolph, Pendleton, Roanoke” acknowledged his indebted-! Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Wayles, Page, ne3s to the same tender regard. It hsi3; Corbm, Lyons, Tazewell, Tucker, Cary, been ever patent that the most precious Mason, Curie, Ronald, Harrison, and accomplishments have continued with the others in succeeding eras you are familiar, daughters of Virginia. The learned pro¬ BOOKS AND LIBRAKIEIS. fessions were well represented in Virginia. Books were a concomitant iu the houses In medicine Dr. Thomas Wootton was the of the planter from an early period. I pioneer in 1607. Drs. Walter Russell and have met with many memorials from Vir¬ Anthony Bagnall were here in 1608, i ginia libraries of the seventeenth century Dr. Lawrence Bohun in 1611, and Dr. j in auction sales in Richmond—waifs that Rave been transmitted in successive awaer. _I _ J , _ ’ jship. I have in reverential sentiment gar- | irisn linens',"silver* crasps, nucules, andTfut- piered many of: themin' my personal library. tons, bag and tie wigs, and a multitude of In the early decades of the eighteenth laces and ribbons; of the tipples, choqo- century libraries comprehensive in subject |late, coffee, pimento, and Bobea tea; of and extensive for the period became quite Canary, Lisbon, Madeira, Malaga, Malm¬ numerous in the colony. sey, Rhenish, Teneriffe, and Tokay wines, | Catalogues of Libraries of Colonel Wil¬ irrespective of other cheering spirits. liam Byrd, of Westover, the second of the There was sugar—brown, refined, loaf, and ■name, and of John Mercer, of “Marl¬ Muscovado. The social and inspiring boro,” are in my possession. The first, musical instruments were the violin and [the formation of which was com- the spinet. ! menced by the emigrant, William Byrd, Among professionals and artisans who and augmented by his more fa¬ served were physicians, surgeons, and mous son, enumerates 3,625 volumes in dentists, wig-makers, hair-drapers, tailors, size from duodecimo to folio. The library goldsmiths, clock- and watch-mak'rs, cut¬ of Mercer comprised 1,500 volumes, of lers, carvers, and gilders, herald- and which about one third were law-books. coach-painters, coach- and chaii-makers, The libraries of Sir John Kandolph, saddlers, makers of mattresses of curled George Mason, William Beverley, John English hair, and weavers of damasks, Herbert, William Stith, Gabriel Jones, gauzes, figured cottons, and counterpanes, ; Ralph Wormley, and others were also ex¬ tensive. TSE DRAMATIC TASTE. I have referred to the Philosophical So- Governoi fpotswood notes as early as j ciety, organized in 1773, with 100 members. 1718 an amateur dramatic performance on Its first president was John Clayton, the occasion of the celebration of tbe an¬ author of the ‘‘Flora Virginianica,” pub¬ niversary of the birthday of George I. on lished in 1739. Its treasurer was David May 1st, and there were frequent repre¬ | Jameson, long a member, and for a time sentations and more than one “ play¬ president of the Council. The second house ” in Williamsburg before the Revo¬ president of the society was John Page, an lution. able and accomplished man, subsequently But the exemplification of the Virginian- Governor of Virginia. He was an early mental, moral, martial, political, and contributor to the transactions of the social—might not be exhausted in a series American Philosophical Society. Both he of descriptive lectures. and Jameson were fond of astronomy. I Professor Richard H. Greene, of Colum¬ possess a letter, which I have mislaid, bia College, New York, in his ‘‘Alumni of written bv Jameson to Page in, I think, the Earlier American Colleges Who Have 1781, noting his observations of some as¬ Held Official Positions” awards the first tronomical phenomena, and jotted on the distinction m point of number and exalted same sheet are the observations of position to our own venerable and poten¬ Page himself of the same mani¬ tial William and Mary College. She leads festations. The society of propi¬ with three of the fourteen Presidents who tious title, whose offices were suspended have been graduates of American col¬ by the American Revolution, has left leges—Jefferson, Monroe, and Tyler. (.Vir¬ a tangible memorial. In the cabinet ginia furnished also Madison and Harrison, of the Virginia Historical Society is an on- as you are aware.; graved gold medal awarded John Hobday There have been fifteen United States in 1774 for the model of a machine for Cabinet officers, a chief and three associate threshing wheat. I would not have you justices of the United States Supreme forget , the eminent natural¬ Court, one lieutenant - general United ist who lo3t his life in 1697 by a fall in en- States army, fourteen United States en¬ j deavoring to secure a coveted plant. The voys and ministers, eighty-four United ] motto adopted by a lamented friend, the States senators and representatives in Con. late Thomas Hicks Wynne, as that of his gress, sixty judges of the United States [ valuable serial “ Documents Relating to District, Circuit, and State Courts, three I the Old Dominion”—“ Gather up the frag- presidents of colleges, and twenty-three menis that remain ”—I would, young gentle¬ governors of States.(40) Dr. Thomas Nel- men, earnestly commend to you. 1 son Page, in his able address on “ The ADVICE TO COLLECTOKS. History of the South,” delivered before In the Smithonian Institution there is an the Alumni Society, of the University of | invaluable collection of documents illus¬ Virginia, m Louisville, Ky., April 13th last, trating the history of prices in England thus eloquently invokes the coming ex¬ from 1650 to 1750, bound m fifty-four large positor of the South: : volumes, which were presented in 1852 by “If any one aspire to do his country this J. Orchard Halliwell, the eminent antiqua¬ service, let him arise. He need not fear rian and Shakesperian annotator. There for his reward. To such an one I would is a way, young gentlemen, in which you say that he must have at once the instinct may not only enrich the museum of your of the historian and the wisdom of the Alma Mater, blit contribute importantly to philosopher. He must possess the talis¬ historical investigation. Gather assidu¬ man that shall discover truth amid all the ously, in the sections of your homes seve¬ heaps of falsehood, though they be piled rally, all that may be gleaned of old docu¬ upon it like Pelion on Ossa. He must ments, letters, diaries, account-books, have the sagacity to detect the newspapers, household utensils, and abo¬ _ evil in every manifestation of the riginal implements and deposit them here i civilization he shall chronicle, though for the information of the curious and the it be gleaming with the gilding of ro- student. \ mance. He must have the fortitude to re¬ Inspection of old accounts and news- sist all temptations to deviate by so much I papers have afforded me curious informa- as a hair’s breadth from the absolute, tho I tioa as to the habits, dress, concomitants, inexorable fact, not if the angel should and amusements of colonial Virginians. attempt to beguile him. He must know The advertisements in the Williamsburg and tell the truth, the whole truth, and (Va.) Gazette of 1773 and 1774 indicate a nothing but the truth, so help him God! degree of luxurious living in our ancestors For such an one fame waits to take him which is vouchsafed to but few of us now. in her arms.” Think of Bengal silks, scarlet plushes. “ Young gentlemen, brother students, this just apotheosis is a practicality! i would fain liope that .among you it Work of the Reform' may find realization in patriotic illustra¬ tion of your own grand old State, it not Church in America. of the sisterhood of the Sunny South.

i General Historic, p. 114. 1 Worthington C. Ford, “Education in Co-, lonial Virginia,” .The Nation, November 6, 1890. ; BIRTHDAY (3) “ Virginia Schools Beforo and After tho | ITS Revolution,” an address before the Alumni of tho University of Virginia, June 27, 1888, by W. OCCURS IN APRIL. Gordon McCabe. . (4) The History of Education in Virginia Du¬ ring the Seventeenth Century, 18(57, p. 3. (5) Travels of Rev. Andrew Burnaby, Virginia , The First Synod Was Organized in Historical Register, Vol. III.. & 87. (6) Spotswood Letters, Vol. I., p. 123. Virginia Historical Collections, new series, Vol. I. Philadelphia in 1793, and the (7) General Historic, pp. 35-05. (8) Wingfleld’3 Narrative, quoted by A nderson General Synod Will Meet at in bis “ History of the Church of England in the Colonies,” Vol. 1, p. 77. (9) Colonial Records of Virginia—Senate Docu- Reading in May, and ment, 1874, pp. 20-27-28. (10) Beverley’s History of Virginia. p._220. Hold a Special Cel¬ (11) Honing’s Statutes, Vol. 111., p. 478. 12) Ibid, Vol. IV., p. 306. ebration. (13) Hening, Vol. II., p. 199- (11) Foote’s Sketches, first series, pp. 51-52. (15) Record-BOok Henrico County, p. 352. (16) Foote, pp. 137-139. ROM almost a thous¬ (17) McCabe, p. 9. . and puipits in this (18) Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society, Vol. I., 1833, pp. 69-78. . country on April (10) Calendar of Virginia State Papers, Vol. I., 30 prayers of thanksgiving will P'(2O))'L0tter from A. E. Kellam, clerk of Princess ascend because it Anna county, AuguBt 30,1891. has pleased God to (21) Tucker’s Blackstone, Vol. IV., p. 18. (22) Tucker, Vol. IV., p. 236. bless the Reformed (23) Blackstone, Philadelphia Edition, 1341, Church in the Vol. I., side-note 18, p. 137. United States dur¬ (24) Beverley, pp. 5-8. ing the hundred (25) ,Hening, Vol. II., p. 510. years which will , (26) Hid, p. 511. then have been (27) Henry A. Wise. (28) Slaughter’s History of African Coloniza- measured since its first synod met on this jjon, cited in “ Virginia in Her Past Relation to side of the Atlantic. The Church, which Slavery," Virginia Historical Collections, Vol. , is in a special sense that of Calvin and VI,, pp-35-36. Zwingli (ind Ursinus, must always be in¬ (29) Hening, Vol. I., p. 124. teresting to all Christians, as its spirit is (30) Ibid, p. 223. (31) Spotswood Letters, Vol. II., p. 280. venerated by its eommunioants. (32) Hening, Vol. I., p. 169. It is historically derived from the Re¬ (33) Extracts from “ Itinerant Observations in formed Church of of Germany and Switz-I America”—London Magazine, 1746. Published erland. Its establishment in this country in the Richmond Standard, September, 7, 14, 21, dates from the first quarter of the last oen- 1878. fury. An ecclesiastical organization called (34) A Perfect Description of Virginia, 1649, p. 15, Force’s Tracts, Vol. II. the Coetus was effected in 1747, but the (35) Beverley, p. 240. powers of this body were purely advisory, (36) Perry’s Church Papers of Virginia, pp. and all its acts were subject to revision by 261-318. the authorities in Europe. The advance¬ (37) Virginia Schools, etc. ment of the Church in America having ren¬ (381 Contributions to the Annals of Medical dered an independent organization neces¬ Progress in the United States, 1. M. Toner, M. D., Washington, 1874. sary,the Coetus resolved itself into a synod (39) For sketches of them see Virginia Histori¬ at Philadelphia April 27, 1793. cal Register, Vol. I., pp. 119-123. The hundredth anniversary of this ocoa (40) Now York, 1890, Reprinted from the New sion will be observed throughout tbe laud, England Historical and Genealogical Register. and there will be a special celebration at ibe meeting of General Synod at Reading, Pa., in May. Among those who will be present are such distinguished men as the Rev. Dr. James J. Good, the Rev. Dr. J. O.; Miller, the Rev. F. K. Levan, the Rev .Ellis, N. Kremer, the Rev. J.B.Duffs and the Rev. Gesrge W. Williard, D. D.. LL. D., who writes tbe following sketch of the Church’s wofk and prophecy of it* future:— . TT .. - The Reformed Church in the United States, having leached the 100th year of its independent existence in America,has taken measures to commemorate tbe event by having special services in all the congrega¬ tions of which it is composed, acknowledge ing thereby tbe goodness of God vouchsafed ! to ns bb a Church. A century's growth. The first German ministers sent from Rev. Dr. George W. Williard ! Europe to this country came under the aus¬ Writes of the Growth and pices of the Reformed Dutoh Church . of North America, the two Churches working oget until 1793, when tie Herman is with iis“socB" general satisfaction with nob assumed an independent existence the teacbing-of the Heidelberg Cateohism the side of its sister with whom we are that nothing is heard of a desire for a re¬ dow trying to form a federal union, vision. (hoping thereby to advance the cause ef ONCE DIVIDED NOW DNITED. [Christ more effectually. Our growth The heated and animated discussion that during these 100 years has been such as to prevailed among us for a period of some occasion gratitude. We have now a mem¬ twenty ycars.from about 1850 to 1870. ever bership of about 225,000, found largely in Pennsylvania,Maryland and Ohio, and in what was c.lled “the Liturgical question,’ lesser proportion in Virginia, North Caro¬ which so disturbed the peace aDd quiet oi lina, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan. Wiscon¬ the Cbureb as to awakeD fears in the sin. Minnesota, Iowa and Kansas. There minds of some that it might result in suot were in 1890. according to the statistics of alienation and party feeiiag as would leac the General Synod, 835 ministers. 8 synods, to a disintegration, happily passed by anc 56 classes, 1554 congregations, 200,498 com¬ in the providence of G«d became the oc¬ municant members, 1513 Sunday schools, casion of good to the Church in that it led 138,616 Susday school scholars, 285 stu¬ to a mora therough understanding of its dents for the ministry and over $160,000 doctrines, cuitus and mission, and at the raised for benevolent purposes. same time so aroused it from its slumbers The transition from the German to the and lethargy as to prepare the way for the English language has been very rapid wonderful change that has since taken place within the last quarter of the century, so iD every department of Christian work. that there are now only s few exclusively In consequence of this there is reason to German congregations outside of the cities, believe that no denomination ha* exhibited greater signs of growth and of intellectual and theological activity than we have. Our ministers and people have been led to take a deeper interest in all the great questions of the day and are now standing shoulder t* shoulder with the sacramental host of God’s elect in hastening the conquest of the world for Christ. And while there is still some diversity of vjews amang us as to the great queetions disensaed, there is such harmony and good feeling that no serious fears are entertained for the future. As to the use of the liturgy, the general feeling is opposed to a ritualistic service, while a liturgy for special forms and oc¬ casion is generally used. There has been with us,as with the other denominations ®f the land, a great revival of the missionary spirit as it respects both foreign and domestic missions. The rapid mcrease of our population both in the cities and rural districts has been so great ss to create tbs necessity for the establishment of missions both East and West, with t REV. JOSEPH HENRY DUBBS. ONE OF THE preponderance at first in the West, wber LEADERS OF THE P.EFOBMED CHUBOH. the demand seemed the greatest in conse¬ quence of the rapid emigration in that di¬ making us substantially an English-speak¬ rection ia the settlement of the States and ing Church. The main literary and theo¬ Territories. Of late years,however, the de¬ logical institutions are Franklin and Mar¬ mand for missionary worts has been almost shal College at Lancaster, Fa.; Heidelberg great in the East as in the West. The University, at Tiffin, O. ; Ursinus College, at Collegeville, Fa.; and the Mission growth of many of our cities both East and House, at Franklin. Wis., with a number West, which have become the great centers of literary institutions such as Catawba of our population, and also of corruption College, Newton, N.C.; Wichita Univer¬ and wickedness, have claimed special at- sity, Wicbiia, Kan., and Calvin College, fentior.sn that we have prosperous missions I Cleveland, O. in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington The Reformed Church is Presbyteriae Cumberland, Pittsburg, Cleveland, Akron, in its form of government, bolding as it Columbus, Chicago, Sioux City.St. Joseph, j does, to the parity of its ministers with Wichita, Kansas City and other places ’ the following judicatories: The Consistory, equal interest. the Classis, the District Synods and Gen¬ EXTENSIVE MISSIONARY WORK. eral Synod. It gives prominence to the Our Church has for the last fifteen years ] practice of catechisation, by which it hopes been specially interested in the work of ! to instruct and prepare its baptized mem- foreign mission, making Japan, to which ■ bers for admission to all the privileges of the Church at an early period in life. the Christian world is looking with great -I The Heidelberg Catechism, prepared by interest in the hope of its speedy conver. Zacharias Ursinus and Casper Oleviamus, sion to Christ, the center of its operation. in 1563—the confessional standard of the We have now in Sendai and the surround¬ Church—is highly esteemed and prized by ing country four male and three f«m3l« the Reformed Church for its concise and missionaries, with a cumber of helpers clear statement of the fundamental doc¬ raised up in the echsols established there trines of Christianity and for its simplic¬ and from among the converts, numbering ity, deep-toned piety, medical and catholic nearly 2000, a band of workers from whom spirit. While some other Cburohes have we may expect blessed results in the near felt the necessity cf rejecting their confes¬ future. sional standards in view of the advanced Looking,therefore, as w& now do,over the [position which Christianity occupies, there results of our efforts for 100 years in plant- w

Date, $ , A

The Reformed Chtfrch ©f America

IT IS ONE HUNDRED

Years Old—Seriices Will be Held in All the Re¬ W. WILLI A ED. formed Churches Tomorrow—What ing and extending the Church of Christ in Ibis new world of oors along by tbe side of It Means. our sister Cbureb, we feel that it is emi¬ nently fitting that we should pause and think as we pass out of tbe first into tbe seeond century of our independent existence One’of the old historic denominations in tbe United States of America, so that we may render due thanks to Almighty of America is the Reformed Church in God for tbe great success that has attended the United States. The centennial of our labors in the past and for tbe bright prospect that opens up before us for the the distinct separation of this religious future. body from the Church of Holland, will We can, as we have in what we have here written, do nothing more than give a mere be held in every congregation, under outline of tbe work done in the ceDtury the control of the General Synod, on that has passed, during which three gen¬ erations have come and gone, including next Sunday, April 30. This date hundreds of ministers and laymen, who have given up their lives to tbe cause of marks the one hundredth anniversary Christ and done, each in his sphere,a noble of the independent existence of the Re¬ work, for which they will ever be held in grateful remembrance. It is, indeed, pleas¬ formed Church in this country. The ant to call to mind tbe bright galaxy of denomination finds its beginning in the names and characters that adorn the his¬ tory of the Reformed Church during the bosom of the Protestant Reformation century about to cloie—men who were towere of strength in their day and now of the sixteenth century. As early as rest trom their labors. haviDg joined the the dawn of the eighteenth century general assembly and church of the first born in Heaven. refugees came to America to escape the And yet, great as the work is that we fierce religious prosecutions of those have done for Christ, for whi oh we desire to raise oar Ebenezer of praise and grati¬ arl y days. The pioneer minister to tude to God, it has only been, as it were, laying the foundation for grander and this country was Rev. Michael Schlatter, nobler work during tbe century upon who came here in 1746 and found about which we enter, which, starting where the first closed,shall rollon until at last it shall 15,000 members of the faith scattered be Jest in tbe new Heavens and earth in over Pennsylvania, New York and which God shall he all in all, Geoboe W. Williakp, D. D., LL. D., Maryland. Soon other pastors fol¬ Professor of Ethics and Apologetics, Ursinus College and Seminary, College- lowed, and in 1747 a “Coetus,” or Tille, Pa. ministerial assembly, was held in the city of Philadelphia. From that time until 1793 the Reformed churches of America were under the spiritual care of the church of Holland, which sup¬ used instead of "steam. The^Turnace is built of stone and lined with brick. plied men and means to foster the In the early part of the last century, work. lu that year twenty-two minis¬ His Majesty King George of England issued! ters and a few thousand members de¬ a patent or grant to Wm. ShippeD, sod of ’' the noted Dr. Shippen, of Philadelphia, for ? clared their independence from the 10,000 acres of land in what was then mother Synod. called Upper Greenwich, Morris county, Province of New Jersey. This grant in¬ The growth of the Reformed church cluded what is now Oxford Furnace. has been phenomenal. It has almost About the year 1737 iron ore was discovered - doubled its ministry and membership on the tract and Jonathan Robeson, of Philadelphia, bought a part of it and in; during the last twewnty-five years. 1741 commenced the erection of an iron; Fullv ten millions of Reformed people furnace (the one pictured below) which ’ he completed in the spring of 1743. The-i live in various countries of Europe and capacity of the furnace was estimated at in the United States. No other dem¬ from twelve to fifteen tons per week. Dur¬ onstration has such a noble army of ing the Revolutionary War cannon balls were made here and supplied to Washing martyrs. Some of the ablest divines ton’s army. Recent excavations made of the work may be found on its roll near the old pile have unearthed cannon balls and pig iron, some of the latter bear¬ of workers. In this country, Rev. ing a stamped date of more than a hun¬ John W. Nevin, D. D. L. L. D. the dred years ago. The oldest bar of pig iron! “Prince of Theologians,” has left his now known to be in existence is stamped* 1755. impress in the theology of the day. He The Jonathan Robeson above mentioned is the author of the Christological idea, was the founder of the well-kDown family ' which makes Christ the centre of of that name in this State. He built, in addition to the furnace, a flour mill and thought and life, and which plays such stoie, and conducted farming on a large a prominence in the writing of the scale. At bis death the property passed into the hands of his son Morris. The j modern theologians. Such men as Schaff, Rauch, Annie. Gerhart, L w of others are leaving to the church of country. „ .. m. . Appropriate services vtfll be held in jthe Reformed Church oh Sunday. /

I _i -j- . » • \ L.ii

From,

Bate,

ERECTED Wtm. II THE OLDEST IKON FURNACE IN AMERICA. latter abandoned iron making, and confined: I THE ODD FURNACE AT OXFORD Ms business to the mill, store and farina. THE FIRST TO MAKE IRON He leased the furnace to Roberdaw, Show¬ IN AMERICA. ers and Campbell, who, in turn, were succeeded by Conrad Davis. The laiter held the lease three years, from 1806 to Camion Balls Made There for the At- 1809. From the latter year until 1831, the my of Washington.—Still Stand¬ furnace remained idle. ing but Silent as the Graves Upon the death of Morris Robeson his of the Men Who widow leased the furnace and mines to Built It. Wm. Henry, John Jordan and John F. The oldest iron furnace in America stands: Walls, for a period of ten years, from 1831 to 1841. They commenced business under on the west srde of the road, at OxfofS-Fur the firm name of Henry, Jordan & Co.,) nace, about a hundred yards from the com pany’s store It is not in use and is simp! and manufactured household hardware, such as pots, kettles, stoves, wood-burning ly a reminder of the past when iron was' frames, etc. They made their goods by smelted with charcoal and water power ✓

one^rawing-or direct from the furnace by ; pouring the hot metal into moulds. From,. .( When the new firm assumed charge of the works they found a tree as large ns a man’s body growing inside the furnace, :.JLJL ] so long had it been neglected and out of use It was in a bad state of repair general, ly 'and to strengthen the brick work a cbs ing of heavy stone was built around it and Date, /'Ay V"' bolted with iron rods extending around the four sides. The fuel used was charcoal, which was obtained from the neighboring

h"jn' 1831 George W. and Selden T. Scran 1 AND ABOUT Iwtoi, ton, two young men from Connecticut, ar rived at Oxford Furnace, and entered the HISTORIC RELICS WHERE ONCE employ of the firm. They were ambitious, brainy young men and soon made their in¬ WASHINGTON LIVED. fluence felt in the business. In 1839 I Thomas, Jordan & Co. transferred their! lease to the Scranton brothers. The latter ( A Visit to Eis Headquarters and Its Splen¬ ' subsequently bought the property and in- did Treasures—The Cannon that Pro¬ I 1883 commenced the erection of the fur¬ tected Newark-Memorials of Martha naces, rolling mill and nail mill which Washington and —Pictur¬ have for years given employment to hun¬ esque Homes of Newarkers. dreds of men and boys. The old iron furnace at Oxford erected by Jonathan Robeson in 1743, was, with¬ Special Correspondence Daily Advertiser. out doubt, the first of the kind ever built America. The second oldest is also Morristown, May 24.-We came to this in lovely, historical spot again to-day. ine claimed for this State. In a recent l-sue of artist with his portfolio, containing big the Camden Courier appeared an article squares of cardboard, pencils, various entitled “The Story of a Ruined Village, slips of paper covered with notes and in which occurs this paragraph : sketches, and a case filled with cigars “ Ratsto, the thriving village of 100 years warranted to do fatal work at forty rods. ago, still exists, bat in name only. It stood He was anxious to get to Washingtons at the head of Little Egg Harbor on the headquarters and make a lot of sketches, Mulliea river. It was situated on a lake in principally because the society in charge which the Indians bathed, and which they of the headquarters objects to having called ‘ Batsto,’ meaning bathing place. sketches made and published, bo he hustled off across the railroad tracks and The Quakers settled around it, and one of up a shaded road toward the venerated their number built an iron furnace upon building, so as to get a good start on hi the brink of its outlet. His name was Ball work, while I took a turn about the. and an iron plate which was fastened m the charming town.____ _1 . stone wall recorded the bunding of the There is one thing odd about Morris¬ second iron furnace in the New World m town. It has hosts of pretty girls, but 1766, the first being in Warren county. they are always either visiting elsewhere, The above is but another proof that the or keeping indoors. There are plenty of first furnace ever erected in the United well-dressed men on the streets; young States is the one located at Oxford. and middle-aged and old, together with a Several years ago the company concluded sprinkling of college boys. And there are to demolish the old pile and even went so numbers of matrons and young marned women decidedly pleasing& to— the-— eye.- But far as to remove the stack. Bat public .*->,-,-nrVioro «rp t.hev to be opinion, ever powerful when asserted m a pretty girls—nowhere are they to be seen. -hist cause, stayed the hand of the destroyer Another matter worthy of remark is the relic cf colonial numbers of surreys, phaetons, dra§s' d°|1 and saved the dear old relic of colonial carts and T-carts everywhere to *>e seen,, davs. After the stack was removed the with fine horses and ponies. V ery tew, furnace was roofed over and the picture in places the size of Morristown can show so, this column presents it exactly as it ap¬ pears today. ^Around the green T walked, and along' 5outh street, and Maple avenue, for an! hour’s stroll, and about noon started for, the headquarters. Just this side of them, on the corner, stands a three-story Q Anne cottage, painted in brilliant yellow Tnd deep reds. It was built a couple of "ears ago by Frank Lindsley, and is at tet glance one of the most modern houses in the town. And there the artist sat on the opposite side of the road, work-! nke a Trojan. He was so enthusiastic thlt he sot red, and perspiration stream¬ ed down his face. There was a pious calm about his face, too an? ^Bbiah'ascend- doing some such subject as ®l jah a®C^ ing in his chariot, I went over thei way and saw that he had almost finished a 39

elaborate drawing of Mr. Lindsley’s Queen may be seen to the left of the edifice, Anne house. and a strong, inartistic tin weather vane I “Beautiful, isn’t it?’’ he sighed. on iron supports. One of the cannon, I “What in thunder are you doing?” I famous as “Old Nat,” has peculiar in¬ , asked with unnecessary emphasis. terest to Newarkers, and bears this in¬ “Why, sketching Washington’s head- scription : j quarters, of course.” Then I pointed out the headquarters— “Old Nat” This cannon was furnished ; the old-fashioned white structure on the Captain Nathaniel Camp hill beyond. by Gen’l. Geo. Washington “Well,” said the artist in aggrieved for the protection of .tones, “he ought to have chosen this onp. Newark, N. .J., It’s much the prettier, and more modern, Against the British too.” It is peacef ul_ now, this rough, iron

_WASHINGTON’S POOD WAS COOKED HERE. _ Then he sadly packed his traps into his ~ .portfolio again, and meekly followed me monster, whose deep voice once roared so jup the hill. imightly. The weather vane close by was ,once upon the house occupied by Lord F That is why the exterior of the head- !Stirling in Somerset County. Other can¬ i quarters is not illustrated herewith. AN HISTORIC MUSEUM, non and mortars are placed on either side of the house; but they are of minor i The headquarters stands on the summit interest to the thousand relics treasured 'Of a rise of ground to the left of the within. road. All about the place is a white The main hallway, looking northward, fence, and the square house is immacu¬ is pictured, at least the further end of it. late in contrast to the luxuriant, rich In the centre stands a round tea table emerald of the grass which is upon every bearing a full service of old-fashioned side. As one enters, a group of cannon china. This table and the dark chair ■ close by were used by Washington. Rare old engravings hang upon the walls, and on the floor stand several colonial chairs, and in one corner a tall clock. The American colors add much to the appear- ance of the hall. IN WASHINGTON’S OFFICE. If you pass through the half-open door to the left, and enter another, you find yourself in a large, square room, formerly used by Washington as his office. A con¬ siderable portion of it is shown in the: picture. The great mahogany desk in the left hand corner is the one our first Pres¬ ident sat before month after month, when W»,Vm.v directing the affairs of the,Nation. Th- smaller desk, to the righ% tears ff stand used Tor a long time ;;y 'ASBi'o;. Burr, and one of his sand, boxes is also COL. ROBB in the room. The^ massive irop. stron It wouldbe write of the patri- box in the foreground wag-^in the'Van a visit to such a Renssg

WASHINGTON’S OFFICE AND DESK. -°5-_5> itney-s RESIDENCE. room as this; of the honor with which is imbued that lifeless wooden desk used so hallway looking northward. long and so carefully by Washington. It is enough merely to mention some of the vast number of historic fragments here gathered and labelled with big, white cards. And yet one greatly regrets the carelessness of those in charge who have not even catalogued the exhibits. The attendant tells us that the collection has been made during the past eighteen years; but the public has no record of it. It should be the immediate duty of the society to photograph individually each of the more important exhibits, and to have prepared an accurate, description of all. Any moment a fire might sweep out of existence the and all its contents. WHERE MR. WHITEHEAD LIVES THE OLD KITCHEN. The most interesting articles here con- Certainly the most picturesque room sis} of Portraits of Washington and hi= in the house, and one of the most wife. Two of life-size, were made in<5t esting, is the kitchen on the ground after they had become engaged; close by to the right of the dining-room. The SfV™ waller ones made when the huge fire place, shown in the draw .realization.realizftionate Andin°df between thesehad becomeis a mri a ous Old painting of the wedding. Wash¬ ington and his bride are 'facing the clergyman. Sweet and demure is she tall, erect, and brave is the groom All about are relatives standing or sittingln chams. The portraits and fhe interfof of the room are said to be lifelike stuiie* - UP IN THE SECOND FLOOR room? in the second floor of the ouse are of equal interest. They contain hundreds of original manuscripts! records events transpiring during the Revolu¬ MR. RYERSON’S HOME, tionary times, and several fac similes ing, is fully ten feet long, and five feet f® that of Washington’s accounts high. Its details and appurtenances can with the United States. In these rooms better be seen in the picture than des¬ may be seen uniforms worn by BrS cribed. Of course all the various articles » merS,m.battle’ flintl°ck muskets,pistols in and about it were not there during a blunderbus, powder horns, and swords Washington’s time, but few are of more In one room is a hat worn by one of recent use. The dining-room 'contains a Marion s men, and a pair of high-heeled splendid old table, and glass, and plate slippers with which some aristocratic galore. Here may be seen one of Lafay¬ beauty may have danced the minuet ette’s canteens, and a couple of magnifi¬ The same glass case, by the way, con¬ cent punch howls. Decanters, and dishes tains a silk dinner dress worn by Bene¬ dict Arnold’s bride. and glasses are here found by the score. Here, too, yellowed with age, is the orig¬ These are a few of the hundreds and inal commission, signed by John Adams, hundreds of Revolutionary relics in this given by the Colonial fathers to Wash¬ mo?*6 t^WCh+ WashinSton occupied for ington. The room used by Mrs. Wash¬ more than two years, and whose walls ington, as a parlor, opens to the left were well-known to otheSenerai Green and Lafayette’ among led into the tumultuous scenes which SOME REPRESENTATIVE HOMES. ] bestow interest upon the details of the' Vice-Chancellor Pitney lives in a great; historian or biographer, they were none square house of dark sandstone on Maple the less animated by the sacred spirit ot avenue. It is three stories high, and has patriotism and liberty. . many odd windows. The building stands It is related of Robert Morris, the in the centre of a large corner plot, where great financier of that eventful period, trees and grass and flowers grow luxuri¬ ously. The heavy, dark walls! look cool that having on one occasion received a and inviting in this weather, and the dispatch from General Washington, doors and window's are so many that containing a pressing demand for means breezes must blow constantly through and being unable to relieve the necessi¬ the house. ties of the commander-in-chief, as he There are plenty of Newark business was proceeding slowly and sorrowfully and professional business men who have home from his counting room, he acci¬ their residences in Morristowm, among dentally met a gentleman of the Society them John Whitehead, whose cosy double¬ of Friends, with whom he was intimate, house is on High street, and is pictured land who placed implicit confidence in herewith. David A. Ryerson lives on Franklin street, in a curiously fashioned his integrity. He inquired the news building that puts one in mind of a Dutch from Mr. Morris, who replied, I he windmill. It is painted in light colors, most important news is that I require a and forms an emphatic contrast to most sum of money in specie, and that thee residences. Colonel E. L. Dobbins, secre¬ must let me have it.” His friend hesi- tary and treasurer of the Mutual Benefit ftij tated and mused for a moment. ‘ x our Life Insurance Company lives just around ■ security is to be my note and my the corner, in Franklin place. His is a honor,” continued Mr. Morris. His three-storied home, the lawn bisected by I friend replied, “Thou shalt have it. a driveway, and here and there flowery This personal loan enabled General and trees. HENRY ROOg/1 Washington to gain the battle of Tren¬ ton over the Hessians, which not only diminished the numerical force of the enemy, but reanimated the waning spirit of patriotism throughout the country. ^ . ,. A notable instance of the patriotism of the Quakers was that of Joseph Tat¬ nall, the subject of this sketch, and formerly one of the original owners of the celebrated flouring mills, situated at Brandywine, Delaware. Mr. Tatnall s name was known far and near for his energy in conducting his extensive busi¬ ness, his great hospitality and his sin-1 cere devotion to the Revolutionary cause. ^ Joseph Tatnall, the Miller of As the war progressed, the demands | the Brandywine. on the several states for supplies of all! kinds were incessant, owing to. the suf¬ ferings and privations the patriots were, compelled to encounter. In the winter WAS A FRIEND OF WASHINGTON of 1779, General Washington wrote Caesar Rodney, President of Delaware, as follows: “The situation of the army An Ally of the Patriots Dur¬ with respect to supplies is beyond de¬ ing the Revolution. scription, and we have not more than three days’ bread, at a third allowance,

An Interesting Sketch of Joseph Tatnall, on hand, nor anywhere within reach. One of the Leading Citizens of Early * * * “We have never experienced ■Wilmington—His Patriotism and Kindly a like extremity at any period of the Nature—The Donor of the Clock in the war.” * * * “Unless ' some extra¬ City Hall. ordinary and immediate exertions be IjTajae by the state from which we draw) our supplies, there is every appearance! Written for Every Evening. i that the army will infallibly disband in History furnishes numerous instances :’a fortnight.” Through Mr. Robert of the patriotism of the Quakers during I Morris, commissioner of finance, and m the war of the Revolution. Although fico-operation with him, Mr. Tatnall iur- bound by their religious tenets to the • : nished large supplies of flour, to be cultivation of peace and good will 1 forwarded to the famishing troops, at toward their fellow men, yet when op¬ ■ the risk of having his valuable property pression laid its iron hand upon our , destroyed by the British commandei forefathers, they responded with alac-1 ’should he appear in the vicinity. rity to the cause of freedom. Ot them | Shortly before the battle ofBrandy- it can be truly said, that while their [ Swine, General Washington issued a brows were unadorned with the laurels ‘military order,directing that the several of the warrior, their virtues are not less mills in Northern. Delaware should be precious to humanity. Though seldom ' THE CITY HALL, IN WHICH JOSEPH TATNALL PLACED A PUBLIC TIME-PIECE, IN 1798. FKOM A PHOTOGRAPn. dismantled^ from fear they would be j ITatnall in the/same mansion. Atone taken possession of by the British army. | time General Wayne had his head¬ The order directed that the utmost quarters there, and for many years the secrecy should be observed in thy y*- front door jamb bore the mark of a moval of the “runners or uppr/ as'/hi¬ missile which was hurled at him by a stones.” The work was duly accomp¬ Tory while he was standing in the door¬ lished, and the “runners” were dragged way. On these several occasions the by yokes of oxen over the hills, and se¬ back parlor was used as a council creted in the forest, one account says in chamber. It may be here remarked, that Chester county, Pa., from which place the same doors which opened so hos¬ of concealment they were ultimately re¬ pitably to Washington, Lafayette and covered. I Wayne, were compelled later to swing General Washington, on more than Ion their hinges for a party of British one occasion, was the guest of Mr. Tat- [officers, when they took possession o nall in the large mansion house, built Wilmington. by him in the year 1770, situated near Additional information in regard to the Brandywine bridge, in close prox¬ the old Tatnall mansion is in the fact imity to the mi|ls. It is now known as that from 1824 to 1837 it was occupied No. 1803 Market street. Just preyious by John Bancroft. One night in May, to the battle of Brandywine, the house 1824, his son Joseph arrived from Roch¬ was accupied by the commander-in¬ dale, Lancashire, England. This in¬ chief as his headquarters. General La- cident is referred to in Eveky Evening [fayette was also entertained by Mr. of December 8th, 1874, as follows : THE OLD TATNALL MANSION, WHERE GENERAL WASHINGTON STOPPED, NOW NO. 1803 MARKET STREET. FROM A SKETCH BT “EVER? EVENING’S” SPECIAL ARTIST. “Ia the spring of 1824 he left England _ in health' by his' long to join his family in this country, where arduous service, and being utterly with- they had immigrated during his appren¬ out means, he was advised by hi ticeship (to Jacob Bright, brother of the physician that a voyage to the West great John Bright of Rochdale) and set¬ Indies was the only chance tled in Wilmington. When he arrived his recovery. Deeply impressed wit his father and family were living in the his adversities, he chanced to mee house now occupied by Joseph Tatnall, Friend Tatnall, who cordially wel in the Ninth ward, and it was frequently corned him home, and upon inquiring mentioned by the deceased as a most as to his health and prospects', the major curious fact, that though he (Joseph frankly confided to him his sad condi Bancroft) was the second of 13 children, tion, his want of means, and his inabilit; the night he arrived in Wilmington was to comply with the advice given him b the first time they were all gathered at his physician. There was a pause, when | once under the same roof.” Mr. Tatnall said “Peter, thou shalt g' The occupancy of the old mansion re¬ seven years spent in the defence of tb_ verted to the Tatnalls in 1826-7, when country, with no remuneration, and a the Bancrofts left for Delaware county, "broken constitution without an effort ti s at Pa repair it, will not do. Money is scarce a It is related of Mr. Tatnall, that, being this time, or I would give it thee with in company wfith the commander-in- out hesitation. However, I can manage chief, the latter in a spirit of great the business by letting thee have flour to despondency alluded to the necessities cover thy expenses.” The generous of his troops, when Mr. Tatnall, ob¬ sympathy of this friend was not cie- serving his distress and.—wishing to as¬ Jigaied. He gave the major the amount sure him of his sympathy, said to him, ®£ $1,200 in flour, to be sold -when he “George, I cannot fight for thee, but I arrived in the West Indies, and the pro¬ will tell thee what I will do. I will ceeds used to defray the expenses of the feed thee.” Josrney. In a few months the major re- In this connection the following nar¬ with his health restored. Not rative, condensed from Miss Mont¬ mi. ay vears before his death, he paid gomery’s “Reminiscences of Wilming¬ this debt, though the money had never ton,” possesses considerable interest: been demanded. Major Jaquette, a Revolutionary hero, When Washington was President who had been in thirty-two pitched while passing through the village of battles and skirmishes, and who served Brandywine, on his way from Philadel of throughout the entire struggle, on his phia, which city was then the seat o , return home after the conclusion of government, to his home at Mount ' peace, found his farm in a dilapidated Vernon, he callbd at Mr. Tatnall s resr dence to pay him a visit, and being told I COXIcondition LI 1 1/IUIJL and ulohis aged iUCHlUClmother Cilj-iv-iand his familyfot-YiP-tr in an. state of w7ant and destitution. I that his friend was at his counting ' i i* i.T

room, lie lelThis chaise at the floor,"aB® walked down the hill to meet him. !Mrs. Tosiah Lee Johnston, and Mrs. W. I hey then returned to the house, tradi¬ Graham Bowdoin. Mr. John S. Price tion says, arm in arm. j and Mr. Joseph Price, great grandsons ^r- ratna.ll was the first president of j of Mr. Tatnall, are also residents of the j the Bank of Delaware. The first bank same city. note ever issued by the bank, and bear¬ Major Jaquette, mentioned above was ing his signature, dated the 17th of j descended from John Paul Jaquette August, 1795, is still preserved at the who was appointed by the Council at bank, as also the first list of directors, New Amsterdam, governor of the South stockholders, &c. river, (the Delaware). The grant to the Among the papers of Miss Mont¬ Dutch governor, John Paul Jaquette, is gomery, the authoress of the interesting mentioned in a letter from the Commis¬ volume previously mentioned, there! sioner of the Colony of the Delaware I was found after her death, a copy of the river, to Governor Jacob Aldrich, dated toliowing characteristic letter, which April 23d, 1659. explains itself. At the battle of Brandywine, when

j Brandywine Bridge. 5th Month. 1798.- General Lafayette was wounded, Major IM)iends and fellow-citizens: Having for Jaquette was near and heard him call to 'years past apprehended a great conven¬ General Washington: “General, I am ience might derive to the inhabitants of wounded.” Washington answered: “I J)11S borough by having a commodious am sorry for it, sir.” “Sir, I am not Bme-piece erected in the central part of the r sorry, ' was the geply. When Colonel town : in the first place, it would acceler- Hazlett fell morTaliy wounded at the ate the punctual meeting of the different Toiimf™ j’ UL [lie amerent religiously disposed, at their several places battle of Princeton, Major Jaquette was of worship; secondly, it will be of service a: his side. ; o those who think themselves not of hVu * 0 P.urc^ade time-pieces; and the I last but not least consideration is, it would I tievh°vmeTriar?ent *? *he PIace of my na- I FnrL Jderefore I have procured from p “ lar8.e and complete town clock of

excehent workmanship, which I now pre- ' dA • j“r“o Y°u for the use of the town, 4 b ^ of money not exceeding two hun- dred pounds to be laid out in a large com- £,e“f g°od ben, to serve the clock, as well as the town hall now erecting, which I beg you to accept. Your friend, Joseph Tatnall. • h-u6 ab°ve referred to remained in the position in which Mr. Tatnall placed it until the year 1866. Batnall died in the vear 1813 aged 73 years, leaving an unsullied repu- tation for patriotism, probity and honor¬ able dealing, of which his descendants, as well as the community in which he lived, may well be proud. When Lafayette returned to this1 country, m l824, he passed through the village of Brandywine with his escort ^nd was warmly welcomed by the citi¬ zens of Wilmington and vicinity, who had assembled to receive their illus- 1 M°?S-?UeSt' The iadies decorated the old bridge over the Brandywine in his honor, and he -was received with every demonstration of respect and veneration As he passed through the village he re- i quested that the procession might be de- ayedm front of the Tatnall mansion: that he might pay his respects to the ■ family of his deceased friend. Amon°- otheis, he was cordially welcomed bv j Bdwaid Tatnall, the youngest son of 1 the citizen patriot, who came out from | his house to receive him, carrying his son Edward in his arms. Numerous descendants of Mr Tat¬ nall are now residing in Wilmington Baltimore, and elsewhere. In tirs city reside the Tatnalis, Canbys, Leas 'Warners, and others. , Mr. James e’ Price, a grandson, resides in Baltimore jin which city also reside his three ! daughters, Mrs. Marshall Winchester ; From, c /

Date,

WSM ; the ri/sif' office in Warren, Pa., years ago, the office-boy, while j sweeping out one morning, picked up a letter which bore the, signamrePof Thomas Benton* This boy was Charles AWnch and the signature of Benton was the first of what is now the ^moas i 1 Aldrich Collection—one of the finest collections of autographs and | photographs in the country. Mr. Aldrich kept adding to his col¬ lection, and when he went to Iowa in 1857 he was possessor of the signatures of many distinguished people. He went to Europe m | 1883 and remained a year, making many vaiuable additions to his Lathering and in 1884, when Iowa s new capitol at Des Moines wa’s’compieted, he pretented the collection to the State. It was first given space in the library, but it grew rapidly “d was finall) assigned two large rooms in the basement of the building, where it remains at the present time. The State has made libeia aPPr * ■' priations for its maintenance. The legislature of 1890 appropriated 43,000 for the collection and preservation of histone records and other valuable material relative to the history of Iowa under the direction of the trustees of the State library. This work was ji assigned to Mr. Aldrich, in whose charge it still remains. Tne i legislature of 1892 appropriated $7,500 per year for two years, and fixed the annual appropriation thereafter at $6,000. Among the objects at present in the collection, as enumerated by the Herald of Chicago, is a manuscript document signed by I George III and his prime minister, William Pitt, and others in the I time of the American war of independence. It relates to the | salaries of the judges of the Court of King s Bench and other judges and justices in England and Scotland. There are portraits of Queen Victoria, showing her appearance at different times from childhood to 1887, and a quotation m autograph from Shakespeare, 1 signed by the Queen August 6, 1886, written on a delicate sheet of paper of blue tint, embellished with the royal arms and seal. There are portraits, with specimens of manuscript, of Macaulay, George Trevelyan, his biographer, and Lord Macaulay s niece, Lady Mar¬ garet Holland. It was to her that the manuscripts descended. From her they passed into the Aldrich collection. One of them is ! a pa

j^An original' letter from Gladstone was presented to Mr. Aldrich 1 bv Aubrey de Vere, the Irish poet. An autograph letter of K. Cobden to John Bright is dated September 1, 1841. By Thomas Carlyle is a letter written to Aubrey de Vere in 1849. The .ace mid autograph of Adelaide Proctor, daughter of Barry Cornwall, is sup- ! elemented by a long letter from her father to her mother. A part ’ of the original manuscript of one of William Hazlitts essays, a letter of the Irish poet, Thomas Moore, an autograph letter of , Daniel O’Connell, an autograph of Thomas Boswell, an autograph letter of Lord Henry Brougham. A document of Edward Hyde , Lord Cornbury, cousin of Queen Anne, governor of New York in 1702, autograph letters of Lord Palmerston and Sir Robert Peel manuscripts of Robert Browning, his wife, Elizabeth Barret Browning, and Algernon Charles Swinburne, are also at hand. Of 1 Thackeray there are two specimens, a page of the “ Four Georges ' and a letter addressed to Mrs. Octavia Brookfield. In the same drawers are portraits and autographs of Dickens. Portraits and manuscripts of George Eliot, include six sheets of manuscript, :fra

Eliot. There is afso aiTauSgrapff letter from J. W. Cross, her second husband. Other literary autographs are those of Thomas .* Hood, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Henry Taylor, Walter Savage Landor, John Clare, the peasant poet, William Wordsworth, and * George Croly, the poet and novelist. Through the kindness of Francis Darwin, a son of the great | (scientist, Mr. Aldrich was enabled to secure one of the original. *

;pages of manuscript of the “ Origin of Species.” Only four pages USE > ■ of this work are known to be in existence. An autograph letter of Michael Faraday, specimens of the manuscript with signatures of £ | Sir Charles Lyail, the eminent English geologist, two pages of the [ | -•ASP' original manuscript of Miss Arabella B. Buckley, from her work on K=3 plants, two specimens of the manuscript and a page of the proof of one of Professor T. H. Huxley’s works, memorials of John Tyndall. and writings from the pen of Charles Waterton, the most original of travelers and natural historians, are in the collection. So, too, is a letter in the handwriting of John Wesley, dated March 3, 1784, and addressed to Miss Kitty Warren, Haverford. The address is written on the fourth or last page of the same folio sheet, and a it of red wax with which it was sealed adheres to the letter. . Among memorials of several famous Germans are those of Goethe,* ', The specimen of his handwriting is beautiful and somewhat femi¬ nine in appearance. It is the last page of a letter written in German and dated Weimar, July 2, 1828. A specimen of the manuscript, of Schiller is placed alongside of that of his great contemporary. It is in German and is dated Volstadt, April 2, 1791. Of American authors, journalists and persons eminent in literary work there are autographs of James Fenimore Cooper, John P. Kennedy, F. S. Key, author of the “Star Spangled Banner,” James S. Gibbons, Theodore Parker, Edward Whipple and others. Of George Wash¬ ington, two specimens of his manuscript are treasured—one of them being a letter dated Mount Vernon, September 1, 1799. The other specimen is still more interesting. It is an army order and reads as follows: Headquarters Valley Forge, ) i'.'V.l March 9, 1788. f Caleb Gibbs, Esq,, Captain Commanding. Sir:—Send Lieutenant Livingston and fifty men to Tarrytown as an escort to Messrs. Richards, Clymer and Potts as far as West Chester, and with the enclosed order for the transfer to his command of the re¬ cruits, horses and wagons awaiting there as escort to headquarters. George Washington, Com'r in Chief. In the same case appear autographs of many of the signers of ! the Declaration of Independence. Close at hand are the signa¬ tures of many of the presidents, from Jefferson down to Grover ^ Cleveland. A series of drawers are devoted to memorials of the territorial governors of Iowa. There are two specimens of the manuscript of Robert Lucas, the first governor of the territory of Iowa. There is one specimen of the manuscript of John Chambers, the second territorial governor. There are also autographs and ' writings from the pen of James Clarke, the third and last governor 3 of the territory. Of American generals and politicians there are many memorials. Whole cases are given over to autograph letters and original photographs of Grant and Sherman, of Sheridan and McPherson, of Washington and Lafayette. Of Lincoln there are also many relics. Of Edgar Allan Poe there is enough material to make a small-sized book. Of Whitman and Whittier, Longfellow and Bryant there are many drawers filled with memorials. Of the 1 popes also there is much interesting data. Only a few days ago a portrait was received from the Pontiff himself. At the bottom of 1 the picture is his holiness’ signature and a Latin quotation. A long letter from Tolstoi is another of the interesting things that 1 have recently been given space in the collection. Charles Aldrich, the founder of this collection, was born in Ellington, Chautauqua county, N. Y., October 2, 1828. He moved to Webster City, Iowa, in 1857 and founded the Freeman. He was clerk of the House of Representatives in i860, 1862, 1866 and 1870. He was a member of the same body in 1882. His wife greatly aided him in the collection of interesting things. In fact, many of the rare articles now in the capitol were the personal property of Mrs. Aldrich. She gave her collection to the State along with that of her husband. The lady died one year ago. B. F. Gue, at one time lieutenant-governor of Iowa, is Mr. Aldrich’s assistant in his work. 48

From,

K Date, -A esOZcfeS?

. A CENTORY ‘XND A HALF

THE “FOWLER HOUSE” AT OX FORD FURNACE BELIEVED TO BE THE OLDEST HOUSE IN NEW JERSEY. THE OLDEST HOUSE IN NEW JERSEY.

Built by Wm. Sliippeu, of Philadel ing that he would like to present it to the phia, iu 1742—Its Aristocratic Philadelphia Historical Society of which he Guests 150 Years Ago—Hunt¬ was a member. Permission being granted ing Parties and Wine Sup¬ the plate was removed and now forms part of a fireplace in the building owned by the pers the Chief Amuse¬ Philadelphia society and filled by it with ments probably the most interesting collection of Probably the oldest dwelling house in relics to be found anywhere in this country. the State of New Jersey ie located at Ox _ The Shippens cime from England and m ford Furnace. It is the large mansion o^i. settled in Philadelphia. They were a 4* posite the Oxford Iron Company’s store wealthy family and stood high in society. now occupied by Mrs. Fowler as a boarding During the War of the Revolution and I house and known as the “Fowler House.” while Philadelphia was in possession of ST** ■ 1 ii It was erected in 1742 by Wm, Shippen Lord Howe, the British commander, Dr. . 'who had received a grant of 10,000 acres of Shippen’s house was the headquarters land from King George, of England. socially of Ms officers. His daughter The tract extended over the mountain to married General , a dis- near Karrsville, thence through Jackson tinguished... officer. — of the American army, Valley to the Pleasant Valley school house who afterward turned traitor and attempted where it met the Bowlby grant of land. to deliver West Point, on the Hudson The lines ran parallel down the valley to a ;river, which he commanded, into the hands large store on the farm recently occupied of the enemy. Major Andre, the British 1 by Air. Jacob Bowers and now owned by i officer sent to negotiate the surrender, was Mr. Wm. Shurts ; thence in a northwesterly captured by three Continental soldiets and direction between the Geo. Baylor farm the papers which he had concealed in his and the Winter homestead. boot disclosed his mis-ion. Arnold, teing ’1 he mansion consists of two stories and apprised of the capture of Andre, escapee a basement with walls three feet thick. It : to the British lines and for his attempts t was built to stand the ravages of time and so •treachery was rewarded with a brigadier weHTias it faced the storms of 15I“yeari] “general’s commission in their army. Andre that today it is in a good state of preserva¬ . was tried for being a spy within the Ameri tion. The great chimneys that start from canines, convicted and hung at Tarr to | the cellar resemble square towers built with jears after ward the WsL govern in the house. The fireplaces, seven in num- ment obtained jr'"'*topermission to havenave hi, r.-*.re | ber, were large openings in the chimney LondS trac>sje''r,:d 10 Westminster Abbey walls and were lined with iron plates. The middle or back plate was ornamented with ' Mg pl ceW 6re “ tHbltt m‘rks hi* “9t rJtl the British coat of arms. At different times as changes were made in the interior of the ;•House,Hou-p-..® washippen a son’ Wh of° ba:lcDr. Snipper,the * ‘fowler and a house these fireplaces were walled up. rother-in-law of Benedict Arnold. He oc BS: Several years ago Air. John Jourdan, a ■ cupiect the house for a number of ,eais and Philadelphia banker, with his family, spent | a‘aed f, family. IU ,he fall of the re”. the summer at Oxford Furnace with his I York°a> d PbT'ff, by f,ieads cousin, Mr. S. T. Scranton. While being i • ■ . ' ' Phi.ade.pbi i and a grand hunt shown through the old house one day Mr. m. ■ wi.h hounds would bo inaugurated The\ Jourdan noticed the British coat of arms on the middle iron plate of the only fire¬ Iotmm’S i* y°""iiicri'b|g« “«.» A house wm U f kum that the stone place that had not yet been walled up. He ■ house would echo and re-echo the sounds asked permission to remove the plate say-1 Inn 6V£! y^hin its walls as they warmed ItonS^ftl,?®LAjota or the wine cellars fleets Of the con m : wmatr [ ■ . J '■ ~ i ?• - ^ M [ifnrf whoso own term' 'W yeri'HP1 Ift^RSS lu this old stone mnnsion Judge Ho be son" fbut one of rounding out 'the century. S lived and liere his ton, General George M. I This lady was Anna Maria Young, the |L Robeson, Secretary of the Navy in Presi-’ widow of Captain Jacob Young, a Revo¬ | dent Grant’s cabinet, was born. Judges lutionary soldier whom she married in s Robeson died in Belvidere many years ago. , 1SIG, and with whom she enjoyed the blessings of wedded life for tlie brief Tradition says that Shippen war never] period of six months only. She had, married to the woman with whom he lived S however, enjoyed the pension granted at Oxford, though several daughters were I her soldier husband for some 77 years born to them. He did, however, provide!! until her death. Another curious feature each with a marriage portion The woman, of this case is the fact that Anna Maria , it is said, was very fond of wine and while had had’ two husbands previous to her under its influence would become exceed- ■ marriage to. Captain Young, although ingly hilarious. Shippen concluded that! she was only 22 years old at the time. A goodly company of grand-ehildreu he would break up these orgies by locking . and great-grand-children are left to tell \ the wine cellars. But she proved morel the story of her many virtues. | than a match for him. Duiing Lis absence The entire number of Revolutionary .! she set one of her colored male servants at l pensioners still on the Government rolls, work to cut a hole through the stone wall] and it is amazing that any remain, is that separated the kitchen fireplace fr. m 1 less than 20, and in no case, of course, is the living beneficiary the party to whom H the wine cellars. He first removed the iron \ the pension was originally granted. The plate emblazoned with the British c.at of last actual survivor of the great war, ; arms from the back of the fireplace and i Samuel Downing, died in 1867. As he then with pick and crowbar he made a hole ; had drawn a pension for some 80 years, in the wall large enough to admit the; he is probably entitled to hold' the na¬ woman’s body. After drawirg a supply tional record in this respect. • from one of the casks she would return to j Despite the severe hardships suffered ; the kitchen and slide the iron plate in! by the troops during the protracted war, Mr. Downing so far retained his vitality place. She drank a great deal of wine be- \ and physical strength that upon the • fore her method of obtaining it was dis- i celebration of his 100th birthday he oovered. But in spite of her fondness for cut down a hemlock tree some five feet strong drink she was as thoroughly aristo- X in circumference, and a chhrry tree of cratic as the times would warrant. While ' considerable size. These, stripped of taking her morning walks she would be ac- | their leaves, were disposed of to the companied by a colored boy named James $ large assemblage of friends and neigh¬ Burr, who carried her train over his should-; bors congregated, in honor of the old er. Burr lived to be a very old man and veteran’s centenary, at his farm in Edin¬ was for a number of years in the employ of burgh, N. Y., and were made into canes Mr. Low Lomerson and his eon James, in and other mementoes of the interesting Franklin township. occasion. In glancing over the records, annals, Shippen did not end his days in Oxford and documents dealing with the pen¬ and there is no record at that place of where sions of the Revolution, and with the he did die. It is more than probable, acts of Congress relative to them, one I however, that he returned to Philadelphia, ’ meets with many a distinguished name. that city was the home of his ancestors. Washington, with records of grants, votes of thanks, and presentations; Lee, “Light Horse Harry,” and other great sons of the Republic, are found side by side with Lafayette, Rochambeau and many another of the brave foreigners whom sympathy with the cause of American independence attracted to this country with offers of assistance. The first legislation in the interests of the brave soldiers who risked their | lives in the struggle to throw off the ./ JA a ! yoke of foreign domination occurred as far back as 1776. In that year the , recognizing the debt of gratitude owed by the nation Revolutionary ;to her brave defenders, turned its atten¬ tion to the subject of military pensions. In a long series of resolutions it was j' ... Pensions provided that every officer, both com¬ missioned and non-commissioned, as well The Last Survivor of the Great War as every private soldier who should in !the service of the State receive such and Other Famous Pensioners. injury or disablement as to be rendered incapable for the future of earning his own livelihood, should receive from the One by one the few remaining pen¬ public funds, during life or the contin- sioners from the Revolutionary war are March,i831, and to continue during hi* passing away. In almost every instance these worthy recipients of government natural life.” , , . T„,_ This act was supplemented inJuly, aid have lived to a good' old age. Quite 1836, and again in February. 184.b, Dj recently, it was on the 24th of May, acts extending the payment of pensions, i there died at Easton, Pa., a widow I whose late husband's pension dated back under certain well-defined rules ana conditions, tp the widows of such sol¬ to the War of Independence, to the (days of powered wigs and knee breeches, diers us died in consequence of wound* _. * .themselves entitledtobenefitunderthe term ofservice. fairly disentangledStatemattersand received orsicknessincurredduring pants inthesanguinaryconflictbetween public weal,thePensionBureauwas of thewar,beforeevenCongresshad flooded withapplicationsfrompartici¬ commenced theregulationofaffairs the twonations,andwhoimagined bers. In1S20,thethenSecretaryof in force.Theseapplicationsweregrant¬ various acts'relativetopensionsthen War, J.C.Calhoun,wasdirected,by ed indiscriminatelyinimmensenum¬ and listoftheexistingpensioners,who, information ofthemembers,areport upon thetableofHouse,for act ofCongress,toprepareandplace under theactofMarchIS,1818,were States andTerritories. inscribed upontherollsof thevarious paving population oftheUnitedStates 000.000. lic fundsofitsumaggregating over$3,- act, 1(3,1(33—andrequiring for payment enormous totalofover1(3.000—to beex¬ the publicexpenditure ofthecountry culminated in 1820.Inordertobring an annualappropriationfrom thepub¬ back to reasonablelimits acurtailment manded. of all appropriations wasloudly de¬ As mightbeexpected,upontheclose The numberwasfoundto reachthe The growing discontentofthetax FIVE FAMOUSPENSIONERS OF THEREVOLUTION. year byyear. To-daythereonlyre¬ pensioners has beenslowlydecreasing these are onlyinexistence by reason main some 15or16, andevenmany of decay thenumber ofrevolutionary to morethan$1,500,000annually. ing tothe1countryanamount equal curtailed andremainedcurtailed, sav¬ possessions wereestimatedtoexceed in thecold.Thepension list hadbeen whom thisdrastictreatment leftout to producetheeffectdesired bythose ties, threats,reclamations, allfailed one-half ofitsformerlength. Importuni¬ $200, therjollwasreducedtoabout or addedto_thepensionlist. gent circumstanceswereretainedupon in needofStateassistance.Onlythose fied theSecretaryofWartheirindi¬ who, afterthestrictestscrutiny,satis¬ such survivorsofthewarasuponclose pensioners, bothpastandfuture,to this endanactwaspassedrestricting granted with'somuchpromiscuity.To ber ofthepensionswhichhadbeen and itwasdecidedtothinoutthenum¬ mous. until itsproportionshadbecomeenor¬ list ofwhichbadswollenyearby dition ofthelevolutionarypensions, subject torigorousexaminationthecon¬ investigation shouldbefoundtostand Since thebby thenaturalprocessof By therigidexclusionofallwhose Legislation uponthesubjectfollowed, Almost thefirstthingdonewasto of the adroitly arranged marriage which is one of the most curious features disclosed by pension statistics, -nance of such injury, a pension equal to one-half his monthly pay. such pension to commence from the date that his pay as a soldier ceased. It was also provided that in case the injury should not be so serious as to [ cause total disablement, the invalid should receive such compensation as might be agreed upon by the Legislature of the State in which his residence was located: the compensation naturally never to exceed his half-pay. The different sorts of pensions were also classified, the two principal divi¬ sions being invalid and gratuitous pen-, DESCENHANTS SCATTERED ALL sions. Invalid pensions are defined as OYER THE COUNTRY. grants of money made to servants of the State injured in the performance of their duty; gratuitous pensions as grants Hundreds of Good People Claiming to .of money made at the close of a war, or Have the Washington Blood in upon other occasions to persons meriting' Them—Their Claims special distinction and reward for emi¬ Proven. nent services rendered to the State. * To this latter class belong the sums of money equaling the full pay of a- Special Correspondence of The Republic. major general, granted by Congress to Washington, D. C., June 29.—Among jthe family of Lafayette for a term of ’ the many things which would astonish five years, during which the distin¬ guished Frenchman was languishing in George Washington should he come to life ah Austrian prison; the sum of $200,000 again would ba the number of “lineal de¬ and a township of land, voted in 1824 to scendants’ ’ ho managed to leave behind him, the same gallant soldier upon the occa¬ in spite of the fact that he died childless. sion of his last visit to America, “in , Every State in the Union and nearly every consideration of his important services city has its proud supply of these descend¬ and expenditures during the American revolution;” and the sums of $4000, ants, so that had the Father of his Country ! voted in 1795, and later $400 annually, ! been ten times a father in the literal sense he for a period of five years, granted by could hardly have improved upon his pres¬ Congress to each of the four daughters ent success as an ancestor. It Is estimated df Count de Grasse, as a token of the that tha United States contains between 500 nation’s appreciation of their father's and 1,000 representatives of tha “genuine gallant conduct and valuable assist¬ Washington stock.” ance. To this class of property also belongs And yet, as remarked, the national hero the half-pay granted to the widows and passed away leaving no offspring! orphans of those who died, either upon Another thing which would greatly astonish the field of battle or later, in conse¬ the General would be the number of George quence of injuries received during the Washingtons who are flourishing in all parts term of service. of the land, even including the jail*. Wash¬ I In May, 1778, Congress, as an induce¬ ington City itself, as its directory shows, ment to the officers of the Revolutionary has no less than 42 George Washinstons, army to remain in active service until most of them colored men occupying a station the cessation of hostilities, passed a reso¬ in life which, to say the least, *. is lution granting half-pay to the surviv¬ lowly. As for the other families ors of the war for the space of seven in the national capital bear¬ j years. ing the name Washington the directory A large amout of legislation regulat¬ shows not less than seven pages of them,and ing the subject of pensions was finally the number in other cities in the Union is (brought to a satisfactory conclusion on proportionately great. June 7, 1832. It was then enacted that It would be a patent absurdity to assume “each of the surviving officers, non- that half or even one-quarter of this great j commissioned officers, musicians, sol- army of Washingtons have any trace of the Sdicrs and Indian spies, who shall have General’s blood in their veins. It I served in the Continental line or State is known on the other hand troops, volunteers or militia, for one or j that the Washington family was more terms a period of two years dur-, and has remained in the highest degree ing the war of the Revolution—shall prolific, and in the course of a century its receive the amount of his full pay in the descendants may have doubled and quadrup¬ jsaid line, according to his rank—such led many times. Only consider what a pro¬ (pay to commence from the 4th day of mising start was made. From Washington’s sister Betty alone were born six children; one of whom, also named Betty, bora ltj I children to her husband, Charles Cartor. As j there was issue from the other five of Betty’s j children it is plain that this single I branch in the course of a hundred years I may well have produced scores of families all over the country. Washington had also three brothars, iramuel, John Augustine and Charlos, and two halt brothers, Lawrence end Augustine. These all left issue. Be- 1. To the famfly of ’Washington’s mother (the Ball*.); 2. To the family of Washington’s father. 3. To the family of Washington's sister Betty or of his brothers Samuel, John Augustine and Charles. Hi* sister Mildred died young. 4. To the families of his half brother Law¬ rence Augustine. His two other half brothers left no issue. There are numerous families in the country who would have themselves included among the descendants of Washington because they can trace hack their families to the children of by her first bus- ; band, Daniel Parka Custis. It is plain, however, that these people have no more of George Washington's blood in tboir veins than any other body of citizens in the United States. Beginning, then, with the branch Which runs back to the family of Washington’s Richard B. Washington, declared to be mother, history tells us that Mary Ball was “the oldest living mala descendant of one of tho most beautiful women of her day Augustine Washington and Mary Bali,” and called as a young girl tho 4 ‘Rose of Epp- parents of General Washington. ing Forest. ” General Lafayette was one of her fervent admirers. Joseph Ball, sides this Washington had on his father’s ■ tho father of Mary, himself descended from side an uncle John, who left four children, Colonel William Ball, who came to America Aunt Mildred, who married twice and from from England in 1650, lived in the old home¬ whom manyVirpiaia families lilre the Thorn¬ stead at Epping Forest, where he was mar- i tons and the Willises trace their ancestry. On ried twice,*Ms first wife being a Miss Rogers, hiamotheU'-’s sod® four great aunts, half sis¬ who boro him a son, Joseph, and four| ters of Washington’s grandmother, left daughters, Elizabeth. Hannah, Ann and; children front whom canto a number of West¬ Esther. Of these childron the male line 13 ern families, .including, the Garnagies, the extinct, but there are families in Travers, the Ctmwaya and the Chinns. various States descended from the With such various sauries to draw upon in daughters. The only child born proving relationship to the illustrious Gen¬ of Joseph Bail’s second marriage eral, it is no wonder that the United States was Mary, destined to be the Mother of 1 are to-day full of people claiming iineal Washington. She died in 1789, having borne j descent from Washington’s family, and six children to her husband, Augustine! many of- them declaring themselves the Washington. Georgs Washington was the “nearest of kin to the great General.” eldest of these children and with tho excep¬ These claimants in soma instances still tion of Mildred was the only one who left beer the family name of Washington, but no offspring. Mary Ball was the second wife more often their names are as different of Augustine Washington, his first wife as are their stations in life and the having been Jane Butler, who died in parts of tho country vzbefe they live. 1/28, having borne four children, two The groat George would open his eyes in of whom left issue from which are descended wonder c-ould ho rood over tho long list of the Spotwoods of Virginia, the Finches of those who ■ to-day declare themselves bis Brooklyn, tho Swaynes of New York and the descendants. There are among these not Maupins of Maryland. only the usual American and English names, Those who claim desesnt from the Ea.l but others like Sehroeder and Fontaine, family trace back their ancestry to Captain showing a foreign admixture. There are William Ball, an undo of George Washing¬ names which have a fashionable ring like ton's mother, who married his cou*in, Han¬ Mr. and Mrs. Boverly Tucker. There are nah Ball. These claimants have a strong oueor names like Dr. Morborn Dandridge argument in their favor in the fact that Spotswood and James Smugrldge Conway. George Washington's youngest brother, And with the rest them are several families Charles, married into the Ball family, so of Smiths in Vermont who also claim descent that tho der.csndants to-d*y have a throe¬ from Washington. fold claim to the blood of the Father of his Of course, most of tho Washington do- Country. Bcendants live in the Eastern and Southern Foremost among those who trace their an¬ States, particularly in' Virginia and the Dis¬ cestry hack in this channel is CoIodcI Ebon- trict oi: Columbia, but there are many of ezer Burges Ball, whose home is in Washing¬ them scattered through the West in such far ton and who bears the most striking re¬ away places as Helena, Mont., where the semblance to his illustrious aacostor. Upload Hunt family.live; Silver City, N. Ml, where Bali, in spite of his 76 years, carries him¬ the Conways live; Vacaville, Soleno County, self with military bearing, stands over Cal., where the Chinns are to be found; 6 feet and with hi3 snow white hair Gatewood, X. T., which is the home of tho and dignified manner impresses one as Kings, and several small towns in Missouri worthy of the name he cherishes. Seen in and Arkansas where the families of Reding¬ profile Ms features are almost an exact re¬ ers and Bsov/ns have multiplied. The iSchroe- production of the familiar bead of Washing¬ ders live in Clinton, Mb.; tho fFontaines in ton engraved on the postage stamps. Colonel Texas, and so on over tho entire map. Bail spent many years in the West as a pio¬ In the absence of any recognized authority neer in Oregon and a valiant fighter on American geaoelogy there is no way of among the Indians. His grand¬ determining how many of those persons father, Colonel Burges Bail of tho claiming descent from General Washington’s Revolution, was an intimate friend of family are justified in ao doing. In a gen Georgo Washington, whose niece, Frances eral way, however, it may be said that only Washington, became his second wife. Of those are entitled to consideration who can the three sons born of this marriage, tho trace back their descent to one of the follow¬ eldest, Captain G. W. Ball, died unmarried ing sources: in 1812. Tha seboiftl son, Fayette, a god-son Hall family on account ox the intermarriage of^George Washington and his wife, died in already mentioned. se 1SS5, leaving ono son, who still lives. The third son, George Burges Ball, died in 1823, rt«VrgiD’a ,a?d ^eat contain to* ,fam 110! who tr8ce their descent ln^fUi’llfvCoIT»?01 J‘ A" Washington, who owned the Mount Vornon property for ft toUmfh®r y?arS EDd sold it to the Ladies’ Association. This property had como to him from Judgo Bushrod Washington, a favorite nephew of the General, and who had inherited it at Washington’s death. Among the living deacendantsin this line are many individuals or the lamilies already mentioned in the branch coming down from John Augustine ' asnington, for Judge Busnrod Washington was his son. a There is one special branch of the de¬ scendants lrom John Augustine Washington wlncn has, perhaps, a special claim to the blood of the great General. This is the branch which includes George Corbin Wash¬ ington, who was prominent in national poli¬ tics and was a candidate for nomination to the Presidency against General Winfield bcott. His father was William Augustine \v ash-lngton, a son of the General's brother Miss Eugenia Washington, Great-Grand¬ John Augustine, and he marriod his own niece of General Washington. cousin, Jane, a daughter of Washington’s half brother, Augustine, thus having an ex¬ and his son it is who to-day bears such aTe- tra strain of the General’s blood through the markable rosemblance to General Washing¬ line, ton. j _ It would be difficult to estimate the (Among others claiming descent in the jealousies and angry words which have been same line are Lieutenant K. Randolph Ball . caHod into being by the conflicting claims Paymaster R. Mason Bill of the United Oi all these ‘‘lineal descendants.” There States steamship Yantic, Landcnia fall are so many of them in so many placea and Elizabeth Ball, Fannie R, Ball, G, W Ball they all maintain their right to precedence and Charles Fayette Ball, all residents of with such zeal that when it really becomes Virginia. necessary to make selections among thorn Washington’s father had a brother and a no end of trouble arises. At the sister who loft issue, but the line of this medication ceremonies, for instance, of the j descent has never been fairly traced Washington Monument in 1885, tho In¬ janci has been the subject of much vitation Committee, after great pains [dispute. It is a very convenient and immense correspondence, finally drew ud mattor for persons styling themselves the list of 600 descendants.’ ‘aho gtorTouS Washington’s descendants to bo able to and u0° _ which they in tho innocenco argument by claiming to come down from of thair hearts believed would be sufficient. Washington’s Undo John or Aunt Mildred. There are some ecores of alleged descendants who account for themselves in this way. The line of descent from Washington’s brothers and his one sister is somewhat more dearly established, although oven here the genealogical tree has never been entirely worked out. From Betty Washington, who had six children and whose daughter Betty as already stated, had 16, are descended th4 families of Reed and Lewis of Baltimore Hall and King of Cleveland, Bassett of Wakefield, Va., and Sw&thmey in various [parts of Maryland; also the Steeles, Here- fords, Lovells and Paiges of Ohio; the Bonds of Elizabeth, N. J., the Mitchells and the Carters of Virginia and the Empias of North Carolina. From Colonel John Augustine Washing¬ ton, who had five grownup children, corns a number of old Virginia families, the Her- tha Howards, the Alexanders, the Wilases, the Chewes and the Finches. trom Colonel Samuel Washington who was married five times and left issue by two of these marriages, are descended a number of families which have spread through the West and South, including the Redingers and Browns of Missouri, the Patricks and Fontaines of Texas, the Smiths of Arkansas and Mississippi, theGanysof California, and the TaLmadges of Columbus, O., and Wash¬ Colonel Thornton Augustin Washington, ington, D. C. From this branch also come Great-Grandnephew of General Washing- the Virginia families of Shrewsbury. Pack- ton. ett, Weir and Parke. Tne descendants of the youngest brother Alas for such expectation*. Letters of ii Colonel Charles Washington, who had four dignant protest poured in upon them fro children, are included among those of the ------tv-- otn&r lineal descendants" everywhere b( tween Maine and California aa(l tho diincu-- tia3 of tbo committee were only begun. the green fields and past the thriving towrfs Some of the claims were certainly rather, of Ohio will find it' difficult to realize that flimsy in their Character. For instance, the less than a century ago the war whoop of descendants of General Alexander ."pots* | the savages echoed among the hills and the wood, including a number of army officers iaj various Southern States, declared themselves smoke of many a burning cabin drifted! Washington’s descendants, because their through the pleasaut valleys now so peace-, grandmother, Elizabeth, had been adoptad ful and quiet. by General Washington. Uther iamilies do-_ And vet just 99 vear3 ago “Mad An¬ manded recognition as the descendants or thony” Wayne, one of the most daring butt Esther Hall, a sister of Washington’s prudent soldiers that the State -of Pennsyl¬ 'mother. The claimants in this, vania ever produced, was engaged in a des¬ lino include a number of Western families, 1 perate battle with an army of Indians upon the Chinns, tho Conways ana others who the banks of the Maumee. His victory pride themselves on being the great-groat- i marked the beginning of that development groat grand nephews and nioces of George which has placed the Bnckeve State among Washington’s mother. j the leaders of the great sisterhood oi Among various other claimants to descent; fr tn General Washington are Mrs.; American commonwealths. Maria Washington Weir, the wife of; For many- years the Indians of Kentucky Dr. Robert F. Weir of New Vera and Ohio bad been hostile to tlie white City, who is a. gT&aX-gtfsn&dauglifc^r settlers, and in time the Ohio valley came Colonel Samuel WashiOErton; Mrs* Kate, to be known as the ‘‘dark anu bloody Washington Hunter, wife of Dr. James; ground.” At the close of the Revolution¬ B. Hunter, also of New York, and also a ary War the tribes were marshaled under great-granddaughter of the national hero; the leadership of Little Turtle, one ot the Miss Margaret Washington of Washington boldest, bravest and most cruel chieis city. Who calls hersoli “tho nearest relative | known to history. One ot the first sets of of Washington now living’’; Colonel President Washington alter the United Thornton1 Augustine Washington of the States Government had been put in work¬ Land Office at Washington, a great-grand- ing order, was to attempt the suppression nephew of George Washington; o Miss 'of the Indian outbreaks, and in 1790 he Kugonia Washington of Wasuington City, a sent General Hariuer and a small army to groat-grandniece of the great Yv ashlngto®; conquer Little Turtle and his band. But Mrs. Harriet Washington Talimadge of the wily savage led the troops into an AVasbington city, who claims the same re¬ ambush and cut- them to pieces. lationship^ EOmundb Law Rogers of Baitx- j A similar fate befell the troops under more, who believes himself to be*‘the oldest General Sinclair, who in 1791 marched living descendant of Martha AVashington’ ; against the doughty chieftain and his fol¬ Richard B. Washington of Charlestown, W. lowers. A7a., declared- to be “the oldest In 1793 the President/ entrusted General living male descendant of Augus¬ Anthony AVayne with the task ol c mquer- tine Washington and Mary Ball,' the parents of George AVasbington; ing the Ohio Indians. General Wayne was Mrs. Britannia W. Konnon, nee Pster> born in Chester county, Pa., in 1743, and widow of Commodore Konnon, who consid¬ during the Revolution had distinguished ers herself the oldest female descendant of I himself by many deeds of daring, the most Martha Washington; Mr. and Mrs. George prominent of which was the capture of the A. Washington of Cedarvilie, Tenn.; ana fort at Stony Point on the Hudson river. Daingerfield Lewis of Audlby, Va. . who re¬ General Wayne planned a midnight attack gards himself a# the oldest man alive having on the fort, and to guard against any possi¬ in his veins the blood of both the Washing¬ bility of failure had all the dogs on the ton and the Custis families. road to the, fort killed, in order that they Evidently some very wise authority on might not give the alarm by barking.. His Washingtonirna is needed to decide between soldiers had no ammunition, but they j all these lineal descendants of the Father of sealed the walls of the fort and captured his Country. Cleveland Moffett. the garrison at the point ot the bayonet. For this and other feats of valor President Washington fixed upon General AVayne as the man to successfully combat Little From, Turtle and his warriors. _ General A\ravne went to the scene'of the troubles in the autumn of 1793, and spent .(2>2Z, the winter and a part ot tile succeeding summer in trying to setile matters by treaty. All overtures having been re¬ jected by the red men, the General mar¬ shaled his forces, and on August 21, 1794, | attacked Little Turtle’s stronghold, and, after a fierce battle captured it by abayonet charge. The Indians were dispersed, never; 1FImM0RY~OP WAYNE. to be rallied again lor effective wariarej against the white man. Of course all this S.v ral Ohio Localities. Wi 1 Soon Cele- is only a bit of history, but it is well Drato Miul Antliony’s Victory Over the enough to jog the memory occasionally oil; Indians—Scenes of Lois Tuan a Century the stirring events of' the past, and thej h%o Recalled—History Not forgotten. busiest will find profit in pausing long ‘‘Mad Anthony” Wayne’s advent into enough to ascertain what caused the jog. Ohio and victory over the Indians wi soon be celebrated in several Ohio localities where history is cherished. The man who to-day leans back m the ft comfortably cushioned seat of a jailway coach and is borne smoothly along till o'] gh ] AmongThe associates and earliest supporters of Fitch was Wm. C. Houston, grandfather of Wm. C. Houston, well known in Atlantic City as a summer resident for more than a quarter of a century. He accompanied Fitch and

- eleven others on a tour of exploration and dis¬ K ---v « covery down the Ohio in 1782, when they Date, were captured by the Indians, Houston and Fitch doing most of the fighting and being the . last to surrender. They were subsequently A Mistake of History. ' released and the following year Houston and |i Credit for invention of the steamboat Fitch were members of a Kentucky land com¬ WRONGLY PLACED. pany, their associates being Dr. John Ewing, The following communication was printed provost of the University of Pennsylvania, the in the last issue of the Newark Sunday Stand¬ Rev. Nathanial Irwing of Neshaminy, Pa., ard. As it concerns the first steamboats in Jonathan Dickerson Sergent, Stacy Potts of the world, and incidentally refers to Borden- Trenton, and Col. Joshua Anderson of Bucks town and vicinitv, it is of more than ordi- county, Pa. On August 25, 1785, Houston, ditaary interest. Beside, if any public school then an ex-member of Congress from New history gives honor to Fulton that belongs to Jersey, endorsed Fitch’s invention and said of Fitfch, every newspaper in the State should him : “He is a man highly deserving—modest, right the wrong: ingenious, enterprising, and of good morals.” To the Editor of the Sunday Standard : Houston also recommended Fitch’s invention Oh page 237 of a school history lately in¬ to the Legislature of New Jersey, which body troduced into the public schools of Atlantic gave him the exclusive right to the streams of city, and presumably in use in the other New Jersey for steamboat navigation by act schools New Jersey, we read: “Nobody passed March 18, 1788. If the school children knows when or by whom the first steamboat of New Jersey are to be instructed as to the I was invented. At the beginning of 1807 there invention of the steamboat, let them be told I was not a steamboat in use in all the world." that New Jersey was the first State to pass an I Sometime ago I read in a school book publish¬ act encouraging the invention. Her example ed in New York and adopted as a text book was atterwards followed by Pennsylvania, in the schools of Atlantic City, this remarkable Virginia and New York. L statement, “New York excels in commerce, The origin or invention of the steamboat is | manufactures and ship building.” of special interest to Jerseymen, since Fitch, f School books should state facts, and not though a native of Connecticut, lived a num¬ F jfalsehoods; children should be taught the ber of years in Trenton, and to us there is ad¬ truths of history, and not the fictions of pre¬ ditional interest in the fact that the cylinder judiced or unlearned writers. John Fitch iused by Fitch in his boat was made at the operated steam crafts on the Delaware more furnace of one Drinker, on Little Egg Harbor than twenty years before R>bert Fulton plied river, in Atlantic county. It should be under¬ his Clermont on the Hudson in 1807. stood that the manufacture of iron in this sec¬ The amount of capital invested in ship tion of New Jersey from bog or meadow ore building in New York is less than five million were carried on quite extensively at that time. dollars, while at a single ship-yard in Phila¬ I The largest deposits of this ore was along the delphia there is an invested capital more than I southern tributaries of the Little Egg Harbor, double that of the entire state of New York. 1 in Atlantic county, extending from the source About midway in the Delaware river, al¬ of these streams to the present site of Egg most abreast the largest shipyard in the world, Harbor City. From ore taken from these in the ooze and mud of Petty’s Island, is the bogs was produced the iron used in the con¬ shrine of maritime America. Here are buried, struction of the cylinder and the other parts with the hulk of the “Perseverance,” the of Fitch’s steamboat, which was finished in hopes and the ambitions of John Fitch, the the spring of 1790, and of which he made this inventor of the steamboat. Writers of school triumphant entry in his diary. books and prejudiced historians may acchrd “On the 16th of April got our work com- the honor to Fulton, but the meed of praise pleted and tried our boat again, and although really belongs to Fitch. Truth may be made I the wind blew very fresh at the northwest, we •ubservient to fiction, but in this Columbian reigned Lord High Admirals of the Delaware, year of 1893, the centennial of John Fitch’s and no boat on the riyer could hold its way heart-break, let us, in honoring Fitch befriend with U9, but all fell astern, although several Truth so long crushed to earth. sailboats, which were very light and [had] were adjusted at stern, and pushed against the

^avy sails that brought their gunwales down water. At various places along the river to the water, came out to try U8. We a so crowds of people gathered to see her pass, en passed many boats with oars and strong route to Burlington. At Dunk’s Ferry a can¬ manned, and no loading, and [they] seemed non which General Reed had intended to be to stand still when we passed them. We run taken across the river on the night of Wash¬ around a vessel that was beating to windward ington’s masterly surprise at Trenton, but in about two miles, which had a half mile which by some means was overlooked, was start of us and came in without any of our hastily loaded and discharged in honor of the works failing.” occasion. The work did not fail! So much for Fitch a The vessel approached the wharf at Burling- ingenuity and the superiority of Atlantic ton and everything had passed off pleasantly,j county bog ore! Five years previous to this excepting a leak in the boiler, which Fitch -in the summer of 1795 -there floated upon subsequently repaired. The speed of the; a small stream in Joseph Loogstretfa’s meadow, vessel was four miles an hour, or only] near Davisville, Bucks county, Pa., the first one mile less than that of Fulton’s model of a steamboat, invented by Fitch, who boat nineteen years later. But Fitch looked had left Trenton and moved oyer into Bucks for a speed of ten miles an hour and county. Robert Fulton was than painting renewed his efforts with that end in view. JI miniatures at Second and Walnut streets. Throughout that summer she made voyages Philadelphia. Fitch laid his model and plans up the Delaware without accident. On Octo¬ before the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Franklin, ber 22, 1788, with thirty passengers on board, j I who pretended to be highly pleased, but m a she made the trip to Burlington, a distance of paper read before the American Philosophical twenty miles, in three hours and ten minutes, j j Society on December 2, 1785, in discussing The succeeding two years were full of trials. the question of water carriage by motors other Pitch was harrassed by enemies and his work! than man, horse or wind, he almost completely was delayed for lack of funds. Dr. Franklin ignored Fitch’s plans, and decided in favor of sought to demonstrate the superiority of his a= pump, which would draw water m at the plan of propulsion over that of Fitch ; and it v bow and eject it through the stern 1 Think of needs but little acquaintance with the springs j this brilliant idea originating with a man whose of human action to discover the cause of j standing in his day was like that of Edison in Franklin’s ungenerous treatment of Fitch. Dr. Rush, another distinguished Philadelphian, j our time. Nothing daunted, Fitch went about improv¬ called Fitch ,-a person remarkable for his ,, ing his invention, seeking of men of promin¬ licentious opposition to the Constitution of the ence and means the wherewithal to carry on United States,” Fitch was an anti-Federaliet the work. Only one powerful hand was —an adherant of that party whose principles ■ stretched out to help him, and this was the j haye an exponent to-day m John F. Hall, ; hand of the Spanish Ambassador, but I itch editor of the Atlantic City Union. refused it because in its palm was astipulation Finally the inventor had another boat finish a that the invention, when perfected, should be¬ ed, which was successfully tried on April 16,11 come the property of the Spanish Crown. 1790, and of which Fitch made entry in his On July 27,1789, the first steam vessel, a diary, as noted above. All through the sea- I mere skiff, was propelled upon the Delaware, son of 1790 this steamboat was advertised in! | and the following summer still another boat, the Philadelphia papers, and she made regular 4 twelve feet beam and forty-five feet long, was trips to Trenton, Bordentown, Burlington.) 9 finished and successfully tested on August 22. Bristol, Chester and Wilmington. Her speedij At this time the great convention which fram¬ was eight miles an hour and the aggregate of j■* ed that masterpiece of state-craft, the Con¬ the trips was at least 2,000 miles. stitution of the United States, was in session Meantime a company had been formed and i in Philadelphia, and most of the members they set about building a larger vessel, to be witnessed the trial trip of Fitch’s third boat. called the Perseverance, but without raising • < They were highly pleased and a number of the money beforehand. Fitch opposed this j leading men gave certificates of confidence in plan, but was overruled, and lie then set about fl the invention. ,... trying to promote the commercial features of 1 In July of the following year (1788) still his invention. He sought to interest Robert 3 another vessel was finished and started on her Morris, the financier, with the view of estab- j first trip to Burlington. This vessel was sixty lishing steam navigation on the Ohio and j feet in length and eight feet beam. Hitherto Mississippi, but without success. the oars or paddles bad been placed at the The simple truth was, the invention had I •ides of the boat, but in this instance they j succeeded too soon ; the commercial spirit of The school teacher of New Jersey should the age could not grasp its possibilities. ;'|s feel a pride in teaching their scholars this fact: The first steam vessel of any kind, in Finally, at the close of 1791, the boat broke * any part of the world, that traversed the sea, loose from its fastenings and was blown on was built by a Jerseyman, assisted by his son, Petty’s Island, where it was permitted to lie ! then a boy of 16, who, at the age of 20, took and rot. Fitch lingered in Pniladelphia un¬ command of the vessel, went to sea with her, piloted her into a safe harbor at Barneget dur¬ til about May, 1793—one hundred years ago ing a storm, and after the storm proceeded last May. He than wandered off and finally safely around the cape and up the Delaware reached France, but could not obtain in that to Philadelphia. This June, 1808—eighty- country the pecuniary assistance which he re¬ five years ago. With these facts before us, let us not teach quired, and leaving his drawings and specifi the children that “nobody knows when or cations in the Care of Aaron Vail, American why by whom the first steamboat was invent¬ Consul at L’Orient, he crossed over to Eug- ed,” and that “at the beginning of 1807 not a land and thence to Boston, working his way steamboat was in use in all the world.” A. M. Heston. across the Atlantic as a common sailor. Rob¬ ert FultOD, who had witnessed his achieve¬ ment on the Delaware, followed him to France n From and borrowed of Mr. Vail the papers belong¬ i , ^ ing to Fitch, and had them in his possession sayeral months. In 1796 Fitch built a boat (A for Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, and navigated it on a fresh water pond known as “the Collect,” whose site is now Date covered by the Tombs prison in New York. It is said that Robert Fulton was aboard this f The ORSGITV4X, ' -ajj|gr boat, and that Fitch explained to him the mode of operation. This boat was moved by 'stars and Stripes ^liat Once Float¬ a. screw propeller. ed Over* the Bon Homme Richard From New York Fitch drifted to the wilds Now Owned by airs. Harriet R. P. of Kentucky and settled down methodically Stafford. to shorten his wretched life. Repeated disap¬ HE original Amp^i^n now pointments had disgusted him with the world. T owned by Mrs. Harriet R. P. Some time in June or July, 1698, he died a Stafford of Cottage City, Mess, a suicide in Bardstown, Ky., aged 55. He It was nearly 15 feet long, and near-, had been sick for a few days and his physician ly 6 feet wide, with 12 stars. ! prescribed anodynes. Instead of taking them Relic hunters have somewhat in¬ as directed, he kept the medicine until he had jured its proportions. It was made at twelve opium pills. These he swallowed at Philadelphia, under the direction of John i once, and so, in slumber, he ended what to Wrown, Secretary of the United States him had been an existence full of troubles, i Marine,, a-nd presented to Paul Jones by disappointments and suffering. On the mar¬ the ladies who made it, tide Misses Ms)ty gin of the Ohio is a grave, unmarked and ; and Sarah Austin, den, Washington unhonored, where, according to his own (also directed the work, and the design iexpressed wish—“Where the song of the was mostly taken from his family es¬ boatman penetrates the stillness of his resting cutcheon, found, in Trinity Church, Eng- (place, and where the sound of the steam en¬ jland. The flag was made before .Georgia gine sends its echoes abroad.” | had joined'the Confederacy. Briefly stated, other steamboat inventions, When Paul Jones took command of the succeeding those of Fitch, whose invention ,Bon Homme Richard, he fought under was undoubtedly the first, were those of 1!aS- During the light) between the Samuel Mores, who began to experiment on iv?? .Homme Richard and the English the Connecticut river in 1790, James Rumsey and fell into the tllIssea. liaYoung& was Lieut.shot Stlaf- on the Potomac, Wm. Symington in England, lord. jumped, overheard, rescued the flag, ( John Stevens on the Hudson, and Oliver and nailed it to the mast of the Richard, ihe flag afterward floated over the Al- Evans on the Delaware in 1804. Morey, aided • ^en tha11 Yessel was sold, by Dr. Burgess Allison, built a boat near Bor- i'Vm ^ven to Lieut. Stafford, and kerpt by j dentown, N. J., which was used with success a1 i ^ widow until her death, Aug. on the Delaware, and in 1797 was propelled a, dstu. it theu became the property of to Philadelphia. (their daughter.-Sarah 'Smith Stafford, who .died in January, 1880. She, in her wM, Mr. Stevens was another Jerseyman. He | Qucathed. it to its present owner, who operated his steamboat between New Brun¬ ! guards it carefully, and at lier death it swick and New York, from 1804 to 1808, and will become the property of the Smilfii- finally conceived the bold idea of sending her sonaan Institution at Wosbingtion. Stafford, the present owner- of f ; to Philadelphia by sea. During a storm she tne nag, whose maiden name was Harriet made safe anchor at Barnegat, and a few days Rebecca Perry, was bom in Sherburne, later reached Phiiadelpia in salety, in com¬ Mass., but spent much of her youth in mand of Robert L. Stevens, a boy of 20, and Natick, Mass. At one time, with her husband, she lived two years oil Brond- was plied many year between that city and I city. Afterward she resided Trenton. She was called the Peoenix, and ;at Wellesley, Mags., from which plane was the first steamboat that ever traversed the she went a few years since to make sea. Truly another triumph for Jersey ! her home m Cottage City. Her rest- fatigue incident to these occasions, she goes with her treasure', but she, slight and delicate in fonn bears well and with less anxiety than her Mends have for her. Long may she live Is the eaxibest /wisli o£ all who know heig

ICRS. STAFFORD. "TIRESPOPENCE. denoe ts on West Clinton avenue, camp ground, and is an attraction to lovers of tlie antique, as -well as those drawn there by the old flag, -which is enclosed in a LETTERS ON SUBJECTS OF GENERAL glass case standing in her hall. Her AND LOCAL INTEREST. husband’s name is Samuel Bayard Staf¬ ford He Is a son of the one -who rescued the flag. Mrs. Stafford has been offered large sums for the flag'. To one The First American Flag. offer of $3000 she answered “ the wealth To the Editor of the Public Ledger | of the Vanderbilts wouldn’t Induce me Sir: The Associated Press despatches from ijO part with the flag.” She also receives Chicago, published to-day in the leading newspapers, describing the “Fourth of July” j celebration, with Mayor Harrison’s grand' “Dramatic Incident,” of supplementing the unfolding to the breeze the old Paul Jones flag, by swearing the multitude to renewed allegiance with Andrew Jackson’s uplifted sword, again gives to the country at large the oft repeated but fictitious claim that Mrs. Stafford’s interesting relic is "The First American Flag. ” It also states that It was “the original flag under which J. Paul Jones sailed with the authority of Congress. ” These statements are extremely puzzling to ; every lover of our flag who wishes to know its exact history, and especially to a large num¬ ber of native born Philadelphians, descend¬ ants of Betsy Ross, who have been reared in the belief that the first, or sample, flag made! bv her in 1776, under the supervision of a; committee of the Continental Congress, with -the notable assistance of General Washington, was not preserved, and its existence can be most positively denied. Mrs. Stafford, the present owner of this ‘Paul Jones Flag,’’ truly ‘ ‘a priceless relic, ’’ and without doubt the very oldest repre¬ sentation of “Stars and Stripes” known any¬ thing about. like her sister-in-iaw, the late Miss Sarah Smith Stafford, of Trenton, N. J., • MRS. STAFFORD WEARING HER MOTHER’S its former owner, is a strenuous advocate of; WEDDING DRESS AND BLACK CURLS. the old flag’s claim to well-deserved special attention. But it is very unfortunate that its undoubtedly interesting history should be requests for the loan of the flag for theat marred with imaginary fictions or inaccurate rlcal and other shows, 'but considers it dishonor to its proud history, to use statements. it except for patriotic purposes. In the printed accounts of this famous old Mrs. Stafford’s 74th birthday occurred flag it is stated that it was made by the Misses Saturday, June 24. She belongs to the Mary and Sarah Austin in Philadelphia in Daughters of the Revolution and wears its , the year 1777, and Mrs. Stafford, in a pamphlet badge on her watchchain. This badge is; published this year, gives a photograph of it, a circle of gold, representing the wheel under which is printed the words, “The and distaff, and on its outer edge of blue' |Original Stars and Stripes.” The picture enamel, bears the Inscription, “American Daughters of Revolution.” Mrs. Stafford visibly shows the peculiar features of this will leave Cottage City in a lew days to . quaint and curious old flag with its twelve be the guest "of the city of Chicago at stars, ten of which, quite-large and two the celebration of the new Columbian : smaller ones, filling the whole of the space in liberty bell, to which, she contributed!. the Union. And for the accidental omission Mrs. Stafford is a very bright, cheer-; the pamphlet gives the odd explanation that ful and intelligent lady, and modestly re¬ it contains only twelve stars because it was fuses the honors isbown her, preferring, in made before Georgia came into the Union. her enthusiastic patriotism, to lay all the glory on her cherished old flag. Very Even our little children, who are now giving few ladies at her age could endure the such splendid promise in the school of patri- otlsin, and to whom we may with pride trust ! The New Jersey Historical-Society, whtK the future destiny of our nation, are sadly at It contains the records of many a deed fault in the history of their country and of Which stirred the heart of the whole their flag, if they cannot fell us that Georgia was one of the original compact of thirteen, country, is no less rich in the relics ot' which, as for instance, the Journal of Congress local achievement. Here in its attic- for June 17th, 1775, shows, was patriotically rooms, looking out on the busy, bustling- preparing the way to independence and life of the modern city, the visitor might proposed the following resolution: “Where¬ easily forget the present, as he unfolds as, The Delegates of ail the Colonics, the old parchments or studies the time¬ from Nova Scotia to Georgia, in Congress worn volumes which trace the foundation assembled have unanimously chosen George 1 and growth of what the Rev. Abraham Washington, Esq., to be General and Com¬ Pierson called “our town on the Pas- mander in Chief of such forces as are or shall sayack.” (be raised for the maintenance and preserva¬ Newark, at its beginning in 1666, was a. tion of American Liberty. This Congress church, an offshoot of the sturdy Congre¬ ; doth now declare that they will maintain and gationalism. of Connecticut. . The first [assist, him, the said George Washington, with settlers, the records state, were “godly their lives and fortunes in the same cause.” and learned men from Branford,” who jA compact, which the thirteen stripes of the moved to Newark as a unit, taking with old Colonial, or grand Union flag, fully typify, them the town and church records, and before stars were thought, of. re-establishing their New England colony ; And further, our history will tell us that on New Jersey soil. They had purchased that bold and daring Scotchman, ilie gallant, .their land, including Newark, Belleville, though extremely erratic, J. Paul Jones, was Bloomfield, the Oranges and Caldwell, [commissioned by resolution of Congress, June from the Indians, as the time-stained 14, 1777, to the command of the new ship manuscripts show, for the following con¬ Hanger, just built at Portsmouth, N. H., and sideration: “fifty double hands of powder, on that very day, June 14, 1777, was recorded one hundred barrs of lead, twenty axes, the famous resolution of Congress, “that the twenty coates, ten guns, twenty pistolls, flag of the thirteen United States should be ten kettles, ten swords, four blankets, {thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that four barreLls of beere. ten paire of the Union should be thirteen stars, white, on breeches, fifty knives, twenty hones, blue field, representing a new consteilatioD. ” eight hundred and fifty fathem of warn- {So that we may correctly understand that pem, two ankers of licquers, and three Paul Jones was not authorized by Congress to troopers’ coates.” Having driven this jsaii under a flag with only twelve stars upon it. Again, by referring to odr children’s his¬ thrifty bargain, they settled themselves tory, we find that J. Pan! Jones did not re¬ under the stern laws of Puritanism, and. ceive his French commission at. Versailles, In a resolution still preserved, declared under which he sailed on the Bon Homme “that none shall be admitted freemen or {Richard, until February 4th, 1779, and that free Burgesses upon our town upon Pas¬ liis sea fight with the Serapis, on the coast of saic River in the province of New Jersey, England, where this old flag is claimed to but such planters as are members of {have received its special glory, was on Sep¬ tember 23d, 1779—over three years after the resolution establishing the flag was recorded, and some four years alter my maternal grand¬ mother, Elizabeth Claypoole (Betsy Ross), at {her little house on Arch street, made complete •D?-G&IFPiN'S-fl/fp and beautiful the first United Stales flag. George Canby. if*—---—--Philadelphia, July 5, 18.9:3. --■

MWKET-OSDSIED-DY- damiu-b-bruen m TBtWAR OF 1812

DP A^WHOPTEPT CrtKiR ■Relics or the

THEY ABOUND IN THE ROOMS OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. _ CRAyC-^ The History of Newark Reflected in Docu¬ ments, Worn and Yellow with Time- SOME HISTORICAL RELICS. How Trinity Church Began-Keminis- some or other of the Congregational cences of Washington Irving's Days in j churches, nor shall any but such be chosen to magistracy or to carry on any This City-Tombstone Fragments—Dr. part of the civil judicature, or any chief McWhorter’s Chair and Dr. Griffin’s military trust or office. Nor shall any Marvelous Beaver Hat-Portraits of but church members have any.vote in any Selections.” I Eminent Jerseymen. that "the church became the The grave-stone of “Sarah, centre of the town, and the earlier town' ^.bner Ward, who disceased June meetings were occupied with discussions; was a little more cheerful, excla: of the merits of, the relative ministers, “Why, should we mourn departed frienc and bickerings about the salary. or quake at death’s alarms?” and the fol¬ The first public building was the church lowing has a ring of such perfect resig¬ and the first town meeting was held “tol nation that one half fancies it may have decide upon its location.” But a Satan;’ been born of love for another: enters every Eden, and even the most; “Lie still, dear wife, and take thy rest. worthy sometimes fall. One Sabbath day I God called thee hence because He thought discord, permanent and bitter, came. The it best.” (• morning dawned with threatening aspect, The Historical Society possesses also the and the church-going crowds knew that a old “town book,” a record of the deeds ptorm was imminent. Colonel Josiah Og¬ and transfers of land from 1691 to 1737. den, a veritable “elder in Israel,” knew it Among the miscellaneous papers is “a too, and to the lasting scandal of all the faire copy (it is "without date) of ye truly pious, stayed at home from meeting Ingen sent from London and no,w in ye to gather in his hay. The wrath of the city hallc—7 feet wide on ye board, 9 feet righteous knew no bounds and the wan¬ on ye worke pole, 73 feet long in ye dering sheep received the official censure whole. Mounted by twelve tug men, 11 of the fold. He appealed to the Presby¬ bucket men and one pipe man.” tery and was sustained, but the breach 'The society also hg.s the minutes of the was too wide to heal; the Rev. Mr. Webb, meetings of Engine Company No. 1, from! the pastor, was requested to resign for 1799—1801. Next to these and crumbling his half-hearted condemnation of Colonel with them into dust is an old deed on the; Ogden, and the iniquitous hay-gatherer back of which some Eighteenth Century became the founder and one of the pillars school boy has written a glowing account of Trinity Episcopal Church, which re¬ of a trotting horse, “Young Pastime,” sulted ultimately in the disestablishment whom he declares he will see and bet on of Congregationalism. “speedily.” It is difficult now to appreciate the The cupola of cockloft summer house powerful effect of such a trivial incident, is treasured among the socitey’s valued but the old-time books and records are possessions, as it was under the roof of filled with it, and the horror of the godly this arbor—on the old Gouverneur home¬ appears to have been the more intense stead—that Washington Irving, James K. because this second Jeroboam “did make Paulding and others of their famous others also in Israel to sin.” coterie used to gather “to forget on the A lingering memory of this iniquity, banks of the Passaic the city’s din.” It perhaps, caused “sundry worthy citizens” was here that Irving wrote one of the to prepare, in 1798, “a voluntary associa¬ earliest of his works, “Salamagundi, or tion of the people of Newark to preserve Whim Whams of Opinion.” In it he the Sabbath.” The agreement contains makes the following reference to Newark: the names of upwards of a hundred men “Newark—noted for its fine breed of fat who signed themselves to the following mosquitoes—sting through the thickest provisions: boot. A knowing traveler always judges! • We agree, 1st, That we will neither things by inn-keepers and waiters, there-j give nor partake of pleasure, or enter¬ fore Newark people are fat as butter! tainment on that day. Remember to note a learned dissertation 2. That we will neither ride nor travel on Archie Gifford’s green coat to which on that day. reasons might be added as to why New¬ 3. That we will regularly attend divine ark people wear red worsted night caps service on that day, and compel our chil¬ and turn their noses to the South when dren, servants and apprentices to do the the wind blows.” same. Irving, however, made up for these un¬ 4. That after divine service is over we gracious remarks in later years when in a will keep our children, apprent^es and long letter to the Historical Society he servants at home, and not suffer them said: to go abroad. “With Newark are associated in my Worthy souls! They have long since ■ mind many pleasant memories of early ceased from their godly vocations, and, days and social meetings at an old man¬ “Each in his narrow cell forever laid. sion on the banks of the Passaic.” The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep Near one of the windows of the Li¬ The works they began, and the Indus- j brary stands the study chair of Dr. Mc¬ tries they started, have come down to the: Whorter, half turned toward the light, as present generation; even the “four bar-! if the owner had but just arisen from a rells of beere” they gave the Indians view of the First Presbyterian Church, have increased more wonderfully than whose destinies he guided so faithfully the Israelitish woman’s pot of oil, but of for so many years. Near his chair stands them personally only the mouldering his cane. and in the quaintness and quietj headstones in the churchyard tell. These of the surroundings one almost expects toj also would have vanished were it not for see the reverend gentleman step down the careful forethought of the Historical from his picture on the wall near by and Society which has preserved drawings of mingle once more in the busy world. fnany old tombstones and copies of all the Yes, and next the cane is a huge old old inscriptions. The epitaphs are indica¬ beaver-hat, which fancy says was just tive in some cases of the stern and mel¬ like the one he wore, though it really ancholy minds that framed them—as this belonged to Dr. Griffin, his successor from 'one, copied from the tomb of George 1801-1843. It is an enormous old affair) lunch, who died in 1794: ■ nine inches high, with a two-inch brim.. “You living men as you pass by. • eight inches across at the bottom, and. As you are now so once was I. - nine and a half at the top. The inside is As I am now, so you must be; lined with red silk, decorated with a pre , Prepare for death and follow me. m

ey Tell of the Themselves.

FACES AND CHARACTERISTICS.

Written for The Evening Star. .O APARTMENT IN the Capitol attracts more attention from visitors than that what is known as the Speaker’s lobby. Four doors open Into It from the chamber of the House of Repre¬ sentatives. It is about ninety feet long and thirty feet wide and | REMINISCENCES OP COCKLOFT runs from the west 1 HALL. to the east corridor 'Tn^°at^ ams' a-Hr tSe motto, of the House. Its name of -w-m® P™sper-” It bears the French windows open upon a marble snHhe chuTehT Rankin’ maker’ opp°- balcony, facing- south. From this bal¬ cony there is a magnificent view of the N™rt°Cir S collection of portraits of two banks of the Potomac. A striking It iTT1?, Cltizens is especially valuable feature of the landscape is the arsenal, in born /UdeS hat °f Aaron Burr- who was which Harold, Atzerott, Payne and Mrs. Wash/n^t neai'f the corner of William and a&hing-ton streets; Judge Horn blower Surratt were executed. The room itself is ■Justice Bradley, Frederick T. Freling- the most gorgeous In the House wing. Great plate glass mirrors, with gilt frames, Golerno A^raham Ireneaus Prim?, Wh?! Pennington, and many others at opposite ends of the room, make it ap¬ whose achievements in State and Na- pear more spacious than it really is. Then there are marble fire places with brass- 7°"a , !5ail\have made Newark proud to call them her sons. handled shovels, leather-covered sofas and chairs, and tables for the convenience of Thus, as one wanders through the dusty members. The floor Is tiled, but foot falls near the chamber are deadened with rugs. ~’h 7"" hiS 6ye aiong the crowded The only Inharmonious object in the room the w!m ?eS' °r SaZ6S at the Pictures on ™.al*\ U™e ^ems to turn backward in might be taken for a refrigerator. It is a us flight; he notes the deeds of every telephone box, covering long distances. A phase of the Nation’s history, the State’s Chicago, St. Louis, New York or Boston the city s. He sees again the faces of by- member, by using it, can converse with a constituent at home for $2.50 a conversa¬ !f°ne generations. He can almost hear! tion. j their long-silent voices, and can in truth What attracts the attention of visitors -’’Hold converse with the dead who leave to this room, however, is the portraits of the the stamp Speakers of the House of Representatives Of ever-burning thought on many a page adorning the walls. They include a few oil When they have gone into the senselelsl ' paintings, many crayons and some small damp of graves. lithographs. It Is to be regretted that the „___ f collection is Incomplete. There Is no like¬ ness of Speaker Taylor of New York, and there is a crayon hanging in the corridor whose original no one seems to know, but it From, must belong to either Geo. Dent of Mary¬ land or Nathaniel Macon of South Carolina. After gazing at the paintings and crayons let us drop Into an easy chair and allow the Speakers they represent to pass before us. The first Is the Speaker of the Frst Con¬ I gress. He was Frederick A. Muhlenburg of Pennsylvania. The round face and Dutch Date, QjsL:, /'■' / .y,- cast of features gave him a resemblance to DeWitt Clinton. He is dressed In old col¬ onial style. A large white neckerchief en¬ circles his throat with a ruffle below It. He tfries a quill and seems lost In thought. BVGOI^ 7 SPEAKERS.!^ legs are out~or proportion to his body. They are thin and are set off with knicker¬ bockers. Next comes old Jonathan Trumbull, Speak¬ er of the Second Congress. The state of Men Who Have Filled the Chair' Connecticut sent his portrait here. He passes by us in colonial costume,with a blue Before Mr, Crisp. coat, buff waist coat, frilled cuffs and vol¬ uminous neck gear. He has the pleasant¬ est face of any in the collection. The pow¬ dered hair and the clean shaven cheeks render it all the more attractive. Trumbull TO PORTRAITS IN THE LOBBL went to the Senate after serving one term " '

m Janies G. Blaine (When Speaker) as Speaker. He resigned YETSeHators Samuel J. Randall. accept the lieutenant governorship of Con stock is surmounted by a standing collar necticut. He thought one latter a higher that would have excited the admiration honor than the former, a strong commen¬ the llteGen Spinola. Henry Clay w tary upon the strength of state feeling in the only man who was ever the° Houle the early days of the republic. «n his first appearance in the nouse. The third to pass in review is Jonathan We next see a grave «r.tleman-entleman withwi a Dayton, Speaker of the Fourth and Fifth " the old rolling Congresses. With his powdered queue and sacerdotal air. He wea, white cravat, high-nec. , black coat anu grave face he looks like a lord chief justice. evidently a South He, too, resigned the Speakership to become tiny side whisk6rs. xi.6 Carolinian, not quite u| !n dress with the a Senator. , _ je is by no means And now a gentleman passes who resem¬ times in which he lived. lilro r£\. bles the late Charles Sumner. The resem¬ blance is intensified by his short side whis¬ kers. There is nothing colonial in his garb. The black coat comes well up to the neckt and the white necktie is loose and frilled. This is the Speaker of the Sixth Congress, Congress and. was afterward President of Theodore Sedgewiek of Massachusetts. He the United States Bank. > served from 1799 to 1801. Like T rumbull, Following in Mr. cneeves footsteps is he served one term and went to the United Philip P. Barbour of Virginia. It is the face States Senate. It is worthy of remark that of an old dominion farmer. Seamed with although the Speaker was the third officer in deep lines, it is thoughtful and expressive. rank in the government and the second m The fire of his intellect is shown m his deep- power, in those days, men like Trumbull, seated eyes. The attire has a nea\ careless¬ Sedgwick and Clay should prefer a seat m ness about it found only alonf the Eastern the Senate to the speakership of the House. Shore. The collar is part of the shirt ana The next gentleman to appear is tne lacks starch. The white waistcoat is low Speaker of the Tenth and Eleventh Con¬ cut and wrinkled, and the familiar black gresses, Gen. Jos. B. Varnum of Massa¬ coat looks a little seedy.Barbour v.as chusetts. He, too, left the Speaker’s chair Sneaker in 1821. Andrew Jackson atter- to go to the Senate. His state has presented ward made him a justice of the Supreme a fine painting of the general to the House. It is a pleasant face, almost as pleasant as C Following Mr. Barbour comes another that of Trumbull. There is a stern aspect Virginian of rare old stock, Andrew Steven¬ about the mouth, however, that indicates son. The contrast between the appearance firmness and untiring energy. Gen. Var¬ of Barbour and Stevenson is strongly mara- num appears to have been the first Speaker ed. The latter has a magnificent presence pf the House to wear a shirt collar. It is and an elegance unparalleled among Speak¬ 'em old-fashioned stand-up affair, with a ers of the House. The face looks like; that of tendency to lop over his huge white cravat. one high in Episcopal authority. The head He was the last Speaker to wear frilled is well set and the outline extremely arts cuffs. tocratic. An immaculate staiia-up colia And now passes a trim and elegant figure. closely das;, s the chin. It is held with a There is a tinge of auburn, in his sandy long white cravat, tied in front, low down, hair, and his blue eyes are piercing. The with the exquisite grace charactenzing dan- high cheek bones and mobile mouth be¬ dies in the time of George PV. A Plaited speak his origin. He is Henry Clay of Ken¬ shirt is brought into prominence by broad tucky. The portrait was found in an old black ribbon, from which a iaonocle iS Bus- committee room years ago. It was evi¬ nended. The black coat is tightly buttoned dently executed by some traveling portrait with a dignified wrinkle at the buttonhole, painter when Clay was a young man. The and th1’wesence those in authority and the painting is now whiskers, stern face '****£*&*'^ remind you of Thomas fnr as good as new. Old friends of Mr. Clay John Bell of Tennessee,once a cMdidate for say that it is an excellent likeness. It was President and Speaker of toe Twenty-third evidently taken before 1820. The waist¬ coat is buttoned to the throat and the black ,.w lulc was taken in hi 3 dress is a counterpart uj. that o£ Andrew Stevenson. The shirt- front is unplatted yet adorned by a tiny ^dk watch guard. Bell left the Speaker s chair to take a place in William Henry Harrison s

following him appears au.£a®e1^nfh?f^v well known, that of James K. Bolk, 0 ^ Speaker who ever became President ot the United States. His face is clean shaven, forcible arid intellectual, and the bristling hair aptly justifies the name of iol]ng Hickory" applied to him in the campaign of 1844. The black stock, white dickej, chin collar and close-cut coat of fifty years ago tell the times in which he lived. Behind him you see the figure of another courtly Virginian. It is that of the Honor¬ able Robert M. T. Hunter^ Speaker of the Twenty-sixth Congress. He also left the Speaker’s chair for the Senate. He looks like a near relative of Senator John Vy . Daniel. This appearance is borne out by the long rolling black hair and turned-down collar not Byronic in its proportions. A plain black tie, coat and waistcoat give Mr. Hunter the perfection of dignity. Behind him are John White of Kentucky, John W. Jones of Virginia and John VV. Davis of Indiana. In personal appearance John G. Carlisle (When Speaker). each represents his state. W bite is thin and angular in feature and has the look of a House Banks’ portrait. Unlike that of Kentucky quarter horse. The eye is bright Winthrop, it was taken when the general and the face indicates intellectual strength. was in his prime. Stern, firm and un¬ His attire is neat yet extremely plain. daunted, the face indicates the nerve and Jones has the long hair, the full etye and the intellect that led the republican party to expressive features of the old-time Virgin¬ victory in the days of its youth. ian Dressed in black with plaited dickey The next figure is that of James L. Orr of and a rolled-down collar, he seems reserved South Carolina, the last democrat to hold and modest when compared with those who the office of Speaker before the war. Orr have gone before him. Davis has as strik¬ was a fine statesman. His face, like that of ing a face as any in the group. The large Cobb, is a typical southern one. The long nose, firm mouth, full eye and well-set head rolling hair covering the ears is there. The indicate a man of great magnetic power. stubby chin beard, the fiery eye, the firm His shoulders are thrown back and he has mouth and the aquiline nose give a fire-eat¬ the chest of a Roscoe Conkling. In figure ing expression to his countenance. This is and dress he recalls the Tall Sycamore of enhanced by the high collar, carelessly tied the Wabash. cravat and typical black coat and waist¬ The next to approach is a tall gentleman coat. with a fine figure and a well-modeled head. Next to Gov. Orr we see William Pen¬ The hair and whiskers are gray and the cos¬ nington of New Jersey and Galusha A. tume modern. This gentleman is Robert Grow of Pennsylvania. Pennington has C. Winthrop of Massachusetts, Speaker in a stern, Dutch face. He looks like a de¬ 1848 and 1849. The painting was presented scendant of old Peter Stuyvesant. While to the House by the state, and was evi¬ dressed like Orr, he is in direct contrast. dently made a quarter of a century after His hair is parted and disheveled. His Mr. Winthrop served as Speaker. The four- face is stern and the lines more clear. Pen¬ in-hand tie, frock coat and stand-up collar nington had been a whig governor of his were not worn in 1848. This stately and im¬ native state, and had taken a prominent pressive gentleman, who is still alive, also part in what was known as the Broad Seal left the Speaker’s chair to go to the United controversy. It had reference to the sig¬ I States Senate. nificance of the seal of a state when ap¬ ' The man behind him is of an entirely dif¬ plied to certificates of Representatives. ferent type, broad shouldered, round faced Grow’s picture hardly does him justice. It and sturdy. He is a true son of the moun¬ was evidently taken twenty years after he tains of northern Georgia. This gentleman left the chair. The black hair and beard is Howell Cobb. He was Speaker of the have grown silvery, but the figure is erect Thirty-first Congress. Some would say that and the eye bright and penetrating. He the face resembled that of Robert Toombs, : would knock down a South Carolina or any while others would fancy there was more of other Congressman upon due provocation. a resemblance to Phineas T. Barnum. This painting was presented by the state of Cobb wears a genuine steel stock about his j Pennsylvania. Grow was the first Speaker neck, with a low stand-up collar. His black who wore a mustache. coat and waistcoat set him off to advantage. Following him stalks Schuyler Colfax and He was Buchanan's Secretary of the Treas¬ James G. Blaine. The smiling countenance ury and afterward became a confederate of the Indianian and the intellectual face of general. the great statesman of Maine are so well The next in line has a boyish face with known that they need no-description. thick, brown hair, blue eyes and an active talking behind these two men you see a presence. The features are clean and fine ntleman who has a sad, careworn expres- cut and the expression thoughtful. He is >n, and the features of, ^ V,'7nn" : Linn BoVd of Kentucky, Speaker of the * wears a mustache and full beard, and Thirty-second and Thirty-third Congresses. ,s his hair combed carefully^over ms ears, The black stock and short stand-up collar lis is Blaine’s successor in the Speaker■ a were still in vogue. The tightly buttoned tair Michael C. Kerr of Indiana, a careful waistcoat displays his shirt front at nearly id thoughful man. No Speaker was ever every button. ore respected by the House. He is followed by his successor in the The next in line has a face of singular Speaker’s chair, Nathaniel P. Banks of >auty The curling black hair, the flashing Massachusetts. The state presented to the res, the Tuscan features and proud bear-

tL. 2# however, til ents would condemn it. Indeed, or stood gazing at it for full five some months ago, and then with disgust turned to a friend and said: durn democrat done this.” Speaker Crisp’s portrait is not among collection. He is an is, and not a has been. In time, like many of his predecessors, he may vacate the Speaker’s chair for a seat in the Senate. AMOS J. CUMMINGS.

WASHINGTON’S MARBLE GAVEL. ing are those oT Samuel J. Randall. The painting was presented by his native state, j Fine as it is it does not equal in beauty the Gnarded With the Utmost Care By crayon photograph it displaced. This pho¬ a Masonic Lod.se at the Capital. tograph was so remarkably true to life that The handsome marble gavel used by Fres- members of CongTess often stopped to ad¬ jdeht George Washington at the laying of mire it as they were passing by. “If this' head, cast in bronze, were dug up along the " the corner stone of the United States cap banks of the Tiber,’’ said Representative itol 100 years ago is now in possession ofj Hitt, some years ago, “everybody would the Potomac lodge of Masons of George have said that it was the cast of a true town, by whom it is guarded with care al¬ Roman—the noblest Roman of them all.” most amounting to veneration. For fear The next in the procession is J. Warren that it might be stolen or injured, says thel Keifer of Ohio. It presents the strongest contrast to Randall in appearance as well as “Post,” it was ordered years ago to place in official life. He had a mustache ar.d a the,precious relic in the strong vaults of the! full beard, and no member of Congress ever Farmers and Mechanics' bank, and from, stopped to look at his picture a second time there it has never been removed except on! when passing through the corridor. Indeed, the order of the lodge. No one Is allowed they never stopped at all. to take it In his possession even for a day,; Now comes a living expressive face. In Whenever the lodge is reauested to allow! many respects its owner was the greatest & Uhe gavel to leave the vaults to be used at Speaker of them all. He is John G. Carlisle some corner-stone laying a committee of! of Kentucky. The bulging perceptive facul¬ three is always appointed to bear the relic j ties, clear eyes, strong nose, determrned company until its return. The gavel has mouth and firm set jaw and chin are true ;been ip the possession of the lodge since to nature. A stranger would say at once the day President Washington presented that this was a man of intellect, and a born, it to Master Valentine Rentzel of Colum¬ leader of men. Last of all comes the original of what is bia, No. 19, of Maryland, which later be¬ said to be the finest painting in the gallery, came known as Potomac Lodge No. 5. The Hon. Thomas B. Reed. It was presented presentation took place immediately after1 m by a few of his friends. To an unartistic the ceremonies of the day which is now celebrated had been concluded. The gavel! is of a fine quality of marble, slightly yel¬ lowish in appearance, and about eight inches long. It once received through an Accident a severe fall, which chipped sev-| era! pieces from one of the fares, but theser i are now held in place by bright gold bands.! An appropriate inscription is on the mallet.i In the early days of the mallet it was'stolen! at one of the corner-stone layings which' HU took place in Washington, and was recov l!ri s i ered some time later way. up in Massachu-; setts, where it had been sold to a junk1 hi I, dealer.

Speaker Charles f\ Criap. eye the picture looks coarse and unattract¬ ive. The coloring is said to be magnificent, and in process of time the picture will un- W I wooden fbinches, with a narrow board for a back, which would prove a stumbling block to the long or short wor¬ shipers; those of medium height could lean back and thank their birth star that they were not as other people, too long or too short. It is needless to say that the seats were without cushions. Such an innovation would no doubt breed dis¬ cord in the midst of the humble wor¬ shiper, to whom the four bare walls em¬ body everything necessary In a church in which to worship God, who is no re¬ rA Visit to the Old obatch in Ar, tletam specter of persons. Fellej, The church is entirely destitute of a pulpit or pulpit furniture. The The old Dunkard (Church in the beau¬ preacher i3 not even given the promi¬ tiful Valley of the Antietam stands on a nence of having a raised platform on -slight eminence near the fork of the which to stand while he addresses his Boonsboro pike and -the East Woods audience. His bunch is as hard and as cushionless as any of those in his au¬ road, in the town of Sharpsburg. It is a dience. He has a long, narrow table or tplain, square, one-story building with the desk in front of him, on which is placed doors and windows-set in-such a regular his bible, hymn book and an earthen | way that they stand as a silent reproach pitcher of water. His bench and desk face the audience; this is the only dis¬ ito the congregations w

WASH DAY. Xlie Veteran’s Reflections on The next day being Monday, and con Death of Judge Parker. sequently wash day, I managed to get The death of Judge Richard Parker % at Winchester, Va., on Friday, at the around somewhat through the beautiful :'A, valley of the Antietam, to take a look at ■ ■. age of 83, recalls one of the most—per¬ the Dunkard farms. The well tilled haps I ought to say the most—interest¬ ing trials that ever took place in this fields aDd overflowing barns everywhere country. Judge Parker presided at the bore witness to the industry and pros¬ I trial of John Brown and his unfortunate perity of this thrifty class; Indeed a companions in the attack on Harper’s Dunkard farmer who is not prosperous j Ferry in 1859, and he was the judge would be a curiosity, if not an exception who sentenced Brown to be hanged. It or impossibility. Their success seems to was one of those singular freaks of for-l be due to the wise selection of farmings tune tiiat often belall men who are sure lands, their untiring industry, and simple, they are right in the course they pursue, frugal manner of living. 1 he same rules in a great crisis that Judge Par-j followed by other farmers would without ker should have died almost unknown outside of the quiet village in the valley " DUbt yield the same degree of prosper- of Virginia where he lived, while the p, and help to solve the problem “Does fame oi the poor old man, whom he arming pay?” sent to the gallows with a leeling of A visit to the Dunkards would not be righteous indignation that was as sin¬ complete without a chat with the preach¬ cere as it was inflexible should be er (the term minister or pastor) not being world-wide an'd eternal. A year after used, so I managed to find an excuse for John Brown’s execution, when the real calling upon the preacher, to whose ser¬ conflict came, it was the rude balladi that celebrated Jehu Brown’s death that mon I had listened the Sunday before. inspired the leeling that finally resulted I found him at work, upon the little in the extinction ef slavery: farm, for he is a farmer, and soon was John Brown’s body lies a-moulderlng in engaged in conversation with him. Our the grave. talk soon turned upon the church service But his soul goes marching on. of the day before, and he half apologeti¬ In those days my home,my boyhood’s cally, said he was not so well prepared as home, was very near to the scenes of it was expected another preacher would the events that were the prelude to a great civil war, and John Brown and be present, but having been called away most of his companions were so fami¬ to attend a funeral there was no other liar tome by sight that 1 think I could choice, but preach himself. I expressed pick them out to-day were I to see them myself as highly pleased and instruced in Chestnut street in their habit as they by his sermon, and then he told me of lived. The whole scheme, from beginning the manner in which his sermon is pre to end, was a madman’s freak. Wh«n pared. He said: “I always select my Brown struck his first blow at Harper’s text early in the week, and then b_ Ferry the slaves were expected lo recog¬ the aid of my Bible and Concordance nize him as the Deliverer and flock to his standard without further notice. study -carefully -all passages of Had this miracle come true, he had noj ture relating to the subject sc better weapons with which to arm them Sleeted. All-the week while at my work than rude pikes, that would have been I keep my mind upon tbe subject of >my despised by the naked warriors of King sermon, and try, -as, far as possible to Lobongula. And it 'Vas, after all, I learn exactly what it means, and its lea think, this sincere belief in the possi¬ son and application to ourselves. Then bility ot attaining great ends by gro¬ on Sunday I try to tell the church what tesquely inadequate means that made the Bible has told me on the subject.” John Brown’s name such a factor in the “Do you think th» Dunkard character- civil war. . fstics of a few years ago will finally dis¬ The first time I saw John Brown was appear?” I-asked. in the early days of September, 1859. I *•1 do,” he said, “eo far as the pecull- It was a levely morning and the church! aries of dress are concerned, but the bells, which were a Sunday feature in church ceremonies will probably remain the beautiful old-time Ghambersburg,j unchanged. To us they have their value had rung their last summons for intend.: as object lessons of jhe life of humility ing worshippers. I was sitting under which is taught by the Bible. But our my own vine and fig tree—that is on the doorstop of Mrs. Fold's boarding people are -becoming more liberal every house—watchingtbe church-goers go by. year by contact .and .comparisons with other denominations, and we cannot foresee what changes twenty years may bring to one.” ^ idfcafcgi Last of a; [i tfame aja IT man,'erect of"fig-, IMPIp ure, with a grey btarti that was shorter ' than that in most of the pictures of John Brown that hare since From, appeared, whom I had never seen before. His lace was a remarkable one, an I as I saw it then a cempleteimiex to a mind ?. i. •.L}\ ' absorbed by a single purpose. The lace so impressed me that I turned to my companion and said: “I would like to know the ‘ism’ ot that man across the Date, ./.S..A..2. .. way.” When he returned lie was on my (/ r side et the street, and as ho passed mo he bowed, and I have always felt proud | Tlie New Deputy .Superintendentof that I responded to that salutation with Buildings, CaptainJIsaac J. lilac- jsincerity and with boyish reserve. i Kinlcy. In those days the distribution of the The Commissioneis of the New York evening mail at the Chambers burg Fire Department have appointed Captain Postoffico was attended by something : Isaac J. Mackinley, the Second Deputy like a town meeting. People who sel¬ dom met at other places oiten came to¬ Superintendent of Buildings, to succeed gether at the postottiop. There, alter Mr. Enoch Yreeland, now First Deputy, at my first meeting with John Brown—if $3,000 per annum. Mr. Vreeland was pro¬ 'meeting it can be called—I oiten en¬ ES moted when First Deputy Brady was made countered him, and he always had a pleasant ‘‘Good evening” for me only the successor of Superintendent DOencb. |this, and nething more. Slight as mv As regards the previous career of Mr. [acquaintance with John Brown was it Mackinley, it has been checkered, and I was greater than that of mast of my such as has abundantly qualified him for jtowusmen, for I was one of a very few lef the daily postofiice throng to whom the responsibilities of bis new appoint¬ jhegavea bww or a smile. The rest ot ment. He commenced his career as an the raiders I saw on other occasions and j assistant on the U. S. Coast Survey, and under difiierent circumstances-Mer- I was employed on the surveys of the coast, riaun and ICagl at church. Merriam es- caped, but Kagi was one «f tbe men rivers and harbors of the Atlantic. Leav¬ sentenced to death by Judge Parker. ing the coast survey, he was appointed by if Hazlitt I remember distinctly, but the President a lieutenant iu the U. S. Re¬ Cook, whose fate excited a sympathy venue Marine Service, where he served on | almost as great as that lelt lor Jonn Brown, I cannot recall. I was out of the Atlantic Coast for six years. The town on the day he was captured and latter position was a life appointment, but brought to Chambersburg, and the legal as the revenue marine service was not proceedings were so hurried that he was likely to have any active participation in on his way to Charlestown Jail before 1 returned next day. Altogether, eight the war for "the Union, he resigned bis men were convicted and sentenced to commission at the early outbreak of hostil¬ death with John Brown in Judge Park¬ ities to enable him to take lighting service er’s court. That was thirty-five years in the Navy as a volunteer officer. He |ago, but the story is one that will always be full of dramatic interest because it was with Admirals Dupont and Dahlgren led to such terrible consequences. in all the attacks made by the fleet on Sumter and the other defences of Charles¬ I have never regarded John Brown’s ton, and participated in the attacks on Ft. fate other than unavoidable. Public MaoAUister, and in the destruction or the [feeling on the slavery question ran very [high on both siuesof Mason and Dixon’s confederate war steamer “Nashville,” near jLine, but it was almost unanimous in Savannah. At the close of the war he was condemnation of Brown. And yet honorably discharged with the special I never heard in my youth in Franklin thanks of the Navy Department. j or in any other of the southern tier of Icounties In this State o! such a thing Since the war Mr. Mackinley has been | as open obedience to the old Fugitive employed as a practical civil engineer and [Slave law; but slave calchers were nu¬ ! builder on railway, mining, fortification merous and alert. Tbe captors ot Cook ! and other works. Among other things he j and of Hazlitt were men of this class, ■i but Fitzbugh at least ought to have been has done was to take out all tbe recess above earning blood-money. He was and embrasure arches of Fort Trum- | a handsome fellow, and, although of i bull and put In new ones, and built si Southern birth, I always understood; j an addition to the breast-height walls. He lie was a nephew ol Gerrit Smith. That he did not fully relish his ] had local charge of the improvement of work is apparent lrom the fact the Thames River and Bridgeport Harbor, that lie did net accompany his captive Conn. He was for over three years the to Chambersburg to see him surrendered general inspector of the Department of to the Virginia authorities. Fitzhugli Public Works in New York city, and as might have made an honorable record on either side of the alignment of 1861, but such had charge of the building of all after his capture of Cook he could have horse and cable railways, all the subways, no place either in the respect of his the laying of the gas mains, and In fact of • neighbors or af the judge, just deceased, [ aa.H the work of every kind done by the who sentenced his captive to die on the same scaffold with John Brown. The Ex-Editor. New Je#6ey°"obviousiy enough occupied the “public strietlT, great corporations 1 shores of all the large bays and rivers as well mt engineer on the He was also an assls1 as the entire ocean front between the Caro- construction of the Secoand Avenue Elevat linas and the southerly limits of the New ed Railway and built a section of it. England colonies. And lands thus bordering Captain Mackinley, who now resides in the nearest navigable waters was especially Tremont, has been for a number of years valued at that time, while the interior of most a follower in the ranks ?of the Henry D. of these provinces long continued to be as ;oy organization, and his preferment vaguely defined as it was little prized for any great leader is in itself a sufficient purposes pursued by the early settlers. But with the absorption of the immediate endorsement. Atlantic coast and adjacent shores, and the; Mr. Mackinley is of Scotch-Irlsh extrac¬ growing immigration from Europe, settlers at tion. His great-grandfather emigrated ength began to push imothe interior, a move- from the North of Ireland a short time lent which was j greatly accelerated by the previous to the Revolutionary war. Set¬ grant from Charles II to William Penn of a tling in Pennsylvania, he raised and be¬ great iut.rior in 1681, followed by the prompt came the captain of a company in the judication nv the grantee of his offer, of re- Fourth Battalion of the Pennsylvania Line igious toleration and liberal concessions to settlers, which stimulated the settlement and of the Continental Army and after serving tillage of the virgin lands far beyond all prior with distinction in the New Jersey cam. results of colonizing expedients. paign of 1777 was killed at the battle o To an end so great a comparatively unim¬ Germantown, near Philadelphia.—Court portant circumstance essentially contributed Journal. This was the selection of William Penn as ■eferee and umpire in a prolonged contest be¬ tween the proprietors of New Jersey. The inowledge necessarily acquired for the ade- \ From, r,': <2-^— . juate discharge of such duty acquainted the referee with the existence and characters of an I mgranted area bordering the Delaware river Iirectly west of the disputed Jerseys. In this unappropriated territory the Quaker apostle md seer felt anew the hope of realizing a long cherished scheme for planting a colony as a Date, home for the sacred rights of conscience and a refuge for the victims of religious persecu¬ tion. His father Admiral Penn, a distin¬ guished commander in the British Navy, had left a considerable claim for services and loans to the king which had been repeatedly ac knowledged as just, and as often suffered to Why the Northern Boundary of to go uupaid for lack of royal funds. Penn now offered to accept a grant of this unoccu¬ Delaware Was Made Circular. pied region in full liquidation of his father’s | claim The proposal at once encountered numberless obstacles, among which was the - serious doubt as to whether, with the inexact RECORDS OF IRE ORIGINAL SURVEY limits of former grants, there was actually any land left between the territory of Lord Balti-1 more on the south and that of the Duke of j William Penn’a Discovery of Unappro¬ York on the Dorth, both of whom claimed that their united territory absorbed the area in priated Territory Between the Pos¬ question. sessions of the Date of York From the first the spendthrift and impecu- fe and Lord Baltimore—Penn’s nious King was only too glad at thej Purchase of Delaware. prospect of getting rid of a trou i blesome debt by the easy expedient of granting lands of doubtful existence, but the project was beset with other difficulties The readjustment of the state boundary line of a formidable nature, not least of which between Pennsylvania and Delaware has per¬ was the watchfui jealousy of the established haps attained sufficient public interest to Church which reprobated the rank heresy of justify the publication of some facts touching the mischievous Quaker and protested against the origin of what is probably the only exam¬ the proposed encouragment to dissenters. The money consideration, however, with so ple of a circular boundary in the World’s pinched a government, proved a resistless geography. force in overcoming hindrances, and after h Looseness of description is well known to many and tedious delays all difficulties were J have characterized the metes and bounds at last adjusted except the question of boun- j > alike of private landed property and public daries. > Penn, with his specific knowledge and territory in the early settlement of the country closer study of the matter, was persuaded of The domain of Virginia, the grant to Lord the existence of a large area in excess of j Baltimore the possessions of the Duke of what could be justly claimed by the holders York on the Hudson and Delaware rivers, and the claims of the two titled proprietors of I e[lt,:r »'de, wt he was less certain go I lar the eastern part of such vacaut area ex¬ . =■ —25th of 9th month 1701 tended down the Delaware toward the Duke and finish on ye 4th of 10th month’of yi of York’s southerly domain, whose seat of same year, drawing first a twelve mile line government was New Castle. With this un¬ northwestward to a white oak marked with certainty the fiDal adjustment stipulated that Bm^ n?tches stand>ng on the we«t side of to avoid encroaching upon the Duke of York’s Brandywine creek on the land of Israel Relm rights, the grant to'Penn should in no event near where the Brandywine touches a„ fijfi extend nearer than twelve miles to that town • town, and from tne said white oak we ran and in order to render this applicable to an ap’ eastward circularly changing our coursl from proach from every possible direction it was the east southward one degree at the end of provided that, the limit of approaoh should 1 every sixty-seven perches which is the chord be marked b^p,circular line to be drawn at theTnd' a?7V° V"elve mile8 radiu8> and a radius of twelve miles from New Castle as nPl„ d f ?ort-v tbree chords we came to the a centre. Soon after receiving the granted province LamleyLaraWsnlTk s old house °“ the at UpDerChichester. 8ide of NatThencehaniel Wilham Penn purchased from the Duke of returning to the notched white oak on the aork the three lower counties, comprising west side of the Brandywine as aforesaid we , what j8 nowr *h« State of Delaware, which an westward in like manner by a circular seemed to obviate the necessity for forming course to a hickorv near ye west branch 0f the circular boundary since it would be simply to mark a division of territories held by the west of nthea nnotchedatChe H ’white k® Wh oak°' eon ,ine the ea9t Brandv and same proprietor. Hence for twenty years wine being two-thirds of a circle.” 7 nothing practically was done toward running Such in brief lathe story of a unique bound¬ the me, during which the united domain wal ary line which was destined to stand without legally designated as the “Province of practical alteration or verification for nearly 200 years; and with all the annoyances expe* longing’>anla and torritories hereunto be-' Menced by adjacent land owners the early es- Yet, aside from the different conditions at¬ I tahlisment of the division line may be deeded tending the acquisition of the two domains Lrr16, emeumstance, bv Delawareans at ,other reasons for marking the dividing line at ■ least, for although neither William Penn nor length manifested themselves. Governor Penn InnnFTT ^ really °PP°aed the separa- had { romptly granted the petition of the peop'e ble th!r thlf °T counties> ic i8 not improba- of the lower counties for union with hie province b. e that the early recognition of a line of divi- and the enjoyment of the same rights and siona'ded their escape from what is often a privileges as those guaranteed to the people fruitful source of complications, and facilitated of Pennsylvania. He had afterward ordered tbe attainment of that civic autonomy which the Legislature for both provinces to hold was proudly welcomed by revolutionary com¬ sessions at New Castle and lower points as a patriots and gloriously identified with the conciliation and convenience to some diseon- struggle for our national existence. Delaware tented people of the lower counties, and was thus in a peculiar sense the child of our with a view to allaying later discontent he War of Independence and there was a peculiar bad granted a separate executive and separate propriety m her celebrating such birthright by , ]®g18lat|0b for the lower counties. But with leading the sisterhood of states as the first to all these concessions there seemed to grow adopt the National Constitution among the lower counties an eagerness for It may be added that the dividing point on separation proportionate to that which had the boundary circle, where the radiating line been originally evinced for annexation; and it from New Castle struck the Brandywine at an was probably because Governor Penn foresaw Indian town is not only a spot of picturesque the inevitable growth of the feeling for (scenery amid a graceful sweep of the tree- separation that he caused the circular di- Ifringed creek and overlooked by “Point Look vision line to be run as originally contem- out, a rocky peak on its banks, but may (claim further historical sign.ficance both be- There were, besides, other reasons, in¬ [cause it was to the Indian village mentioned cluding, perhaps, some connected with the that a oeputation of Friends ventured in order transfer cf realty, the early deeds for which (to dispel a wild alarm of an outbreak of sav¬ referred to. the circular boundary in their ages which drove refugees from Ches’er and recitals, which seemed to make it advisable other frontier places about the year 1686- and to carry out the original provision for a because U is believ. d that on this spo’t was division line, begun the fiist nmufciure of powder, the “Accordingly by virtue of a warrant from first iron works and th . first cotton factory in Governor Penn dated the 28th day of ve 8 h the Lmted States I„ was held until recently month, 1701, Isaac Taylor and Thomas Pier by the Twaddeii estati and now belongs to the son, surveyors, were authorized to aw;ocn- (DuPonts; and passengers on the Wilmington pany Cornelius Empsoo, Richard Hallowed n °rthrS ™ilway> as they sweep around and John Rkhardson, justices of ye county of (the base of Point Lookont, may easily discern New Castle, and Caleb Pusey, Pnihp Roman uuins of some former industries direction the end Robert Pyle, justices of ye county of '1'- (opposite bank of the Brandv wine.

Chester, who did unanimously conclude that' " -rrr., . „ PENNOCK PtJSIT./ the beginning should be at the end of ye Wilmington, February 14, 1894. M Horse Dyke next ye said town of New Castle.' T 'm 8,aid aPPoint®es do certify that said Isaac Taylor and Thomas Pierson did accom¬ pany Riebard Hallowed, Caleb Pusey, Philip Romania RobertJPyle in running the line. per 10

On the 234 of June. 1773, Washington left Philadelphia on horseback and traveled in From that manner to Cambridge, Mass. It is lm- j possible to determine exactly which are the jsesoccupiea i cu rney until he arrived, at Westerflcld, Conn., on June 29, when it is known that the dwell¬ ing he occupied in this town belonged to

Oil'll®Silas i-»caii.Dean. This old~ house is still standing._ The first house occupied by the commander- in-chief at Cambridge as his headquarters cTQTT inv old town in tk© *- f .. i Qistps to-day and yon axo was a generous old gable-roofed wooden build¬ ing. located at the eastern end of the triangle °nglDt« find a ‘‘Washington’s Head- of the so-called Harvard Square, just where ; SUr6 ilrs ’ The history connected with quarters, ine q bniiaing9 is the street begins to widen. This dwelling was lattcrlv known as the Wadsworth House. ' Ka^merely traditional and often It was built in 1726 for the official resilience of the principals of Harvard College. Wads- Without the modern his-1 woith was the first to occupy it, the bouse seems strange t . ^ directions, very Ut- having been completed the year after his in¬ torical research in paid to the auguration. . ,, The elms which overtop its venerable root r <•*disproving « V* or "SSn” proving, Sttoas vu« »«' “i ; were set out by President Willard sixty years t after tlio last brick was laid in the chimney, I these traditions. over one hundred but they are quite successful in feigning to j Tt, is now considerably ove . . . t 1 ” Washington occupied his last be coeval with the mansion itself. For one I years since Washing Ligh time hundred and twenty years the dwelling was headquarters of th ■ aras anthenti- occupied bv the successive Presidents. \\ ads- woI th. Holvobe, Locke, Langdon. Willard Webber, Kirkland, Qumcey and Everett i have dwelt in it. Ko building in fact m um- bridge has sheltered so many people ot emi¬ nence as the “ Wadsworth House.” P; is not known just bow long Washington occupied this building, but some time after to ,» care«ol«Si»l iowing general ^ ^ by step through his arrival in Cambridge ho removed his headquarters to the house of John \ assalh a . STSSLbas -' nftfiSi w IpORNfSMiSP

THE WHITEMAR8H headquarters. THE SMITH HOUSE, AUGUST, 1781,

THE WALLACE HOUSE, MIDDLEBROOK, N. J. Ine'tiVB"loyalist. gnowFISterTilli'c Craigio . II°.ise and still later-as the residence of . The southeast room on the first floor Wash¬ ^leary W. Longtellow. Few private Louses in ington took for his study. He slept just over¬ head- The spacious room beyond the study, the United States are so woll known as this which Mr. Longfellow used lor years as his old residence or so often described by affec¬ | library, was occupied by Washington’s mili¬ tionate antiquarians and enthusiastic pil¬ tary family, as a rule a pretty largo one, as it grims. Its age, as compared with that of j comprised his whole staff. Washington was ; other Cambridge houses, is not great. It was built in 3759. joined at this old house in December by his I wi fe. After Yassall's flight the house was nest The owners of the “Longfellow House” °rCUuiied by Colonel John Glover, a bold little after the Revolution were Nathaniel Tracey , Marblehead soldier, who quartered some of I (whom Washington visited for au hour in liis troops in the spacious structure. 1789), _ Thomas Russell and Dr. Andrew ^3? ■w

-- --i*'*#-- r-T^y-.-rr

It:;. % I am

:, ' I ■ ' TlL , C

5TENTON. __ • a house on Pearl street. opposMe Cbdar Tgre Craieie Talleyrand and 'Tkafayctte slept In he remained until summoned to visit inn H and in 1833 Jared Sparks commencea to ! cress at Philadelphia towards the end of May. On his return on the 6th of June he took un S^^a!^S^-^e,andj his abode at the Mortimer house, iater known as Richmond Hill. The presence ot Mis. Washington and the unhealthy condition of £bliShi4 hims|f in WasUin?ton’S south; the dtv of New York at that time induced the commander-in-chief to change dis hea- - quarters from the Pearl street; house to th« 'f0t 3" "Lt of this dwelling mnro salubrious situation. Ihe Mortimer before be became attached to it »«f House! one of the greatest Colonial residences it by nurchaso as his own. It i» still in a nue of Manhattan, stood on the spot snice the southern corner of Yanck and ChaTltoJ streets It was later on the residence of Colo nol Burr. Here Washington remained until

DURING -X*

! the evacuation in September, when' he re¬ moved to the Roger Morris House, Harlem On Tuesday, November 14, he crossed the Heights. This bouse, which is still standing, river at Kings Ferry into New Jersey, and in the old days was three miles north of the the army having gone into ramp at Hacken¬ village of Harlem and about a mile and a half H south of Fort Washington. It was erected by sack, five miles northwest of Fort Lee, Bergen Colonel Roger Morris, a strong Loyalist. The county, Washington established his head¬ quarters at Hackensack at the house of Peter ■ present location of the building is almost op- I posite the intersection of Tenth -avenue and Zabriskie. While at these headquarters on November 15, the general was informed that One Hundred and Sixty-first street with the old Kiugsbridge road. the enemy had made a general attack upon Fort Washington. Upon receiving this news the general immediately went to Fort Lee A few days previous to Washington’s re¬ and had partly crossed the North river when moval to the Morris House he made his head- 1 he net Generals Green and Putnam, who in¬ I quarters, on the 14th of September, at the j formed him that the troops were in high 4 house of Robert Murray, near the corner of'■ spirits and making a good defense. As it was 'late at night he consequently returned to the present Twenty-sixth street and Fourth Fort Lee, but on the morning of the 16th he avenue, and on the loth he was at Mott’s again crossed the river and took np his head¬ Tavern, Harlem Plains. quarters at Cue Rodger Morris house whenco Washington remained at the Morris House he surveyed the scene of operations. Wash¬ until October 21, when he removed to Valen¬ ington returned to Hackensack, and on No¬ tine's Hill, Westchester county, and on the vember 21 the historical retreat through New ■ 23d established himself at W'hite Plains. Jersey commenced. Washington's headquarters at White Plains During most of this retreat Washington’s were at the Miller House, then located to the headquarters were undoubtedly in camp, but north of the village. This bouse, which is still standing and well preserved, gained its on Sunday. December 8. being hotly pursued named from its original owner, Elijah Miller, by the Brilish, the General retreated from Adjutant of Colonel James Drake's West¬ Princeton, N. J., and crossed the Delaware chester Regiment of Minute Men. It is a river to Pennsylvania, taking his headquar¬ frame buildiug covered with clapboards. The ters at the house of Thomas Barclay, about roof at tho southeast front projects so that a half a mile from the river, at Morrisville. On pretty portico is formed. This style of archi¬ that day, as soon as Washington was comfort¬ tecture was very popular in many of the ably settled in the old dwelling, lie wrote a country cottages of that period. letter to the President of Congress, which he dated, “At Mr. Berkeley’s Summerseat, Penn¬ sylvania.” . . LONGFELLOW'S HOUSE, AT CAMBRIDGE, MASS. the days when Washington occupied it. In .some manner the Commander-in-chief It is a magnificent rambling stone mansion managed to get the name ot his host strangely of tho style of architecture common in the mixed, and as there was no man by the name middle and latter half of the last century— of Berkeley residing in the vicinity of Hor-; two stories in height, with a covered porch risvillo at that time, there has always been supported bv six pillars extending the full more or less mystery as to the location of length of the house. To the left arc exten¬ these headquarters. The proper name ot the sive outbuildings. The rooms are large and owner of the old Bucks county mansion, airy, and among other attractive features it, ■which has now been authentically located by contains a spacious ball room, in which it iSi William S. Baker, was Thomas Barclay, aj said a reception was held in honor ot Uatay-; prominent citizen of Philadelphia, although ette when he- visited this country in 1824. an Irishman by birth. \ Quaint nooks and corners abound throughout He was one of the original members ot the the dwelling, and old-fashioned carved man-, Society of tho Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick, telpieces are to be found in all the rooms, organized in Philadelphia in 1771. and the while antique high-hack chairs and many parent of the present Hibernian Society. He pieces of eighteenth-century furnituro are to) was president of the organization from June be seen on all sides. , .. . 17 1781. In 1780 Mr. Barclay subscribed the It is no wonder, in fact only natural, that sum of five thousand pounds to the Bank o Washington, who had an honestly inherited the United States, an institution esteblisned love for good living, should haveselected Mr.! for furnishing supplies of provisions to the Barclay’s house for his headquarters, as it army of the United States. From this act it was in Bevolntionary times the most exten¬ is to be inferred that he was loyal to the pa sive ana sumptuous residence that side of the triot cause. . , ! Quaker City. Washington occupied this Mr. Barclay purchased the ProPelY house as his headquarters until December 14. which his residence was erected in April, During the period of his occupancy he penned I 1773 The plot consisted of 221 acres. In some very interesting and important letters. November, 1791. the premises, then known On December 9 he wrote: as “Summerseat.” passed into the hands o t General Mifflin at this moment came up Robert Morris, tho noted financier ot _ and tells me that all the military stores yet Devolution. At the present rime the house remain in Philadelphia, this makes the Im¬ is owned and occupied by John H. Osbuin, mediate fortifying of the city so necessary , and is practically the same in appearance that I have desired General Mifflin to return ; and take charge of. tbe stores, _

- *'■

the miller house at white plains Until January 2,1777, he retameS these head- I Of the Hessians at Trenton the general quarters when he removed to the True Amer- j recrossea the river at the same point and took up his headquarters at Newtown. Bucks ican Inn, on tho south side of the creek. After the battle of Princeton. W ashington county. The house occupied by the General with some of bis staff were quartered at the was oil the west bank of the Newtown cree^, residence of John Van Doren, just south o. and was the property of John Hams, ft was retained by Washington as his head¬ the village of Millstone. This old house is . quarters until December 29, when he set out still standing, as is the barn in which the j General’s horses were stabled. Mr. Vanj to recross the Delaware. At Trenton, Wash¬ ington's headquarters were at the house o Doren’s military guests were not always of such a distinguished character, as some Major John Barnes, a Loyalist, situated on months later the soldiers of the enemy took < tho west side of Queen, now Greene street, a i possession of this old homestead, and after® short distance north of the Assunpink creek. | PENNYPACKER HOUSE, AT SCHWENKSVILLE, PA.

ransacking- the— house“ ^ they hunguuuj, upu ^ Uiuold itlib.Airs! !ot this afternoon, transmitting v an Doren by the heels because she refused i gcnce that a fleet was off Sinapu: to give them the keys to the family treasure 7th instant I was about three chest. 1 ward of the Billett tavern, on the On January 6, 1777, Washington arrived at Coryell’s Ferry, when the express Morristown, N. J,,where he took up his head¬ The troops are in camp on the road quarters at a tavern owned by Colonel Jacob they will remain until I have further Arnold. This house was removed in 1S88. of the fleet.” It was a frame building. On July 11 the For ten days the general remained in army marched from Morristown to Pompton ance as to the intention of the enemy, Plains, where Washington was detained for on August 20, ho writes from this old several days on account of the inclemency of shaminy farm house: the weather. His headquarters were in a “ Since the enemy’s fleet were seen at Sin- little frame house, which stands at the bend apuxent on the 8th inst. I have no accounts of the road leading from the Ryerson Furnace xrom them which can he depended on. I am to the Passaic County Hotel. During the j now of an opinion that Charlestown is the Revolution it belonged to Captain Arent ; present object of General Howe’s attention, Schuyler. though for what sufficient reason, unless he A change for the better in the weather hav¬ expects to drag this army after him by ap-: ing taken place on July 14, Washington took pearing at different places and thereby leave his ^headquarters at Suffern’s Tavern in the country open for General Clinton to Orange county, New York. The General re¬ march out and endeavor to form a junction mained at this place until the 20th of July,: with General Burgoyne, I am at a loss to de¬ when the army was again on the march!' termine.” Washington pushed southward towards Phil¬ 1 he next day the general held a council of adelphia, arriving there on the 31st of July. war in the sitting room of his headquarters, That night he stopped at the City Tavern, at which it was decided that as the enemy’s Second street above Walnut. On the 4th of fleet had most probably sailed for Charles¬ August he joined the Continental army, which town it was not expedient for the army to was encamped between Germantown and# march southward and that it should move the Schuylkill river, five miles north of Phil- immediately towards the North river. It is delphia. an interesting fact that the young Marquis de His headquarters were at the house of Lafayette took part for the first time in thi3 Henry Hill, situated about one mile from the council of war as major general, having been balls of Schuylkill, in Roxborough township., commissioned on July 31. In 1780 the house occupied by Washington Ou the 22d Washington, having received was taken down by Mr. Hill and a more im¬ information of the fact, informed the army posing structure erected on the site of the old of the signal victory of the Continental Army farmhouse. This structure is still standing, at tne battle of Bennington. August 23 th owned and occupied by Cornelius S. Smith,’ camp on the Neshaiuiny was broken, t who purchased it in 1840. General left his headquarters that evening , By Sunday, the 10th of August, the army and the army moved down the old York road had moved from Schuylkill Falls and Wash- towards Philadelphia and encamped near ! ington had taken up his headquarters at Ne- ■ Nicetown, within five miles of the city. ishaminy Camp, Bucks county. Pa., twenty Washington made his headquarters at Sten- miles north of Philadelphia. The house oc¬ ton, the homestead of the JiOgan family. cupied by Washington was built of stone and Ou August 25 the Continental army is still standing on the old York road, near marched through Philadelphia to Wilming- the bridge over the Little Neshaminy creek. ton; Delaware. At this place Washington For many years the dwelling was owned took up his headquarters ou Quaker Hill, in : by William Bothwell, in whose family the the house which for many years afterwards title, I believe, yet remains. It is built of stood on the west side of West street, midway rough stone, two stories in height, and fronts between Third and Fourth streets. From south, standing on an elevation of six or nine W umington Washington marched on Septem¬ feet from the present road. ber 10 to G'hudds Ford, Pennsylvania, where In writing about thisjsamp to the President be took up his headquarters at the house of of Congress under date of “NeshaminyCa Benjamin Ring, one mile east of the ford. On September 11 the battle of Brandywine took sav°sCl^T Au"ust 10-” Washing place, after which Washington with his ^ ir at tllIS minute received your fa troops retreated towards Philadelphia, and on ■ - -^

. : V -• m. ||j ' fflvW! 1 ill Wrm Imrrr*

SIDE VIEW OF MORRISVILLE HEADQUARTERS,

1 yvr IWmSf/V i',. y /} III \ v^ r Mif//a 1 11 II Vp M Jj 1 ' /l t ‘^2 / y/ Lh'h

11111 is in ■iSiiiii'ill ill 11

THE HEADQUARTERS AT MORRISTOWN, N. J. tue afternoon of September 12' again went owner of the mul. This into camp by Schuylkill Falls. j story 6 to lie dwellin'”lg, 1is sinl in ri it Germantown on OctoDei After the battle ot . t ’eit tllis camp and moved from Pennypacker s | np the Old Lancaster road to get between thd: 8 the army marched enemy and Swede’s Ford, thus to prevent ■■Mills■ ■■■to Towancenciu,■■RIIMI Montgomery county, | them from turning on the right flank of the where VasWmiton’s headquarters were at Continental army. Washiogton took up his TV“ero “ -■ ’-'--derick Wampole, about l0 This dwelling was | a mile above Culpsville^ On October 16 the army: taken down in 1881. C moved from Towancencin--ciato Worcester and as his headquarters the the General occupied a~ house of Peter Wentz,; still standing on the road from Centrewe Pointx uhA to Heednersvllle. substantial stone dwelling and The house is a 4"“ On October 21 the army was erected in 1758. 1 Wbipain. within fifteen moved lower down to The Commander-in- miles of Philadelphia. Chief’s headquarters were at the house of i the Skippack and the James Morris, betweei it one mile west of the Morris roads and aboi present vUla2Abf-An- el' THE OLD HOUSE IN PEARL STREET, OPPOSITE CEDAR, NEW YORK. Washington’s White Marsh headquarters were at a large stone house about a half mile iast from Camp Hill Station, on the North ennsylvania Railroad. This house is still landing. It faees the south and is two and half stories in height, 80 feet front and 27 feet in depth. In 1854 it was modernized ads large wing, originally the dining room, 'emoved from the west end. Enough of the ild building remains, however, to determine is appoarance during the days of the Revoiu- lon, when it was a sort of baronial hall, both size and character, occupied by George Imlen, a wealthy Philadelphian, who dis¬ used liberal hospitality to all who came neath his roof. f'he house, with ninety-two acres, has since 57 been owned and occupied by Charles T. Simon. a prosperous farmer. Camp Hill, on which part of the left wing of the army was posted, is directly to the rear of the house, md it is said that some of the caves or dug- nuts which the soldiers were compelled to Wake to shelter them are still to be seen. RICHMOND HILL,” THE MORTIMER HOUSE, N.Y. I (Some of the most interesting and important, In 1736 the original building, a stone struc¬ events , of the whole war . transpired while ture, was erected by Abraham Dawes, father Washington occupied his White Marsh head¬ of Mrs. Morris. This property contains about 200 acres and is now called Dawesfield. It is quarters. Under date of November 7, in the orderly book, is to be read the following curious entry: “Since the General left Germantown, in the middle of September last, he has been without hi3 baggage, and« on that account is unable to receive company in the manner he j would wish. He nevertheless desires_ the I generals, field officers and brigade major of ;• the day to dine with him in the future at 3 1 .o’clock in the afternoon.” jjgKj Under date of Sunday, November 9, Wash¬ ington penned the earliest public record bearing on the subject of the conspiracy to displace him from the command of the army, known as the Conway Cabal. It is a letter addressed to General Conway asking him, If . ' among other things, the meaning of the fol- f THE ROBINSON HOUSE. lowing remark which first appeared in a let¬ ter from Conway to General Gates : in the family, the present owner being “ Heaven has been determined to save our . Saunders Lewis, of Philadelphia, agreat- country, or a weak general and bad coun¬ nddaughter of Abraham Dawes. cillors would have ruined it.” While at White Marsh^Washington heard

t:eT. V*j»

Si:

nra'4r_'_

WASHINGTON’S.H [JERS At valley forge. stanciing. rfsTTstory “has been more than the evacuation of Fort Mifflin, and ia- once related in these columns. From the rined the President of Congress of the fact. time Washington left Valley Forge until the To show the extremity to which, the army early fall he was more or less constantly on was reduced for shoes at this location the fol¬ the move and in the field, except from July lowing extract, under date of hovembei 22, 22 to September 16, during which period he may be made from the orderly book: occupied his old. headquarters at White "The Commander-in-Chief offers a reward Plains. On October 3 his headquarters were of $10 to any person who shall by 9 o clock on at Fiskhill, N. Y-, at the house of Colonel Monday morning produce the best suosti- John Bickerhoff. This house is still standing tutes for shoes made of raw .hides. and remains unaltered. It was built in 1738, > On November 24 a. council of war w as he.cl and is now in the possession of Alfred White. at the general’s headquarters to consider the Another house occupied by Washington at expediency of an attack on the enemy *> lines Fishkill was the residence of Colonel Derrick ^ Philadelphia. The council adjourned Bickerhoff, a nephew of the former. This Without coming to a decision and the Com- . mander-in-Chief dispatched a special mcs- house is still standing. Early in December. 1778. Washington took sengcr to General Green at Mount Holly up his headquarters at Middlebrook at the N J requiring of the other office!3 their house of Mr. Wallace on ground now in Som¬ wTittefnopinion. In comparing them eleven erville county. This house is still standing were found against making the attack and and is now owned by D. P. Cooper, ot Somer¬ only Stirling, Wayne, Scott and Woodford ville. It was originally built oi logs upon a stone foundation, hut some years ago it was December 13 Washington took up his clap-boarded, which gives it a comparatively headquarters at the Gulf Mill. The house modern appearance. It is a double two-story he occupied was the residence of Lieutenant house standing some little distance back from Colonel Isaac Hughes., Pennsylvania militia the road. . . 1 and was known as Walnut Grove, ic was From Middlebrook Washington journeyed, built prior to 1743 by his father, John Hughes, late in December, to Philadelphia. The lo¬ stamp officer. This house, which was a nota¬ cation of his headquarters in this city is un¬ ble building in its day, was taken down aoout certain. Likely he was quartered at the house of an acquaintance. Washington left tWTh

■ ’■■■■."T 1 HEADQUARTERS.

1 turned to Middlebrook, where lie remained *7 •• 1 until the spring of that year. Early in June Kfjpurpose of preservingit throughHfulure gen he set out for New Windsor, on the Hudson, ihrations sacred with its peculiar historic asso where he established his headquarters in the :ciations. TI10 Iious0 and grounds hay© house of William Ellison, on a hill immedi¬ (entirely restored and are beautifully kej. ately south of the village of New Windsor. ! It is used as a museum, many interesting This old homestead was removed many years i valuable relics, including a large collect! ago, and its location has been converted into a brickyard. I Washington's letters, being stored witi Iwaiis. - ■ thuu In the early summer of 1780, Washington During Jhe first three weeks of July, 1789, again took up his headquarters at this house, Washington bad his headquarters at Preak- which he occupied until June 25, 1781. On ness, N. J., lodging at the house of Colonel the 21st of July, 1779, he made his head¬ jTheunis Dey. quarters at West Point. The house he occu pied was situated in what is now called Doubtless the General had pleasant recol¬ Washington’s Valley, about a mile north of lections of his stay at the Dey mansion, as ha the town. It was known as Moore’s House, occupied the house again in October and No-j and was built prior to 1749 by John Moore, a yember of the same year when the armywasj prominent merchant of New York, Th in the vicinity. It was not at all convenient' to the army, so remote, in fact, that he re-’ house is said to have been a large and costlv lieved his officers of the day from attending structure and was known in its day ^ at headquarters when there was nothing Moore s Folly. Mr. Moore’s property "con-■ more than a common report to he made. tained about 1,800 acres, including West* H It is said that Washington’s reasons for the Pomt, which m 1790 was sold by Stephen selection of this house riere that be had good Moore to the United States Government, reason at the time to, anticipate attempts ojj the enemy to capture him. If so, the selecJ, From West Point, Washington moved to ! tion of this camp ground and headquarters Morristown. N. J„ and made his headquar¬ were well calculated to prevent such a sur- ters at the home of the widow of Colonel Ja¬ ; prise. cob Ford. This house is still stauding. At A century ago the Dey mansion was the the present time it is in possession of the j most pretentions dwelling in New Jersey 'Washington Association of New .Jersey in¬ ! and is yet remarkable for its architectural corporated on March 20.1874, for the express' j symmetry and the artistic finish of the j masonry. It stands about one hundred yards from the main road facing south. It is two mm i ■' nn of this room Wash gton IE to papered at lvis own expense." T! pap not removed until a few years ago. The family have utterly disappeared from P poss for nearly a quarter of a century, since Washington’s day, the house has p; through many bands. It is at present o by Mrs. Ellen Perry, of Paterson, N. J. On July 80, 1780, the General arrived at the Robinson House, situated on the opposite side of the river, a little below West Point. It was the country seat of Colonel Beverly Robinson, who married the daughter of Fred- | erick Phiilipse, the owner of an immense 1 landed estate on the Hudson. The Robinson House is still standing and possesses consider¬ able interest apart from its having been oc¬ cupied by Washington, as around it centres the story of the treason of Benedict Arnold. It was Arnold’s headquarters at the time he was commanding at West Point and matur¬ ing his plans to betray the fortress into the hands of the enemy, and thus by one blow | annihilate the hopes of the independence of the colonies. The house, which is in full view of the ■) roadway, consists of three buildings joined to¬ gether, extending to the east and west and HEADQUARTERS AT WORCESTER, MASS. fronting towards the south; nearest to the stories m height, with double-pitched roof, road is the part which constituted the farm through which a recent owner has pierced house ; next to it are the main buildings, each some windows, giving it the appearance of a two stories in height, the one farthest toward the east being considerably higher than the others. A piazza surrounds this, last struc¬ ture on the north, east and south, and ex¬ tends along on the south side of the central building. Constant and judicious care has been exercised towards preserving the interior of this old dwelling almost unchanged. Th6 low ceiling, heavy joists, the fireplace with¬ out mantel shelves, the staircase with its short flight of steps and broad platforms, all tend to carry the mind of the visitor back to former days. Nor are other traces wanting of its revolu¬ tionary occupants, as in the woodwork of the chimney-piece in the room which was used by Arnold as a bed chamber is cut in large letters, “G. Wallis, Lieut. VI. Mass. Regt.” This house was twice occupied by Washington, as after he left Hartford he re¬ turned to it about noon, or an hour after THE DEY HOUSE, PREAKNESS, N. J. Arnold had left. On the 26th of September Joshua Hett Smith and Major Andre were mansard. The building is about fifty-two brought to the house and seen by the Gen¬ feet long and thirty feet deep, the front eral. They were then sent over to West is of brick, and the doors and windows Point on the evening of the same day and on trimmed in polished brownstonb, squared the evening of the 28th were conveyed to and set in the j most accurate manner. Stony Point and thence on down to Tappan, The sides" and rear are of rubble where the main body of the army was located. work, the windows and doors trimmed ^ The Robinson House was confiscated by the with brick and the sides above the eaves | State of New York and was sold by the Com¬ being carried up in brick. All the masonry is | missioners of Forfeitures, since which time laid up in yellow clay, pointed on the outside ; it has passed through the hands of many oo- with mortar, yet the walls are perfectly firm enpants. For some time Lieutenant Thomas and apparently good for many years to come. E. Arden, of the United States army, re¬ The timbers exposed to view in the cellar sided there, and early in the century it was and attic were of hewn oak of the most mas¬ for a time the home of Henry Brevoort. sive description ; ail are mortised and pinned with wooded pins. Through the centre from On the 24th of August, 1780, Washington’s north to south runs a hall twelve feet wide, headquarters were at the Liberty Pole Tav¬ on either sideoof which are two rooms, a fire¬ place faced with rubbed stone in each. The ern, which stood about two miles back of the ceilings on the first floor are nine feet high, Palisades, in Bergen county, New Jersey. and on the second floor nearly eight feet high. The Liberty polo has long since disappeared, Nearly all the rooms are decorated with the ground on which it stood now being in¬ quaint old wooden cornices grooved in a pe¬ tersected by Palisade avenue, near the centre culiar manner. Washington is said to have of the present village of Englewood. occupied four of the rooms, probably two on On September 6 Washington arrived at the each floor. Tradition has mainly preserved Hopper House on the road to Morristown, reminiscences of the room on the southeast 'about four miles south of the, Ramapo Pass corner of the first floor. This is pointed out aud about two miles from the New York line. as his audience chamber and dining room On the 20th of September he left this place for Hartford. After leaving Hartford he re¬ F1L ■' W W "3~ turned to the Robinson House and then, went

' THE KEITH HOUSE,

SHM_CARLTON,” QUEEN LANE, ON TKF. LKILL FALLS HEADQUARTERS, days. in the midst of one of3f the fine estates Of \ famous Van Cortlandfc•-■—-J family. It stands » the centre of a pleasanpleasant lawn shaded by locust j trees, and is on the north side of the Post], road.

On the 6th of July the General made his

rw»1Ila5ter? fr t-he APPlebee Place, about three and a half miles from Dodd's Ferry on the crossroad from the Ferry to White Plains. he remained until June 25, 1781 On ttSa”*! T,0l“e Fears ago this old house was destroyed 52 ttV!3,0 «*>* encamped at pSbk^v It stood on an elevation called to this dav AtPedntall the General’s headquarters™' Washington’s Kill. On.the 20tliof ot Pee2r-,?°^ndfc Hollse> miles 'east * ,^_e^skJl. This house vras erected in 1773 s mR

THE WADSWORTH HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, This building, which is beautifully situated on a ridge of hills, commanding an extensive view of the Hudson, is still standing, and, apart from its occupancy by Washington, it possesses other historical interest, as it was beneath its roof, on September 22. 1780, that Andre and Arnold had their meeting. August 30 the General, having left the Joshua Hett Smith House, arrived in Phila¬ delphia. His headquarters were at the house of Eobert Morris. The next well-authenti-

HEADQUARTERS AT TAPPAN.

Since the days that Washington occupied it | . the Wythe House haspassed through various | hands. For many years it was the home of f John Page, Governor of Virginia, and after¬ wards of his widow. Some years later it be¬ came the residence of Dr. John Millington, who was the vrorthy friend and associate of l such men as Sir Humphrey Davy, Farraday, Herschel, Brewsteraad-LordBrougham. Thai old house was also for some time the home of the Harrison family. Among the associa- j tions of the past connected.with this mansion j is a legend to the effect that a titled da Lady Skipwith, appears periodically to its! S' tenants of to-day; she is always dressed in rustling silk brocade and her feet encased in | high heeled slippers. There is some dispute as to whether the | Wythe house was built by the man whose name it bears or whether it was already built j whan Williamsburg1 became his home. WYTHE HOUSE, WILLIAMSBURG, VA. To judge from its massive square-built | form and its old English bricks, alternately cated headquarters in point of date were in glazed and dull, one would at once state that I the house of Chancellor Wythe at Williams¬ it is of an earlier date than the advent of f burg, Va., where the General arrived on the George Wythe into the Virginia House of [ 14th of September, 1781. Burgesses. Save its solid walls and dignified f This dwelling, which is still standing, is a appearance there is nothing about this build-! large two-story brick building, in appearance i ing apart from the irregular position of its a stately colonial mansion, fronting upon a dooTg and windows to attract special atten-! long, narrow common, called tbe Palace! tion, as but little attempt at ornamentation ; Green. During the Eevolution it was tbe i was made by the builder. home of George Wythe, one of the signers of j On swinging back an oaken door a broad I tbe Declaration of Independence and lor more i and lofty hall is entered which extends to j than twenty years sole Chancellor of Virginia. the rear of thebuilding. Theunusual thick-1 ness of tbe walls is jreyealed by large oaken | doors i trance, are di s the da- i ; when tlio Legislate re Wash _ _ pointed by-act of May 11 a Board of Trus had j to hold and maintain it. through various hands. ym The headquarters of Knox and Greene t(,;Hterl«av5f? Williamsburg the General tbWi of Yorktown, dm y!rit UH’e .SOr!,,° t,hree “iles to the south- wmcn period he occupied a tent After r !^ton s residence, the Luuso *h®y occupied being very similar in appear¬ OTOhomA?V“k UPfh^ headquarters at ance the General’s ^n homo at Mount Vernon on the-12th of to headquarters. The quarters ot most of the other generals wore instan^ber’i remlaming there UJltil the 20th strung along on the ridgo opposite the slope arrfvuf; he ®tarted for Philadelphia, amving"“wiiis thereuiere on JNovemberNovemoer 26 and remiinremain lnS until March 22.1782.22,1782. During this len°thy Ron?'1 hlS headquarters were at the house of Benjamin Chew, No. no South' Third street between Walnut and Spruce streets rw w°DS Washington's occupancy the WntJn?0n!v h been ti3e home of Don Juan Marailles, the reputed Spanish Ambassado- to this country, who died April °8 1780^ - | viseitrto°thhC0Wn headquarters. while cm a I Visit to the Commander-In-Chief. Mr Chew's b?p,se,was one of the finest mansions in Phil- !denlPela‘ Cached to it were spacious gar-1 ! d® ’ conservatories and stables. The grounds i frni? dec?rated with all manner of tropical 1 fruits and flowers, besides beingadorned with handsome statuary. Not a remains to remind us of Washington’s Vome »**&**,. m 1781, as the Chew Homo SitehSleenTuiiatSov°erSag0 *S 183°* and its

.. Leaving Philadelphia on March 22 Wash¬

ington journeyed to Newburgh, N. Y. There THE HOPPER HOUSE, SEPTEMBER, 1780. £ J01"ed the main army, which had been deied to proceed to that point. The house the^orih !>f7KDTmpld ths aTmy in huts. To fuL n f Newburgh was Wayne’s. It will ! in Chief thS h,eadqUB'Ttersof the Commander- m-Chief were located was situated on a bluff S“ ^seen Washington’s headquarters, fcuated on the bluff sloping down to thn W«?P fS|he Hudson for eight miles to tWrmvn*0 °-ther headquarters and to of a fj/ v thc pl70t of diverging raya for the Jr aJra cement could be better tlie barriers wbich'obsiructed them and begin to ascend the river and take lp«rt“ ““ “ °ra"S “ «™T such steps as he deemed necessary The year and a half that the army lay at the house was erected in 1750 and stand* NewDurgh may be historically divided into XaanVv It }.* did .d?ring Washington’sot two parts. First, the year of leisure! idleness iwi+hYf? JV8.® plam one-story building ~nd comparative indifference, and last the with a nigh sloping roof much higher than’ Zr^0DYYleXchemeDt’ filled With great [the body of the house. It is bui t of y.!! events, until the army disbanded. Of course with walls two feet th ick. The roof is sun i disriDlfnoSPhf;ti0fi?eRCtbrightened, the strict P LtSd Y long timbels of red cedar rou?h f Jnii wh,lc'h had heretofore been main- soldters wHh6li,Xed an1 the fotereourse of the ftsssns a-® i soldiers with the people of the neighborhood S hH/w1”? and the domestic and dow ” On® r°°m- ?f ®Cven doors and one win- ; c°atee better fkSn!ngt0n hlS °fflcerS be' fc„„„°sr l The routine of Washington’s existence in thehearthstoneone can look up the tall ehim* ney and see the sky above. m . ‘Vt Property remained in the Possession of ;he Hasbruuck family until 1849, when the n i«-o°vme Ves,ted in thc State of New York -n ISoO it was placed by act of Assemblv in th® B°ard of Trustees of the - Piaffe, to be preserved as nearly as possible ■* « .was at the time of its occupation b® lZb,mft0n- The t,uildiri? was at once lY :'s V. ®*? by a committee appointed by the 1 »oara. of Trustees, and the nlaeo fnvmon 4th of Jn!y of that year it 30o, by the State's authority, the care of ha property passed to the city authorities 'here it remained until 1874, when the legislature appointed, by act of May 11 -j oard of Trustees to hold and maintain it ’ I i •«ldlne. was at oace restored by a smmittee appointed by the Board of Trus onrthd rhT Flac? foTmaUy dedicated on the hss Newburgh headqnarters furnishes but ouith of July of that year. In 1865, by the little incident His breakfast was an in -ate authority the care of the property .ormal meal. After it was over the General issed to; the city authorities,, where ft re- ordered his horse and, attended by an or- deriy, rode over to the headquarters of some of his generals. His lunch was free to all his officers, but the dinner, at 5 in the evening

' r ' The earliest mention found WUS a very formal affair,' every guest being ] ing theriver is that of Camp: expected to app.ear in evening dr^ss. , si Tj- wag the General s custom, if ail says it was named after Mons. kAA, had not arrived at the precise time, to Warre, a venturesome navigator -- wait five mhiutcs. after which the military. Chartier, and that he discovered it Sly would sit at table. The meal gener- thejear 1600. .. fw lasted about two hours, when tne table Another historian named htith tens Sls r Sed off and the leaves taken out so as us that, “an ancient dignitary ot the r alS it to be shut up in a circle, when Bullish courts of 1610, named Thomas Mrs Washington presided, and from her si'veT tea service served the guests with cottee West, Lord Delaware, first discovered and teat At 9 o’clock supper was served, the it and forthwith dubbed it Delaware, table remaining spread until 11. after himself, this being ten years later i On the morning of August 17, 178 , j than Mons. De-la-Warre. Opneral left Newburgh and set-out for Rocky He goes on to state “Lord Delaware General len « north of p„n0eton. j died on his second voyage to Virginia, go arrived at Roeky Hill on the 84th of Au- when opposite to the river’s mouth, ' m,«t and it was there he occupied the last. feadnuarteis of the Eevolution The house | and was there buried.” thus distinguished was the borne of Jud e , Another reference is that of Heylin a Berrien. It had been engaged by Congress Cosmography, which was originally suitably furnished for the occupancy of | written in 1648, but was stopped for gj General. This old building, although [ heretofore unknown reasons, but was somewhat dilapidatod^tall Standmg^^ airain taken up later on by one Edward K “and carried op to 1708 to him. Io tote book onr river » called toe ArasaphaArasaplia (I(.1 tom*think wewo still hnd hervr youngestf descendant doing valuable From,. service on the Vine street terry line). The Dutch dabbled in the “proverbi^ pie” as well as the English, and for a truth ! it was nip and tuck between the two nations for years. Several of the Dutch appellations, as taken from history, are Zaydt or South (so called to distinguish it from the Hudson or North river),Nassau, Prince Kendrick s or Charles river. , . , . , We also find that the stout-hearted Dutch explorer, Cornelius Jacobs Mey, sent out by the- Great East Indian Trading Company, of Holland, m the Our Beautiful Poetic Historic latter part of 1620, coasted down the Atlantic sea board, establishing the Waterway. Forts New Amsterdam and Orange, upon the nresent sites-ot New Aork city and Albany respectively. Entering the bay, he bestowed his PLOWING UNVEXED TO THE SEA name upon each of the promontories a its mouth-Cape Cornelius, now Hen- lopen; Cape Mey, now Cape May. _He Its Many Different cognomens—Some also named the inlet New Doubts Existing wltU Regard As This evidently shows that his prede¬ cessors, who were not numerous, al¬ to Whom the Original Discoverer though several having claimed the Was--Indian Eloquence, Etc. abnors of the discovery and the■ nam¬ ing of the river, failed to bestow a Perhaps it has never occasioned name upon the broad expanse of water thoughtlto eight hundred of the eigaty acting as a feeder to the stream ove thousand mortals who daily cross and which they must have sailed m order recross on all our ternes, with what that thev might perform the rites of pcWerfnl associations of the past out discovery or follow out the r individual uob! e Delaware is connected, Nor do customs, as was their wont to do. I intend to draw the attention ot those It was Captain Mey who established WHO already know of the vast and the first colony in New Jersey. In lhH valuable assistance it rendered durm*, be erected a log fort and called it the Revolutionary war, to those hardy, Nassau It stood at the mouin 01 dauntless patriots, straining nerve and The Sassackon (now Timber) creek mSe in behalf of liberty. The sim¬ where surrounded by his people, the ple motion of Trenton Princeton, | , colony flourished for a time, when, by Redbank and many other famous New | treachery of the red skins, the whole lersev towns which were the scenes of ciflonv with the exception of the gal- desperate strife and bloodshed awaken ( tot Captain and a few other suivivors, thoughts that have long lam doi-mant i made their escape. in the milldewed chamber of history | in one's brain since school days, h-d And now, am; Vaa heard and soon the woe as a witness our calm,placid Dalaw aie A numanbtep wasfiear^ ’twereuade: Heard It and slffaea as silently flowing along, laving the very j fields of battle. ' _ —- held royal

His colony from Holland built a town, Which hostile Indians afterwards burned down; 1 • , The fort was called Nassau, on Sassackon, They left Mey just one vessel to get back on. We find that the Spaniards though orominent in affairs connected with the Hudson River, are comparatively unspoken of in matters so important as A XV ON13ERFDL HISTORY. those concerning the naming of our The hiBtory of the development of tbe river. They evidently exerted some great and powerful influence over the postal system of the United States is of the inhabitants, for even to this day pa¬ greatest interest to intelligent minds. The triotic Jersey men are called Spaniards first law regulating the sending of letters by their Pennsylvania neighbors. Rut was enacted in 1630, by the Puritan General this does not end here. The Dutch, though prominent in early Jersey Court of Massachusetts. This was only affairs, must have cast a mysterious twenty years after the landing of the pil¬ spell or glamor over the rocks and grims. Before that letters were carried by | seared wilderness of Pennsylvania. | And I'll warrant that a generally poorer private messengers. This first post office class of “mongrel Dutch” can’t be law ran thus: “It is ordered that notice be found outside of the limits here pre¬ given that Richard Fairbanks, his house in scribed. Boston, is the place appointed for all letters The Indian tribes occupying West Jersey previous to 1600 must have which are brought from beyond the sea, or ' taken evident pride—albeit fiendish are to be sent thither, they are to be left | delight—in summoning up “jaw- with him, and he is to take oare that they j breaking” terms to souse into the sweet waters of our river. Forsooth ! the are to be delivered or sent according to the far-famed Indian eloquence must have direction; and he is allowed for every letter wabbled and finally broken loose in its a penny, and must answer all miscarriage Wild endeavors to chant in a somewhat through hie own neglect in this kind.” placid flow of poetic metre. The local “medicine men” must have The first post master general of Pennsvl held a grand pow-wow with the rural vania was Andrew Hamilton, of Philadel¬ muses, vainly endeavoring to set upon phia, under the law of 1710. He received some appellation befitting such a noble for hie services the stipend of $100 a year stream. The confab must have created a bigger sensation among the members He would send a letter to any point of each family wigwam than the within eighty miles of the oity for about double-jointed New Jersey Senate is 10 cents, expressed in present money. now doing throughout the states. And The general regulation for all the probably more exciting scenes were ! witnessed over the peace pipes than colonies fixed the rate from New York |thos9 recently enacted at Washington, to South Carolina at 37£ oents for a single where dignity was smashed to smith¬ sheet. For an ounce of correspondence ereens and old men stood on desks and raved. $1.50 was charged. Post riders carrying At any rate, the outcome proved that letters between points where there was no the Indian’s eloquence (or his treachery) post office established were entitled to receive got the better of the rural Muses, for 6 cents a mile. The act of parliament of history smilingly hands us from her shelf a few bunches of letters, which 1765 fixed tbe rate of postage at 8 cents any¬ would make such “literary contortion¬ where within sixty miles. Between New ists” as Robert Browning to howi and |York and Philadelphia the postage was 18 | look aghast. cents, and this was the cost until the break¬ As a relaxafcive I will mention five of the simplest terms,, “Poutaxat,” “Ma- ing out of the revolution. risqueton,” “Makeriskhittoon,” “Make' In 1792 the first postal act under the con¬ rissk-Kiskon,” and “Lenape-Whitti- stitution fixed the rate at 1 cent for thirty uchk.” miles carriage,’increasing therefrom with the As one gazes upon the Delaware of distance. A letter weighing an ounoe waB ftc-day, glinting in the sunlight, churned by countless propellers and oarried across the state for 88 cents. This strange, great keels, humbly washing work iB now done for 2 cents and a letter is 'the feet of beautiful Philadelphia, and carried farther in an hour than it was then on the other hand lapping the Jersey shore with an old, old familiar touch, carried in a day. In 1792 there were only there seems to spring spontaneous seventy-five post offices in the entire country; from the watcher’s heart a line which now there are nearly 60,000. At that time runs like this; “If waters could speak as they flow!” George Carpenter. Connor. the post rout38 exTended 2275 mi'es; today /TheTPhilosophieal Society for the Diffu¬ they extend over 400,000 miles. In th6 first sion of Useful Knowledge, instituted at the ambrosial capital of the Ula Domin¬ year of the nation’s life the salaries paid all ion—Williamsburg, in the month of flow¬

■ for the manufacture of fabrics, said: “I believe ' providence san c- premiums were offered for the pro* tioned slavery for a time in order to bring of silk, flax, and other staple com. the negro in contact with the white race, that he might absorb the white man s | U Mrf Meredith, whose able address I u»w Christianity and; civilization and L£e referred to, conclusively refutes the charge added what is of infinite moment to the of illiteracy and disregard for education races,] return to Africa and civilize hisbrelhren, in our ancestors. My limits, with the com¬ prehensive view I have essayed, will allow W<

^But the exemplification of the Virginian president of the society was John Page, an mental moral, martial, political, and able and accomplished man, subsequently social—might not be exhausted in a series Governor of Virginia. He was an .early, contributor to the transactions of the j •VKSSSSSS® Greene, of Col.m- American Philosophical Society. Both he bia College, New York, m his Alumni of a^ Jameson were fond ot astronomy I the Earlier American Colleges V ho nave possess a letter, which I have misiaia, , Held Official Positions” awards the first distinction in point of number and exalted Sten"tibng ITXervltSof some^l j position to our own venerable aedpoten- ■: ial William and Mary College, ^he leads “rr. tsi&z &\ with three of the fourteen Presidents who have been° graduates of American col- fe„r"^o£.o& t sy ip,^es_Jefferson, Monroe, and Tyler. (.Vir¬ tious title whose offices were suspended ginia furnished also Madison and Harrison, bv the American Revolution, has left a tangible memorial. In the . cabinet a3 There have been fifteen United States tf the Virginia Historical Society Hobday Cabinet officers, a chief and three associate Graved gold medal awarded oohn Hobday histices of the United States Supreme fn 177-i for the model of a machine tor Court one lieutenant-general United threshing wheat. I would not have you States army, fourteen United States ep- forget John Banister, th® vovs and ministers, eighty-four United 14 who lost his life m 1997 by a fall m en- , States senators and re.presentatives in Con- ^flavoring to secure a coveted plant. Tb crrpos sixty nidges of the United states motto adopted by a lamented District Circuit, and State Courts, three fete 1'homas Hicks Wynne, as that ot ms presidents of colleges, and twenty-three Valuable serial “Documents Bdating to governors of States.(40j Dr. Thomas Nel¬ the Old Dominion”— Gainer up tne Jrag- son Page, in his able address on I he ‘nenls that remain”-1 would, young gentle- History of the South,” delivered before Huen, earnestly commend to you. the^Alumni Society of the Uuivereity ^ ADVICE TO COLLECTORS. Virginia, m Louisville, Ky., April 13th last, In the Smithonian Institution there is an thus eloquently invokes the coming ex- invaluable collection of dpcuments illus- •i-votiDcr tlift history of prices in hinglaiicl P“l*f"»y o*“ 23% to do to country thin service let him arise. He need not fear from 1650 to 1750, bound in mPo which were presented in 1852 by for his ’reward. To such an one I would sav that he must have at once the mstmct J. Orchard Halliwell, the eml?e?.t of'the historian and tne wisdom of the t'ian and Bhakespenan annotator. mere philosopher. He must possess the ialis- is a wav young gentlemen, in which you may not only enrich the museum ^of your man that shall discover Alma Mater, but contribute impoinantly to heaps of falsehood, though they be piled ( historical investigation. Gather assiau upon it like Pelion on Ossa. He must, ously* in the sections of your homes seve-, have the sagacity to detect the evil in every manifestation oj. the rally all that may be gleaned of old domi- rnents letters, diaries, account-booxs, civilization he shall chronicle, though newspapers, household utensils and abo- it be gleaming with the gilding o*. ro mance. He must have the fortitude to re¬ '■ieinal implements and deposit them here for the information of the curious and the sist all temptations to deviate by so much as a hair’s breadth from the absolute, the ^Inspection of old accounts and news- inexorable fact, not if the angel shcmM oH-ompt to Deeuile him. He must know $££ trtheta°bftfdre\rr|ncmniS; knd tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help him God. For such an one fame waits to take him ,

in“bYoun™8 gentlemen, brother students,; which is vouchsafed to but few of us now. this iust apotheosis is a practicality. j 'i'hink of Bengal silks, scarlet plusnes, I would fain hope that among you it Trish linens, silver clasps, buckles, and but- may find realization m ® and tie wigs, and a multitude of tion of your own grand old State, it no. of the sisterhood of the Sunny South. laces and ribbons ; of the tipples, choco¬ late coffee, pimento, and Bohea tea: of (ian’arv Lisbon, Madeira, Malaga, Malm- sev Rhenish, Teneriffe, and lokay wines, irrespective of other cheering spirits. There was sugar—brown, refined, loaf, and Revolution,” an address before Muscovado The social and inspiring tne University o£ Virginia, June 27, lb»», Dy vv. musical instruments were the violin and Gordon McCabe. . Vireinia Du- (4) The History of Education In Virginia v ^Irnonf professionals and artisans who! served were physicians, surgeons and E S3».'%»>'& dentists, wig-makers, hair-drapers, tailors HistoricalEr«rsi.«.‘s^s»%l4 Collections, new senes, Vol.2 i1. «***'

coach-painters, coach- and chan-makers, saddlers, makers of mattresses of curled English hair, and weavers of damasks, gauzes, figured cottons, and count-ip ’*i&S£2S&3SSt* noon- (10) Beverley’s History of Virginia, p. 2It). (11) Honing’s Statutes, Vol. III., p. 478. (13) Ibid, Voi. IV., p. 306. (13) Honing, Vol. II., p. 199. (14) Foote’s Sketches, first series, pp. 51-53. (15) Record-Book Henrico County, p. 353. (16) Foote, pp. 137-139. (17) McCabe, p. 9. (18) Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society, Vol. I., 1833, pp. 69-78. (19) Calendar of Virginia State Papers, Voh I., p. 100. t . v if ». (30) Letter from A. E. Kellam, clerk of Princess Anno county, August 30,1891. - • (31) Tucker’s Blackstone, Vol. IV., p. 18. " -”• 'h .% i (33) Tucker, Vol. IV., p. 336. (33) Blackstone, Philadelphia Edition, 1841, Vol. I., side-note 18, p. 137. ;. $ ■ ■ (34) Beverley, pp. 5-8. ! (25) Hening, Vol. II., p. 510. (26) Ibid, p. 511. (27) Henry A. Wise. (28) Slaughter’s History of African Coloniza- iion, cited in “ Virginia in Her Past Relation to Slavery,” Virginia Historical Collections, Vol. VI., pp. 35-36. (29) Hening, Vol. I., p. 134. (30) Ibid, p. 223. & It (31) Spotswood Letters, Vol. II., p. 280. (32) Jlening, Vol. I., p. 169. (33) Extracts from -l Itinerant Observations in America”—London Magazine, 1746. Published 'in the Richmond Standard, September, 7,14, 21, 1878. (34) A Perfect Description of Virginia, 1649, p. 15, Force’s Tracts, Vol. II. (35) Beverley, p. 240. (36) Perry’s Church Papers of Virginia, pp. 261-318. (37) Virginia Schools, etc. (33) Contributions to the Annals of Medical VafaugaVa Progress in the United States, I. M. Toner, M. D., Washington, 1874. (39) For sketches of them see Virginia Histori¬ cal Register, Vol. I., pp. 119-123. FIFTY CENTS A YEAR, (40) New York, 1890, Reprinted from the New England Historical and Genealogical Register. ELIZABETHT0F, TEFF,, MAT

■m ' -

* ■ E

_ l: A Mountain Palace. Land—Miles of Perfect Roads--An Army of Em¬ Mr. Vanderbilt's Mammoth Estate ployes. I in North Carolina. Special Correspondence of the Washington Star. i. Asheville, N. C., May 5, 1892. Biltmore As It Will Be. Some time ago Mr. George W. Vander¬ bilt concluded to purchase somewhere in Almost Like a Fairy Tale-Every- this country several thousand acres of laud thing Being Done on a Gigantic aud to erect thereon the finest residence in the United States, and, after traveling Scale-Ten Thousand Acres of through the eastern and southern sections, remainder are the contractor’s riieu. and IconcludetHomake bis (hotae in the rnouu- the monthly pay roll is something like tains of southwestern NOrth Carolina. At §50,000, exclusive of the very large sala¬ | this time all of the property has been se- ries paid the superintendents of the var¬ I cured that Mr. Vanderbilt desires arid the ious departments, the engineer corps, and ; work of getting it into sbapei-for building, daughtsmen. The larger portion of the j grading, &c., has been going on for a little employes at this time are laboring men, who over two years, and a small army of men are cleaning up the place and working are engaged in clearing up all of the brush, around the house, as the only skilled labor &c., that has accumulated in'the last cen- being used now is the body of stone masons 1 tury. who are about completing the foundation of The total number of acres in the estate the big house, which is 375 feet by 192 feet I is something like 10,000, with an average in width, not including the stable, which is ■l\ elevation of 2,200 feet above the sea level, a portion of the house, and which is 105 feet the highest point being nearly 3,000 feet. long by 178 feet wide. The terraces are not The length of the estate is something oyer included in the above figures, and they six miles and its average width is three measure 320 feet long by 140 feet wide, and ;fj miles, while the streams (the Swannanoa there is a space of 50 feet between the house (•; and French Broad rivers) cover from eight and main terrace. This makes the house 4 to ten miles in length and their width really occupy 476,000 square feet of ground, | (each) is not over 500 feet. the house proper occupying over two acres. These rivers are very swift-running The walls in western portion of the founda¬ I streams and divide the estate into three tion of the building are seven and one-half 1 parts, and their waterfalls add great beauty feet in thickness, and they rest on a wall of to the already magnificent mountain scen- i cement and broken stone ot equal thickness b, ery. These rivers furnish the v/ater used and of great depth. The foundation is of | in the towns of Asheville and Biltmore, the stone, which comes from various parts of ■I latter being the name bestowed upon the the estate, and which is admirable for build¬ railroad station at the estate by Mr. Van- ing purposes. I derbilt. f! There are sixty miles of roadway upon The house is to be, according to Mr. Van¬ the place and from the mansion to the rail- derbilt, the most beautiful one in the jj|| road station the drive is about four miles world, and before a line of the plans had ’ 1 over the mountain, while the drive around been drawn thousands of dollars had been If the borders of the estate is twenty-five expended in getting together ideas, he hav¬ ing travelled through the old country | miles long, over hills and mountains. For studyiug the various structures of the pres¬ <:-! this vast estate the sum of §600,000 was ent day and those of centuries past, combin¬ B paid, and when it is taken into considera- R tion that the major portion of it was prac- ing the present styles of architecture with B tically valueless as farming land and that those of the fifteenth century and arriving i little or nothing was cultivated, the price at the conclusion that such a combination I paid was quite a large one. Altogether would suit him, the plans were prepared for *. fifty farms were purchased, the prices- paid the structure, which, in appearance is that of the French ot the fifteenth century with ranging from §35 to §400 per acre, and in no case did the property owners realize less some few additions of the twentieth. than 300 per cent, on their investment All that mouey can do in making the house and grounds complete in every re¬ when they sold out. From the Richmond and Danville rail¬ spect is being done. It is impossible for road station Mr. Vanderbilt has had con¬ anyone who has not visited the place to structed a railroad of his own, running to | form the faintest idea of the magnitude of the mansion direct, and from the brick and the undertaking, ot the vastness of the es¬ tate, of the millions to be spent before the terra cotta works he has a narrow-guage house is ready for occupancy. road running to the clay pits, about two The contracts for the house have not all miles distant. He has twenty-five flat and been given as yet, hut estimates are being I several of the regulation size freight cars, furnished from contractors all over the I which are used for the transportation ot country and it is thought that it will he five material to the house, and the cost of these years before the last contractor can leave the roads complete (they are only temporary) mansion, and then the furnishers and deco¬ | is §65,000. rators will occupy a year or more in doiug The number of men employed on the es- their share of the work. '> tate varies from 700 to 900, a portion being On the first floor there will be eight in the employ ot Mr. Vanderbilt and the rooms, viz, the banquet hall, the library, ■ 97

m it is pos¬ the “(Jen,” the tapestry", music ition will be as dear perfect as “ room, salon, breakfast room and window sible to make it . • garden. The banquet hall will he 42 feet The gymnasiunf will be over the subcel- | in length and 75 feet wide, and the ceiling lar, and this, when equipped, will be as will be 65 feet from the floor ; the library fine as money can make it, and adjoining will be 45 ieet long and 72 feet wide with a this will be a pool or plunge bath five feet ceiling 26 feet high ; the “den” (Mr. Van¬ deep and of great dimensions. derbilts private quarters) will be the small¬ A bowling alley the regulation size will est room in the house, and its dimensions be constructed, and from present appear¬ are 18 feet long, 35 feet wide with a ceiling ances there Will be no lack of amusements of 26 feet ; the tapestry gallery will be 89 for the occupants of the house during incle¬ feet long, 35 feet wide and 26 feet from floor ment weather. to ceiling. The main hall will be 35 feet The columns on the south terrace will be Icovered with running vines in a short tune, j wide and 110 feet long and window garden Mrs. Vanderbilt, mother of George V., | planted some vines, as did Mr. Frederick ] Law Olmstead. Directly in front of the house is the es¬ planade, which is au artificial slope cut out ot the small mountain. This is being sod¬ ded and is already beautiful, though not j half completed. The esplanade is 800 feet long, 300 feet: wide, with a driveway 100 feet wide, a • winding bridle path after the pattern of the j old stage coach roads down the mountains,, j with a fountain at each V-shaped turn in the path, and a large one (the basin ot j which is 40 feet in diameter) in the center. When complete this fountain will be much will be the largest in the country, and a larger than the one in the Botanical Gar-1 gardener will be in attendance at all times, dens, and with eight large fountains play¬ as it will be a regular hot-house and a large ing in the sunlight or moonlight upon these-] one at that. This will be conducted exclu¬ mountains the sight will be truly grand. sive of the nurseries. Two years hence, the contract stipulates, There will be three floors above this and the house shall be under cover, and it is will all be sleeping apartments, the rooms then estimated that two years more will be being arranged in suites. The basement consumed in completing the interior, the ] and top floors will be occupied by servants, exact style of which has not yet been de¬ and a very fine passenger elevator will be termined upon, but as much marble will be used for guests and the servants will have used as is possible. one of their own. [It is said that nearly Though the work on the mansion has one hundred servants will be engaged at hardly begun, so to speak, a large amount | the mansion exclusive of the employes of of the furniture it will contain has already I the estate.] been purchased and is stored in New \ork I The total amount of floor space in the city. When Mr. Vanderbilt goes on his " mansion, aside from that occupied by the annual European tours he purchases in dif¬ servants, will be 225,000 square feet in the ferent ■ cities of the continent such furni¬ 120 rooms. ture and decorations as he desires used in The grand stairway will be a winding one the house. Only the most beautiful and j with a common center, and the hallway in costly has thus far been selected, and before j which it will be located is circular on the returning from the tour on which he started inside and octagon shaped outside, with a few months ago he expects to have pur¬ windows looking in three different direc¬ chased an additional amount of furniture, tions. tapestry, etc., which will be stored. The entire house will be lighted with The deei park, which is quite near the j electricity, as will a portion of the grounds, house, is about completed and is beautiful. and steam heat will be used. A subcellar Not long ago it formed part of the vast for- | will be used simply as the bottom of the est of the estate, but 175 acres were alloted various fresh air shafts, which will open to the deer, and all trees over three or four ] inches in diameter have been taken out by into each room in the house, and by this the roots and the younger ones which were and means yet to be employed the venti- _ the least shapely were also removed, and ■n 7 m ’'K'.'S ' .$28mshB now tlie park has a young growth of green ^ When the mansion is completed this col- grass and saplings upon it. In this park | lection will occupy a prominent place in the j library. The tenuis court will he the finest in the j -country and will adjoin the pergola ; this will be filled in with cement and rolled down until it is as firm and solid as the mountains themselves. Work on this will j begin shortly. The garden which is to supply the vege¬ tables, fruit, etc., to lie used in the man¬ sion is also near the house. As the soil is not suitable for vegetation “top earth’■’ has been, and is, being hauled from all parts of® the estate, and this garden will he the pride o( its owner when completed. Around it a high stone wall has been erected to keep out the deer. This wall and the gardener’s cot¬ tage, which occupies a corner of the garden, the deer will soon be placed and they will will cost an enormous sum. add to the great beauty of the place. The The dairy is already established and is park extends to the main drive and is upon supplying the larger portion of Asheville a little hill with a very gradual slope, and I with Alderney milk. Mr. Vanderbilt has a it is probable a deer house will be erected large number of beautiful cows, all young, 1 thereon shortly. which are as well taken care of as most chil¬ The roads will he macadamized, well I dren. The stables are kept clean and the drained and sewered and on either side will dairy proper is all that “purity and clean¬ be planted various small foreign trees and ] liness” can make it, the latest improved cultivated ones of the climate. dairy implements being used. The nursery attracts a great amount oft When everything is completed and the big ! } | attention from the fact that it is the largest house is filled with people, a small army of private one in existence and that though it men will he employed to keep the place up has over three million plants upon it there to its standard of beauty and cleanliness, are no flowers at present, as all the plants and there will also he gamekeepers, florists, are being cultivated and shaped for outdoor a botanist, general superintendent and growth all the year round. others, and all of the last named will be It is intended that the greater part of the provided with substantial dwellings upon estate with which the nursery is connected,! the estate by its liberal owner, rent and vegetables free. These houses will he erec- shall be occupied by a systematically man-| j ted on those portions of the estate where the aged forest, of such trees and hushes indige¬ labors of their occupants will necessitate nous to the region as are likely to be of com¬ their presence. It the majority of the la- mercial value. This forest will be 4,0001 | borers employed are negroes he has shown his appreciation of their services by donating acres in extent. | to them in the town of Asheville a building On the banks of the Swannanoa river the| ! now in the course of erection, to be called nursery is situated, and thousands of ever¬ I the “Christian Institute,” the cost of which | greens are under cultivation, a large number I is between §15,000 and §20,000. He has ! •of which are imported and which rested in j contributed largely to the charitable insti- | tutious here, and is already quite popular t he bottom of the Atlantic for several weeks, i with the people. the vessel in which they were shipped hav¬ All iu all, George Vanderbilt will have ing wrecked off the Jersey coast a year or tlie most beautiful and healthy spot on two ago. These plants are thriving, as are earth tor the home of his mother and him- some which were sent from Japan, and which ; self. Millions will be spent before the re¬ maining four years roll by, but he pays reg¬ are more fragrant than many of the native j ular visits to Biltmore, as he calls the flowers. mountain estate, taking the last syllable of All over the estate instructions to era-1 ! his own name and his mother’s maiden ployes are posted, in which they are told tot name. Electric lights have been lately put in, F; take any stones of peculiar shape or kind to I and passing the place at night on the trains I the botanist in charge. He has really a| one sees a beautiful sight. cart load of rare and valuable stones, toma¬ At the present time about 5000 souls de-i hawks, spearheads and arrowheads, and I pend on George W. Vanderbilt for the ne-l emeralds, diamonds, hiddenites, rose gar-1 • eessities of life. Akthuk McLean. I nets and ametlivsts. of Dental and Oral Science,” published by the American Academy of Dental Science,his standard of excellence In dentistry was not It Wai Receipted in 1825 by a Man Dle- only high, but for the time somewhat novel. tinaruishedtn Science andPolltics. Armly says of him: ‘‘We are probably more Indebted to his success than to Written for the Sunday Post-Dispatch. tnat of any other man for the Importance The late Dr. William H. Eames, a well which was attached at that period to appli¬ known dentist and former editor of tne St. cations which were intended to preserve the natural teeth In their natural state. Louis Archives of Dentistry, had framed and For by the complete success at¬ hanging In his office, an old dental bill tending the practice of this great dated 1824-25 which his historical Inclination man, the public were soon, convinced that teeth could be saved. ” Dr. Hudson led him to prize very highly. The quaint was born In Ireland In 1772. A cousin, a den¬ document Is an acknowledgment by Dr. tist at Dublin, adopted him and entered him Edward Hudson of Philadelphia of the re¬ as a student at Trinity college. He prac¬ ticed dentistry with his relative. However, ceipt of $112 In settle'ment ot hfs account

; y-

J m ¥'.5 Dr. Hudson’s Bill Rendered In 1825.

with Miss Margaret Callender. The paper young Hudson was a fiery young agitator as has a historical value because It well. He was Intimate with the most dis¬ proves that the practice of “stuffing” tinguished men of Ireland toward the close the cavity of the teeth from the end of the of the Eighteenth Century, among them the m root with gold was not unknown to the best Emmets, Sheares. Corbetts, Tom Moore and dentists of that day. Not many years ago others. The Lord Chancellor, Clare, became m the honor of having Introduced this operation frightened at the liberal tone of the numer¬ was claimed by several old dentists. A some¬ ous debating clubs of the day and dissolved what heated controversy on this point was them. Many of the members were banished. settled by the publication of the Hudson re- Young Hudson escaped for the time, hut jcelpt In the now defunct ‘‘Archives.’’ soon Joined the Society of United Irishmen. Dr. Eames ootalned the paper from Dr. With many others he was seized and impris¬ James W. Wick, to whom It was given by oned in Fort George, Scotland, until th«&&. M isome member of Miss Callender’s family Peace of Amiens. He settled In Palladelphle resident In St. Louis. In 1805. He was as well known for genlallt; Dr. Hudson was one of the leading dentists and kindness of heart as for 6klll as a den j of Philadelphia. According to the “History jtlst. 100

^PENALTIES OF POLITICAL HfDEPElTDENCE. HINTS TO HISTORIANS.

The Value of Old Relfcs and Musty The Experience of Jackson’s Secretary of Papers. the Treasury, William J. Duane. In an address before the Columbia To the Editor of The New- York Times: Historical society of Washington city, The inclosed is a verbatim copy of a letter to was set forth the value of old maps, my father from William J. Duane, the Secre¬ books and relics as follows: tary of the Treasury in Gen. Andrew Jackson’s “The listing of all the early maps and Cabinet, who was removed by him for refusing the plats of divisions of the lands within to transfer the deposits and to whose place the city,; and the various official docu¬ Roger Brooke Taney, afterward cfhief Justice, was ments relating to the district known to appointed. There are in it suggestive utterances s exist, whether owned by the society or upon the fate of him who defies the party lead¬ not, with a reference to and indicating ers, which, in these days of defiance, may by where they are lodged, is deserving of some be accepted as a warning and a beacon, or the immediate attention of this society. I by others as the echo from the far-off time of j » also assume that all letters by persons of noble expressions of personal and political inde¬ intelligence, reflection, and of position, pendence. whether on personal matters or not, as I send the letter to The Times because it is i well as those relating to public acts and the acknowledged exponent of every idea of affairs, merit preservation. Memoran¬ true Democratic manliness and straightforward- dums, diaries, journals, ledgers, deeds, | ness. NEIESON POE, Jr. wills, legal documents, records of courts, Baltimore, May 8, 1894. public meetings, petitions, remonstrances and resolutions, etc., all may be, at some time or other, of special value, and are, Philadelphia, June 7, 1837. at least, worthy of examination, and, if Dear Sir: I, with pleasure, reifiy to your letter not wholly commonplace, deserve a lodg¬ ment in the archives of a historical so¬ of yesterday. The exposition alluded to in my ciety. It is not an unusual thing for letter to the President of the 10th of July, 1883, 1 those engaged in historical research to was the one which Mr. McEane delivered to the learn that boxes and trunks of old pa¬ President in March or April of that year—the pers, long retained as heirlooms, but in the mutation of families found to be in¬ same paper that is alluded to in my third letter convenient to keep, and finally deemed, to the people, dated Feb. 22, 1834, as Mr. Mc- useless, had at last, just to get them out Lane’s opinion on the deposit question. No of the way, been destroyed or sent to doubt, the original is in the hands of the late the junk dealer. “But there are still many valuable old President. If I had a copy, I would not hesitate records in the possession of families in to publish it after the mutilation and publication the district, who realize how difficult it of my own letter by the late President. Mr. is to care for them, and are in constant McEane may not consider himself at liberty to dread for their security in private hands. The organization of this society may per¬ furnish a copy. Such papers as I have, and suade them to see the wisdom of giving have not yet published, shall yet appear. I re¬ their custody to a permanent institution gret that Mr. McEane’s views are not among like this, devoted to the preservation of them. records, having fire-proof 'accommoda¬ tions. It is certain that it is not alone Although my natural disposition Is, as you from the houses of the opulent and well- surmise, favorable to a retired life, my silence of to-do that interesting old letters may be late years has been reluctant. I am deterred from expected, nor from whom we may receive family and business papers as a gift or expressing my dispassionate opinions for the same as a deposit for safe keeping in the repos¬ reason that a Jew is silent among Christians, or itory of this society. Unfortunately, this a Christian among Mohammedans. Although the class of papers, as well as the memories Christians bitterly revile each other, all the and traditions of the early days of our city, are growing fewer year by year and sects unite to abuse the poor Jew if he dares to disappearing forever. We invite dona¬ avow his creed; and, although the two sects of tions from every quarter of old manu¬ the Mohammedans denounced each other as im¬ scripts, letters, early maps, pamphlets, postors, they cordially join in denouncing as newspaper broadsides and books relating to America. worse than an impostor any unhappy Christian “We can all recognize the fact that who may dare to doubt the dogmas of both. nir-n r -n rk

order to avoid delays, on ac- tions devoted to the preservation of purely Tliu s-?. Personal absence, letters to local records. The local history of the fed¬ I . *TAR should not he addressed to eral city is also national history, so that the jny individual connected with the of- aims of this organization are peculiarly simply to THE STAR, or to comprehensive in their scope. The society ine Editorial or Business Department, according to tenor or purpose. deserves the warmest encouragement in its ^patriotic labors. serve as an equivalent for knowledge and experience. Honestly distrusting my abil¬ ity to discharge with proper efficiency the [local historians! imposed trust, X shall nevertheless give to the society my most loyal adhesion and ex¬ •' • I ert my best efforts to promote its purposes, j X heartily wish, however, that a more capa- The First Regular Meeting of the tie and eloquent member stood in my place,; whose comprehensive knowledge of the^.re¬ Columbia Historical Society. quirements essential to the founding; of a useful historical society, and vvjiose words.

only point out the various channels along ADDRESSES BY DR. TONER AND OTHERS which the more desirable studies may fee profitably prosecuted, but also arouse en¬ thusiasm and suggest the most judicious methods for promoting this society s best Matters Which invite the Attention interests. In obedience to the direction of the board of management, I shall endeavor to d:s- of the Local Chronicler. S charge the part assigned to me as best 1 lean, but without affectation. I crave noi only your assistance, but also your in¬ dulgence and charity tor any shortcomings an auspicious beginning that may be in this inaugural communica-. tion or may at any time discover itself to ; the society in the discharge of my official duty rphe second article of the constitution- we have adopted for our government briefly The first regular meeting of the recently outlines the purposes of the Columbia His¬ organized Columbia Historical Society was torical Society to be “the collection, preser¬ held last evening at the home of the presi¬ vation and diffusion of knowledge respect-, dent, Dr. J. M. Toner, 1445 Massachusetts ing the history and topography of the Dis¬ avenue. The interest which this new or¬ trict of Columbia and national history and biography.” At the very outset of our ex¬ ganization has aroused was indicated in istence the question presents itself how we some degree by the representative gather¬ mav best proceed to the accomplishment of ing which attended the first formal session. these several and distinct things, each of Men, and also women, who are prominent which is essential to a unity of purpose arid to the success of the society. We live in the literary and social circles of the city j in an age and country of very general edu¬ formed the audience, which met in the par¬ cation, marvelous mechanical inventions lors of Dr. Toner’s residence. There was no and the evolution of civil liberty and equal routine business transacted, and after the rights. Our nation is new', our individuality intense, the unfolding of history rapid and secretary of the society. Prof. Marcus Ba¬ the neglect and destruction of records in¬ ker, at the request of the president, had excusable. My remarks upon the purposes read the constitution and by-laws, which of the society and how to accomplish them are brief and simple, the president formally I shall be brief and practical rather than announced that the society had been incor¬ rhetorical. More than a century has elapsed since the site of this city was selected by porated and was now ready to enter upon the patriot and statesman whose name it its work. He then started the new organi¬ bears to be the permanent seat of govern¬ zation very auspiciously on its career by de¬ ment of the United States. livering a thoughtful and suggestive ad¬ Sis ten it i cl Plan of tlie City. dress on the scope of such a society, and The city was planned on a comprehen¬ more, especially of the avenues for import-, sive and magnificent scale. But I may ant historical research in local history state here rather parenthetically that it which are open before it. has already outgrown the bounds then The address of the president was followed j deemed ample for the capital of the Ameri¬ by one from Mr. Ainsworth R. Spofford, the can republic. Already numerous suburban librarian of Congress, whose theme was ■ ; villages, which in a few years will become “The Methods and Aims of Historical In- ,a part of the city, are springing into ex¬ quiry.” A local application and bearing istence, but they are unfortunately, many was given to this subject by Mr. Spofford, of them, projected without any regard to whose wide and Varied acquaintance with symmetry or to have them conform to the history of the District of Columbia has the original plan of the streets and ave¬ been well attested by his numerous ad¬ nues of the city of Washington. The gen¬ dresses and by his contributions to current eration of men who were contemporary literature on topics of local historical im¬ and active in the founding of the city have performed well their tasks and gone to then- portance. This paper will be printed m ful , rewards. They left us but few written in The Star. records of their labors in life, and even Dr, Toner’s Address. | fewer observations and descriptions of the federal territory as they bound it. No liv¬ The address of Dr. Toner is given in full ing witnesses are now left who have person¬ and is as follows: al' knowledge of the beginning of Wash¬ Ladies and gentlemen and members o ington.city. the Columbia Historical Society: To you I We are therefore forced to accept much bow my most grateful acknowledgments for of our early history on traditions and to verify many facts in relation to the past the honor of the position I occupy before by contemporary and collateral evidence. you tonight. I presume it is in the nature It is only known to those who have had of a recognition of the interest I have taken occasion to search for facts relating to in our local historical matters, but I fu„y the topography, the early legislation and appreciate the fact that, even in good en development of this city how meager, in- terprises neither zeal nor earnestness can j 103

complete and scattered are the existing must Inure to the credit ot our people at I records of the District of Columbia. Our ithe nation’s capital. It is believed that the i annals, such as they are, deserve to be citizens of Washington city and the public assembled, verified and thoroughly canvass¬ will be benefited in proportion to the inter¬ ed and calendared, so as to be preserved est they take in our local history, because and made useful. This is a proper work to if knowledge is strength, want of It pro¬ be done or promoted by the Historical So- claims feebleness and dependence. It is be¬ jcietv. I assume that every member is coming and proper for us all to be proud of ‘zealous in the cause of historical study the nation’s capital and the city of our resi¬ and will, in his own way, use his best ef¬ dence. forts to discover original papers and docu¬ We are aware that a historical society as¬ ments of historical value, local or national, sumes obligations to the public, and de¬ and obtain gifts of this character, wherever liberately accepts them, when It asks for ] practicable, to the society. (special and corporate powers to conduct Its affairs and build up a repository of his¬ Collection of a. Library, torical data, the fruit of the past, and the j A working library or a collection of help¬ jrightful heritage of the present and future ful records, books, papers, charts and docu¬ itime. No public institution can in justice to ments, which shall be kept accessible to Ithe people from whom it gets its powers be permitted to collect and lock up useful the members and historical students, is at knowledge as a private or a corporate _ in- i present a most urgent necessity. Every- i vestment and prevent or delay publication. j thing must have a beginning. The collec¬ Members of all learned societies having tion -of a good library is a work of time, ! charters stand in the position of contribu¬ unceasing labor, judicious selection and the tors and managers of great moral trusts in the interest of the people, and are bound to expenditure of money, but a division of respect the natural rights of mankind, and dutv and the aid of friends will, we trust, to so discharge their duty, as to not restrict, lighten the work before us. This measure, I but to disseminate, knowledge, and to this like all efforts which promise to bear fruit, | end are bound to keep their collections, is born of desire and must be nourished by j great or small, accessible to students, th^t unity of sentiment and persistency of pur¬ ithe public may be benefited. I-t- may be pose as well as by careful oversight. We asked what are the documents, and where I must not be too proud to solicit contribu¬ iare they to be found, that are supposed to tions to our records and library; in doing so possess historic value. This is a difficult we stoop only to conquer. The varied question to answer. 'branches of knowledge which really bsne- The Sources of a Collector. jfit mankind evolve their own institutions, !employ methods and.agencies which the ex¬ The collector of historical treasures often perience and intelligence, of the times sug¬ stumbles upon valuable data and builds gest and attain their greatest power and better than he knows. To him who hath usefulness through concerted and sustained shall be given. By right or wrong treasures efforts. Original documents, special monographs, go to the strong. In time it will become reports, acts of Congress, and of Ihe fashionable for owners of choice historical colonies and of the several states, works and libraries to give or devise them maps and books of reference are to the Columbia Historical Society. The so¬ of the highest importance to historical In¬ stitutions, and are absolutely essential to ciety may also in certain cases be favored accurate work. The painstaking conscien¬ by being made a sort of residuary legatee in tious historian, like the careful surveyor the clearing up of estates. It wall always who aims to extend a straight line, where be thankful to become the repository of the. i the vision is obstructed by impenetrable ob¬ literary keepsakes from the shelves and at¬ jects, frequently tests the accuracy of his tics of old family mansions. All old family work by reversing his compass and “look- records, manuscripts and letters, early |ing backward,” to prove whether the for¬ pamphlets, etc., will be welcome to the as¬ ward points indicated and ’ about to be sorting room of the Columbia Historical So¬ marked are in correct line when viewed in ciety. The rooms of the society should, and the light of what had been gone over and in time will, become a great storehouse for marked by himself or others. We can only everything which can testify to facts from argue logically and profitably from what we the beginning of the national government know. To predicate with judgment the and the progress of the District of Colum¬ probabilities of happenings in the future we bia, and also the institutions and enter¬ must possess accurate knowledge of results prises of its people. Views and prints of in the past, where conditions are compar¬ early buildings and portraits of eminent able. Man in his weakness often expects characters, identified with our country and miracles. Results are but the natural off¬ the District, should be collected and, when spring of causes. What has been will be. practicable, displayed in the hall of the Purposes of tlie Society. society, and sketches of their lives and la¬ The Columbia Historical Society earnestly bors recorded in a manner to be readily re¬ ferred to. invites the co-operation and active mem¬ I venture to predict that if we proceed bership of all persons Interested in our local with resolution and upon a comprehensive history, and in general historical and plan, evincing personal and associate in¬ biographical research I cannot conceive of terest in all matters relating' to tills enter¬ prise, it will be but a few years until the an individual who does not love his family (rooms of the Columbia Historical Society and his country, and I do not know of any (will contain a grand collection of important better manifestation of such love than in¬ 1 original documents, national portraits and terest in its biography and history. A I related historical material, which will make it cne of the chief attractions in the capita! (unity of purpose by minds trained to ac¬ I city of our country. We owe it to ourselves curate thinking and writing, with the aid of that the hall of the society be made in every a special repository, rich in original or au¬ jway worthy of the high and noble purpose thentic records, must, as a matter of course, |to which it is to be devoted, and accessible lead to many conferences and discussions and attractive to people of culture. , It is at among themselves upon important his¬ once our duty and our interest to make it torical and geneolcgical studies and to valu- popular with our citizens by preserving s.ble publications. This society also desires these records and to see to it that our col¬ to interest and secure the sympathy and lections, deposits and observations of all igood will of all the citizens of the District kinds are so classified, arranged, calendered of Columbia in the laudable and unselfish and indexed as to prove a useful mine of purposes of this organization, whose labors information to the inquiring historian. , A

.tould this id’eal Ee'r'dEITzca'To any consider¬ teresf TO.' our local and national history. able degree, the rooms of the society will, The files of Congress, the State and War if centrally located, be frequented almost Departments are each particularly rich in daily by those interested, and particularly the records of the District, as are the by the more elderly members, to examine Journals and files of record by the early records and to meet there congenial friends, Commissioners, for laying out the city, and compare notes and consult recent historical of the commissioner of public buildings publications, and comment upon such mat¬ and grounds, also those of the several ters in a franx, conversational way, and to courts of the District, and the records in discuss current news and public affairs. In the office of the register of wills and the time it should become an established fact Orphans’ Court, and the files in the pension and grow into a popular belief among the office. These and some of the other depart¬ people that calendars, indexes and refer- ! ments of the national government abound! ences to almost everything relating to the I in choice material for an accurate history histot'y of our city, her public institutions, of the development of the capital city of old families, notable events and occur- i the nation, and for writing the biography rences, local and national, are to be found! of the leading men of the United States of record and may be freely consulted at i who assisted in founding the republic, and; the rooms of the Columbia Historical So¬ for a time dwelt at the seat of government.1 ciety. The archives of the society must in I time become a vast repository of defunct | Documents, Public and Personal. historical facts. The public will be just to I The listing of all the early maps and the us, and will hold us neither too high, nor plats of division of the lands within the too low. Our society will be what, we and I our successors may make it; it is to be an city, and the various official documents re-j institute of which we shall be proud Our lating to the District known to exist,! collections and the fruit of our labor will whether owned by the society or not, with answer. The purposes of the society are . a reference to and indicating where they; lofty and just. I have faith in the career in which we are engaged and in the ability are lodged, is deserving of the immediate and strength of purpose of those enlisting attention of this society. I also assume in the work. It is worthy of our highest that ali letters by persons of intelligence, considerations and respected by all learner! reflection, and of position, whether on per¬ societies. sonal matters or not, as well as those re¬ T3ie Field of Local History. lating to public acts and affairs, merit As a lover and conservator of historical preservation. Memorandums, diaries, jour¬ nals, ledgers, deeds, wills, legal documents, materials I am constrained to say that it is. records of courts, public meetings, peti¬ in my judgment, safe to assume that the tions, remonstrances and resolutions, etc., record or history of any.effort or method all may be, at some time or other, of pursued for man’s advancement, or any in¬ special value, and are, at least, worthy of1 strument of writing that has defined his examination, and, if not wholly common¬ place, deserve a lodgment in the archives j rights or protected his property or person of a historical society. It is not an unusual ! anywhere in the past, and every accurate thing for those engaged in historical re- account of inventions in the useful arts, or search to learn that boxes and trunks of events or occurrences in our political and old papers, long retained as heirlooms, but I in the mutation of families found to be in-| social history, are pretty sure to possess convenient to keep, and finally deemed use- value and deserve preservation. The fullest less, had at last, just to get them out of, latitude as to the subject and scope 6f con¬ the way, been destroyed or sent to the junk tributions, treated in a proper historical I dealer. spirit, will be left to the members. There is,‘ But there are still many valuable old in fact, no branch or field of historic inquiry records in the possession of families in the touching the District of Columbia that has District, who realize how difficult it is to Deen exhausted. The past of our political existence, as well as our growth, is to be care for them, and are in constant dread for their security in private hands. The or¬ canvassed. It is recognised that much of ganization of this society may persuade what has been written as a history of the ' them to see the wisdom of giving their cus¬ District of Columbia has been viewed from a narrow horizon. Time and a more com¬ tody to a permanent institution like this, devoted to the preservation of records, hav¬ prehensive study by capable students will correct those errors. We may even hope ing fire-proof accommodations. It is certain that it is not alone from the houses of the that someone will begin with Capt. John bmith, who, with thirteen companions, opulent and w'ell-to-do that interesting old letters may be expected, nor from whom we sailed up the Potomac in 160S to the falls may receive family and business papers as above Georgetown, and held conference with a gift or as a deposit for safe keeping in the the Indians at a point within the District of Columbia. The clearing of the natural ' repository of this society. Unfortunately, forest, the building of cabins by the early this-class of papers, as well as the memories planters and the founding of villages here and traditions of the early days of our city are growing fewer year by year and disap¬ on the banks of the Potomac, before the capital city was projected, are all matters pearing forever. We invite donations from of interest, and inviting the pen of the in¬ every quarter of old manuscripts, letters, dustrious student. early maps, pamphlets, newspaper broad¬ An account of the position cf the various sides and bocks relating to America. springs used by the first proprietors, and We can all recognize the fact that much the small water courses which arose in or of what is difficult now to obtain will be an i an through the city limits, before the impossibility a few years hence. Much has streets were graded, affords a desirable already been irretrievably lost. Let us be study. The original shore lines of the Poto¬ earnest and diligent gatherers while we mac and Eastern branch, the highest ele¬ may, and collect the perishing fragments of the records and traditions that remain, lest vations, and the low lands, and the over-1 they, too, be lost. Sowed marshes within our boundaries, and! the water courses and early roads, fords Knowledge Which History Supplies. and ferries within the District, and all Sketches of our local history and a ref¬ other topographical features of this locality deserve attention, and may be of present erence to the data upon which its state- substantial service in the determination of . ments rest, with all records of old District sanitary drainage, and other questions of institutions and organizations, now past I importance to the city. There are many and gone, and any account of man’s en-j records lodged in the several offices of the L mted States government of especial in- deavor to defend his natural rights and to improve his surroundings, are of importance Y l

lin the' study of progressive creTTizatibn. and The severaTStntes were called "upon to raW the betterment of man’s civil, and social [condition. If leaders of thought and legis¬ i their proportion. Each of them had lavg< lators desire to be guided by the knowledge .. obligations of their own, which the peopl<| which history supplies of the past they, I were oppressingly taxed to pay, that State too, must consult veritable records. The methods to be pursued by the society § credit might be maintained. There was to encourage its members to make commu¬ . | great opposition to tho government taxa- nications may safely be left to the inspira¬ tion of the hour. It, however, occurs to me tions. Congress had not power to enforce that It may be well for the society to enact % the collection of these taxes. An attempt an annual address from the retiring presi¬ to collect them was met in Massachusetts by dent, which shall in part be devoted to sug¬ gestions as to our needs and a review of f armed resistance—called the insurrection oi the labors of the society for the year. The I Massachusetts—which required a large force movement to unite the efforts of those ca¬ pable and helpfully inclined to collect, pre¬ | to put down. The law of the land, the serve and disseminate a knowledge of the g binding constitution, the constitution of history of the District of Columbia has met which we are now so proud as representing; With flattering encouragement, and has demonstrated the fact that Washington city ; the foresight and wisdom of our forefathers, is the home of a very large number of per¬ was finally put in full force. sons possessing the true historic spirit, and quite a number have expressed their readi¬ In 1801 we had a tiff with Tripoli. The ness to co-operate in the work this day in¬ * first boots of the young nation were more augurated by the Columbia Historical So¬ ciety. ' than seven-leagued ones. They strode the Atlantic, and’the thrashing of the Emperor of Morocco was the consequence. It was in this war that Lieutenant Decatur, afterward • the brave Comqdore of whom we are so proud, distinguished himself, and drew first blood for the United States. Even when in pin-feathers, the American ;. eagle was ever ready to ruffle them and , show fight upon the slightest English provo- || cation. Even to this day, when the strong- Ri est of commercial and social relations bind g,l us to the mother-country it is more ready What to read ■to assert its-fully fledged dignity witli it | than with- any other nation. So,’.vhen, in HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. [807, England, claiming that a person once in English subject, remains so for life, in¬ sisted in taking four men, said to be desert¬ The Union of the Colonies - A Tiff With Tri¬ ers from the U. S. frigate Chesapeake, she poli—Our War of 1S12—Other Important was resisted and the war of 1812 was the re- I Events In Our Country’s Career. ! suit. Prance, our former friend and ally After the revolution-—the separation of the .took stand against us, but soon was self- [colonies from England; after the signing of I! repentant. The Indians on our Western he Treaty of Peace, at Paris, in 1782, the border, which was then in unpleasant pro¬ istory of the United. States is that of re¬ pinquity to the comparatively narrow strip ar peration and permanent organization, , of land lying along the Atlantic coast form¬ [Up to this time the binding agreement of ing the more closely occupied portion of the the States was called the Articles of Confed¬ , States, began to give trouble under British eration. An attempt to revise them, that ■ urgings. Indiana was then a territory.' they might be more fitting for the now’ inde¬ ■ General Harrison, grandfather of our recent . pendent country, showed their' inadequacy; President Harrison, was Governor of it. He it was therefore determined by a convention 1 it was who marched against the depredatory of delegates from all of the States excepting : Indians, gave them battle and defeated them Rhode Island, which met in Philadelphia in 9 at the battle of Tippecanoe, -where the river May, 1787, to form a new constitution to be of that name joins the Wabash. By sea and submitted to the people of the several States. land, menaced on our extreme frontiers and All but two voted for ratification. lake boundaries, the country was beset. This was not effected without great oppo¬ While General Hull was sentenced to death sition. Those voting in favor of ratification for cowardice in surrendering Detroit, Cap¬ [were called Federalists; those against it, tain Isaac Hull, with the good ship, Con- anti-Fedcralists. Many believe that by it j stitution,fought the British frigate Guerriere, I too great power was placed in the hands of and compelled the lowering of her flag in [the officers and rulers of the country, and I thirty minutes. ■that the liberties of the people, for which West of the Canary Islands, Lieutenant, "jthey had so recently and stubbornly fought, now Commodore Decatur, commanding the v would be endangered thereby. Another an ] frigate United States, captured the Alaccdon- ilghty reason for opposition was : that ; the | ian after a t-*o hours fight. While England jUnited Government was heavily in debt had for centuries “ruled the seas,” she! ":jp . fcrywhere was compelled to yield to -the w to have something settled to fight j excellence and superiority of American sea¬ when they are broken) the United States al- manship and American gunnery. ' most immediately had another war thrust While Hull, of the Constitution; Captain upon them because of depredations com- Jones, of the Frolic; Decatur, of the United Imitted by Algerine pirates. Commodore : States, were triumphant upon the sea; Com¬ Decatur was again the right man in the modore Perry, commanding the American ..right place, who after a few minutes of ! squadron of war vessels upon Lake Erie, - actual fighting up the Mediteranean fought, disabled, and sunk or captured, every which lie killed the Admiral of the Algerine | [ship of the English squadron commanded I Squadron, captured two ships, took sixj by Commodore Barclay. It was from this 1 hundred prisoners, and then anchoring his | ; watery field that Perry sent his immortal ij vessels in the Bay of Algiers, dictated a j ; message to General Harrison: “We have [treaty to the Dey, who was compelled to met the enemy and they are ours.” sign it. Large sums of money were paid by Near Detroit, Harrison fought the British the Barbary powers to our government as forces to a finish and Tecumseh, Chief of their indemnity for their violation of a former Indian allies, to the death. In the South, treaty, and of the nutrality laws during our J General Jackson, 'at Toliopekh, ended the [war with Great Britian. A good life of j aggressiveness of the hostile Creek Indians ’Commodore Decatur is stirring reading. [by slaying a thousand of their chosen war¬ Numerous Indian wars, changes of ad¬ riors, and finally in 1815, brought the war ministrations, and commercial fluctuations ' practically to a close by soundly drubbing go to make up the annals of the States until the enemy at New Orleans. the inaguration of the most unholy war This and much more is concisely told in with a weak neighbor torn by internecine Wilson’s United States, a book costing about strife—Mexico. , $1. But it is in the biographies of Hull and It is to fce regretted that the salient points Jones, Decatur, Perry and others of our I ,of a nation’s history lie in its wars. We if* [naval heroes that the story of our prowess] point with pride, yet with shame hang our at sea is best told ; and in those of Generals heads, to Monterey, Chepultapec, Vera •Gaines, Brown, Scott, Wilkinson, Plarrison, Craze, Palto Alto; we properly laud our Jackson, soldiers true and brave, that the victorious soldiers Scott, Taylor, Sherman, land struggles are best related. The war for Bragg, Ringold, sent to fight, for fight they independence was made victorious by de¬ i did ; but the cake we got was from the little feats; the war of 1812 was a series of victories, boy, and the bully got it. It is hardly fair yet accomplished much less, though it ac- to make. - _-Iwholesale „ condemnation,^ /-»•*-» TilThis i wasti',Qa ; complished much. Since that time we have la party war for party purposes. It was never missed an opportunity to twist the Mtterrly opposed by the Whig party, and British lion’s tail, we enjoy doing it. We by no one more bitterly than by my own have established our strength by land and father, who then represented Chester and sea, and while we like to teaze the old I Delaware counties in the Congress of the! beast, we are too good natured a people to j Nation. Janies K. Polk was President of bully. The lion—like a wise lion—a lion the United States. So bitter was partisan well fed by our prosperity and enjoying the hatred of him, that I well remember as a successful forages and fatness of her cub, is little boy sharing the vindictivness of my content to growl. It must nevertheless be father’s party, and heading a party of visit-! 4 admitted, that notwithstanding our inti¬ ing cousins armed with hoes to slaughter! . I mate trade relations, our affectionate per- every stalk of polk showing its head aboyel . i sonal relations with her people, there is sod or stone row, pn the old farm of Spring-j *' nothing stirs the American people so ton, Chester county. much as the prospect of a fight with The next article will close what to read of England. It is unfortunate that it should United States history, after telling of the! be so. In time the feeling will wear away; War of the Rebellion. yet is it like the in-horn prejudice against Charles McIlvaine. snakes—it is in-born. Then, too, it is fost¬ ered by the flow of imigration into our midst, of those who have as we in olden times, been oppressed by England’s strong- handed selfishness, and bring with them From, and undying love for their own Emerald Isle, but a hatred equal in tenacity and intensity for their English rulers. After the signing of the treaty of peace at . j Ghent in 1814 by eommisioners representing the United States and Great Britian, whichi - virtually, is silent upon the points about which the countries fought. (Washington Irving says that the true object of treaties is j i< mm mi

Berks County* PeMsylvauia.

GLIMPSES OF NATURE'S GRANDEUR FROM A CAR WINDOW

One of the Most Delightful Railroad Journeys in the Atlantic Coast

Line States of the Union.

MOVING PANORAMA OF EXQUISITE LANDSCAPE PICTURES

Through the Diamond State and Into the Keystone Commonwealth 1 on Comfortable Trains.

IWEAT CAN BE SEEN IN A DAT’S RIDE BETWEEN BREAKFAST AND SUPPER

Trip Prom Tide Water to Mountain Top—Along the iRomantic Brandy¬

wine Greek and he Schuylkill River From Historic Chadd ed Ford to

Where the Waters Divide on Their Way to the Sea—Photographs

of Some of the Choice Spots Along the Route—Pretty Sta¬

tions—One Attractive Feature After Another.

\ -Be my reward over cobble stones; the whirr and grind of Some little place to pitchimv tent; electric car wheels and the eternal clang of Some tree or vine Where I may sit above the sea gongs; the voice of the ubiquitous hawker And drink the wind as drinking wine.” crying: “Straw-ber-r-e-es-,” “new per-ta-te- oes,” or “ripe to ma te-oes”—the scribe With these words beating upon dull ears, recently determined to exile himself from dull to almost every sound outside the music borne and friends; from the sight of pens, | of the streets—the’ rattle of carriage wheels ink and paper, the monotonous grind of every- 108 mi

POCOPSON STATION. day- business, and spend one day seekin" "some little place to pitch his tent.” her of business men to make a trip with him The requirements of the place, as the scribe over his road. The scribe beard this and pictured them, appeared too poetic for realiza¬ hunted up the superintendent. The scrioe tion in one day. The aspiration for a lofty was wise and fortunate—wise and fortunate seat above the sea did not seem possible with once in his life and both upon the same day the hot summer air beating down upon the —for the railroad magnate invited him to \ mean level with a force that was apparently a with his guests. Thp seat above the sea n,i 1 deal heavier than the usual fifteen pounds'to become possible and the scribe began to an¬ the square inch, with the dust of the streets in ticipate the drink of wine-flavored wind. one s nostrils and the glare of the sun burning There was no delay, the guests were there, his eyes. The sea was too far away; there are the cars were, ready and the special train no mountains near it if it could be reached in was soon speeding away to the foothills of the time, and the scribe is neither a bird or a Alleghenies. Then the scribe begin cogitat¬ balloouist. Then at the seaside there are no ing. The current of his thought had “been trees or vines to refract the sun’s rays and to changed. The car wheels were whirring and flavor the air like wine. With these perplex¬ the bell and whistle ever and anon awakened ing thoughts crowding upon him the scribe re¬ the echoes with a clang or a screech. But membered hearing Chief Justice Lore say these car wheels, this clanging bell and something pretty about the hills of the screeching whistle held a different relation to Brandywine being the foot-hills of the the scribe; they were not his tormenters as Allegheny Mountains where they swept were the whirring wheels and clanging gongs down to the sea. He decided of the city, they were his servants and that if he could not go to the mountains he serving him in that sense that makes service would ciimb the foot hills. But the foot-hill the greatest benefaction. The continuous business appeared tiresome. The footing busi¬ roar of tbe wheels took on a musical sounl. ness was what he wanted to get rid of—he The wheels were beating upon strings of had been tramping around all his life—and if metal strung in tune and were singin^ in a the high place of trees and vines could not be soft minor key. The speed of the tra?n in¬ reached by other means he would stay at creased and the chords vibrated under heavier home. With a desire to ride away on hip and more rapid strokes. The musical key, had exile and to go as fast as possible the scribe changed. The undertones were deeper. The wandered toward the railroad stations at th higher notes were sharpened as the wheels foot of French street. This was fortun its | beat more rapidly upon the jointed tracks and Here he blundered into an excursion party oil as they scraped around the sharp curves; the business men out for a lark. There was a whistle and the bell striking in on the shorus^ tram of new cars waiting for them; cars thai carried the sounds to the highest pitch possible' were sticky with new paint and varnish and with horn and string and cymbal. Thev were redolent with the odor of resin and new up¬ jubilant notes, and the scribe was awakened holstery. The locomotive was decked out" to the fact that the monotonous sounds which I with wnite flags, and this the scribe knew in¬ had been beatiDg upon- his ears were thei voices of progress dicated that this was a special train, and he! had Yankee inquisitiveness enough to ask What a glorious thing is progress It mat- what it all meant. ters not where men realize it if they ate only! It happened that upon this day which the in harmony with it, then its otherwise dis¬ scribe had chosen to desert his home Simu-: cordant and painful manifestations become! mtendent A. G. McCausland of the Wilmuig- beneficent. The railroad was begotten of the ton and Notbern railroad had invited a uuuj spirit of progress and h is linked the world in amity with iron bonds—this railroad track continuous from East to West, through its ’ Jntact with the great trunk Hues it touches 109

LENAPE STATION. the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Its cars/ Pont, president cf the Wilmington and North¬ a few years ago were dingy, uninviting ern Railroad Company. Surrounded by shade affairs linked together with a pin and coupling trees and looking out upon the broad acres of link, leaving wide gaps between the cars, and a fertile valley a more beautiful place can not were controlled by.old-fashioned handbrakes be imagined. Now they are passenger coaches, handsomely —Dashine around the “horse-shoe” the next painted and upholstered, and have wide coot in r stop -s at Granogue, at which point passengers juous platforms with automatic couplers and leave the train for Brandywine Summit e»rrp ! brakes. meeting when it is in progress AtObadd’sFo-d Junction an interchange of passengers «hb a SUBURBAN VILLAGES., Baltimore Central train is made. Ther° is a ---. -— - w ^ wvucoy" methe oiaold road Prom Elsmere to the Foot-hills of the oyer which the revolutionary heroes marched to the memorable battle at Chadd’s Ford. Alt«a’heny Mountains—Camping tha 41!? thv,e ^ailroad str‘kes the foothills of Ur-oriTvlfl and Parks. the Alleghenies and begins to climb a grade FV'.m tin- p > in' soliloquy the scribe was which in about fifty miles takes it to a hefghth aw ki'iied t»v a eti Pen -d n-kening of speed o nearly 1000 feet above the sea. This is and ih« anu m ..cut ti.it the train had not only historic ground, but one of the most •opoeii at lb II tint >re and Ohio junction, i’bis is an important railroad otatioa. ItJ is state Hrrf0”8 t°7,he A"antic Coa8t )ine broad' , are fert'le- cu,tivated hillsides the connecting j' ••i-m between the moun broad meadows, rapidly-running waters tains and the cea^tiore, and is on the oadside tangles of grasses and dowers and shortest route between th>-m This station forest clad hills. Every variety of scenery I serves the patrons of both the VViiming- except that of desert-like plains or the ocean’s , ton and Northern and the Baltimore and Ohio ^ore, appears spread out along the Brandy I railroads. The buildings here are a commo- wine and in sight of this Revolutionary hatthb | dioua two story structure serving as a switch held, it is the beginning of a series of land¬ and signal tower, and a comfortably-furnished scapes than which there are no more beautiful waiting room. This junction has produced scenes in the habitable part ©f the American one of Wilmington’s prettiest suburbs, “Els- continent It is human interests after all mere ” There are a number of pretty resi¬ ami not the inaccessible grandeur of the pre¬ dences here, and the nmuiiari'y of the situa¬ cipitous sides of towering mountains and deep tion indicates the growi i of a beautiful sub- chasms that inspire and win genuine last- u-hsn village or town. lasting regard. The m xt station is Montchanin. Here a new building has been erected to take the place of the old one which has been remodelled and FAMOUS BATILB FIELD. is now utilized as a freight-house. This sta¬ tion was formerly called “DuPont,” and just Cbadd's Ford and Old Birmingham about one mile from this point are located the Meeting House—Advent of Old powder works of E I DuPont de Nemours & Hlory As a Battle Flag. Co , whose various brands of powder are favorably known throughout the civilized Human interest centre grandly at Chadd’s worid. Ford. It is one af the places where the soil “Winterthur,” the next station, is a very has been enriched by the blood and bones of pretty building and from this point may be patriot suldiers. It was here on September 11 seen the stately home of Colonel H A. Du- 1 •77, that “Old Glory” received its baptism of fire. The flag of the new nation was only 110

4

*

GROUND. ing and fishmg for the” children, who are three months old. The city of Philadelphia] always a part of picnic parties was held by the American army under Gen • A "curious legend about Birmingham Meet¬ erals Washington and Lafayette, and Congress I ing House relates to a wonderful prophecy i in session there adopted the Stars and Stripes! made by a Quaker preacher. The Friends as the national flag on June 14, 1777 General j had assembled for worship, and while they flowe was preparing for his campaign against dp were quietly waiting for the movings of the Philadelphia, and in the following August had inward spirit one of the preachers arose and entered the Chesapeake bay. During the last began to describe a battle which he appar week in August, 1777, the American army ently saw raging around the meeting house. marched to Wilmington by the old King’s The dramatic action of the speaker, so nnlike road, crossed the Brandywine at the lower the usual sermonizing of the Friends, attracted ford and marched to the vicinity of Newport great attention and made a deep impression. and waited for the coming of the British The legend says the description of the battle troop3 that had landed at Little Elk, Md of Brandywine was accurate, and the man had The armies first met in a skirmish at Cooch’s spsken in apparently inspired prophecy. Bridge on September 3, 1777. This was At Pocopson one of the prettiest, if not probably too small ■ an action to have been l covered by a flag. It is, therefore, shown [ the prettiest station along the road greets the that the first general battle under the Stars | view. The walls are built of serpentine and Stripes was at Chadd’s Ford. stone, takon from the quarries located about Two pictures of this historic place are given three miles east of this point, and which are In the picture of Chadd’s Ford dam the line! the only quirries of the kind in this part of of the water breaking over the dam-breast is the country. At Lenape is another new station, prettily the line of the old ford by which the American troops passed over the creek. The main body j built and admirably arranged. Between this point and West Chester electric cars are run of the American army was on and behind ] pUILll. BUU —--- to connect with all passenger train-, and any the hill shown centrally in the distance of the one who ever upade the nip by stage, which picture of the battle ground. It was here that | Washington’s forces were attacked by the! was the only means of conveyance until the troops of General Cornwallis, who had crossed] electric road was built aud put in operation will fully appreciate the creek several miles above. It was here] about three years ago, also that General Lafayette was wounded. the change. . -. ' ..a* From Lenape, past Wawaset, NorthbrooK, The heat of the great battle oh the Brandy¬ Embreeville, Mortonville and Modena, rushes wine raged around old Birmingham Meeting the train, one moment running close to the Bouse, and near the battlefield and just along! Brandywine, the next farther away and near side of the railroad is Birmingham Park, the westerly edge of the valley; the excur¬ favorite picnic ground,that has been visited by sionists catcli glimpses of patient fishermen, thousands of people every summer for many grazing herds of sleek cattle but recently ree, years. A summer bridge crosses the creek leased from the winter’s imprisonment, and here. The grounds of the park afford ample song birds bathing in the sunlight as they shade for large parties, and the creek, withj leisurely flv from tree to tree seeking their its shallow sprawling waters afford safe boat-! homes of former years, or perhaps making exhaust of the locomotive showed that the train was aecmding a steep grade. The dis¬ new ones. appearance of the valleys, the tops of the rugged hit's and their sides lyiDg below the COATESVILLE IRON WORKS. level of the tracks told the same story. The foot-hills had been passed and the inmates of Busy Manufacturing Centre Wliere the excursion train were looking over moun¬ Iron la King—Mills Full of Won¬ tain tops to other mountains that rise tier on ’tier until their appxes fade into the blue of the derful Machinery. sky. There are great forests of chestnut, oik These romantic and pleasing reminiscences and maple trees covering some of these moun¬ iand scenes are passed on the approach to and tain sides, while over the lesser hills and entrance into Coatesville. Many a city boast¬ plains lying about them are cultivated farms, ing a population several times that of this with houses and barns glistening amid the cool bustling borough would consider itself ex¬ green foliage of orchards and groves of shade tremely fortunate did it possess within its con¬ trees; there is scarcely a scene from the lowest fines the iron works located here. On the to the highest level traversed by the Wilming¬ 'right of the railroad is the large rolling mill ton and Northern railroad that is not enlivened owned and operated by the Worth Brothers— by a stream of water; they wind about the C. Kidgway & Sons’ Foundry—the splendidly bases of the hills, flow across wide fertile j< quipped rolling mill and steel plant of the meadows, spread out into lakes ani tumble Lukens Steel and Iron Company ; on the left jover dams. At Springfield, the highest point iis the Coatesville Boiler Works and one ol on the road, two streams flow near the toad ’the rolling mills owned by the Lukens Iron going iu different directions—oue flowing to and Steel Company; also the mammouth mill 'the Schuylkill and the other going to the Sus¬ 'owned and operated by the Coatesville Roll quehanna. |ing Mill Company. These mill are being oper¬ ated when the smokeless stacks and silent HIGH POINT OF THE ROAD. spindles at many other places mutely tell of | the prevalent business depression. ! Sleepy Village of Springfield Seat of a The guests of Superintendent HcCausland ! visited these extensive iron and steel works, Future Great Sanitarium and i The masses of iron here were amazing. To Summer Resort, a novice the place was a confusing junk shop A t Wayoeaburg Junction, seven miles south of vast proportions. There seemed to be so lof Springfield, the Wilmington and Northern much material piled about railroad tracks and tracks cross those of the Downingtown and mills that it would be impossible even for a Lancaster road, a branch of the Pennsylvania genius at organization to bring order out of jrailroad. A new station has been erected the apparent chaos. The scribe made such a here, which accommodates the patrons of remark to one of the excursionists. It is I both railroads. Springfield, at the apex of possible that he pitied the scribe’s ignorance the heights traversed by the Wilmington and just a little as he replied: “O, you must un j Northern railroad, is a sleepy, quiet village, derstand the business and know the place.” to which the turmoil and strife incident to Once inside the mills the apparent disorder- ambition and wealth getting have apparently disappeared. Everything there was moving mot penetrated. There had been plenty of with the regularity of machinery—and such little places at which to pitch a tent discov¬ 'machinery. There were great rolls with ad¬ ered along the road. At one place a horse justable fire plates lifting and falling to re¬ dealer had a cabin under the side of a moun¬ ceive and pass great masses of hot iron; tain and had utilized a rock as big as a house [there were shears that cut iron plates an inch for a fireplace. Ideal places were seen beside ! thick with less apparent effort to the manipu deep pools, beside quaint old bridges and what lator of its big knives than a woman fre¬ appeared to be dense forests upon a hundred quently makes to cut a button from an old hills above and far away from the railroad, coat. There were flinging machines turn- invited the exiles but here where tbe waters ing flanges on circular boiler header run in two widely different directions to the and there was a forest of wheel- ocean and where the iron tracks dip over the capped iron -"rods standing upright top of the hills to find two ways to the world all over the floor. Over the wheels revolving lying beside the sea, one might find where he jin the tops of these rods great plates of iron “-Might sit above the sea were being shoved about as if they were play¬ And drink the wind as drinking wine.” things. The proverbial hard work of the I rolling mills had seeminglv disappeared from A new station has been built at Springfield. this place. There was no lifting or groaning It is a beautiful building, erected of white or grunting in sympathy by gaDgs of men sandstone quarried from the neighboring hills. luggiDg at heavy objects; hydraulic cranes Perhaps some one looking for the site of a seemed to extend their long arras to every great modern sanitarium will some day dis- part of the mills and like fabled giants lifted i cover this place and erect there a home to and carried everything, from a hot bloom out which malaria-afflicted and labor-wearied ioi the furnace to a bundle of cold scrap iron, mortals can come for health and rest. There that it wes necessary to move. is every requisite for such an institution at or Seeing these things the scribe understood Dear Springfield. The immediate environ- what was meant by “knowing the business ” Jrntnt is magnificent. It is 1000 feet above These iron works alone would repay a visit to tide water, in the midst of a great mineral de¬ ! Coatesville, so vast and interesting are they. posit, and within a day’s ride of any one of "From Coatesville to Braudamore the labored six large cities, including the manufacturing, mercant'le aDd political centres of the nation. 112

CHADD’S FORD DAM.

From Soringfield to Birdsboro the Wilming¬ !erected uptn ihesummits of the”mountaifts ton arid Northern Railroad Company employ overlooking the city. Not only can the the largest locomotive engines east of the entire city be seen from these mountain tops, Rocky Mountains to pull its heavy freight trains but the Schuylkill valley also for from twenty up the grades. to thirty miles in either direction. Two miles north of Springfield is Joanna. Standing upon the summit of the mountain Less than 100 years ago wild deer roamed lookiog down its wooded slope over and be¬ through the hills about this place. To-day yond the (by to wh. re the river makes its everything bears the mark of thrift and en¬ majestic Curve—tarilled and charmed by the terprise. About two miles west of this point entrancing and panoramic beauty of the scene, is located the Joanna furnace, one of the old the scribe, cogitating again, asks himself the est charcoal furnaces in Pennsylvani a. Years question—is it to be wondered at that such ago a stove foundry was also located here and beautiful rugged countries as this attract and the busin ss of manufacturing wood-burning produce deeply religious and heroic natures? stov.s was extensively carried on bv Levi Then he thought of the story of William Smith, father of Colonel L. II. Smith, who, Penn and the Quaker migration to America with his charming family, occupy the old and the founding of this great commonwealth homestead as a summer residence. of Pennsylvania, which was destined to be Three miles north of Joanna and jini south the centre of the greatest political revo¬ of Cold Run station is the Hav Creek valley, a lution of the world’s history, and of the I broad expanse of fertile farming land about mar velous providence by which this beautiful ! three by five miles in extent, lying between land, only a little patch of which had been; high hills. It is dotted with farms and farm traversed on this excursion, had been kept! buddings There are orchards and vinyards until the man came who could appreciate, and fields of ripening gtain lying upon si ghtly love and successfully defend it and gratefully oiling ground that appear like great jewels use it. There are doubtless thousands of set in the gray earth—they flash in green and these grateful Americans in the six cities purple and gold in the sunshine and under a lying within a day’s travel of these cloudless blue sky. No prettier picture than beautiful scenes, who have read entrancing this was ever spread before mortal eyes. descriptions of Italy and Switzerland in At Birdsboro the road reaches the foot of Europe and of the mountains and valleys of the grade and enters the Schuylkill valley. Western America and whose one long wish At this point all “through freight” is trans¬ has been to visit them. They have put the ferred across the Schuylkill river to and from wish aside because of the cost in time and the Philadelphia and Reading railroad. From money and have well nigh given up all hope this point the Wilmington and Northern road of any such pleasure. The Wilmington and runs side by side with the Pennsylvania Northern railroad brings to such as these the Schuylkill Valley railroad along the easterly possibility of realizing a cherished hope. edge of the Schuylkill valley to Reading, its There is no railroad of the same length in the northern terminus and the county seat of United States that affards so many magnifi¬ “Good old Berks.’’ cent outlooks or touches a region more inter¬ Reading, though perhaps not spread over esting historically. There is no mountain quite as much territory as Wilmington, has region that is easier to reach or promises rest almost as great a population, and since its and health at less cost than that lying be¬ mono tain railways were built it has become tween the Susquehanna and the Delaware a very popular excursion resort. Thousands river. These facts point conclusively to the of vi.-itora are attracted to it each summer by ultimate establishment of a great mountain these railways and the magnificent hotels Bummer resort on the Wilmington and North¬ ern railroad. But what had become of the other e*ci BuriaFHill, where the early Pilgrims lie ; sionists on this train? They^were all there buried. This attracts one by ils curious 1 nineteeu of th3m, including two photograph^ monuments and head-stones, and the still j era. They had apparently been as much in more curious epitaphs on them. Among the terested as the scribe. They left the cars at' founders of Plymouth Colony sleeping here every station, inspected everything within we find recorded.Governor Bradford, Rev. reach, got into the range of the cameras onh Robert Cushman, Thomas Clarke, male of every possible occaeion and each one mader the May-Flower, and John Howland, the himself as active as possible in vain at ! last man to die of the pioneer Pilgrims. On this hill also stood the first fort by which a tempts to be “a child again.” The outward trip was leisurely and quiet. \ constant and widespread watch was main¬ The train stopped everywhere and got out of j tained against Indian foes. Emerging from the way of every other train on the road. M this spot we descend into Leyden street, down which tradition claims John Alden With slow travelling and frequent stops, a de- r went to woo “fair Priscilla.” Pilgrim Hall lightful feature in a railroad excursion over this road, the time to Reading from Wilming-' contains numerous portraits, pictures and ' ton was over four hours. The return trip t paintings. Among these are “The signing of the Compact,” “The Embarkation,” was made in a rapid run with only one halt; “The May-Flower at Anchor in Plymouth jin that a coal train with its monster engine j was given a push up the steep grade from Harbor, during the winter of 1620 also many articles connected with Pilgrim his¬ Birdsboro to Springfield, an experience that* tory, including a model of the May-Flower, delayed the train an hour. The train left chairs of Elder Brewster and Governor Car¬ Wilmington at 9 o’clock and arrived at Read¬ ver, a collection of vessels used in the sacra¬ ing at about 1 o’clock. It left Reading ah ment, case containing a Bible and documents 4.25 and arrived at Wilmington at about 7 with John Alden’s signature, the famous o’clock. The passengers left the train cheer-1 sword of Miles Standish and a copy of theft ing for Superintendent McCauslaud and the* first patent granted the Plymouth colonisis j Wilmington and ^Northern Railroad Company. . and many other interesting articles. The They had been Registry of Deeds in the Court House con¬ I “O’er ledges of iron and silver and gold, O’er craters extinguished and ashes Jong tains the earliest records of the colony wrii- cold, ten by its members, to which the public has O’er glaziers where erstwhile volcanoes free access. The national monument, more aglow, Poured rivers of lava through forests commonly known as the “Faith Monument,” below.”';'. 7 „ composed of granite and having carved upon it, in gilt lettering, the names of all coming over in the May-Flower, presents much architectural beauty and historic interest From, But the natural beauties of Plymouth is not a whit behind its historic fame. Passing along Cole’s Hill—where the Pilgrims sow¬ ed wheat over the first winter’s dead for fear of the Indians, and past “Plymouth Rock,” one pauses to glance over the magnificent, ocean views. To the right is a long range of wooded hills, ending in Monument Point, and immediately stretching out from it is a vista of coast-line reaching some two miles from the mainland, and containing half a Editor "Delaware County Record :— dozen summer cottages. Six miles beyond For a few weeks I am a denizen of Plymouth; the beach lies the Gurnet—far-famed for its -the scene of the landing of the Pilgrim twin Light Houses—whose powerful and . Fathers on the good ship May-Flower. It radiant lights point the safe way to the is a town possessing some 9,000 population, ■V | mariner on the Bay. To the left may be about 16 miles in length and about half that '•S'-Pa seen Clark’s Island, where the Pilgrim ■ -i- 'vf Fathers spent their first Sabbath on Ameri- , distance in width. So that you see there is , % ■ i neither danger or necessity for the over¬ can soil. Further on may be seen Duxbury, crowding process which is the most marked made prominent by the mammoth monu- ; j characteristic of New York City, and of l ment erected and dedicated to the memory which Mr. Dean Howell so graphically of Capt. Miles Standish. Turning the vision j writes about in his “Letters From Altruria” land-ward the eye rests on the parks and.; in the current numbers of The Cosmopolitan. mb lakes by which fair Plymouth is bounded Plymouth possesses more claims to public and beautified. Some of these lakes are attention than its historic past gives and small, many of them are of rare natural must ever command for it. It possesses two beauty and all of them interesting. Iam j woolen mills, several tack factories, one told they number 365, so that if I am to ex- 1 'straw hat and one pocket manufactory, (the plore each one and report to the Record ; C latter the only one of the kind in the coun the task may last me a whole year. " try) a cordage factory, which employs sev- One of the finest of the lakes is named I eral hundred work-people in the manufac¬ Billington, and is ten miles long and some ture of rope and cable materials, and a big four miles wide. This magnificent stretch of electric light plant. The buildings of the fresh water is environed by numerous wood¬ town are of frame generally, tiie chief excep¬ ed slopes and contains several small islands, tions being the Court House, prison, cordage most of which are inhabited by fishermen ■; works and electric plant house. The town and others who are fond of aquatic sports. ! possesses numerous places of historic interest, The topography of Plymouth is hilly and of which I mention several: 114

its forests abundant, and give to it much olj its natural beauty. Truly ! the Pilgrim Fathers landed in a spot which must ever be famous for its strongly-marked topographical features, and in this fact there may exist a : coincidence with the lofty aims and heroic impulses of those sturdy, rugged pioneers of , America’s future civilization. Yours respectfully, Nellie Chadwick.

From,

| .

; Date^Jb<^^..X MBS. BOSS AND THE COMMITTEE]. Ross, and kept an upholstering store. BIRTH OF AMERICA’S FLAG. Gen. Washington, the Hon. George Ross, and the other members of the committee went — to see Mrs. Ross to ask if she could make a flag THE FIRST UNFURLING OF THE STARS from a design they had. Gen. Washington had made a rough sketch of the flag, and when AND STRIFES 117 YEARS A GO. Mrs. Ross was asked she replied she did not know whether she could do it or not. but that Washington Directed Its Design, and Patri¬ she would try. The sketch designated the otic Elizabeth Boss Cat and Made It— thirteen red and white stripes and thirteen six- Pine Tree, Grand Union, and Kattlesnahe pointed stars. Stars of that kind had embel¬ Flags Under Which the First Battles of lished the early coinage of the United States.

the Devolution Were Fought—Adapting But Mrs. Ross told the committee that five-

the Banner to the Growth In States. pointed stars would be better, and showed them how such stars could be cut from paper, j On the 14th of June, one hundred and seven¬ i This suggestion was accepted, and Washing-* 1 teen years ago. in the midst of war’s alarms, ton inserted five-pointed stars in his sketch. the Stars and Stripes of the United States of Mrs. Ross made a great success of the first ^ America was born. On that date Congress flag, which she finished on the following day. passed the following resolution: For many years she was manufacturer of flags “That the flag of the United States be thir¬ for the Government, and the business was teen stripes. alternate red and white; that the carried on by her children many years more. union be thirteen stars, white, in a blue field, The flag of June 14.1777, was different from representing a new constellation.” the ensign of to-day only In that there were It has never been known to what influence but thirteen stars on the blue field and they the country is indebted for the choice of the were arranged in a circle. So far as is known, stars and stripes in “ Old Glory.” the blue field was taken from the banner of Some supposed that the stripes were of the Scotch Covenanters to signify, in the same Dutch origin, as they occur in DiUgh armorial manner, the league and covenant of the united bearings, while others long considered the de¬ colonies against oppression, likewise symbol¬ sign was adopted out of courtesy to Gen. izing vigilance, perseverance, and justice. Washington, on whose coat-of-arms both the The arrangement of stars in a circle meant ■tars and stripes appear. the perpetuity of the Union. These with the But neither idea is now accepted. Gen. thirteen stripes showed the number of the Washington is said to have been very proud of united colonies, and the stripes denoted the his blue blood, his ancestry and his heraldic ] subordination of the States Ito the Union and rights, and it would seem that if he had been their dependence thereon. honored by the use of devices from his coat- Before "Old Glory” was unfurled tiTTEST) oX-arms be would have spoken of it to his breezes the colonies had many and divers closest friends. Nothing, however, is in evi¬ emblems and flags. The standard of Great dence of this, and no reference to such a pos- Britain was used up to the time of the Revolu¬ ■lbility has been found in any of the writings tion. but each colony added to it some local •X his contemporaries.__ distinguishing design. The colony of Massa¬ ^Nevertheless. Washington was closely asso¬ chusetts made use of the pine treaon her flags ciated with the first stars and stripes flag that; and coins, and this emblem eventually became ever flew as the standard of his country. Its; famous. The armed ships of New York flew a construction was under his personal direction, white flag inscribed with a black beaver, which assisted by a committee authorized by Con-1 emblem is now on the arms of the State. gress to design a suitable flag for the nation. The Stamp act was passed March 22, 1765, This was at Philadelphia some time between and went into effeot the following November. May 23 and June 7, 1777. and in the house of It was repealed on March 18, 1763. When Mrs. Elizabeth Ross, at 239 Arch street. This tidings of the repeal reached this country the house is still standing, the ground floor being whole people arose in jer, and a tail liberty occupied as a cigar shop. Mrs. Ross, who uas pole was erected in “ The Fields.” in this city, Miss “Betsey” Griscom.was a relative of Col. | bearing a flag emblazoned with the words: "The King, Pitt, and Liberty.” A statue of IT

CSAND emos FLAOt KATAL FLAG. The Declaration of Independence was read in the City Hall Park here in this city on duly 9,1776, by an aide in the presence of Gen. Washington, and it is morally certain that the j Grand Union flag was then, if not before, uu- fu rled in New York. Two very well-known flags were much in use in colonial days, tho pine-tree flag and the rattlesnake flag. The pine-tree was taken i from the flag of Massachusetts and the motto " An Appeal to Heaven ” added to it. It was adopted from the floating batteries of that State and was suggested as a national emblem by Col. Reed, who wrote Oct. 20, 1775, to Cols. Glover and Moylan. asking them if they would please to fix on some particular

MBS. BOSS’S HOUSE. [Pitt was ordered for Wall street, and' one ~oI | George III. for Bowling Green. The pole was cut down by the soldiers a short time after, ; and another pole fared the same way In the spring of 1766. Flags with the word "Liberty” ®n them were continually hoisted and cut ' down in snite of t< e fact of the poles being j girt with iron more than two-thirds the way up. It is not probable that any colors were car- | ried by the few Americans at the battle of Lex¬ ington, but soon afterward the stanch old Con- oolor for a flag by which the Continental ves¬ i tinentals chose a flag inscribed with the arms sels might know one another. Col. Reed closes | of Connecticut, bearing, the motto, " Qui his letter by asking his fellow officers what Itranstuiit sustinet.” which was liberally trans¬ they thought of a white flag with a pine tree in lated to mean, “God. who transported us its centre with the motto: "An Appeal to hither, will support us.” There are many and Heaven.” The suggestion was adopted soon conflicting statements about the flags of that alter and the six schooners first commissioned time, and no doubt many conflicts took place by Gen. Washington and those commissioned without the inspiriting sight of a flag. At the by the colonies sailed under this Tree flag. battle of Bunker Hill, on June 17. 1775. tra¬ The London Chronicle of January, 1776, de¬ dition has it that a large re i flag bearing the scribes this flag as having been flown by a taunt, "Come if you dare.” was carried by the vessel captured from the Americans. patrio e. This maybe true, because during But one of the most famous flags under those times flairs wore sought to convey the which the colonists took their stand in de¬ sentiment of the people rather than to serve fence of their rights, was the rattlesnake flag. as a poetic symbol of liberty and union. In Far back in 1754, when Beniamin Franklin the early days of the Revolution a flag that was editor and proprietor of the Philadelphia was well known was of blue with a field of Gazette, an article appeared in that paper white quartered by a red St. George’s cross. urging the colonies to unite for the purpose of In the top inner quarter stood a pine tree. In defending themselves from the attacks of the Lossing’s “Field Book of the American Revo- French. The article was warm and earnest, llution,'’ he writes that one Mrs. Manning said and closed with a woodcut of a snake divided | the above-described flag was carried at the into several parts, each part bearing the ini¬ battle of Bunker Hill. She gave as her author¬ tials of one of the colonies, the whole placed ity that her father, who was in the battle, had above the motto "Join or Die,” or “Unite or told her so. There are several mentions of Die.” in large letters. this flag in various historical accounts of the This device came into muoh greater promi¬ Revolution. nence in 1774-76, when the union of the col¬ The parent of the “Old Glory” of to-day may onies to secure their liberty was urged. The be said to he the “Grand Union Flag.” which snake was divided Into thirteen parts, and was hoisted Jan. 2. 1776, the day which gave many newspapers of the day used the design Ibeing to the fearless American army. Its field ; as a headpiece. On Feb. 9. 1776. Col. Gadsden |was composed of the crosses St. George and presented to Congress "an elegant standard jit. Andrew, as they appeared on the British such as is to be used by the Commander-in- chief of the American Navy.” This flag was of 'ensign, but the fly of the newflag was made up bright yellow, the centre bearing the "lively jof thirteen stripes, alternate rod and white. representation of a rat'lesnake In the attitude [The flag was raised on the American camp at of going to strike.” The motto below was: Cambridge. Mass., and was saluted with thir¬ “ Don’t Tread on Me.” Congress adopted the teen guns and thirteen hearty cheers, design, and in recognition of the attention or¬ i The design of the Grand Union flag was the dered the flag hung in the Congress room and work of I>r. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. carefully preserved. Harrison, who were at the camp on a oommis- Historians say (hat the color of this flag was jsion to prepare a national flag. The Grand suggested by the quarantine flag of Great Union flag was decided on, the King's colors j Britain, which was yellow with a black spot in be’ng retained in the jack to represent the the middle and int-nded to convey the idea of still recognized sovereignty of the mother the plague spot. The two flags might have country, but in place of the red fly the thir¬ looked alike at a distance, the rattlesnake teen red and white bars were instituted to thus doubly indicating the deadly character of symbolize the union of the colonies agaict its venom and the danger of treading upon it. tyranny. Thera were very many variations of tlTil ed the first AniSricatTuag. and (.apt. Ba rattlesnake flag. and the snake was used upon asserted that the first British flag was ... a field of thirteen red and white stripes and lo mm. Now. I assert that th® first American also upon thirteen red and blue stripes. In flag was hoisted by Cant John Man'y, and the the latter oases the snake was represented as first British flag was struck to him.” " undulating across the field.” Manly was Captain of the schooner Lee of At the Naval Academy at Annapolis there is rour guns ten swivels, and fifty men. which a mezzotint engraving of “ Commodore Hop¬ captured the British transport bri*' Nancy kins, Commander-in-Ohief of the American early in the war. The Nancy had, beside mili¬ fleet, published as the law directs. 22d August, tary stores and soveral firass guns, a mortar 1776, by Thomas Hart, which has been trans¬ winch afterward was mounted on Dorchester ferred to glass and oolored.” Commodore Heights and used m driving tiie British out of Hopkins is represented in Continental naval Boston and her fleet from the harbor on Nov uniform, holding a drawn sword. At his right a?’ V '[’• ■ There is no account of what flag hand is a flag of thirteen stripes, with a snake Manly hoisted but it is thought to have been undulating across them, and underneath the the Pine Tree flag. words. “ Don’t Tread on Me.” There is no There have been several changes made or union to this flag. To the left of the Commo¬ suggested, in the United States flag which dore is a white flag, blazoned with the pine was adopted on June 14. 1717. The first sug¬ tree of Massachusetts s’anding between the gestion in regard to it was that the thirteen mottoes, “ Liberty Tree” above and " An Ap¬ while stars in the blue fluid should be grouped peal to Cod” below. abouta lyre, thus embodyingthe constellation Lyra, signifying harmony, but this idea was not adopted. Before any change had been made in the flag th» thirteen stars and thir¬ teen stripes were unfurled at the battle of the Brandywine. Sept. 11, 1777. eight days after the official promulgation of the flag at Phila¬ delphia, and at Germantown tfieltb of the fol¬ lowing October. The starry banner witnessed the operations! against ijurgoyne and his surrender alter the battle of Saratoga. Oct. 17, 1777. At the sur- r8rJ“«r °f Cornwaliis at Yorktown, Sept. li). I *iit' , e ,,l6r "aved triumphantly in th- eyes ot the Englishmen. and was brighter than ever! at the evacuation of New York, Nov. 25 1783 On the morning of the evacuation Gen!

THE GADSDEN FLAG, FIRST AHERICAN FLAG DI3 Anox marched to Bowery lane, and waited PLATED IN THE SOUTH. there until 1 o clock in the afternoon, when the British soldiers left their posts and march¬ In a French engraving, presumably from the ed down to Whitehall. The American troops I same painting, the left-hand flag Is omitted, followed them, and before 3 o’clock Gen. Knox the right-hand flag being on the ensign staff took formal possession of Fort George. The of a ship of the line. It has thirteen red and English troops claimed the right of posses¬ white stripes, but no rattlesnake or other de¬ sion until noon, and in consequence of this vice. This would seem to show that the times an amusing incident is recorded. produoed many standards, the originals of A man who keot a boarding house, and who j which are not known. was full of patriotism, ran out an American The first independence flag displayed in fi&v. the flr^t one in the city, early in the fouth Carolina was at the taking of Fort Jack- morning. This served to exasperate Cun¬ son on James Island, bept. 13, 1775. Col. ningham. the British Marshal, who ordered Moultrie, who had been requested by the the flag taken down. The flag remained fly¬ Council of Safety to prooure a flag had a large ing, however, and Cunn nghani volunteered to blue one made with a white crescent in one remove the obnoxious tiling himself. He had corner. The crescent was used in uniform no sooner made the attempt than the wife of with the dress of the troops who. besides wear¬ the boarding h ing blue, had their oaps adorned with cres¬ broom", which cents inscribed Liberty or Death.” head until, he __ It was the crescent flag that Sergeant Jasper the powder beater, outof liis wig. so gallantly rescued at the battle of Fort The original flag hoisted at the evacuation Moultrio, June 28. 1776. of Maw York was long preserved in the Ameri¬ The first legislation of the Continental Con¬ can Museum in this city, but it was destroyed gress in the matter >1 the Federal navy was when the museum burned. Oct. 18, 1775, when several cruisers were One of the first military incidents connected equipped and sent to sea for cruises of three With the flag occurred on Aug. 2, I77Y, when months. These vessels flew the Pine Tree flag. Lieuts. Bird and Brant invested Fort Stanwix, Before the year closed the navy of the colonies or Schuyler, commanded by Col. Peter Ganse- consisted of seventeen vessels. There were voort. There was no flag in the garrison wheu five First Lieutenants, the senior being John the enemy appeared, but pride, patriotism, Paul Jones. He was appointed to the com¬ and ingenuity soon overcame the matter. The mand of the Alfred on Dee. 7. 1775, but the design of the flag just adopted by Congress commission was not issued until the 22d of was known, and a flag was quickly made. the mouth. Kheets were cut up for the stars and the white This doughty commander records that his stripes, the red was supplied from bits of was the first man-of-war to display the flag or scarlet cloth collected from the soldiers, while America, and that it was hoisted aloft by his the blue was obtained from a Dutch cloak be¬ own hand. This statement has been laid open longing to Col. Abraham Swartwout of to doubt, and, more than that, nothing is Dutchess county. The siege was raised Aug. known of what kind of a flag Jones flew upon 22. but what became of the improvised flag is his vessel. It may have been the Grand Union not known. flag, one historian has said. Cooper, who A decided change was made in theflngin wrote the life of Jones, stal es that ft was the 1704. On Jan. 13th of, that year a law was Pine Tree flag of the Massachusetts cruisers, passed that, after May I, 1795, the flag should but with a rattlesnake coiled about the trunk bo composed of fifteen red and white stripes, of the tree and placed above the motto, “ Don’t and fifteen stars in the blue field. This was) Tread on Me.” the flag of i he war of 1812. The ohauge was j Striped flags were in use at the time, because due to the admission to the Union of Vermont the sailing signalling directions of the ships on March 4. 1791, and Kentucky on June 1, that sailed from the Delaware capes Feb. 17, 1792, making fifteen States in the Union. The j 1776. contained the order that for fleet attack! act originated in the Senate, and when it went the standard should be hoisted to the main¬ to the House it provoked great discussion, but! top masthead, ” with the striped jack and en¬ the bill was passed. The same Congress sign at their proper places.” The standard passed on March 27. 1794, a bill authorizing | probably was the yellow rattlesnake flag. the building of the Constitution and five other John Adams in a letter to El bridge Gerry, j frigates., The Constitution. better known, per¬ dated Jan. 28, 1813, disputes the claim of haps, as “ Old Ironsides.” was the first ship to John Paul Jones of having hoisted the first j carry the fifteen-starred and striped baunor American flag. Adams wrote: to sea under canvas. "Philadelphia is boasting that Paul Jonas j This flag was flown by the Constitution, also has asserted in his journal that his hand hoist-1 before Trip 'll, by the constellation, now at the had gathered-5UU strop ; tb demShcNthe sur- Naval Academy, in her memorable actions render of the fort. with La \ engeance and l’lnsurgente: it wan The honor of having first hoisted the flag in the flag that waved over the forts of Derne and an English port after the treaty of 1783 be¬ at Lake Erie and New Orleans, and was borne longs to the Bedford of Nantucket, commanded around both Cape Horn and the Cape of Good by Capt. William Mooers, and owned by Wil¬ Hope in the Essex, the first United States war liam Botch of New Bedford. The Bedford ar¬ vessel to display a pennant beyond either. rived in ' The Dowds.” Feb. 3. 1783 with 4*7 In 1800 the Star Spangled Banner was first butts of whaleoil. The Political Magazine of flown before the crescent beneatli the walls of that date says: " This is the first vessel which Constantinople on the frigate George Wash¬ has displayed the thirteen rebellious stripes ington in command of Capt. William Bain- of America in any British port.” bridge. It was tlie occasion of the hearing of An interesting story or the flag is told in tribute from the Hey of Algiers to the Sultan. connection with the famous painter. John When the Stars and Stripes appeared at the Singleton Copley or Boston, who was in Eng¬ Bosphorus the people did not know what the land at the time of the story. flag represented, or in fact anythiug about it, Elkanah Watson of Philadelphia, a distin¬ and in order to pass the forts and castles Capt. guished patriot, visited England soon after iBainbridge resorted to an admirable strata- the close of the Revolution. Having won Jgem. When the George Washington neared money on a wager, he decided to use the s :m the forts her commander shortened sail and for a picture of himself to be painted by Cop¬ | made ready to anchor. As he did so he ordered ley. In the course of time the picture was a salute fired, which was quickly responded to finished with the exception of a background, i by the batteries of the forts. which the painter had reserved for a picture I The scene was soon shrouded in dense of a ship representing the bearing to America smoke, and when it cleared away the aston¬ of the news of the recognition of the United ished Turks saw the frigate had taken advan¬ States of America. The ship was finis ied and tage of the smoky veil to glide through the nothing remained but to paint a flag at her narrow straits, and was already far on her way mast. Matson dined with Copley on Dec 5 to Constantinople. 1782. and after listening to the speech of the Twenty-four years after the 15-barred flag Ling, recognizing the new nation. Copley went had been adopted, a further change in the na¬ diiectly home and painted in the flag while the tional ensign became necessary. This was on words of acknowledgment were still warm account of the admission to the Union of five from the lips of the King. He had refrained States, viz: Tennessee, June 1, 1798: Ohio from doing so before because his studio was :Nov. 29, 1802; Louisiana. April 8. 1812; Indi¬ the resort of royalty and nobility. This paint¬ ana. Dec. 11, 1816. and Mississippi, Dec. 16 ed flag is said to have bean the first .American 1817. The increase n)f the States must be hag seen by George III., who visited Copley’s represented without destroying the distinc¬ studio soon after the picture was completed tive character of the flag. The committee The ship Empress, under Capt. Green car¬ having the matter in charge wanted to in¬ ried the flag first in China in Februrary 1784 crease the stars and stripes to twenty each The Chinese called the ship ICaw-Kee-Cheura but this made it evident that if the United or flag flower ship, in compliment to the States continued to grow the flag would soon beautiful colors of the flag. The fla" was beco ne unwieldy. borne to Japan first by the ship Franklin of Capt S. C. Reid, the commander of the ce'e- 8alem, Capt. Devereaux. on Dec. 11 1798 brnted privateer General Armstrong, sug¬ The first ship to carry the American flag gested that the number of stripes be reduced around the world was tu© appropriately named to thirteen and that the blue field contain a Columbia, under Capt. John Kendrick, accom¬ (number of stars to correspond to the number panied by the sloop Washington, commanded of States in the Union. This was adopted by Capt. Robert Gray. The ships left Boston [April 4. 1818. The first flair was made by Mrs Sept. 30. 178(, doubled the Horn the following S. C. Reid, and had twenty stars arranged in year, and reached home Aug. 10. 1W0. [the form of a large star. Capt. Reid has be¬ The Stars and Stripes have been carried fur¬ come historical on account of liis gallant de¬ thest north by Lieut. J. B. Lockwood between fence of his ship in Fayal Roads against the May 13 and 15. 1882. to lat. 83° 24' no-th Ion (attack of a British squadron in breach of the 40-' 46' west, and furthest south by the ’pilot .neutrality of that port Capt. Reid was there¬ schooner Flying Fish of New York under Lieut fore the father of the flag. He died in Wash¬ W. M. Walker, who reached, on March 24. 1839 ington in 1861. lat. 70° 14' south, Ion. 100“ west. : About the time of the return to the thirteen The first American flag made of American original stripes many suggestions were made materials was raised over the Capitol at Wash¬ to change the style of the flag materially and ington on Feb. 24. 1866. All the previous the most prominent design suggested was of flags had been .made of English bunting but a flag to be quartered ; the upper staff square to this was of American make, and given by Gen be blue and contain the thirteen white stars ■ B. F. Butler. I the Goddess of Liberty on a white field below (in the second quarter. In the upper quarter [of the fly of the flag was to be an outspread ) eagle, and in the quarter beneath the thirteen red and white stripes. This flag was never From, I adopted. After the new flag had been adopted Illinois was the first State to add a star. That State was admitted Dee. 14, 1819. The last State to be admitted was Wyoming, whion joined the Un>on July 11, 1890: and the flag of our coun¬ try has grown from a field of thirteen stars to one of forty-four. The United States flag was first saluted by a Date} litZy.....//-/ 7 \ foreign power when the ship Ranger, in com¬ mand of Capt. Paul Jones, entered Uuiberon Bay. France. Feb. 14, 1778. the salute being given by Admiral La Motte, representing the French Government. The first American flag flown in a foreign port was from the truck of the brig Nancy, in command of Capt. Hugh OLD COLONIAL COINS Montgomery, at St. Thomas in 1776. The first time it was displayed on a fortress of the Old World was on April 27, 1805, at Tripoli, when the fifteen starred and striped flag was raised in victory. Queer Specimens of Money, It was said to have been raised over Fort Nassau, New Providence, on the 28th of Janu¬ ary. 1178. when Capt. John Rathburne took at Least in These Days. possession of the fort and captured several prizes in the harbor. This also is supposed to be one of the first occasions on which the American flag was nailed to its staff in token of absolute defiance, as the people of the city FANCY PRICES SET ON THEM ' ■ ' ~ - ' -- Some of the Rarest Ones Are islands was known as the “hogge penny.” Worth a Pretty ^enny. This was coined about 1615. The obverse bore the device of a hog, with a nose that would do credit to what is known in Georgia as a “pumpkin splitter.” Above ODD LEGENDS WERE IN FAVOR- the hog are the Roman numerals, XII., j surrounded by a beaded circle and the j legend "Sommer Islands.” The reverse of

The First Mint in What Is Now *h« this coin is a full-rigged ship, with a flag United States Was Established in flying from each one of the four masts, and Boston in 1653. a beaded circle around the exterior of the disk. These coins were of copper, and weighed 177 grains, but at present only two | Numismatists are feeling a renewed and pieces are known, both being accidentally j increasing interest in all that pertains to found in one of the islands. the early coinage of the United States The first money issued in what is now the Colonies, and several private sales recently United States was coined in Boston, Mass., indicate the value some of the rarer in 1652. On May 27 of that year the Mas¬ pieces are steadily appreciating. There are sachusetts General Court passed an act probably 25,000 coin collectors who have authorizing a mint to be established in Bos¬ collections of recognized value in the United ton and requiring three denominations of States, and there is not a museum of any silver pieces to be issued—twelvepence, six¬ pretensions but has a collection of some im¬ pence and threepence. John Hull of Bos¬ portance. In fact, a great deal of atten¬ ton was appointed Mintmaster and issued tion is being paid to the subject by stu¬ the coins as required by Act of May 27. The dents and historians, on account of the planchets were hammered or rolled out to fund of important historical information the required thinness and then cut out that can be drawn from it. One of the round, the letters being all stamped on af¬ most valuable of these collections has just terward with a punch. On one side are the been received by the Pennsylvania Museum letters “N. E.” appearing in relief on a de¬ of Philadelphia, that of Clarence B. pressed field and on the other the Roman Moore, which contains specially fine ex¬ numerals “XII,” “VI,” or “III,” according to the value of the coin. These coins are amples of New England coins. very rare at this late date, a fine piece be¬ The British coinage for the colonies be¬ ing worth from $50 to $100. There are ai gan in the Bermudas. The islands ob¬ few counterfeits of these coins, but they are tained a name from the fact that before the rarely met with. English occupation of any portion of North On Oct. 16, 1652, the General Court being dissatisfied with the coins then in use, America a Spanish ship named Bermudas, passed an act requiring that the design having on board a number of “black should be changed so as to have a tree on hogges,” was wrecked on one of them. one side, also the date and appropriate No record is made of what became of the legends. In accordance with this act, the Spaniards, but the “hogges” swam ashore, where they prospered, and ere long be¬ came so numerous as to furnish stores in , great plenty for the ships calling at the islands. So famous were the Bermudas for . their hogs that the first money made by the

THE FUOIO-

KEW JEKSKY CKSJT.

>10VA CONSTEUATIQ

designs were changed. One variety has a Caro*-iha To k,£K«'i willow tree, another an oak and the third a pine tree. The willow tree coins were v.^r 119

The man who lets a lady stand, Where others push and crowd her. Should have the best and strongest brand, Some Cleveland’s Baking Powder, >" To raise him.

[ Issued first, there being two values, shilling William Moulton to coin the same. On and sixpence. They were rudely designed, their obverse is a tree with “American poorly struck, and were eoined but a short Liberty” above; reverse, a harp with time when they gave way to the oak tree "1776” below. The coinage was not carried coinage. This design differs from the out to any great extent, and only one or above in having an oak tree instead of a two specimens are known of at the present willow on the obverse. They were coined writing. Several years ago a copper was for about ten years and are of the following dug up at Portsmouth having upon the values: shilling, sixpence, threepence and twopence. obverse a tree, with “1776;” reverse, in the center, the letters “W. M.,” surrounded by In 1662 the pine tree design was first is¬ the legend, “American Liberty.” It is un¬ sued, and they continued to be struck for certain whether this was a pattern piece twenty years, when their coinage was of the William Moulton copper or a speci¬ stopped by the English Government. There men of another general issue, ©n the are three values of the pine tree money, ; 16th of June, 1785, the Legislature of Ver¬ shillings, sixpences and threepences. Al¬ though struck for nearly thirty years, they mont, meeting then at Norwich, passed a all bear the date “1652.” There are about bill giving Reuben Harmon, Jr., the au¬ (twenty-five types of the shilling, three of thority to coin copper for two years, begin¬ I the sixpence and two of the threepence. A ning with the 1st of July, 1785; each coin pine tree shilling is worth from $4 to $20 to weigh one-third of a Troy ounce, and to and the six and ttreepence $5 to $25 each. be of genuine metal. Before commencing There is also what is supposed to be a business Harmon was compelled to give pattern piece, called the Good Samaritan bonds amounting to about £5,000. The Shilling. On the obverse is the scene of mint was situated in Rupert, and was a the Good Samaritan and the legend, “Masa- very small affair, being about fifteen or I thusets In.” On the reverse, “In New Eng¬ sixteen feet square; the machinery was very simple and was all worked by band. land Ano.” Otherwise it is the same as the One cent per second was the fastest coin¬ Massachusetts shilling and bears the same ing done. The first Issue bears the date date, X652. One of the pieces sold at auc- 1785. On the obverse the sun is sinking tion several years ago brought $650. behind wooded mountains, beneath which is On October 16, 1786, the Senate and House a plow, the whole surrounded by “Vermonts of Representatives of the State of Massa¬ Res Pubiica,” and the date, "1785.” chusetts passed an act for establishing a | Reverses: In the center is a human eye, mint for the coinage of gold, silver and surrounded by a series of the sun’s rays copper coins. On June 27, 1787, it was de-: and thirteen stars are placed between the j cided that the design should consist of outer ends of the thirteen long rays, and j “The figure of an Indian with a bow and i the same number of shorter rays alternate an arrow, and a star on one side, with \ with the former, making in all twenty- the word Commonwealth, on the reverse, I six rays in the circle, all of which is sur¬ ' a spread eagle, with the word Massaehu- rounded by the legend, "Quarta Decima ;( setts, and date 1787.” Several thousand Stella.” There are several varieties of this dollars’ worth of cents and half cents type of the Vermont coppers. On the ob¬ were coined uring the year 1787 and 1788. verse of one variety is “Vermontis Res A rare variety of the 1787 cent has the Pubiica,” on another "Vermontensium Res ; olive branch and arrows - reversed, and Pubiica,” and on another rare variety the is worth in good condition about $50. (sun is on the left Instead of on the ob¬ There are many other varieties of the server’s right. These coins were issued cents and half cents, but none of them during 1785 and part of 1786. In the latter are out of the reach of the average col¬ part of 1786 Mr. Harmon applied to the lector. Legislature for permission to continue the New Hampshire was one of the first coinage for a longer term of years. The colonies to adopt a copper coinage. In 1776 Legislature Immediately passed a bill giv¬ the subject was agitated, and the General ing him the exclusive right for eight years Assembly passed an act authorizing one at auction, from 150 to 275 pounds of to¬ bacco, a very wide margin. These disad¬ vantages brought about, in 1661, the issu¬ ance of a patent to Lord Baltimore for coinage, giving him authority to issue “good currant coyn,” and denouncing death to all clippers, washers, scalers and any who might otherwise mutilate or diminish the value of his coinage. Under this patent, shillings and pennies were issued in Mary¬ land, hut these coins are in no way remark¬ able,’ the obverse bearing the bust of Lord! Baltimore and the reverse a crown and two banners. In 1783 a silversmith in Annapo¬ lis, Md., began the manufacture of shillings, sixpences and threepences. The shilling had on the obverse two clasped hands and the legend, "I. Chplmers, Annapolis.” The field on the reverse had in one part a ser¬ pent and in another two birds holding a branch in their beaks. The history of Hew Jersey records a queer incident in the annals of coinage. In 1681 a large body of immigrants arrived from ■y o m T^CE'!MiTS> Dublin, bringing with them a considerable j quantity of the coin known as "St. Pat-! rick’s pence and halfpence.” As small coins were in great demand in New Jersey longer. During the first three years he I about this time, the St. Patrick’s pence was permitted to coin without paying any¬ and halfpence were adopted as legal by thing to the State, . but during the re¬ the New Jersey Legislature in 1682 and are mainder of his term he was bound to known as the *Mark Newby coins, and pay 2 1-2 per cent, of the coins struck passed from hand to hand as legal tender. to the State. In 1786 what is called the The St. Patrick’s coins are of uncertain “Baby Head” copper made its appearance.! origin, some asserting that they were On the obverse is a bust which resembles! struck in Ireland at first as commemorative the head of a child, legend “Auctori Ver,-| tokens, others affirming that they were mon.” Reverse, Goddess of Liberty seated coins issued by the Irish revolutionists. holding an olive branch in her extended They are found of silver, copper, brass and hand, which she is evidently offering to even of lead, but all about the same size some unseen object. Legend, "Inde et and bearing the same devices. The ob¬ Lib.” In exergue, “1786.” Another vari¬ verse has the figure of a crowned king ety, issued during the years 1786-’87-’88, playing the harp. Above the harp is an¬ bears on the obverse a head and the other crown and the legend “Flore. At. legend “Vermon Auctori.” Reverse, God¬ Rex.” The reverse has St. Patrick, crowned dess of Liberty seated, and the legend with a miter, hearing his crozier in the "Inde et Lib,” with date below. There are right hand and in the left the Shamrock of a number of varieties of this type, among Erin, with a crowd of people apparently which is one of 1787, having the legend listening to his admonitions. To the left "Brittannia” on the reverse, and there is is a shield surmounted by three castles, and another of 1788, with the legend trans¬ the legend “Ecce Grex.” St. Patrick’s posed, thus, "Et Lib Inde.” There is also coins are, to the present day, frequently a rare piece, having on the obverse similar found in Ireland. Only a few yegrs ago a designs to those just described, and on laborer in the County Wexford dug up an the reverse the Goddess of Liberty seated earthen vessel containing nearly 100 of and the legend “Immune Columbia” and them. the date "1785.” Many of the 1787 coins No other varieties of coins were legalized have no date, and are roughly executed on in New Jersey until 1786, when the Legis¬ the reverse, while the reverses have very lature, then meeting at New Brunswick, fine impressions. After the first issues gave Messrs. Albion Cox, Thomas Goadsby Harmon took in as partners William Colley, ‘ and Walter Mould permission to coin cop- James F. Atlee, D. Brooks, James Green, James Giles, Thomas Machin, Daniel Voor- hees and Elias Jackson, which is pretty good evidence that large numbers of the coins were issued. Vermont coppers bring anywhere from 25 cents for a fair specimen of 1787 to $16 for a very fine coin of 1786. In the early days of Maryland tobacco and furs were the only media of exchange which the people possessed. Queer stories are told in the annals of these colonies as to the disadvantages to which the early colonies were subjected by reason of the use in this way of these two commodities. COttTIN If there was a large tobacco crop great in¬ flation in the currency would be the result, and money would go down, or what was equivalent, the price of everything else would go up. If there was an unusually hard winter, and the Indians brought in few furs, money would go up. From time to time consignments of young women, as wives for the colonist, were sent out from England, and, of course, the priee of a wife would vary as the young women were sold ftOSA AM£RlCflNA^w»«*cc. I per cents to the amount of '£10,000, to be From the branch depends a scroll, with the •Imade in the State. Cox and Goadsby car¬ inscription “Utile Dulci.” From the device ried on their coining business in Elizabeth, and inscription, these coins are often called [and Mould, the pther contractor, coined his the Rosa Americana. They are compara¬ j share (one-third) in Morristown. Before^ tively numerous, and although very fine proceeding with the business of coining, the specimens of early coinage do not bring a contractors were compelled to give bonds to the Governor to the amount of £10,000 high price. The coins of Connecticut arei known as the that they would honestly perform the con¬ “Granby or Bigby tokens.” They are tract. There are about 100 varieties of this unique in device, the obverse bearing a deer cent, but the. alterations in some of the designs are very slight. The 1786 coin facing left, with the legend “The Value of shows for the obverse a shield, legend, “E. Three Pence.” The reverse shows three Pluribus Unum." Reverse, head of horse martels, or military hammers, each sur¬ facing toward the right, a plough beneath mounted by a crown, the name of the it. Legend “Nova Caesarea.” The 1787 colony appearing in the rim of the coin. cent has an obverse the same as that of One of the most peculiar specimens of the 1786, and on the reverse a figure of Justice early coinage is seen in a coin is¬ facing toward the right, seated on the sued for the Carolinas during the time globe and holding a flagstaff in her right of William and Mary. The obverse of this hand; in her left hand a pair of scales. token bears an elegantly drawn figure of Legend, “Immunis Columbia.” This coin an elephant, while the reverse shows nothing but the inscription “God Preserve j jg very rare and has a very handsome Carolina and the Lord’s Proprietors, 1694.” design. Until comparatively recent days the coin¬ It is not commonly known that the first age of every description was farmed by the Continental Congress, in 1776, ordered a British Government; that is to say, the coinage of tin and brass, and these coins Government issued a patent, giving some are still to be found in many museums. one the right to issue all the coinage of a On the face of this coin appears a device of certain denomination, the party purchasing thirteen linked rings, the name of the State the patent to realize whatever there might inscribed on each. Above appear the be in the transaction. Among the noted words, “The American Congress.” Beneath « farmers of English coinage was one Will¬ the inscription “We Are One.” The plex iam Wood, who in the last century pur-: in the subject of illustration. In the center chased the right to issue coin for Ireland appears a sundial; on the left the sun, and the American colonies. The result of darting rays toward the dial. The legend the Irish experiment is embodied in Swift’s above is “Fugio,” while beneath appears “Drapier’s Letters,” and the Irish coins the stirring admonition, in Roman capitals, were withdrawn, although, as a fact. Wood’s “Mind Your Own Business.” This is the pence and halfpence were very much better Continental currency of 1776, struck in suited to ordinary uses than the coins then copper, brass, tin and some few specimens ! in circulation in Ireland. But a memorial j in silver. of Wood and his coinage is still found in A rarer coin than the “Fugio” is the many American museums, in farthing, half¬ “Nova Constellatio,” which was the re¬ penny, penny and two-penny pieces. A sult of the first effort to establish a regu¬ j very beautiful specimen of the two penny lar coinage in the United States. This piece is seen in a Boston museum. The ob- coin is known as the mark, and has 270 j verse bears the head of George II., with the grains of silver. The face bears an eye i legend “Georgius II. D. G. Rex.” The re- in the center, with thirteen points across and thirteen stars between with the legend “Nova Constellatio?” which gives the coin¬ age its name. The reverse shows the let¬ ters “U. S., 1,000,” while further down appears the inscription “Libertas Justicia, 1783.” There is a border wreath, and the entire workmanship of the piece is remark¬ able for beauty and perfect finish. The popular feeling of liberty prevalent at the time these coins were struck made itself manifest in many ways, but espe¬ cially in the inscriptions upon the coinage. Such mottoes as “Inimica Tyrannls Ameri- lcana,” “Libertas et Justicia,’ “Immunis Columbia” and a score of others indicate how deep was the hatred among the Ameri¬ cans of every form or appearance of Euro¬ pean despotism. Of this class was the New York Excelsior, and the coin struck by the State of New York in 1787. It bore the arms of the State as they are at present, while the reverse showed a spread eagle and the inscription, “Non VI. Virtute Vici.” In the interval between the end of the British rule and the establishment of a definite constitutional Government, much confusion existed with regard to the coin¬ age. Coins of almost every nation were received in commercial circles, and there was, in fact, no standard of value save by weight of metal. Among the many media of exchange used about this time verse has a rose branch bearing a rose full were a number of very curious “trade blown. On the left of the stem are four tokens” of copper, brass, lead, and a few leaves, on the right three leaves and a bud, of silver which were issued by merchants with the legend “Rosa Americana, 1783.” or mercantile houses for their own use and convenience. Many of these are still to be found in the museum^ ; arid private col¬ lections of this country, and although hundreds of firms in Boston, Philadelphia, New York and other leading cities of the From, country are represented in these tokens, there is a curious uniformity, both in de- sign and inscription, the former being a ship and the latter, “Liberty and Com¬ merce. The reverse generally bears the statement that the coin is “payable at the s^re of Smith, Brown & Co., or some other firm. Date, / . After the adoption of the Constitution, when a legal coinage was established, these i * tokens disappeared from the commercial* world, and the Washington coins took their p!a,c,es- The early cents and other coins W ILL! AIGTOD D AR D.JO U RNiLlS T °. „ted States generally bore the face of The Father of His Country,’’ variously -X disguised and draped. Sometimes he ap¬ GREAT-GRANDFATHER OF MR, 0. pears in uniform; once or twice with a Continental cocked hat upon his head. OLIVES ISELIN'S 'BRIDE. Again he is seen inarmor; occasionally with a helmet. Sometimes he wears a Roman toga thrown over his shoulder. Not in¬ He Played a Prominent Part in Pub¬ frequently a wreath encircles his brow while sometimes the neck and bust are lic Affairs in Baltimore from 1773 Dare. to 1800—Various Newspapers Start¬ ,, In„1784 Mr- Jefferson made a report to the Congress which fixed the decimal sys- ed by Him in That City, New-Xork, • a“d Provided for the issue by the Philadelphia, and Providence— Federal Government of four coins, viz.: Father of the Postal System—A Re¬ A gold piece of ten dollars value, a silver dollar, or dime or tenth of a dollar, in silver former of Public Evils. ana a hundredth of a dollar in copper. The contract for copper coinage was let to Mr. BALTIMORE, July 14.—The marriage at Jarvis to make 300 tons of the same. This Providence, R. I., last month, of Miss Hope copper cent bore the words “Mind Your Goddard, only child of Col. William God-1 Business.” which gave it the name of dard of that city, to Mr. C. Oliver Iselin, the “Franklin cent.” These words were son of Adrian Iselin of New-York, is a con¬ not authorized by law. spicuous event in the history of a family, The first deposit of gold bullion for coin- ajp at. the United States mint was on Feb. once famous in American journalism ana' 15, 1785. It was made by Moses Brown a which has occupied a front place in na¬ S’®*®1* merchant, and amounted 'to tional history. The name of Goddard from) J2.276.22. The first coins made were 744 17i3 to 1800 was more widely connected JjadLeaeias—July AL 1795. The first deliV. with the annals of this city than any j the L,e„ag,,eS °/ 400 plecos on the 22d 'of other. William Goddard, the great-grand- i age of nu^t Septe“ber- The flrst coin- father of Miss Hope Goddard, now Mrs. ! 1796 f Q ter eagles was delivered in Iselin, established in the final hours of the i colonial night the first newspaper in this | JuTveiRflriS7tQidePC>Sit 5 sllver buIli0n was fatR 18’ 1794- made by the Bank of Mary- city, and when the eyes of its earliest pa- | ng ’ton *sT?i1Snrd °7Prench coins amount- Iron1: were turned toward the horizon soon ! Y?® tp 180,715.05. The first silver coins were delivered Oct. 15 of that year con- to be illuminated by the sun of freedom it cheered them with faith in the coming- ageU of Ther? was a sma11’ coin- day and accompanied them through the | - ofarter mes- In 1796 the dime and quarter dollar were added to the silver mighty struggle that gave them political ex- 1 Thp8' i The half dollar appeared in 1807. istence. The newspaper which William God- i * • r^e c?ina&e of the silver dollar was sus- dard established here taught the radical j ll^^Tn11 fud was n°t resumed until and throne-destroying truths of republican adtwi tn t^851 .th6 i-bree-cent piece was added fhe coinage. This, with the vari- statecraft. For nearly aT century and a ,°“ “icbel corns, complete the list of coins quarter The Maryland Journal and its hon¬ Issued by the Federal mints. The shilling ored successors have borne their important j and the six and a quarter-cent pieces were part m every movement which history never coined by the United States. A great many experimental pieces hrive deen issued chronicles, in each contest of party forces, m each clash of rival schools of thought. I Thafi Jm® n0t 07 the authorized coinage. The shillings and sixpences coined by the Col. William Goddard, the father of Mrs.; states were in circulation, but we have not Iselin, is well known throughout the coun¬ seen one current for more than thirt try as a merchant: The firm of Brown & Ives, of which he is the honored head, is believed to be the oldest mercantile house .... :M m the United States,' and maintains the un-| spotted reputation which has always dis¬ tinguished it. Col. Goddard is also a mem¬ ber of the great firm of Goddard Brothers. He was graduated at Brown University in 1S46, and after studying law and traveling extensively he engaged in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits at Providence, R. I., and by his popular manners, generosity, •V • - - . Tbf Mrs. Iselin, was the Son of Giles God¬ dard, a' physician and Postmaster at iiew- jLpndon, Conn., when the former was born in 1740. William Goddard served his ap¬ prenticeship with James Parker, a printer, | in New-York, and v.nen only twenty-two Wears of age removed to Providence, R. I., where, on Oct. 20, 1762, he established The (Gazette and Country Journal, the first Jhewspaper published In -that town. Not meeting with sufficient encouragement, he went to New-York and associated himself I with John Holt in publishing The New-York Gazette and Post Boy. In 1766 he sold out his interest and removed to Philadelphia, I where he published on Jan. 6, 1767, the first : number of The Pennsylvania Chronicle and j Universal Advertiser, the first four-column newspaper printed in America. Joseph Gal¬ loway and Thomas Wharton, afterward the 'famous Tories, were Goddard’s secret part¬ ners in his Philadelphia enterprise. Gallo¬ way was Franklin’s successor in the Penn¬ sylvania Assembly, and Speaker from 1/765 to 1774. He Was a member of the first Con¬ tinental Congress, joined the British in 177ti, became Provost Marshal jof Philadelphia during Howe’s command there, went to. England and was one of 'the most active loyalists. He died a pensioner of George III. in 1S03. , _ „ , Goddard’s partnership with Galloway and Wharton did not continue long before, the partners quarreled and separated. God¬ dard continued the publication of the paper, and in 1770 entered into partnership with Benjamin Towne. While publishing The Chronicle Goddard denounced Galloway, warmth of heart, energy, and good sense who had him arrested. In October, 1772, he has accumulated an Immense fortune. Goddard was a candidate for the Assembly At the breaking out of the civil war he of Pennsylvania, but was defeated mainly through the efforts of Galloway, who was espoused the cause of the Union, and was returned and re-elected Speaker of the chosen Major of the Rhode Island regiment ’ House. of volunteers commanded by Colonel, after¬ The first direct information the colonies ward General, Ambrose E. Burnside. V hen received that the East India Company in¬ Gen. Burnside was promoted to be Major tended to ship some cargoes of tea to Amer¬ General he appointed Major Goddard a ica was received in a letter from London member of his staff. He participated in all and published in The Chronicle of Sept. 27, the engagements in which Gen. Burnside 1772. Goddard -was a warm friend of the was engaged, and for gallant and meritori¬ colonies at this time, and denounced the ous conduct at the battle of Fredericksburg- ! “ pernicious business ” in unmeasured Major Goddard was brevetted Colonel. He terms. While he was publishing The Chron¬ is a modest, unassuming gentleman, of cul¬ icle, Mr. Goddard’s mother, Mrs. Sarah tivated tastes, and worthily upholds the Goddard, died on Jan. 5, 1770, in Philadel¬ reputation of his distinguished ancestry. phia, at an advanced age. On the following Col. Goddard is the eldest son of William day her remains were buried In Christ Giles Goddard, the only son of William Church Burying Ground. Mrs. Sarah God¬ Goddard, the printer, who established the dard was the daughter of Ludowick Updike, '-first newspaper in Baltimore. William Giles whose ancestors were among the. first set- Goddard was born upon the family estate !tiers of Rhode Island. Her brother was in Johnston, R. I., about five miles from for some years Attorney General of the Providence, on Jan. 2, 1794. His parents, colony. She received a good education, and William Goddard and Abigail Angell, re¬ married Dr. Charles Goddard of New-Lon- moved to Providence in 1803, where William don. who left her a widow. After her son G. Goddard was educated. After complet¬ had been engaged in the printing business ing his preparatory studies he was admitted at Providence, she became his partner, and to Brown University, and was graduated when he removed to New-York he left her :in charge of the newspaper and printing in 1812. In 1815 he received the degree of business, which she managed for two years 4. M. While studying law at Worcester with much ability. At the expiration ol Mass. Mr. Goddard acted as associated that time she formed a partnership with editor’ of The Worcester Spy, and in 1813 John Carter, under the firm name of Sarah became sole editor and proprietor of The 'Goddard & Co., which continued until 17G9, Rhode Island American, which he con¬ ducted with success until 182o. In the latter when she sold her Interest to Carter, and vear he was appointed Professor of Moral joined her son in Philadelphia. Philosophy and Metaphysics in Brown Uni¬ Starts a. Paper in Baltimore. versity, a position he held nine years, or until he resigned to accept the Chair of Fortune was unpropitious to William- God¬ Belles-Lettres. In consequence of ill health dard in the publication of The Chronicle, in mqo he resigned this professorship, and i was elected a member of the Board of and in February, 1773, the paper ceased. ! Trustees and of the Board of Fellows, and He removed to Baltimore, and " on the i Secretary of the Corporation. He died sud¬ capital of a single guinea,” as he frankly denly Feb. 16, 1846. Prof. Goddard pos- confessed, he opened a printing office In i glased a strong and vigorous intellect, this city in May, 1773, on the site of the ‘which had been cultivated with unusual ■ present Sun office, at the southeast corner I care and discrimination, and his literary of South and Baltimore Streets. His ” gen- ; eral printing business ” was successful, and on July 15 he issued his prospectus of The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Ad¬ vertiser, and Aug. 20, 1773, the Initial Goddard, in 1870. number was published. This was the first newspaper published In Baltimore, and its William Goddard, the First. typographical execution was excellent. He William Goddard, the father of Prof. W ill- had a paying circulation of about 300 copies iam Giles Goddard and great-grandfather and was favored with twenty separate ad¬ vertisements, filling four of his twelve col- „mns,' the last of alT^Belng George Wash¬ making further regulations ana _ ington’s announcement from Mount Vernon i ments for the service, in order t. of his desire to lease to settlers 20,000 acres whole scheme might be laid before t.._- of land, which he .had recently acquired; tinental Congress, and that body he asked upon the Ohio and Great Kanawha Rivers.; to sanction and adopt it. He visited all Having caught the popular ear, Mr. God-( the colonies in extending his system ana dard made himself a reformer of public; met with few obstacles in the establishment evils and secured a practical recognition of; of his enterprise. The Post Office in Bal¬ the power of the press. He had an able| timore was at the office of The Maryland assistant in the person of his sister, Miss; Journal, and for fifteen years Miss Mary Marv Katharine Goddard. Miss Goddard! K. Goddard was the Postmistress, being the first Postmistress in the United States. She was again appointed Postmistress of Baltimore on Dec. 31, 1793, and continued to serve until Jan. 24, 1800. The mail, rates under Goddard’s system were the same as under the royal system. James Von Brock¬ et was the post rider between New-York Fac-simile of Signature. and Philadelphia. He left New-York for Philadelphia on Mondays and Thursdays, and returned on Wednesdays and Satur- did a large share of the work of the paper, : and from the last week in October to Nov. At its session in May, 1775, the Conti¬ 20, 1773, she had entire control of it during nental Congress appointed a committee of the absence of her brother, who was mak- ; which Benjamin Franklin was Chairman Ing a tour of the Northern colonies. to consider the best means of establishing Upon his return the executive ability posts under Government control for the which has been alluded to as one of Mr. conveyance of letters and intelligence Goddard’s striking characteristics, found1 throughout the country. Franklin drew up exercise in an undertaking which made him a plan which was approved by the commit¬ known in history as “ the father §f the1 tee and adopted by Congress, and Franklin American postal system.” From Ii53 to was appointed Postmaster General, with a 1774 Benjamin Franklin had charge of the j i salary of $1,000 per annum. Franklin re¬ postal service of the colonies, holding the warded Goddard’s exertions by appointing title of Deputy Postmaster General by ap¬ him Surveyor of the Postroads and Con¬ pointment from the English Government. troller of the Post Office, an office which Nominally, he hafl an associate of equal he filled with intelligence and fidelity for rank. Col. William Hunter of Virginia, but about a year. On the retirement of Frank¬ the latter was content to leave all the busi¬ lin in November, 1776, Goddard expected to ness in his colleague’s hands. The service succeed him as Postmaster General, but to was not popular with the colonists, al¬ his great disappointment , though Franklin made it very efficient, and the son-in-law of Franklin, and his deputy, as he said himself, it yielded over £3,000 received the place, and Goddard then re¬ per annum, three times as much clear signed his position in disgust. His sister, profit to the Crown as the Post Office of however, retained the position of Post-, Ireland. His participation in the protests mistress at Baltimore until 1790, when she against the policy of the Government was succeeded by Joshua White, the first. toward the colonists led to his summary Postmaster under the Federal Constitution. dismissal from office in 1774. A few years ago Col. William Goddard, The political tone of The Maryland Jour¬ the grandnephew of William Goddard, pre¬ nal had given intense offense to the British j sented to the Maryland Historical Society, Ministry, just as that of The Pennsylvania ( through Col. J. Thorpas Scharf, the histo¬ Chronicle had done. Goddard became a man | rian of Maryland, the record of tjie Balti¬ marked for their disfavor, especially after more Post Office during the lime Miss Mary he spoke with no uncertain voice about the K Goddard was Postmistress. This inter¬ destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor by esting relic contains many particulars of the patriots disguised as Indians. No such I the business of the Post Office from July radical utterance had been made in Mary¬ 6, 17S6, to Nov. 10, 1789. From the ac¬ land as the editorial article in which he in- j count of Richard Bache, Controller, it is dorsed “ the unexampled, spirited, and noble; learned that during the year ending Oct. conduct of our brave countrymen who dis¬ - 5, 1776, the net amount of postage received dain to wear the chain, and who are un¬ from the Baltimore office was £155 13s. 9d., alterably determined to be free.” In sue-; Pennsylvania currency, or, reduced to Fed¬ deeding weeks he continued his bold advo-1 eral money, $415.16%, being the largest cacy of resistance to the encroachments of; amount received from any Post Office in the England, and his influence was felt in the! country. From Philadelphia it was $333.83%. encouragement of Maryland to the point at New-York and Boston are not ntentioned which war must break out. in this account, but from other sources it The British Ministry found one way ofi is learned that in 1776 the amount of post¬ punishing him, which was in checking the age at Baltimore was greater than in the circulation of his paper, by placing an enor-| City of New-York by more than one-quar¬ mous tax upon its diffusion through thei ter and that Philadelphia exceeded New- mails. He was actually charged £52 annual-j York by more than one-sixth. From the 1st ly in Pennsylvania currency for the trans¬ I of October, 1789, to the 30th of September, portation of some 350 papers 130 miles, and1 1790 the amount of postage collected in he was required to pay the money weekly Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, and as the papers were delivered at the Post; Boston was as follows: Philadelphia, $7,- Office. Foreseeing that such exactions! 403 05y2; New-York, §4,840,05; Baltimore, meant the practical extinction of his busi-j $3,384.08; Boston, $2,957.47. - ness, and sharing in the conviction of many In June, 1776, Goddard presented to Con¬ Americans that the Post Office scheme of gress a petition for appointment in the the Government was wholly unconstitution-. army, setting forth his sufferings In the al, he left Miss Goddard again in charge of Revolutionary cause. In July he petitioned | The Journal in February, 1774, and went away for a commission as Lieutenant Colonel in to work up his new project, which she. an¬ Parsons’s regiment or in Parke's artificers. nounced as “ an affair in a very high degree Failing in his patriotic designs, it is charged interesting to the common liberties of all that from this period he not only suffered America as well as to the printer of this! his ardor in the Revolutionary cause to paper.” abate but that he actually abandoned his His Post Office Project. political principles. He resumed his resi¬ dence in Baltimore, where The Maryland He was absent from Baltimore until July Journal had been and was still continued 1, and visited his many friends in New- by and in the name of his sister, but in which it was known that he had an interest York, Boston, Salem, Providence, Newbury-1 and over which it Was believed he main¬ port, and elsewhere. He first made known tained entire control. his “ constitutional Post Office project ” Owing to the approach of the British in The Journal July 2, 1774. A year later! troops, Philadelphia became no longer a he was on his way to New-York and New-: place of safety for the ^Continental Con-” England again to consult-his friends upon! | gress, which removed to Baltimore. While the power over the persons or uroberty of any Congress was sitting in this city, the- first subject of this State, or to carry Into execution official publication of the Declaration of j any of the laws thereof, unlawful assemblies, Independence, with the signers’ names at¬ ■and requiring all such "assemblies and meetings tached, was intrusted by Congress to the (instantly to disperse; that the Governor be re¬ Goddards, and the broadsides upon which vested to afford the salff William Goddard the it was printed and which were officially dis- protection of the law of the land, ahd to direct I tributed by , President, to the Justices of Baltimore County to give him the authorities of the different colonies, , every protection in their power against all ! officers of the army, navy, &c., bore the im- violence or injury to his person or property; that ! print of “ Mary Katharine Goddard.” Mr. Speaker be requested to communicate the above resolutions to the Governor, and that the ! The “ Tom Te-Iltruth ” Article. above resolutions be published in The Maryland : While The Journal was an uncompromising | Gazette. advocate of the Revolutionary cause, it was In conformity with these resolutions, Gov. 1 by no means blindly partisan, and its inde¬ ■ Thomas Johnson issued a proclamation April 17 censuring the club and sustaining Mr. pendence and moderation toward those who Goddard—the first vindication of the lib¬ differed from it brought, down upon it final¬ erty of the press in Maryland. After all ly the wrathful indignation of the Balti¬ this row and racket, the writer of this ar- more Whig Club, a revolutionary society 1 tide more than a century after discovered oomposed of the more radical element. The among some old family papers which he club was organized early in February, 1777, found on the Eastern Shore of Maryland a and on the 25th of that month The Journal letter from Gov. John Henry, who was a published an article in adulation . of the ■ member of the House of Delegates from .King over the name of ‘‘ Tom Telltruth.” Dorchester County, to Henry Steele, dated i The publication of this article excited nc Annapolis, March 15, 1777, which disclosed little feeling and excitement, which culmi¬ the name of Samuel Chase, a signer of the nated in an attack on William Goddard. -On ! Declaration of Independence and one of the ( March 3, 1777, Col. , the most prominent leaders of the Revolution, hero of the , and an¬ as the author of “Tom Telltruth.” Under other gentleman called upon Goddard and the ample protection afforded by Gov. John¬ demanded, in behalf of the Whig Club, the son, Mr. Goddard returned to Baltimore and name of the author of the communication. took up the broken thread of his affairs, but The editor never lacked for pluck, and they the episode had taught him caution, and it obtained from him nothing but a positive was two years before he again ventured to refusal. They reported to the olub, and on incur the popular displeasure. the same evening Goddard received a writ¬ ten summons to-attend a meeting of the Col. Oswald Becomes His Partner. same. Goddard refused obedience, and an In January, 1779, Col. , a armed committee compelled his attendance. Before this formidable assembly he kept the man of great courage and perfectly fearless same courageous front, and, as he was still in the discharge of what he thought was obdurately silent, he was removed from the his duty, entered into partnership with room and placed under guard, while the olub prepared a resolution giving him, until William Goddard in the publication of The the following Monday to respond as it Journal, the ownership of a paper mill at desired. To this proposition Goddard an¬ Elkridge, Md., and the printing and pub¬ swered that considering the violence with lishing business generally, the firm name ; which he had been treated he would not becoming Goddard & Oswald. Col. Oswald give himself any further trouble about the was born in England about 1755, of good affair, and expressed his willingness to give - family, and about the time of the disputes satisfaction to “ any particular gentleman.” between Great Britain and the colonies The club insisted upon Goddard's revealing took an interest in the American cause and his secret as to the author of the piece came to America about 1770. He was en¬ called “ Tom Telltruth,” and, as he re¬ gaged in the earliest movements of the fused to comply with its request, he was war, and served as Captain under Arnold at ordered to leave town the next day, and ! the capture of Ticonderoga, and became his the county in three days. When God¬ J secretary. He exhibited great bravery at dard left the meeting he told the members - Quebec in 1775, where he commanded the jof the club that he was not the author; j forlorn hope after Arnold was wounded. In jthat he disclaimed its authority, and would 1777 he was made a Lieutenant in Col. not submit to its violent proceedings. He Lamb’s regiment of artillery, and soon after (gave no sign of obedience to the order of distinguished himself with Arnold at Compo. | exile, and lor three succeeding weeks pur- For his bravery at the battle Of Monmouth Isued his occupations without molestation. he was highly commended by Gens. Lee (On March 25, the club undertook to enforce and Knox. He was a fine artillerist, “ one its mandate. If entered his printing office of the best officers of the army,” says Gen 1 iand made an effort to make him a prisoner, Knox. Soon after the battle of Monmouth jin the struggle he.was struck several times, he left the service, removed to Baltimore, and the workmen who came to his assist- and joined Goddard in the publication of ! ance were knocked about and thrown dowif. The Journal. They also had in contempla-! ! He was overpowered and hauled off to- the tion “ to print a neat and correct edition of! | Whig Club, where it was designed to confer the Holy Bible and some other works -of lm- ( ! upon him a coat of tar and feathers. God- - portance to mankind, on paper of their own ; dard, finding that his person was unsafe manufacture.” ' in the town, promised to leave, which se- A short time after Oswald entered into- | cured him a. safe conduct from the club, partnership with Goddard, The Journal in¬ j He was safely escorted out of town by curred the displeasure of the more radical I Capt. Galbraith, commander of the mil- | itary guard, who saw him on his road to j Whigs, and the friends of Washington gen¬ ; Annapolis. There Goddard laid his case be¬ erally, by the publication, July 6, 1779 of fore the Legislature, which vigorously took - an article entitled, “ Queries, Political and ; up his defense by passing these resolu- Military,” which had been written by Gen. I tlons: , the personal enemy of Wash- ; ington, who had been suspended by a court- i That every subject in this State is entitled to martial from his command in the army for i the benefit and protection of the laws and gov¬ disobedience of orders and misbehavior be¬ ernment thereof; that this House highly disap- j proves of any body of men assembling or exercis¬ fore the enemy at the battle of Monmouth, ing any of the powers of government without j The publication of the “ Queries ” caused proper authority from the Constitution; that the great excitement in Baltimore, and the re¬ | proceedings of the persons in Baltimore Town, as- flection they cast upon the reputation of ; sociated and styled the Whig Club, are a most Gen. Washington particularly exasperated I daring infringement and manifest violation of those who believed him to be the proper (the Constitution of this State, directly contrary person to lead the American armies. A de¬ to the Declaration of Rights, and tend in their mand was made upon Mr. Goddard for the I consequences (unless timely checked) to the de- name of the author of the “ Queries.” At jstruction of all regular governraentr that the first he refused to give It, but when an (Governor is requested to issue his proclamation excited mob threatened to give him a coat declaring all bodies of men associating together or meeting for the purpose of usurping any of of tar and feathers and “ cart him tht'ough the streets with a halter about his neck,” “ he reluctantly submitted to the detestable After alluding do the efforts of tha. iw.ua tyranny he was under,” and gave the name Island hero ” to destroy hiS future prospects i of Gen. Charles E. Lee as the author of in business, and his “unprovoked” attacks j the objectionable article. He was also re¬ upon his reputation, Col. Oswald said: quired to sign the following apology, which “ Nothing, Sir, but the outrages of the mob was published in The Journal July 9, 1779: yot* had the glory of leading, whom you con¬ sider as your weapons and your fort, pre-I I, William Goddard, do hereby acknowledge vented me from doing myself immediate jus¬ that by publishing certain “ Queries, Political and Military,” in The Maryland Journal of the tice. But, as it is my unalterable determina¬ (ith inst. I have transgressed against truth, jus¬ tion that no man shall insult me With im¬ tice, and iny duty as a good citizen, and in repa¬ punity, I therefore think it becomes my ration I do most humbly beg his Excellepoy honor on this occasion to call upon you to Gen. Washington’s pardon, and hope the good meet me as early as possible, armed with people of this town will excuse my having pub-, pistols and attended by your friend only, lished therein a piece so replete with nonsense at any place you may appoint, to enter into and malevolence of a disappointed man, such an gelaircissement as will then be Goddard was a man of oourage, and, suitable to the affair in question, and which though compelled by his persecutors to sign I consider indispensable. For my part, I the apology, he was not awed into silence. am this moment ready to attend you to the He addressed a long memorial to the Gov¬ field, or to meet you in a private room, as ernor, in which he entreated his Exoellency may be most agreeable to yourself.” “ to extend to him the benefit and protec¬ This letter was delivered to Col. Smith, tion of the law of the land for the security and he rode out with Col. Oswald’s friend of his person and property,” and appealed to the place where the latter was waiting for the liberty of the press. He criticised his answer. Col. Oswald said Col. Smith his persecutors without gloves, and said endeavored to palliate his offenses by vari¬ that he could not imagine ” for a moment ous mean arts and low subterfuges, but that in a country, of civilized, enlightened appeared averse to decide our dispute by people, contending for the rights of man¬ •j,1'1,113-’’ After some conversation he told kind, there could be found a set of men so Col. Oswald that he would send him an irrational, so Inconsistent and depraved, as immediate answer what his decision would to attempt 'to abridge or subvert the liberty be after consulting with friends. They then of the press, which Is justly valued as the parted, and soon after met on the street, palladium of all our rights, by preventing when Col. Smith handed Col. Oswald his the decent investigation of the conduct of reply, which was to the effect that he public men, the free discussion of public would be sorry to think he had insulted 1 measures, or the vindication of an injured Col. Oswald “ intentionally,” and that he character.” He called his persecutors “ a could not give Col. Oswald “ satisfaction,” band of ruffians, composed of Continental as he was “ determined never to fight a recruits, mulattoes, or negroes, fifers and duel.” drummers,” to the number of about thirty, icmiiug me lener you Oswald told col. and said that he only surrendered to them that jt. was totally unsatisfactory, “ to prevent the effusion *of human blood.” and that nothing short of the most ample He said that this “ motley crew ” extorted, concessions for the injustice Col. Smith had under a penalty of carting him “ through done him should swerve him from his pur¬ the streets with a halter about his neck, pose of exposing Col. Smith to the world, and with many other inhuman insults and since he had declined fighting him. Col. Indignities,” “ the secrets of his business,” Smith asked Col. Oswald if he intended to and “ to sign a paper containing the most publish the affair, which the latter assured’ ridiculous and absurd concessions, alto¬ him he would. Col. Smith asked him to gether foreign to the language of his pen suspend it for a few days to give him an and his heart.” opportunity to consider further Col. Os¬ The Governor and Council took no official wald s decision, but, as the latter heard action in the matter, and July 17 the indomi¬ nothing more from him, and as he said his table Goddard published in The Journal an¬ reputation ” might suffer from a longer other declaration, in which he said: “ By silence, he laid a short statement of what publishing certain ‘ Queries—Political and had happened before the public and left Military,’ in The Maryland Journal of the 6th col. Smith " to exercise his address and inst. I have not transgressed against truth, ingenuity in strengthening his nerves and justice, or my duty as a good citizen, and, in redeeming his character, though It an— as I have never given just cause of of¬ pears at present to be a worthless one " fense to his Excellency, Gen. Washington After Oswald’s experience with a Balti- or the good people of this town, X have more mob he removed to Philadelphia, and no reparation to make them or pardon to in April, 1iS2, Issued the first number of The solicit.” Independent Gazetteer, or The Chronicle of Freedom, a weekly paper, published on Sat¬ Two Colonels Who Didn’t Fight. urday. Oswald made this journal one of the As Col. Samuel Smith, the hero of Port most aggressive in the country, and many Mifflin, was the leader of the " band of prominent Revolutionary characters were soon involved in controversies more or less ruffians,” Mr. Goddard's friend and part¬ disgraceful with him. Among these may be ner, Col. Eleazer Oswald, on July 11, 1779, mentioned Gens. Mifflin, Joseph P.eed, John called on him “ personally for that satis¬ Cadwalader, Col. Thomas Proctor, John faction which one gentleman has a right to Dickinson, Jonathan D. Sergeant, William ^ demand of another for gross insults and Claijon, Justice Bryan, Freneau, the poet; i Injuries.” In his letter of challenge Col. Arthur Lee, Judge McKean, and many Oswald said that he did not doubt Mr. 2tlHrsi J°nathan Dickinson Sergeant was Goddard would “ obtain from the energy of dubbed by Oswald as “ dark Jonathan,” and the laws of this State and the justice and Justice Bryan was called " the tallow-faced firmness of its supreme magistrates the chronologer, otherwise Judge Grinner ’* redress which, for the benefit of that com¬ The writers for Bailey’s Freeman’s munity of which he is a member, he is Journal were collectively called “the perseveringly seeking, not only for the out¬ Skunk Association,” and Arthur Lee was rage and violence committed on his per¬ described as “ Peter, paragraphist for The son and property by a band of ruffians un¬ freeman’s Journal and principal scribe in der your direction, but for your villainous the Skunk Confederation.” The two editors, attempt at the head of the band 1 have Oswald a oot. 24, 1794. After the Goddards Edward Langworthy,- the author and com¬ parted with their interest The Journal met piler of Gen. Charles Lee’s Memoirs, was with many changes, and after a temporary a member of the firm. Aug. 7, 1789, Mr. suspension it emerged on May 14, 1799 as Goddard’s brother-in-law, James Angell, The American and Daily Commercial Ad¬ “ a young man who hath embarked his all vertiser, now known as The Baltimore in this establishment,” became co-editor American. and partner. His Private Life. ; William Goddard married Abigail Angell, From,. the daughter of Brig. Gen. James Angell, who was descended from one of the settlers who came with Roger Williams to Provi¬ dence. Gen. Angell lived upon an estate of

I Da

The commissioner . een ,gathering' the por¬ about 400 acres in Johnston, R. I., about 'five miles from Providence. At his death traits of Ms predecessors who are dead, 'he bequeathed it to his children, two of with a view to engraving them on the ‘Whom were Mrs. William Goddard and James Angell. The latter learned the new series of revenue stamps. The printing business in Providence, R.- I., and. printed The Gazette, with William God¬ records show that Tench 'Coxe, .of Penn¬ dard’s mother, after William Goddard; moved from the city. He entered into part¬ sylvania, who .served from 1792 to 1797, nership with William Goddard on Aug. 7, Was the first icommissiioner. William 1789, in the publication of The Journal, and1 removed to Baltimore, where he married .Miller, also of Pennsylvania, served •Mary Barney, the talented sister of Com- : modore Joshua Barney, a distinguished offi¬ from 1798 tia 1803, was the second com¬ cer of the Revolutionary War and the hero* missioner, and we think Joseph J. of the Hyder Ally. He was also distin guished in the war of 1812. He was known - Lewis, of West Chester, also dead, was as the hero of the battle of Bladensburg. i James Angell lived in Baltimore but a short • the first under President Lincoln, or time, as he died of yellow fever in the. wh-en ithe present revenue bureau or prime of life in 1797. He left no children. The arrangement between Goddard and' system of collecting taxes was estab¬ Angell continued until Atig. 14, 1792, when Goddard sold his interest to Angell and pub- lished. ■ to the State, the Governor in 1831, ap¬ pointed Thomas Endsley, of Somerset ■ county; W. F. Copeland and I. Downer, I Fayette county; S. llill and B. Anderson, Washington county, for the purpose of •• • C. . 1keeping it in repair. I Down to 1852, when it was supplanted (j'lby railroads crossing the mountains, Date G.-vT/ OTV/fk. Hit was the greatest of the world’s thor- Houglifares. One living on it was always i in sight of either long lines of wagons, An Interesting Book. '(stages, carriages, people on horseback,! Editor Heralb:—-Wiffa your permis- ;-r land droves of horses, cattle and hogs. It! . I desire to notice ^dloriel T. B. jgea j" | was no unusual thing to see a string of right’s interesting booi^fflled “The Old , 30 four-horse coaches, filled with passen- Pike, a history of tbfe National Road. j gers, going both east and west. To ae- Evidently the authoir has spared neither - j commodate the traveling public taverns time nor labor in gathering data and col ■ were to be found within a mile of each I lating the vast number of facts and inci- j other—taverns that were taverns, whose ; dents with which the book is filled. j tables were the delight of such men as The volume contains 384 pages, and J Jackson, Monroe, Clay, Benton, Ewing, opens with a detailed account of the ori¬ j Cronin, Harrison, Taylor, Crittendon and gin of this great national enterprise, giv- (Polk. t h’.g President Jefferson’s message of Jan¬ j The book gives a history of all the old uary 31, 1807, on the subject, as also, those taverns and their keepers; of the old - of Monroe and Jackson at later dates. (wagoners and stage drivers, many of Then follows an account of the continu¬ I whom are yet living and nearing- the ous efforts of Albert- Gallatin, Henry ■ytjp (hundred line of their earthly careers. ■ Clay and Andrew Stewart in securing Many incidents pertaining to runaways, favorable congressional action for this Hand upsets of wagons and stages, with famous road, the only one of the kind ev- injuries and killing of passengers and ; er constructed by the national govern gg drivers are given. A full account of | : ment—a road that has but few equals in [robberies of mail stages, and a grand lar¬ -(the world’s history. In many respects it ceny of two whole wagon loads of goods -.surpasses Rome’s Appian Way. which in transit from Baltimore to a point in i has been noted for over 2000 years. From Ohio, makes mighty interesting reading J Cumberland, Md. op.to Wheeling, West to Somerset county people, inasmuch as ?Va., it cuts its way through strata of the goods were stolen by parties at Salis-j | earth and rocks, thence over deep defiles bury who were tried in our court in 1824. * by stone bridges whose substantial ma- The parties were arrested by Sheriff] „ sonry defies the ravages of time and jjPhilson, some of whom afterwards es- s scales mountains that rise nearly 3000 - caped, some convicted, and one commit- ! feet above the level of the sea, thus, "2 ted suicide. j working for many years one of the grand- In addition to such interesting reading J est and most useful thoroughfares of the W mutter.the book contains 94 capital illus- j nation. It was the boast of ancient Rome Btrations, such as fac similes of old tav- I that the Appian Way was so wide (20 - eras, bridges and likenesses of old wag¬ feet) that two charriots could go side by goners, stage drivers and tavern keepers. | side, and yet our national pike, with its During- the time materials were being »60 feet width, would allow six chariots to | j gathered for the book Hon. James G. | be driven abreast. What a road! Macad- Blaine, whose early life was spent on the I amized with nine inches of hard lime- 1 ! old pike, in a note to the author, wrote: • stones, broken small enough to go ‘•I have read and re-read the sketches J through a three inch ring, it became as I it sent me, filled with familiar scenes and 1 solid as a granite rock and smooth as a 1 names forever endeared to my memory;” I floor. '■ iand, referring to the grand old public The history of its construction figures ;; , houses that lined the pike, he wrote: “We : conspicuously among the most interest- ■ ' did not use the high sounding word hotel, ,1 ing facts connected with the progress of (but the good old Anglo-Saxon, tavern, j our country. President Jefferson in 1807 with its wide open fire in the cheerful J appointed Thomas Moore, Joseph Kerr barroom, and the bountiful spread in the pand Eli Williams, all of Maryland, to (dining-room*-®. How real and vivid it : lay out the road from Cumberland to the j all seems at this moment! All the remi- l Ohio line. It was not opened, for travel, fniscences of the old pike, for which you j however, until 1818. When that part of are an enthusiast, are heartily shared bj pit running through Pennsylvania was me ” transferred from the general government m Under date of July 8, Hon. E. Stake BandTof Maryland andMIrgffld militia had a judge of the United States Supremo hurried forth to arrest the British in their aI Court, living at Hagerstown, M wrote: advance upon the capital. Among these was a company called the “ Silk Stockings,” com¬ ‘M have just read every word of “The posed of the society men of Baltimore. They Old Pike,” and enjoyed it very much. I left the city elated with hope, and upon their am the grandson of the Miller who kept fj return, with drooped banners, wore merci¬ the old Miller tavern, described on page lessly twitted with the humiliating result pt li>S. MThe Ihistory of the old pike is well the battle. 3 worth preserving for the instruction and “Yes-,” said one of these, who was a wag, I gratification of the coining generation.” in reply to this banter, “ the British got the The foregoing outline indicates that it better of us at first, but we beat them iu the ii»a book of rare merit, and is sure to in- long inn,” Now and then one comes upon an object I terest every reader. I am informed the near the scene of the conflict named in com¬ j price is $3.00 per copy, and can be had in memoration of some eventof theday. Among a few days from an authorized agent. these is “Barney Spring,” where Commo¬ I Somerset, Pa., 1 dore Barney had his horse shot from under July 2oth, ’04. j A. J. Endsley, him and the gallant officer, covered wnth wounds, fell a prisoner.into the hands of the enemy. From, fhv'./ t Bladensburg itself was named in honor of Governor Bladen, of Maryland, one of whose descendants in the second degree, Benjamin Ogle Lowndes, is the proprietor of Blen¬ heim, one of the most attractive residences within its limits. The town is built, so to speak, in a basin, its picturesque houses, with Date, their ample lawns, showing prettily on i ts sloping sides. Through its midst flows t he ■Ti eastern branch of the Potomac, which once floated three-masted schooners laden with tobacco for foreign markets, but is now jflfl HISTORIC ! scarcely more, than a rivulet. On the main street of the village stands an ancient inn, “The George Washington ! .JfiftRYMRD Town House,” upon whose front two American eagles, mode of brass, are emblazoned, and whose swinging signboard bears a weather- 1 beaten representation of the “Father of His [reminiscences of bladensburg and Country.” Here, so tradition states, General ITS FORMER INHABITANTS. Washington always stopped in his trips to and from Philadelphia, Further down the , street one is shown the house in which Will- jiam Wirt, the Attorney General of the United ' FAMOUS DUELS FOUGHT THESE States and the prosecuting counsel in the celebrated case of Aaron Burr, was born. The place is now owned and occupied by a re- j Relics of the Battle of 1814 Are Still I spectable colored family. The stuccoed ] Pound Prom Time to Time—Houses | building is in a perfect state of preservation, but the front porch has fallen iDto decay, and Built and Owned1 by Men Famous in (loose boards are laid on the foundation upon j the Early Days of the Present Cen- which it once stood. A rap of the splendid brass knocker brings I tury—The Historic Dueling Ground. the proprietress, a mulatto woman, with the old-time dignity of manner, to the door, and tho visitor passes through the scrupulously A short time ago a little hoy living in neat front apartment into an adjoining room. i Bladensburg, Maryland, found in a field near Here, upon a mahogany bed, with snowy I the town a heavy brass belt buckle, upon coverings, lies a colored girl, her form wasted which was an embossed crown and lion’s and her eyes brilliant with consumption. In head, and beneath them the inscription: this patient invalid one sees a realization of j “ The King’s Own Regiment.” the enthusiast’s dreams of the possibilities of her race. She is a Latin scholar, and in her | Many such trophies picked up from time to use of her own language gives every evidence time—now a cutlass, now a pistol covered of culture and refinement. From her may with rust—mark the spot where the conflict be obtained a clear, intelligent account c>f the jof August 24, 1814, between the British and points of interest in and about the historic lour own troops occurred. town and the traditions concerning them. With the first faint streak of dawn on the To “the old Wirt house,” it seems, the . wounded British were carried aftei the battle eventful morning, the beautiful Dollie Madi- of Bladensburg. One of these, Colonel Wood, Ison had been up, turning her spyglass about, who was afterwards knighted, appears to iwatching for the return of her husband and been endowed with an unusual amount his friends, and later; when the sound of of gratitude. A blacksmith, who found him cannon pierced the walls ol the White House, desperately wounded upon the field, and |she wrote to her sister: "Will you believe washed the blood from his face, was after¬ wards substantially rewarded by him. and no jit! .We have had a battle near Bladensburg. act of kindness which he then received seems Mr. Madison comes not. May God protect to have been forgotten. When convalescent him. Two messengers, covered with dust, jhe went about among the villagers, becoming bid me fly, hut I wait for him.” / specially intimate, with the family of Christo- • J 130

pher Lowndes, the grand t&tfTer'o! the present owner of Blenheim. After his return to two men were post captains In the navy and England he came again to Bladensburg on a had been warm personal friends, the diffi¬ visit to this family and kept up a correspond¬ culty growing out of the position which De¬ ent with the members of. it until his death. catur assumed in regard to some neglect of '•Yes,;’ said the proprietress of the Wirt duty on Barron’s part, resulting in his sus¬ house, “when some comment was made pension from the service. They took their upon the beauty of the splendid front door stand eight paces apart and both fell at the knocker, “it is 150 years old. I was offered first fire Decatur mortally and Barron dan- twenty dollars for it not long ago, but I don’t gerously wounded. The flint-lock pistols like to part with it. The key is just as which did such bloody execution, covered j curious,” and she drew one from the lock of with rust and perforated by insects, are now; such mammoth proportions that it might JJ? Possession of a Washington gentleman. have secured the portal of the giant Blunder- I he house in which Decatur then lived was bore’s habitation. opposite what is now Lafayette Square in Washington, then called President’s Square. “ Bostock ” is the next point of interest, a It had been occupied by Livingston while splendid old brick residence, built in 1746 by Secretary of State under Jackson, and by Van Christopher Lowndes, of England, who was Buren while President, and is now the home the first of his name to settle in Bladensburg. of the widow of General Charles Beale. Mrs. Catts, together with her sister, the Mr. Lowndes married a daughter of Gover¬ famous Dollie Madison, and a number of nor Tasker, of Maryland. He was a ship¬ other ladies was dining with Mrs. Decatur builder, owning a shipyard in the vicinity of on the day of her husband’s fatal encounter. Bladensburg, and was extensively engaged Ignorant of the tragic scene in which he was in foreign commerce, by which he amassed a one of the chief actors, their hostess post¬ fortune. His beautiful home is now occupied poned the dinner hour for a time, awaiting ms return. It was while she sat at the table by Mr. Diewdonne, a Belgian artist, it hav¬ Fjrounded by her guests that the dreadful ing been the property of his wife’s family for intelligence was conveyed to her, and, over- a hundred years. The house, is built on a de¬ come by the shock, she fell unconscious upon clivity with large grounds about it. Its walls, the floor. A few moments later the unfortu¬ one and one-half feet in thickness, inclose, nate officer was borne to his home, where he besides seventeen spacious apartments, sev-i lingered in great suffering until midnight, eral broad halls with lofty ceilings. Through when he died. the ponderous front door, upon which is°a knocker similar to that at the Wirt house, In 3844 Decatur’s remains were removed to the visitor enters a vestibule quite as large as Philadelphia and placed in St. Peter's church¬ a small room, upon the time-stained walls of I which hang old time engravings, yellow with yard. A handsome monument was erected age, brought from England by Colonel Jen¬ over his grave, an Ionic pillar of marble j nings. the Attorney General of Maryland and crowned by an American eagle. After his the great-great-grandfather of Mrs. Diew- death his widow went to Georgetown to live, lonne. where, with a faithful female attendant, she This vestibule leads into a spacious hall, to I ;he right of which is a bahquating room, occupied a cottage within the grounds of the whose magnificent proportions its owner interesting old Jesuit College overlooking the practically estimates by stating that a hun¬ present base ball grounds. She united her¬ dred yards of carpet is required to cover it. self with the Catholic Church and lived the In this room is a fireplace before which an ox liie of a recluse, never crossing the bridge might be roasted, and above which is leading to Washington but on a single occa-, quaintly-carved mantelpiece, upwards of six sion, when she went on a visit to Mrs. Madi¬ feet in height. Here and there about the son, of whom she was very fond. apartment are specimens of antique furniture, At her death she bequeathed to the Uni¬ once the property of Colonel Jennings, and versity a beautiful portrait of her husband, between two of the windows a beautiful oval taken in his uniform, a copy of a painting of! * mirror, framed in a finely-wrought brass nim by Gilbert Stuart. It now hangs in thoj wreath, which formerly hung in his house at Annapolis. college library, so handsomely fitted ud by r rancis Riggs, of Washington. Here.' too, j His portrait and that of his wife mav also may be seen a small volume containing ex-! be seen here. After the battle of Yorktown tracts from the Koran, taken by Decatur from General Lafayette and the French cavalry the bodyol a Tripolitan sgilor whom he killed( officers under him stopped at Bladensburg m a hand-to-hand encounter in the desper¬ and were entertained at Bostock by its pro” ate engagement on the bay of Tripoli. An-f g prietor. Christopher Lowndes, at a magnifi¬ other souvenir is a medal stamped with the cent ball, and the supper was served m this! very apartment. lace of the brilliant officer, the duplicate of a numher awarded to the sailors who served “Kiverdale,” formerly the home of Charles, { under him on that memorable occasion. Still Lord Baltimore, is another interesting resi- another relic is a naval medal, bearing the dence to which the visitor’s attention is di- lamily coat-of-arms, which was presented to 5 rected. It has passed out of the hands of his I Decatur s father for some act of gallantry descendants and the grounds about it have! during the Revolutionary War. been sub-divided into building lots and sold, but the family of one of his progenitors, A number of other duels took place at Bladensburg, the most noted of which was Charles Baltimore Calvert, still lives on a tract of land adjoining the old place. that between Cilley and Graves, which oc¬ curred in 1838, in which the former was: Just outside of Bladensburg is the historic killed. It created an intense sensation duelling ground, the scene of such heart¬ throughout the country and public feeling rending tragedies. The perfectly level piece was so outraged by the event that Congress, of land is clad in its native verdure, having passed an act making the giving or accepting i;!T?een brousht under cultivation, and a challenge within the District a misde-* lies between two hills, flanked on either side meanor punishable with fine and imprison¬ !.,Trw>TS °f aPPle trees. Here, in 1820, oc- ment, and the Supreme Court declined to at¬ ' dead]y encounter between De¬ tend the funeral of Mr. Cilley as a protest catur and Barron—the second most famous against the barbarous custom. Other en¬ duel ever fought in the United States. The counters recorded arc those between Hopkiss - and McCarty, in 1S14: Mason au

broken there, and'-did continue it only! out to' the satisfaction' of a town full of because of the pressure from Presi-I pie. Among the distinguished guests dent Davis. On the 7th of April, 1865,' Grant wrote to Lee, saying: “The re¬ W. Q. Gresham, Secretary of State; Daniel sult of the last week must convince S. Lamont, Secretary of War; Mr. Herbert, you of the hopelessness of further resis¬ Secretary of the Navy; Mr. Smith, Secretary tance on the part of the army of North¬ - of the Interior, and Postmaster General Wil¬ ern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that son S. Bissell. it is so, and regard it as mv duty to Provision had been made by the citizens of shift from myself the responsibility of Batavia for the entertainment of 5,000 guests any further effusion of blood, by ask¬ and fully that number were in attendance. ing of you the surrender of that por¬ Prior to the formal exercises of dedication a tion of the Confederate States army parade was held, the members of the Cabinet known as the Army of Northern Vir¬ reviewing it from a stand in front of the ginia.” That same day, Gen. Pendle¬ land office. ton, at the instance of high Confeder¬ Succeeding the review of the procession ate officers, went to urge upon him the came the unveiling of the tablet over the uselessness of further effort, “but,” says door of the land office. the biographer, “Lee replied that ~he Prayer was offered by the Right Rev. had too many brave men to think of Stephen Vincent Ryan, Roman Catholic laying down his arms, and that they Bishop of the diocese of Buffalo. still fought with great spirit,” addingi At 2 P. M. the exercises in the State Park, that “Lee had not altogether abandon¬ opposite to the State Institution for the Blind, i ed the purpose to march South even were begun with prayer by the Rev. Arthur after the notes of the 7th and 8th had Cleveland Coxe, Episcopal Bishop of the dio¬ been exchanged.” cese of Western New York. Both these volumes are from D. Ap¬ An original poem, by John H. Yates, en* pleton & Co., New York. R. S. Davis titled “Our Ancient Landmark.” was read & Co., Pittsburg. by the author. John G. Carlisle then ad¬ dressed the assemblage.

SECBETARY CARLISLE'S TBIBUTE. cl Mr. Carlisle said in : From,..... " Robert Morris, or, a»he was sometimes called, Robert Morris, Jr.,was for many years

,. -/ 1 one of.tbe most conspicuous figures in the galaxy of great men whose statesmanship andl courage achieved the indenendence of the American colonies, and to him, more than to Date, any other one man in a civil station, the people were indebted for the successful termination of the Revolutionary War. “It is characteristic of the martial race to raonmi to which we belong to appreciate to the fullest extent, and frequently to overestimate, the services of the successful soldier, while sim¬ ROBERT MORRIS ple justice is not always done to the qniet statesman and financier, without whose co¬ operation and support the armies of the great¬ A TABLET IN MEMORY. OF THE FINAN¬ est commander could neither make a move¬ ment nor fight a battle. CIER OF THE REVOLUTION. “So long as the people of the United States holes in grateful remembrance the names and deeds of Washington and his brave associates CABINET OFFICERS ATTEND in arms they ought not to forget the services of the merchant financier who at a most critical period in their history substantially created Secretary Carlisle the Orator at the and sustained the credit, without which the most heroic efforts of these- patriot soldiers Ceremonies at Batavia, N. Y., 'Which would have been unavailing; and yet, al¬ Were In Charge of the Holland Pur- i- though a century has elapsed since Robert chase Historical Society—The Grig:- Morris finished his public work and retired to private life, and nearly ninety years have Inal Heeds of the Holland Purchase. passed since his death, there is no pnblie memorial to attest the people’s appreciation of his great services, and very few even Batavia, N. Y., October 13. know the place of his burial. Robert Morris was honored to-day by the “ In nearly every park and public place in dedication as a memorial to him of the old our great centres of population there stands •land office of the Holland purchase, built the figure of some hero or statesman of the about the year 1801, and bought in 1894 by Revolutionary period, and in nearly every household there hangs a picture commemora¬ the Holland Purchase Historical Society that tive of the person or services of some promi¬ it might be preserved unto future genera¬ nent actor in the troublous times which pre¬ tions. Very appropriately, the chief dedi¬ ceded the establishment of our independence, catory address was made by John G. Carlisle, but neither the figure nor tbo portrait of Secretary of the Treasury, and lineal de¬ Robert Morris is among them. scendants of the great superintendent of “ It is alike creditable to the patriotism and ; the liberality of the citizens of Western New finance were present among the multitude of York that they have organized the first pub¬ listeners. lic association and; inaugurated the first prac¬ Rain fell last nigbt and early this morning, tical movement for the-purpose of paying al but the parade and programme were carried long-deferred tribute to the memory of a man1 who. notwithstanding all the malignant ac-i ~ ‘ I j T ®T ~ cusations made against him while in public MorrlS'lcT seven-eighths of the ongina. service, has left a record in which the critical esoe county, comprising nearly all of the Researches of a hundred years have failed to land lying west of the Genesee river in this' State. The date of the erection of the stone discover a trace of dishonor or any lack of un¬ selfish devotion to the true interests of his structure is in dispute, but it is known to have been completed and occupied as early as countrymen.” 1815. It stands upon the bank of Tonawauda HIS ALMOST FORGOTTEN GRAVE. ' creek. , .. c After sketching at length the career of the The Cabinet party, with the exception ot ! famous financier and . recounting his more Postmaster General and Miss Bisseli, de¬ parted to-night for Niagara Falls, where they j notable fiscal achievements, Secretary Carlisle will spend Sunday, leaving to-morrow even¬ i concluded as follows: ing on their return to Washington. ■ “No period of his loni and honorable j career better illustrates the stalwart and in¬ dependent character of the man than these closing years of his life. He had stool on From, the very pinnacle of fame and listened to the enthusiastic plaudits of his emancipated ^ j I countrymen and had received even tfie forced .(3 homage of their defeated antagonists. He I had been the confidential adviser and trusted agent of the government when a serious mis- Date_ A y/.wv, | take would have been fatal to its existence, and bad proved his statesmanship and pa¬ triotism by the wisdom of bis counsels and the cheerful sacrifice of his personal interests. Robertflorris “ He had been the bosom friend of Wash¬ ington and nearly all the great Americans I whose names have come down to ns from the HIS GREAT SERVICES TOTHE UNITED STATES | last half of the eighteenth century, and had DURING THE REVOLUTION jbeeu.the peer of the greatest among them. He. had lived in luxury and had at his com-1 jmand all that wealth and political influence• Recalled by the Unique Memorial to land official station could procure; but now Him at Batavia, New York, Dedicated he was broken in fortune, imprisoned fordebt, | Idenounced as a reckless speculator, separated by Secretary Carlisle. ifromhis old personal friends, and ungener¬ ously neglected by the government and the people he had served so long and so well. Batavia, N. Y., Oct. 13.—The mem¬ But he endured it all without a murmur, and ory of Robert Morris, the man whose after*his release from prison went uncom¬ money an<^ credit were the financial plainingly to his dismantled home, and, by backbone and sinew of the American the practice of close economy, managed to Revolution, is being honored here to- live in a tolerably comfortable condition, for . !day by the dedication of the old Hol¬ which he was mainly indebted to the Holland land Company’s Land Office as a mon¬ Land Company, which paTdto Mrs. Morris as ument to his patriotic services. long as she lived an annuity of $1,500. John G. Carlisle, whose name is the "Morris died on the 8th (j. y-.of May, 1806, thirty-first on the list of Secretaries in the 73d year of his age, V.d was buried in of the United States Treasury, deliv¬ a little churchyard on Seconnhstreet, in Phil¬ ered the address at this memorial adelphia, where iiis remains now rest, with dedicated to the man whose name is >o monument over them except an ordinary first. stone slab. When Robert Morris_was first •• It may be. however, that hereafter, some¬ elected to Congress in 177o he was where, in this broad land of otirs, which ho ! sacrificed so much to make free and prosper¬ ous, there will be gathered beneath the dome of an American Pantheon the remains of aii lour honored dead, and if so, the obscure grave at Philadelphia will give up its tenant, and .the mausoleum of Robert Morris will become a consecrated shrine where generations of! free men will uncover their hearts in honor of liis memory as long as the Republic endures.” ORIGINAL DEEDS OF THE PURCHASE, j The exercises concluded with the benedic¬ tion by the oldest clergyman on tho Holland Purchase—Rev. Philos G. Cook, of Buffalo Soon after the delivery of Secretary Carlisle’s address a reception was held at the Hotel Richmond, at which the people wore pre¬ sented to the Cabinet officials and other hon- urea guests. A feature of the day’s events was the de¬ livery, under militay escort, to the Holland Purchase Plistorical Society by the Buffalo Historical Society of the original deeds of tho Holland Purchase, which will form the nucleus of the museum which it is proposed to establish in the old land office. The Holland purchase was made July 20, 1793, by the Holland Land Company, which jhythat transfer, acquiredrtitle from Robert !4

about 40 years of age and the mosf[ ^.* ^ solid of the solid business men of bis But ■Robert Morris ’ and .. time. He owned more ships, sold credit —- French alliance of th, more goods and possessed a more un¬ year would never have been forme _ limited credit than any man in the; For we must not suppose that Colonies. He -was a large man physi¬ France sprang to our aid on impulse. cally, with a massive head, ruddy i Nations do not do that sort or thing. countenance and the sanguine, open-1 We may be sure that France looked hearted temperament that we read inf well to our finances an chance of| the face of Colonel Ingersoil or Mr i success before she took the risk of! Beecher. He was rather a nineteenth sharing our defeat. And except foi” than an eighteenth century character, the personal responsibility assumed; free from the pompous manners of the' for Congress by Mr. Morris, our fi¬ times. His brown hair, which he nances were all on paper. There never powdered, was worn in an un¬ was Continental paper money prom¬ conventional way. and he had the en¬ ising to pay on demand, still other thusiasm and faith in himself which paper money issued as drafts bv in¬ we like to think is a product of only dividual States ob the' Colonial our own generation. Treasury for State loans that in turn Ten years previously he ■ had testi¬ were uniy on paper. And here was fied his patriotism by a determined! 1 a man who stood so high in the con¬ fight against the Stamp act and byi fidence of men and nations that his signing the weighty name of Morris, private credit redeemed all. The war was brought triumphantly illing & Co. to the agreement bv to a. close, but Mr. Morris, though he which the merchants of America! had not abused his splendid credit, pledged themselves to import no more 5ad stretched ii to its utmost for the goods from England; yet in the Con¬ benefit of his country. Seeing little f gress of J T7(i he foresaw that the Declaration of Independence was pre¬ prospect of th egovernment’s inclina- mature. From his repeated service prospect of the government’s inclina¬ on finance committees he realized the tion or ability to redeem his personal difficulty Congress would have in notes,, given in its hour of peril, and commanding sufficient revenue to unwilling to assume fresh liabilities prosecute a war; and he opposed the which he might find himself unable Declaration. However, when it wasi to meet,__he resigned his office in Jan¬ finally adopted, he signed it with the' uary, 1783. At the urgent solicita¬ rest. i tion of Alexander Hamilton and other' Morris Redeems tUe Nation's Credit.) men of the hour he consented to serve How true was his judgment in the1 till May 1. It was November of the sthnd he took was demonstrated with¬ next year before he finally withdrew. in a year. - fn the spring of 1777 the! But such a man is not easily dis¬ terms far which the Continental sol- pensed _with. Exeeepting three years, ' diers had enlisted were about to ex-1 from 1784 to 1787, Mr. Morris’ public pire. They had not seen hard money services continued for the next twelve since their first enlistment, and the years. In 1787 he was a delegate to paper with which they had been paid the convention which framed the Con¬ had depreciated till acceptance of it stitution, and the following year saw as currency was farcical. Uniforms him elected from Pennsylvania to the; and equipments were worn out, ra¬ long term in the first United States tions was short, and the army was on Senate. While In the . Senate he de¬ the verge of dissolution. Unless there vised the system of coinage, which, ! was immediate provision of $50,000, simplified at the hands of Thomas; in g'old, the war for independence Jefferson, is the one we use to-day. seemed destined to failure. During all these years Mr, Morris; Congress had exhausted its credit maintained a handsome residence in] even with the individual States, and Philadelphia. The great men of hiS' was powerless to meet the issue. The time were his intimates and shared; financial stringency was such that p' his hospitality. The monstrous earej even thus earlyearlv the warwnr had nbecome and anxiety which were his do not! unpopular. Such was the case that i seem to have made him other than his Washington laid before Congressman; natural, buoyant self. In none of the Robert Morris when he appealed to' many accounts we have of himself| him for counsel. Most men of affairs; and his home during these times do we . would have declared that nothing; find mention of any look or word bgT could be done, that the country; traying the strain under which he1 wanted peace and prosperity, whether must have lived. In one of his letters: the proposition as to freedom and; he thanks God for his temperament) equality were self-evident or not, and which can put aside all care at bed! the war would have stopped. time and let him sleep. Mr. Morris was made Rf better Morris’ Financial Fall stuff. He went to his wealthy friends in Philadelphia and urged Now imagine the downfall of this them to buy Government securities man. Imagine his credit, his stand-; to at least the amount of the neces¬ ing in the estimation of men growing! sary $50,000.; Unsuccessful in in¬ weaker and weaker, and the fine old ducing a loan on merely his recom¬ gentleman fighting, game to the end. j mendation he' backed it with his per¬ The calm historian may figure that he sonal notes, and within a few days caused his own ruin by wild trans¬ $50,000 in actual coin was on its way actions after he left office, that his to the disheartened army. The sol-1 connection with the Revolution had diers were paid and re-enlisted. nothing to do with it. Some, indeed, Other, loans following from the same! have sought to establish that he was! source, but largely negotiated in never wealthy and that his credit was! Holland, the campaign of 1777 was fictitious from the start. Though he prosecuted anew,and the capture of had caused his own ruin, though he Rurgoyne infused fresh hope in the had stolen money, one could forgive a ’'harts of the Colonists. man all whose personal credit once—. Upon his release from prison Mr. 1 nay twice—saved his country. Maybe. lorris and his wife took up their resi- I this credit was fictitious; but maybe;' lence in a cheap part of Philadelphia, fiction doesn’t come pretty close tojj lere the great financier lived the few fact when for eighteen years men and ears remaining to him. ] banks and nations loan money on it It would he curious_ to know if the iwithout question! The fact remains >ld man ever strolled into that part of that he associated himself with the he city v/here were buildings that he government a. rich man and. emerged ised to own and banks that he used in a debtor’s prison. o be president of, and men who once Mr. Morris began to notice the de-B ioadied to him. Probably he did, and I dine of his credit in 1798 or ’94 while irobablv it never occurred to his soar- in the midst of colossal land specula¬ ng nature that he was a pathetic tion for the purpose of meeting his figure. never-ending obligations. Mr. Morris died May 8, 1800, and In 179(5 his new house on Chestnut was buried in a cemetery that then street. Philadelphia, was sold under was soft with grass and brignt witn !the hammer before its completion. sunshine, but now is paved with click ! When at last the financial crash came and hemmed in with buildings. Some |to Mr. Morris there was for him no of the graves still have blue sky and pity but in words, no seeming memory of what he had been and achieved, no sunshine left them, but Robert Moi- 'second great-hearted Morris to saves ris’ resting place has been robbed ihim from a debtor’s prison as he had even of that by the encroaching city. 'saved his country from oppression. The memorial to him at Batavia Washington came to see him and, came about as follows: We have said Hamilton wrote him dunning letters; that he had sought to save his credit hut he was not released, not till the by land speculation; indeed, all that ■emained of his great fortune was tied, law allowed. ip in large tracts of territory in In a Debtor's Prison. Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Maryland I So poor was Mr. Morris that for the nid New York. The most valuable of first few months of his confinement he hese tracts was in the last-named could not afford a bed room in the! State, where he owned all the land prison, but had, as he expressed it, west of the Genesee River. It will “to sleep in other people’s beds." In be remembered that much of the another letter he writes: “I have no! money he borrowed for the colonies •money to buy bread for my family. same from Holland. When, through Notwithstanding his wretched ex¬ lack of capital to enable him to wait istence at this time, it is recorded that for the advancing settlers to create a in his intercourse with people he never profitable demand for his land, he was lost the buoyant, sanguine disposition finally driven to the wall, his Holland which had made him what he had creditors and others organized the been and perhaps, alas, what he was. Holland Land Company. To them he Friends came to the prison on his in¬ transferred his tract in New \ork. vitation to dine with him; they found In 1804 this company erected & sub- the same magnetic host who had built stantial stone building at Batavia for the first private conservatory in the transaction of their business. This America to adjoin the dining room of building, wihin whose walls has been his now vanished mansion, serving transferred the original title to every with genial face the poor fare of the of ground in "Western New York, i prison. _ ^__ is His metiiorial defeatedm to-day to Robert Mortis, the monument which; coaches. The country folk, as _ •he unwittingly raised to himself outj wont, came in on all sorts of conveyance; of his own {distress; and, with shame! from the double seated surrey to the ha^ be it said, it is the only monument his' rack. countrymen have thus far granted to i Among the delegations was a band r his memory. Washington's lofty monument is red ^Tuscarora Indians,'one hundred in nun: with the setting sun after the electric ber, dressed in native costume. lights are lit in the streets; Lincoln's Promptly on time the Lehigh trail name has not yet died out of thei bearing the members of the cabinet an newspapers; Grant Will sleep in a, mar-! others from Washington rolled into tli hie palace by the lovely Hudson; but.' depot, when the distinguished visitor Morris-—. FRANK C. DRAKE. were welcomed by a reception cominitte and escorted to the Richmond hotel. Th party was made up of Secretary Gresham Secretary and Mrs. Carlisle, Secretary and Mrs. Lamout, Secretary Herbert an< daughter, Mrs. Micon, Secretary Smith Assistant Postmaster-General .Tones am Fouri^ Assistant Postmaster-General Max | well. Postmaster-General and Mrs. Bissell ar rived from Buffalo on a morning train anc joined the party at the hotel, where a re jeeption was held. Following the reception, the distinguish ed visitors were driven to a stand in from IN HIS HONOR of the land office, where they reviewed a parade of civic and military organiza- T lions. Then the unveiling of the tablet took place, followed by a prayer by Bishop OLD LAND OFFICE OF BATAVIA Doane. The tablet is of marble two by four feet in size, and contains the inscrip¬ DEDICATED® tion; Erected IS—. I Dedicated 1804. *To the memory of Robert Morris. FOR ROBERT MORRIS -The exact year of erection is left blank because it is found impossible to determine in what year the building was completed. At the conclusion of the ceremony of un- LARGEST CROWD EVER SEEN IN ; veiling the tablet, the visitors were enter¬ tained at luncheon, the ladies by Mrs. D. THAT LIVELY TOWN. W. Tomlinson, at her residence, and the gentlemen at the Hotel Richmond. After luncheon the ladies were driven to the State park, where, with the cabinet IMPOSING PARADE officers, they occupied seats on the stand. The weather had cleared and the sun was shining brightly. The exercises at this point began promptly at 2 o’clock, with selections by the Sixty-fifth Regiment band President Cleveland’s Cabinet and of Buffalo. “To Thee, O Country” was | Other Noted People Present—Ad- | then sung by a chorus of one hundred voices, and Bishop Coxe followed with dress by Secretary Carlisle- prayer. The song “Zion Awake,” was Batavia Arrayed in Bunt¬ next sung, and was followed by xhe read¬ ing and Bright Colors. ing of following dedication poem, by John H. Yates, the author; 1 When to the banks of Jordan's rolling tide The hosts of God from far off Egypt came— With cloudy pillar their long march to guide. -4-. Batavia, N. Y., Oct. 13.—The morning Past Sinai’s awful mount of smoke and of the day set apart for the dedication of flame. the old Holland land office building broke - They found no passage the dark waters o'er, dark and threatening, but the gloomy out¬ No way to cross the overflowing stream. look did not prevent the assembling of the And Israel’s warriors stood upon the shore But could not reach the Canaan of the largest gathering this little village has dream. ever witnessed. The normal population of 9,000 has, by Then Joshua, their leader, strong and true, lifted his voice and soul to God iu prayer. : the influx of visitors from various sections j IVbile angel hands the billows backwar/ of Genesee, Wyoming, Livingston, Niag¬ threw, ara, Erie and Orleans counties, been And made a passage for God’s people therj swelled to twice that number. Every Ti e ark of God moved on at His command./ train that came rolling in over the half And forward moved the host o'er Jordan dozen roads that pass through, or have bed; Their feet as dry as when, through burn)/ their terminals here, brought filled M sand, : • 137

To where S’iag’ra** billows in turmoil j Plunge o’er the precipice to depths below.

ThPu reared they high a monument of ston.es, j All honor to those noble men who laid . To tell to generations yet unborn , The firm foundation of our wealth and pride. How he. the King of Kings, on throne of I They rest to-day beneath the maples shade, I All undisturbed by truffle's surging tide. ■ I Held’E'tho waters on the glorious morn. O could they wake from slumber of the tomb, L ,,_when sunnv vouth inquired What changes would they note beneath these !In‘4hatyS there Souls?” the gray-haired skies! _, A wilderness transformed to Eden bloom. . The stor^tha^again their bosoms fired, i With wonders everywhere to greet then- “ he story of deliv’rances of old. eyes. * ******* What though their forms have crumbled into dust Kefore us stands this monument of oul“h Their deeds shall shine resplendent as the BTha! hath these many years the storms with- sun; ' Wl' What though their plowshares are consumed Reared^mld the perfumes of the forest bv rust. | The work they wrought will never be un¬ I In Sows cast by monarchs of the wood. done. __„ +v,_ hunks of Ton-a-wan-da's stream, . All honor to that man who forward came. | Which, fed by living springs and rippling I In “times that tried men’s souls, long years ago. Winds down the vale as gentle as a dream, And gave his wealth and pledged his spotless I From the blue domes of the Wyoming hills. name, To drive forever from our shores the foe. Beared at the junction of two Indian trails, I Where chieftains met to seal some white The memory of Morris long shall stand, With honor crowned beneath these sunny | While war''cries mingled with the Dight wind's skies; IThe sons and daughters of our favored land. j And'eouneil fires lit up the forest's gloom. Will not forget his love and sacrifice.

Tenia v when sunny youth of us Squires 'Tv as he who wakened from their wild repose 1 “What mean these stones? stop with These hills and valleys, stretching far away, That now unfold their beauty like the rose ot wonders0 wrought by high Ambition’s fires, 'J’bat gives its dew drops to the kiss of Day. And honest toil, o’er every till and dell. When armies faltered for the lack of bread, «„ shells sing forever of the sea, When bugles ceased to call and drums to Though borne inland a thousand miles an ay, beat, do these walls give forth to you and me He came with patriot heart and hasty tread, |SThe semuds ami songs of our forefathers’ Aud laid his millions at his country’s feet. day. Freedom's immortal Declaration hears IT i-'he echo of the woodman's stroke The name of Morris on its sacred page; ! Resounding through the aisles of forest gray, With changing years his record brighter iThe crash of giant elm andfield’s make wears. j As they for towns and fertile helcls mare While granite crumbles at the touch of Age. way. Then dedicate this structure to his name, ' I hear the stage horn's blast at close of day, | While music sweet floats out upon the air. ' i The wheels that rumble o’er the rugged road. These walls shall to the world speak forth Ins While feeding deer affrighted speed away, fame. j To tangled thickets of their wild abode. And these fair valleys shall be still more fair. I hear the postman as he hastens here J i From forest op mngs, uheie the b.ue smoke |As sea shells sing forever of the sea, O'er winding pathways, desolate and drear. Where now are beaten highways ot the I Bear them away from ocean where thou world. wilt, JHH | So shall ye sing, O walls, through years to be, The breaking twigs in thicket dense I hear, | Of great success on firm foundation built. i Where stealthy panther creeps upon his The storms and tempests of the rolling years victim's struggle and his cries of fear, Have beat thy granite walls by night aud j Which fainter grow, and die, at last, away. day, ■ Yet thou hast stood, amid man’s hopes and fears, I' H it ilf.ar the whirring of the spinning -wheel. To see the hands that made thee mould The crackling of the logs on fireplace bright, away. :,The scythe-stone grinding on the blade of Thou shalt remain to bid this land rejoice. i TheSt owl complaining through the lonely Till these fair youths who gaze upon thee 1. night. __ . now „ . laBdi I hear the merriments of olden tunes, Shall speak thy praises with a trembling voice. Thf* jinnle narings and the husking b^es, When hoary hairs adorn each wrinkled brow. Theh!®terPaiing!ng out like J From rustic haunts beneath the lowest tiees. j The waves of progress which have swept away Thy brother landmarks, built of wood or /‘What mean these stones?” They tell of stone. Broke at thv feet and vanished into spray. j Who°lWedmuend loved in years now flown And left thee. gray old monarch, here—alone. Who toiled5for us with hammer, plow and pen, ‘•A thing of beauty” thou hast always stood, ' From rosy morn until the evenm0 giay. “A thing of beauty” thou shalt ever stand, At first the glory of the lonely wood. 'Their grandest castles, bnilded in the air But now the glory of the teeming laud. WheS they at noon sought.rest ini shady dell Were not though fancy painted, half so fan Sing on, O walls, though years their changes i As these in which their children’s children Sin ""on "while all the hells of progress chime, dwell. Sing of the past, of future glory sing. Iwe now enioy the fruitage of their toil While thy quaint form defies the march of From where the Genesee s bnghj wateis time: flow. — -mvn- — Tsar- _.e chorus sang “ O Columbia, Colum¬ something edneefumg the life aou .wi¬ bia, Beloved.” the first secretary of the treasury, or was then called, the superintendent of Secretary Carlisle then delivered his ad¬ While the proprieties and, in fact, the neces¬ dress. sities of the occasion forbid elaboration of statement, or even a simple lecital of all the Robert Morris, or, as he was sometimes | public acts of Robert Morris, it will still be called, Robert Morris, Jr., was for many years| possible, I hope, without trespassing too long cue of the conspicuous figures in the galaxy] upon your patience, to present at least such of great men whose statesmanship, and cour-l an account of their character uud value as will age achieved, the independence of (be Ameri¬ fully justify this spontaneous effort on your can colonies, and to him more than to any part to honor his memory, not only as an able otter one man in a civil station, the people and patriotic public official at a time of great wore indebted for the successful termination peril and distress, but as a private citizen, of the revolutionary war. personally associated in his latter years with the local history and early development of It is characteristic of the martial race to Ibis and the adjacent country. which we belong to appreciate to the fullest Robert Morris was born at Liverpool. Eng¬ extent, and frequently to overestimate, the land, on the 31st day of January. 1734. new services of the successful soldier, while sim¬ style, and, according to a statement in Isis ple justice is not always done to the quiet j father’s will, came to America in the year statesman and financier, without whose' co¬ 1748. His father, also named Robert, was a operation and support the armies of the great¬ native of the same place, and is said to have est commander could neither make a move¬ been originally a nail maker, but afterwards ment nor light a battle. The most ordinary became a merchant. Precisely when he came military operations are more dramatic, and to America is not known, but at the, age of therefore more attractive to the common mind, 30 he became a resident of Talbot countv, than the patient and laborious achievements Maryland, on the eastern shore of Chesapeake of the civilian, but they cannot he conducted bay, where he continued to reside until 1750, without money or credit, and the man who when he was accidentally killed by the dis¬ contributes those , essential elements to the charge of a cannon which was fired in dis¬ aggressive force of a nation has at least as honor as he was leaving a ship at- which lie strong a claim to the admiration and grati¬ hud gone to attend a social ■entertainment. Iu tude of his countrymen as the man who plans 1 bis will, which is dated April 17, 1749, after campaigns and directs the movements of [making some bequests to other persons, The armies and fleets. So Jong as the people of testator sa.vs: (be United States hold iu grateful remem- . “I give all m.v lands and tenements Whatso¬ bracce the names and deeds of Washington ever, whereof I shall die sieved and his brave associates in arms, they ought in possession, reversion or remainder, not to forget the services of the merchant- t" a youth now living wilh my financier who. at a most critical period in their friend, Robert Greenway, in Philadelphia, history, substantially created and sustained known there by the name of Ivibert Morris tha credit without which the most heroic Jr., who arrived at Philadelphia'from Liver¬ efforts of these patriotic soldiers would have pool some time in the year 17488 and to him been unavailing; and yet, although a century a. the said Robert Morris, Jr.. w>w living wini has elapsed since Robert Morris finished his X& Mr. Robert Greenway, merchants atipKilud"'- public work and retired to private life, and '.'* phia, I give and bequeath all the lands and nearly ninety years have passed since bis 'll i bnomopTn i -T. _ » ns --- J**- —-- death, there is no public memorial to attest tenemetj-rs i sha] die uwsswsseupossessed uiof xorever;forever; 1 lie people’s appreciation of his great services ■ I T ,lcl 1 likewise give to the said Robert Morris, and very few even know the place of nls ■r1:* “ie 1‘est and residue of my -.roods, clmt- burial. Nearly seventy years ago his earliest te r, merchandise, apparel and" personal es¬ tate whatsoever.’’ biographer concluded a sketch of his life in tl esa words: 1 ,rAt .tIiC* time of bis father’s death Robert “The memory of a man of such distinguished Morris was about 16 years old and was em- mility cannot be lost: and while the recollec¬ - iployed m the mercantile house of the Wili- tion of his multiplied services are deeply M*n£s- were at that time perhaps the larg- engraven on the tablet of our hearts, let us I ®st mcrcbiints in Philadelphia. He remained hope that the day is not distant when some with them until 1754. when he and Thomas public monument, recording the most mo- gj willing, a younger member of ihe family, mentous occurrences of his life, and charno- £ lornied a partnership, which corn-tinned with’ teristlc of national feeling and gratitude, may H cut interruption for nearly forty years VI- mark the spot where' rest the remains of fcs ■ tbough an Englishman by birth, he promptly Robert Morris.” «identified himself with the friends of the Monuments of bronze and marble have been ' (.-monies in the controversy between them and erected in every part of the land to perpetu- '• W ms mother country, and in 1765, fen rears be- !lt.e the fame of.the men who were associated iure the battle of Lexington, he signed the with him during the war and afterwards, so ren-importation agreement and was' a meni- that even their forms and faces are almost as uer of the committee of citizens which waited familiar to us as the forms ancl faces of our upon the collector of the stamp tax to cemnei nearest fiionds, but this hope of his early him to vacate his office, which he did after biographer has not been realized, In nearly ..-considering the matter for two or three da vs every park and public place in our great cen¬ In li6b he was warden of the port: of Phila- ters of population there stands the figure of l>h]a, and in 1775, when the quaiiei between some hero or statesman of the revolutionary ic'0il0?iles al?d Great Britain had almost period, and. m nearly every household there leached the point, where reconciliation upon any reasonable terms w-as impossible he was bangs a picture commemorative of the per¬ son or the services of some prominent actor appointed on the council of safety for the . state oi Pennsylvania. In October of the "V f,-e troublous times which preceded tile same year lie was elected a member of the establishment of our independence; but neither provincial assembly under the old charter the figure nor the portrait of Robert Morris is among them. and in November the assembly appointed him one of the delegates to the continental con t is alike creditable to the patriotism and - d-he cext year. 1776. lie was again the liberality of the,citizens of Western New elected to the assembly under the new consti¬ fork that they have organized the first public tution of the state, the old charter and the association and inaugurated the first practical old assembly having been abolished hr a mass movement for the purpose of paying a loug- meeting and a revolutionary committee. On n e Si tribute to the memory of' a man who, the 20th day of July, 1776. lie was again nonvithstanding all the malignant accusations . i chosen as a delegate to the continental con¬ mzfle against him while in the public service, gress, although he was known to be opposed n«K left a record in which the critical re¬ to the Declaration of Independence and had searches of a hundred years have failed to dis- voted against it. believing, with many other . wTr» a,tme? °* dishonor or any lack of un¬ good and patriotic men of that period that selfish devotion to the true Interests of his | the opportunity for reconciliation upon terms < cnnlrymeia. _ 1 esteem it a great privilOge to vvhich would preserve the liberties of the neo- be with you in person upon this occasion and ple had not yet entirely passed, and that an to nave my name connected with yours in this ( etiort to effect an adjustment ought to be pafnotic movement; and especially do I con- f made before engaging in a war which was eeis sulcr it a great honor to be invited to sav I tain to entail great hardship, end which was I,AND OFFICE. i irormrrsitt to tfS'hucce&snii. I In February or March, 1777, he was „ ten on the day ot his second appointment to ’ ■fluid time appointed a delegate to the the continental congress, he defined his posi¬ I tin(■ idal congress. An attempt even to tion upon this subject, and, in vindication of I jiver'ile the various services rendered by 'his patriotism and fidelity to the cause of his I riming his terms as a member of that . country. I think a very brief extract from, it v mi Id compel me to omit many other imi I ought to he read. He said: 11r matters connected with his subsequel ir-n-’eer or extend tills address to an mireaso.,- “I have uniformly voted against and opposed LWlimrth. it. is sufficient to sav that fwjjw I the Declaration of Independence, because in my poor oninion it was an improper time, and; 'the beginning he was placed upon some at will neither promote the interests nor redound l 1,e most important committees, and Was al¬ yto the honor of America; for it has caused di¬ most constantly called upon to assist in the vision when we wanted union, and will be as¬ i conduct of financial affairs, not only by ins cribed to very different principles than those: advice 1 lid count- el. but by the use of his name | which ought to give rise to such an important and personal credit. . measure. I did expect my conduct on this- At that time there was no treasury depart¬ igreat question would have procured my dig- ment, nor any national exeeuUve organiza¬ I mission from the great council, but find my¬ tion of any kind, Early in li