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Toward a Pan-Pacific Strategy to Decrease Vulnerability to the Effects of Climate Change

Prepared for the Conservancy

By Lara Hansen, Jennie Hoffman and Eric Mielbrecht

October 2008 TOWARD A PAN -PACIFIC STRATEGY TO DECREASE VULNERABILITY TO THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Created for Ocean Conservancy by EcoAdapt (Lara Hansen, Jennie Hoffman & Eric Mielbrecht)

Table of Contents Background/Introduction to the Project ...... 2 The Need for Adaptation Action ...... 2 Section One: The Players ...... 3 Governmental Organizations...... 3 Non-Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations...... 5 Funders ...... 7 Section Two: Case Studies Adaptation Overview...... 8 Southern Pacific...... 9 Kimbe Bay Resilient Marine Protected Areas Network ...... 9 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Climate Change Action Plan...... 11 Community-based Adaptation Planning in ...... 13 Northeast Pacific ...... 14 Pacific Coast Cooperation: , and ...... 14 Community Conservation of Sea Turtles in Costa Rica...... 15 Bering Sea Fisheries Building Climate Change into Their Planning ...... 16 North Central Pacific...... 19 Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in ...... 19 Early Warning Systems for Pacific Islands...... 21 and East Asian Seas...... 23 Mangrove Restoration in Vietnam ...... 23 Climate Farmer Field Schools in ...... 25 Agent-based Modeling in the ...... 26 Section 3: Building a Plan for the Pacific ...... 28 Literature Cited ...... 30 Appendix A: The Players ...... A-1 Appendix B: Existing guidance resources ...... B-1

20 October 2008 1

Background/Introduction to the Project

Developing an adaptation strategy for a as enormous and variable as the Pacific is no small task. The ecological, political, climatic and socioeconomic realities throughout the region contain all of the extremes that can be found on the planet. Countries around the Pacific have tended to form coalitions along sociocultural lines—Pacific Island nations, , or the , for instance. Yet all are bound together by the Pacific Ocean, whose climate systems, currents, and species cross the boundaries of these traditional human groupings. Indeed, some species annually migrate the length or breadth of this vast ocean. The complexity of climate change and its combined effects on human and natural systems in many ways provides an opportunity for governments, organizations, and individuals across this region to join together to develop a shared solution.

The goal of this paper is four-fold: 1. Identify those organizations or individuals who have taken action on climate change adaptation around the , who have expressed an interest in taking action, and government agencies that are likely to be required to address the problem. 2. Outline general approaches to reducing vulnerability to climate change. 3. Present select case studies of adaptation that have been taken already around the Pacific Rim. 4. Integrate the case studies and general adaptation principle into a broader approach to adaptation that can be used as a framework to develop an adaptation strategy for a pan-Pacific coalition.

The Need for Adaptation Action Even if the world were to halt all anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases today, it would take several centuries for the climate and ocean chemistry to stabilize, and even longer for sea level rise to slow. This reality makes clear that while minimizing the rate and extent of climate change is still essential, so too is minimizing the vulnerability of human and natural communities to climate change. We have unfortunately waited far too long for action on mitigation alone to be sufficient 1.

Successful responses to climate change will therefore require that we deal with both the causes and effects of climate change. This suite of activities is commonly referred to as mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (minimizing the negative effects of climate change on human and natural systems). Adaptation cannot be successful without mitigation as society cannot effectively continue to respond to unchecked climate change.

1 Hansen, J. 2008. Global Warming Twenty Years Later: Tipping Points Near. Address to the National Press Club and Briefing to the House Select Committee on Energy Independence & Global Warming. http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/TwentyYearsLater_20080623.pdf

20 October 2008 2 There is insufficient adaptive capacity for most systems to deal with the kind of change that is predicted under business as usual scenarios, and certainly not with any substantial abrupt climate change.

The threats climate change poses to the Pacific have been reviewed in a number of documents, notably the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and an increasing number of vulnerability assessments around the region [e.g. National Communications to the UNFCCC; Ellison 2001 for Fiji’s mangroves; Abuodha and Woodroffe 2006 for Australia’s coast),]. This document focuses on responses to existing and anticipated threats. It is not intended to be a comprehensive treatise on adaptation; such resources are available elsewhere (see Appendix B). This document instead is intended to illustrate how adaptation has played out on the ground around the Pacific. In presenting case histories of actual adaptation projects we hope to motivate more players to move beyond planning into implementation.

Adaptation can and does take place at many levels: household, community, business, nation, region, or globe. And it can take place in many ways: as the end product of intensive planning based on the latest scientific models, as an ad hoc activity an individual does independently, and anything in between. In some cases, traditional activities and customs requiring little or no capital investment provide the best choice for local adaptation. In other cases effective adaptation may require new technologies and approaches that depend on an influx of outside funding. Regardless of what approach is taken, the most important element of adaptation is simply that it happen. To paraphrase Hay et al (2005), just as today’s development and natural resource management decisions will influence tomorrow’s climate, so too will tomorrow’s climate influence the success of today’s development and natural resource management.

The time to act is now. Section One: The Players

Appendix A contains a list of the organizations (governmental, non-governmental, community, industry) and individuals who are likely to be key players in developing and implementing a climate change adaptation coalition for the Pacific Rim and Islands. These organizations either have already engaged in some level of adaptation planning or activity, or have the responsibility to do so. The appendix is presented by geography, starting in the north Pacific and moving south, with regional and global organizations listed separately. In the section below, we highlight a few players that are particularly important.

Governmental Organizations The level of national commitment to responding to and preventing anthropogenic climate change varies, as does the types of activities being undertaken. The extremes run from countries like the United States, where there is virtually no federal action, but nascent state and regional action, to Australia, where there is a federal plan with initial implementation on both adaptation and mitigation, to a country like where the effects of climate change are so

20 October 2008 3 pronounced that the country is developing a “Plan B.” Relationships between national and state governments also vary across the region, as does the ability of various government agencies to enact and enforce policies. In the United States for example, each state has its own set of agencies distinct from federal agencies, while in Mexico, state authority is generally through state offices of federal institutions.

There are also regional actions by local or national governments across borders. has the Western Climate Initiative, which focuses on mitigation but provides a framework from which activities that do explicitly address adaptation, such as the West Coast Governors’ Agreement on Ocean Health, can spring. On a more ad hoc basis there is the ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) “Cities for Climate Protection” project, which also is not explicit in its adaptation engagement but it does include in its aims to “enhance urban livability and sustainability.” This effort is global in scope with numerous cities around the Pacific, including in Australia, , , Latin America, Mexico, , South , , and the United States. Additionally ICLEI was the publisher of a guide for local adaptation planning (Snover et al. 2007). Adaptation-oriented cross-border efforts include the work of the Association of Small Island States (AOSIS) 2. AOSIS represents its members and their interests regarding vulnerability to climate change within the system, including UNFCCC negotiations, and they have a keen interest in adaptation.

We provide below examples of three governmental agencies, chosen to illustrate different types of governmental resources.

United Kingdom Met Office The ’s Met Office is one of the world’s premier meteorological services, and home to the Hadley Centre, one of the top climate change research and modeling centers in the world. Although it does not focus on adaptation, it has a strong focus on building climatological and meteorological capacity around the globe to support vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning. Researchers at the Hadley Center developed the Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) climate modeling system, designed to make high- resolution regional climate scenarios easily available around the world. The system is freely available, and trainings have been provided around the globe. The trainings go well beyond simply how to use the PRECIS software, covering issues such as constructing and validating climate models in general. The workshops are designed to facilitate implementation of on-the- ground projects by participants, and to develop networks to provide on-going support.

Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) program The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) established the RISA program in the mid-1990s to help tighten the link between climate science and society, both by sharing climate science with stakeholders in a useful way, and by generating more stakeholder-

2 AOSIS Pacific members are the , Fiji, the Federated States of Micronesia, , the , , , , , , , , , Tuvalu and , with two U.S. ( and ) as observers

20 October 2008 4 driven climate science. The program has nine regional teams throughout the United States and associated territories, with four in the Pacific (see Table 1). While most centers are based at universities, there are active partners in governmental agencies, NGOs, and the private sector as well. The goal of establishing regional centers is to build strong relations between RISA teams and local and regional stakeholders, and to generate stakeholder-responsive research. Each RISA program has some latitude in its choice of focus, but the overall focus of the program has been generally been water resources, wildfires, fisheries, and agriculture. The centers in , Washington, and all include coastal impacts as a current of research. In 2004-2005, Pacific RISA team members from the East-West Center, the University of Hawaii, the Climate Services, and the Pacific ENSO Applications Climate Center held workshops on climate variability and change in each of the U.S. Pacific Island jurisdictions (American Samoa, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the of the Northern , and the Republic of Palau).

RISA States/Areas Covered URL Current Areas of Research Alaska Center for Alaska and the U.S. Arctic http://www.uaf.edu/accap/ Water resource management, Climate Assessment transportation and Policy (ACCAP) California Applications California and http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cap/ Water resource management, forest Program (CAP) fires, snowpack, human health Climate Impacts Group Washington, Oregon, http://www.cses.washington.edu/cig/ Water resource management, (CIG) forestry, snowpack, fish, coastal impacts Pacific RISA Hawaii, Marshall Islands, http://www.pacificrisa.org Water resources management, Northern Mariana Islands, coastal impacts, disaster risk Guam, Micronesia, Palau, management American Samoa Table 1. RISA centers in the Pacific

California Climate Change Portal The California Climate Change Portal provides an example of what a very active State-level climate change program can accomplish. Established by the California Energy Commission’s Public Interest Energy Research Program, it provides a central location where users from across the State can access research and information on California and climate change. The Portal provides easy access to relevant State publications, laws, and orders, and has links to all climate change-related State Agencies. The State has adaptation working groups focused on a wide array of sectors, including Biodiversity and Habitat, Infrastructure, Public Health, and Coastal Resources, Water, and Working Landscapes (forestry and agriculture). In large or far-flung jurisdictions, the presence of web site such as this facilitates cross-sector up-take and coordination of climate-related actions.

Non-Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations There is an array of non-governmental organizations working on climate change in the region, everything from regional groups like the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), which coordinates science, communications, and policy activities, to the Bishop Museum in Hawaii which is working on a vulnerability assessment of to WWF

20 October 2008 5 working with communities in Fiji on adaptation strategies relating to bleaching, sea level rise and altered precipitation patterns. There is also substantial interest from development, humanitarian, and disaster relief NGOs, including the International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies, Tearfund, CARE, and OxFam, and adaptation to climate change is receiving increasing attention in a number of multilateral agreements, including Migratory Species Initiative the Convention on Biodiversity, and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

There are private or economic sectors with strong interests regarding climate change planning that could prove to be a useful element of a pan-Pacific plan on adaptation. Economic sectors to be considered include fisheries, tourism, shipping, oil and gas, agriculture, forestry, development and insurance. One example is the fisheries industry in the northeast Pacific which is currently engaging on the issue of ocean acidification because they see that shellfish, and perhaps all fish, are vulnerable to climate change–related ocean acidification. Below we highlight a few key non-governmental or intergovernmental organizations.

WeAdapt A number of organizations and consortia are experimenting with on-line communities where users can share and discuss experiences, data, and resources related to climate change adaptation. Most such communities are still in their early stages, but one good example is WeAdapt (http://www.weadapt.org/ ). WeAdapt is designed to provide access to data, tools, and guidance to support climate change adaptation, and hosts an adaptation wiki, a library of guidance documents, and a variety of prototype tools such as Climate Change Explorer which allows users to identify and work with existing policy-relevant climate change data and models. They are currently working to develop a Climate Adaptation Decision Explorer (ADx), and in concert with Google Earth, EcoAdapt, and the State of California are piloting a California- centered adaptation support tool.

Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) SOPAC has 20 member countries, including 18 Pacific island countries and territories 3 as well as Australia and New Zealand. The Secretariat is based in , Fiji. Originally formed by the UN to promote offshore mineral and petroleum prospecting as a means of reducing poverty, SOPAC became independently funded by member countries, donor countries, and international agencies in 1984 4. Although still focused on poverty reduction and geological sciences, SOPAC is now geared towards sustainable resource development and vulnerability reduction. It has three operational programs (Ocean and Islands; Community Risk, and Community Lifelines) and provides a range of capacity-building, technical and field services upon request from member

3 Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, , Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. American Samoa, French and 4 Donors include Australia, Fiji, Canada, , Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the , and certain UN agencies.

20 October 2008 6 countries. It maintains an information technology unit and provides publication and library services.

South Pacific Regional Environmental Program (SPREP) Originally a small program attached to the Secretariat of the , SPREP was established as an intergovernmental organization in 1993 by its 25 member states and territories. The three focus areas identified in SPREP’s 2005 – 2009 Action Plan are Natural Resources Management, Pollution Prevention, and Climate Change, Climate Variability, Sea Level Rise and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. SPREP is charged with developing the Action Plan to implement Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change (PIFACC) 2006-2015, as well as with monitoring and updating the Pacific Islands Regional Framework for Climate Change, Climate Variability and Sea Level Rise. It is also the lead on the GEF-funded US$82.4 million Pacific Islands Adaptation to Climate Change Project (PACC). PACC’s efforts to implement long term adaptation measures will focus on water resources management, food production and security, and coastal zone and associated infrastructure. In contrast to SOPAC, has played major role in supporting international negotiations with UNFCCC.

SysTem for Analysis, Research and Training (START) Headquartered in Washington, DC, the International START Secretariat and its regional hubs foster networks of scientists, agencies, and institutions to “conduct research on regional aspects of environmental change, assess impacts and vulnerabilities to such changes, and provide information to policy makers” (START, 2008). START is sponsored by a group of organizations including International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on global environmental change (IHDP), and DIVERSITAS. It has a strong commitment to building capacity in developing countries, and hosts a project on “Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC)” that funds collaborative research, training, and technical support around the world. There are regional START secretariats in , East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and .

Funders Multilateral and Bilateral Funding Sources The Global Environment Facility (GEF) and its implementing agencies5 manage an array of funds, and have placed considerable emphasis on adaptation. Relevant funds include the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), and the GEF Trust Fund and its Strategic Priority on Adaptation. The Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol, currently under the trusteeship of the , will ultimately be managed by an Adaptation Fund Board made up of 16 members and 16 alternates representing 32 countries. All these funds operate at the national or regional level. GEF also manages a Small Grants Programme (SGP) which is geared towards communities and local NGOs. The relative

5 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Bank Group).

20 October 2008 7 effectiveness of GEF funding has received considerable scrutiny from a variety of researchers, NGOs, and governments, particularly in developing countries, and it was concerns about GEF- managed funds that led to the creation of the Adaptation Fund Board. Morita (2007) found that the SGP “is a better system to promote community-level adaptation activities than that of national and regional programmes, in terms of cost-efficiency, transparency, stakeholder participation and rather equity.”

Many multilateral development banks and organizations have funded adaptation projects around the Pacific. The most instrumental funders in this group, all executing agencies of the GEF, include the (ADB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN (FAO).

Most bilateral development agencies are also providing some funding for climate change adaptation in countries around the Pacific. The major bilateral agencies to date are the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Department for International Development (DFID). AusAID has committed AU$150 million over the next three years to support adaptation primarily in vulnerable “neighboring island countries 6.” The primary focus of AusAID’s work tends to be more on freshwater resource management than marine issues.

Foundations There is also a newly awakening interest by the foundation community on the issue of climate change and the Pacific. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation has been funding work on vulnerability assessments in Melanesia and Southeast Asia with an eye toward eventually developing adaptation strategies from those findings. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation was one of the funders of the Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea case study outlined below.

Section Two: Case Studies Adaptation Overview

Adaptation is based on a few basic concepts: protecting adequate and appropriate space, limiting non-climate stressors and implementing adaptation actions early, holistically, widely and in an adaptive way (Hansen et al. 2003). A number of organizations and individuals have created guidelines for adaptation (see Appendix B for many examples). In the end they get at the same set of actions but with different emphases and from different perspectives. International organizations tend to take more of a science-driven, top-down approach, while local initiatives are typically bottom-up, driven by people’s observations, values, and concerns. Adaptation strategies that develop organically with relevant stakeholders are generally more successful and long-lasting than those driven by outside donors or concerns. Climate change

6 For more details on this program: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/keyaid/adaptation.cfm

20 October 2008 8 adaptation is a long-term commitment to doing work differently as the climate continues to change for the next several generations. Therefore it is critical that the analysis, approaches and implementation be done in cooperation with the communities, governments, organizations and companies that will be carry the work forward.

The following case studies are used to highlight the key features that will be required in a pan- Pacific adaptation strategy to prepare for climate change.

Southern Pacific

Kimbe Bay Resilient Marine Protected Areas Network In 2004, The Nature Conservancy and the government of West New Britain, Papua New Guinea began a coordinated process to develop a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) that would be resilient to climate change. Located in the Coral Triangle, the global center of coral biodiversity, this site was selected owing to beneficial biophysical and socioeconomic features, including dramatic topography and bathymetry, diverse habitat representation and high biodiversity, low marine resource use, cultural identity with ocean and local conservation commitment, nascent tourist interest, and terrestrial stress with local awareness of their marine impacts. Despite the advantage of beneficial features making this a site where resilience might be naturally higher, the approaches employed and lessons learned are transferable to the broader Pacific.

Figure 1. Location of Kimbe Bay (Courtesy of TNC )

This project attempts to explicitly build an MPA network that is resilient to climate change by incorporating four adaptation principles: spreading risk through representation and replication, prioritizing protection of sites of high conservation value (e.g. fish spawning locations, turtle nesting beaches, nursery areas), supporting connectivity and developing effective management.

20 October 2008 9

Scientific design of this MPA network was achieved through use of Marxan 7. Based on existing survey data and economic value (positive and negative) the most effective and economical options were identified, then integrated to create a final approach (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Scientific design of an MPA network for Kimbe Bay (Green et al. 2007, Courtesy of TNC)

In order to implement such a plan in Kimbe Bay it was essential to engage local stakeholders. Papua New Guinea, like many Pacific island cultures, has traditional land and marine tenure systems, in which local communities have ownership of local resources. To properly engage in such a system several components were key, including local NGO participation from Mahonia Na Dari (“Guardians of the Sea”) and the inclusion of locally managed marine areas (LLMAs) which exist throughout the Pacific. The LLMA process (Lipsett-Moore 2006) involves several steps to gain community commitment. The communities need to be engaged, help in the “visioning” process, and participate in the conservation plan development and implementation.

7 Available for download at http://www.uq.edu.au/marxan/index.html?p=1.1.1 Ball, I. R. and H. P. Possingham. 2000. MARXAN (V1.8.2): Marine Reserve Design Using Spatially Explicit Annealing, a Manual Possingham, H. P., I. R. Ball and S. Andelman. 2000. Mathematical methods for identifying representative reserve networks. In : S. Ferson and M. Burgman (Eds.) Quantitative methods for conservation biology. Springer-Verlag, , pp. 291-305

20 October 2008 10 This process is analogous to the process that needs to be undertaken to implement effective adaptation at any scale anywhere.

Key aspects of this work have been: local engagement, use of available adaptation approaches and climate vulnerability knowledge to make present day decisions, and planning ahead for implementation.

One area for improvement would be to assess whether areas that are not priorities based on current conditions might become priorities in the near to long-term as a consequence of climatic or other changes.

Australia Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Climate Change Action Plan Australia has strong governmental engagement on climate change. The Australia Government Department of Climate Change was established in 2007 and has been charged with reducing greenhouse pollution while also planning, through its National Climate Change Adaptation Programme and other activities, for the climate change that cannot be avoided. There are many examples of natural resource management strategy and policy modifications that have been supported by environmental and socioeconomic research and stakeholder involvement, such as 8 Adaptation to Climate Change in Regional NRM Plans , a guidance document developed to support the Guidelines for Regional Natural Resource Management (NRM) Planning in 9 Queensland, or the National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan 2004 – 2007 , which requires all jurisdictions to identify potential climate change effects and elaborate conservation strategies. This case study will focus on climate change adaptation actions in the management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park as examples that may be translatable to other Pacific . Australia is farther along in analyzing coastal and marine climate change impacts, vulnerabilities, and implementing adaptation strategies than most Pacific Ocean nations.

Coral bleaching had occurred in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef several times before the 1998 and 2002 mass bleaching events, but it is these events that brought the effects of climate change on sensitive marine ecosystems to the forefront (Fabricius et al. 2007). In 2007, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority released its Climate Change Action Plan 2007-2012 (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 2007a) and has in place a comprehensive coral bleaching response plan (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 2007b). Both these plans implement a wide range of climate adaptation strategies developed across agencies and institutions that can help build and maintain resilience in marine systems and the socioeconomic systems that depend on them.

The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Climate Change Action Plan centers on four objectives of which three are strong universal adaptation strategies. The first objective is

8 Available at http://www.regionalnrm.qld.gov.au/policies_plans_legislation/planning_guidance_docs/climate_change.pdf 9 See http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/nbccap/ for further information

20 October 2008 11 Targeted Science and emphasizes the need for robust information that addresses critical knowledge gaps in climate change impacts, reveals ecological thresholds, improves monitoring, develops predictability, evaluates strategies, and that can help translate understanding into active management responses. While climate change adaptation strategies are developed for regions not as information-rich as the Great Barrier Reef, this specific emphasis on information gathering and synthesis is an important step in developing appropriate adaptation strategies.

The second objective, A Resilient Great Barrier Reef Ecosystem , introduces the vital strategy of maintaining and building resilience in vulnerable systems. Maximizing the resilience of the GBR ecosystem includes reducing local stressors (i.e. water quality threats, physical damage, human disturbance or coastal development), protecting adequate and appropriate spaces (i.e. transition or alternate habitats zones allowing distribution and abundance shifts), and maintaining key functional groups in the ecosystem (i.e. herbivores in coral systems). Adapting existing management activities to consider climate change should invoke the precautionary principal. Climate change will modulate the magnitude of existing local stressor impacts and the effectiveness of existing management responses in sometimes unpredictable ways. Considering climate change in past and future management strategies is essential. Climate change impacts may also be minimized by event triggered management response. The Great Barrier Reef Coral Bleaching Response Plan (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 2007b) was developed to establish routine tasks such as an early warning system, and responsive tasks such as bleaching monitoring, communication, and use restriction responses.

Objective three, Adaptation of Industries and Communities , considers socioeconomic resilience. The ecosystem services of the Great Barrier Reef underpin AU$6.9 billion of economic activity annually and untold social and cultural value (Access Economics 2007). Identifying factors that confer resilience to human communities and industries and maximizing resilience in these sectors is essential in preparing for the degree of deterioration inevitable in the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. Collecting, assessing and communicating socioeconomic information that links peoples’ well-being to reef ecosystems services can reveal vulnerabilities and support adaptation strategies that can maximize resilience in these sectors. Socioeconomic implications of climate change impacts often receive secondary consideration but Australia rightly emphasizes the importance of these linkages in involving and motivating stakeholders to act. Management actions and policy change depend on stakeholder support and a constituency can be motivated by economic or personal impacts.

The fourth objective, Reduced Climate Footprints , focuses on reducing the magnitude of climate change and eventually reversing it. This is vital for adaptation as the above actions can only “buy time” for these systems. Ultimately, all climate change adaptation strategies will fail unless the rate and extent of climate change is reduced. Reducing greenhouse gas pollution requires actions of individuals, communities and industries. By linking community and industry well-being to reef ecosystem services through socioeconomic study and stakeholder involvement, opportunities for linking pollution reduction strategies to the long-term health of the Great Barrier Reef become apparent.

20 October 2008 12 Community-based Adaptation Planning in Fiji Kabara is one of many islands scattered along the southeastern boundary of Fiji’s waters. Its relative isolation makes its inhabitants heavily dependent on natural resources not just for livelihoods but for day-to-day subsistence. In working with communities here, WWF South Pacific Program realized that the people had very little awareness of climate change and how it might affect them. In response, they developed a two-day community-wide Climate Witness project, the methodology for which has been written up into a handbook 10 . Villagers collectively mapped out natural resources around the island, and created timelines for which resources were used when. They then discussed how the climate influenced these resources and their availability, what changes they had already seen, and what changes might happen in the future. On the second day, community members discussed their values, first sharing individual values and then coming to agreement on the values that mattered most to them as a community, what they wanted to maintain for the future. This was followed by a root cause analysis that helped community members to see the various factors contributing to problems they had identified earlier, and then by a number of processes geared towards developing a broad array of adaptation options. The final stage of the Climate Witness project was to develop a concrete Community Adaptation Plan (CAP) that reflected the needs, values, and threats identified in the previous two days. As a result of this project, Kabara villagers have successfully carried out many elements of their CAP, including getting international grant money for water storage tanks to address their concern over increased salinization of drinking water.

There are several lessons from this Climate Witness project that can be widely applied across the Pacific. One reason for the project’s success was the existing relationship of trust between WWF South Pacific and community members. WWF had worked with the community on forestry and marine resource issues for years, and the Climate Witness project arose out of this existing relationship. Furthermore, WWF scientists allowed the community to take the lead in identifying problems and solutions, rather than simply presenting the community with a prepared list of vulnerabilities and adaptation options. WWF staff provided information as needed and guided discussions, but villagers were allowed to go through the process of exploring and identifying vulnerabilities to climate change, and then developing their own ideas for solutions. This gave the community ownership over the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning process. While community-based adaptation has become a buzzword, making it work in practice is not always simple. This Climate Witness project illustrates how powerful true community-based adaptation can be.

Another unique element of the Climate Witness project was that adaptation planning placed as much emphasis on community values and priorities as it did on the physical aspects of vulnerability. After identifying the risks posed by climate change to natural resources, community members focused on what mattered most to them as a community. This meant that they internalized not just what climate change might mean to their natural resources but what

10 Climate Witness Community Toolkit, downloadable at http://www.wwfpacific.org.fj/what_we_do/climate_change/climate_witness/index.cfm

20 October 2008 13 it might mean to them as a community. This increased the commitment of the community to the adaptation plan that was created: not only did they have ownership of the process, but their core values as a community were woven into the fabric of the final plan that came out of it.

The Climate Witness project also helped bring home the importance of climate change and adaptation to the Fijian people and the Fijian government. The very personal stories that came out of the project got people’s attention, and the close linking of vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning meant that people were motivated to move forward rather than simply feeling powerless in the face of an overwhelming global challenge.

For WWF South Pacific, this project had many benefits. It raised the profile of the program as a leader on climate change. It helped build climate change into the organization’s overall thought process, particularly in the forestry and marine teams, reducing the vulnerability of WWF’s conservation work to climate change. The integration of climate change into the overall program also meant that climate change experts on the team got a very vivid understanding of the implications of climate change for local communities, for real people in real places.

The official Community Witness project ended in 2005, but the bonds between WWF staff and the Kabara community remains strong (another benefit of true partnership). The integration of climate change into the thinking of the marine and forestry programs also continues, making the South Pacific Program a model for building climate change into all conservation work. The Climate Witness model is being taken up and modified around the world.

Northeast Pacific

United States Pacific Coast Cooperation: Washington, Oregon and California In May 2008 the West Coast Governors created the “Agreement on Ocean Health” for Washington, Oregon and California 11 . One of the two “overarching actions” presented in this document is “Preparing for the effects of climate change.” The agreement recognizes that climate change is an underlying stress that will affect all of the other priorities of the agreement. The agreement seems to focus primarily on assessing the effects of climate change on the coastal areas and communities of the three states, however it does offer a clear mandate to take adaptation action. It presents a clear understanding of the interactive effects of multiple climate change manifestations and other stressors. For example the interactions among climate change, harmful algal blooms (HABs), and polluted run-off, and the multiple- stress concept in general are all discussed. This agreement obviously also considered the built environment and role of adaptation in the “long-term viability of coastal communities.” Offered solutions include low impact development (LID), increasing citizen “ocean awareness and literacy,” “providing forecasting tools to address climate change,” more regionally coordinated

11 West Coast Governors’ Action Plan for the Agreement on Ocean Health from May 2008. Available at http://westcoastoceans.gov/Docs/WCGA_ActionPlan_low-resolution.pdf

20 October 2008 14 marine research, access to information to develop responses to climate change, and coastal community training to prepare for climate change. At present agencies in each state are working on developing the concepts set out in this agreement.

One critical asset this region has for addressing the effects of climate is the presence of two of NOAA’s nine RISA teams, one based in Washington but serving Oregon as well, and one based in California (see information on RISA in the “Players” section). These teams have a mandate to engage in stakeholder-driven research and to provide the current climate science to policy- and decision-makers in an accessible way. The Climate Impacts Group (CIG), as the Washington- based RISA team is known, has achieved several notable successes. CIG developed a climate change streamflow scenario tool that facilitates the inclusion of climate change into regional and state hydrological planning, and is working with Washington State watershed planners on approaches to building climate change into watershed planning. CIG worked with the city of Portland, Oregon, to predict how climate change was likely to affect the municipal water supply, and the city is using CIG’s results for future water and development plans. CIG was also a co-author, with King Executive Ron Sims and the King County climate change team, of Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments . The California-based RISA team, California Applications Program, works jointly with the California Energy Commission’s California Climate Change Center.

In California there is an effort to develop adaptation strategies for several sectors, one of which is “Coastal and Ocean Resources.” For this the State of California Resources Agency has charged the California Ocean Protection Council to coordinate a multi-agency group, including all coastally responsible agencies (Coastal Conservancy, San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, Fish and Game, State Parks, California Department of Transportation, State Lands, Coastal Commission) to develop an adaptation strategy. This process has just begun with the initial public meeting on the process occurring in 2008 12 .

Community Conservation of Sea Turtles in Costa Rica Junquillal Beach, along the northwest coast of Costa Rica, is one of that country’s most important nesting beaches for globally endangered leatherback sea turtles. It is not part of Costa Rica’s protected area network, and harvest of sea turtle eggs historically resulted in the destruction of three quarters or more of the leatherback nests. Also, like nesting beaches around the world, this one faces twin threats from climate change: sea level rise and increasing sand temperatures. During periods of rapid sea level rise in the geological past, if the slope and substrate were appropriate beaches simply shifted landward with the rising seas. Now, many beaches are backed by coastal development and infrastructure that prevents this landward shift, meaning that as sea level goes up the beaches simply disappear. The average rate of sea level rise, just 1.8 mm/year before 1993, is now roughly 3.1 mm/year (IPCC 2007), making this an increasingly serious issue.

The second threat from climate change, increasing nest temperatures, is no less worrisome. While the sex of humans is determined by genetics, the sex of sea turtles is determined by the temperature at

12 For meeting description: http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/meetings/index.html

20 October 2008 15 which the eggs are incubated. Below a certain temperature, embryos become male, and above it they become female. As a result of warming temperatures, many nesting beaches are now producing a much higher percentage of females than before, in some cases producing only females. At Junquillal Beach, nest temperatures often get high enough now that the developing embryos are killed outright.

When WWF’s Latin America program began a sea turtle conservation project in Junquillal Beach, foreign investors and hotel owners were enthusiastic, but locals were not. Like locals in so many areas with tourist development, they were concerned that a project brought in by outsiders might end up with more land in foreign hands and only menial jobs for locals. Low levels of local participation in the first six months of project delayed a number of the planned activities. In response, WWF engaged in a comprehensive program of community education and engagement. Teachers, heads of families, and students were invited to a workshop called “Teaching and Learning about Ecology on the Beach and in the Schoolyards.” The response was so positive that WWF established an on-going environmental education program with several schools in the region. The project coordinator, who lived in Junquillal Beach, put up photograph exhibits and bulletins related to sea turtle conservation.

The real turning point, however, was the “Leatherback Tournament 2005” soccer championship. This was not part of the original plan, but project personnel thought it might help to strengthen bonds of friendship and get the word out about project objectives. After the tournament, locals finally signed up for visits to community-based tourism experiences in Monteverde and Tortuguero, which in turn inspired them to take a more active role in developing such a project in their own community. Six local youths now run beach patrols that record every female turtle that comes on the beach to nest. They scan the turtles for PIT tags (microchips that identify individual turtles), measure them, and if the nest location is not optimal, move the eggs to an outdoor hatchery where nest conditions can be controlled. At the hatchery, nests are shaded to maintain the proper temperature range, watered to maintain the appropriate moisture level, and if necessary hatchlings get help digging themselves out of the nest. Locals and tourists alike participate in hatchling release festivals, watching the young turtles on their run to the ocean.

In addition to work directly with the turtles, WWF has helped the community develop livelihood activities related to sea turtle conservation. Locals are being trained as naturalist guides, and families are hosting foreign students who both provide extra income for the family and do research on the turtles. Interested community members have received help producing and marketing handicrafts.

Because sea turtles take so long to mature, it is still too early to tell whether the program will achieve its long-term goal of increasing and sustaining the sea turtle populations that nest here. Early signs are good, however. Within just one year, egg poaching in Junquillal dropped to almost nothing. The number of hatchlings reaching the ocean has increased from almost nothing to close to 10,000. The local community feels ownership of the project, and recently helped to plant thousands of native plant species along the beach edge to create cooler, shadier conditions for turtle nests. Carlos Drews, project coordinator, writes that the three key strategies for project success were the nest protection itself, raising awareness about sea turtles and environmental concerns in general in the community, and generating productive activities related to sea turtle conservation (Drews et al 2006).

Bering Sea Fisheries Building Climate Change into Their Planning The Bering Sea is one of the most productive regions of the world’s oceans, producing nearly half of the annual seafood catch of the United States. It is home to numerous marine mammal

20 October 2008 16 species as well as millions of migratory shorebirds and seabirds which feed in the Bering Sea for part of every year. Several aboriginal groups and rural households continue to rely on natural resources for subsistence. There is an extensive fishing industry which also takes advantage of this high productivity. In this region there is massive climate change, not the least of which is changing seasonal ice coverage. Managers and legislators can do little to directly compensate for sea ice loss (no grand sea ice creation schemes seem feasible), however there are actions that may slow ice loss (mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions) and increase system resilience, such as reducing non-climate stresses in the region and protecting the area required to maintain system processes as the environment changes. In this case, that might mean adjusting fishing to levels that can be supported under the new climate regime and protecting more area to the north as fisheries seek refuge by following the cooler waters.

The North Pacific Fisheries Management Council, composed of public and private sector voting members, has taken on a few issues recently in an effort to promote ecosystem resilience in their region. The first, passed by unanimous approval June 2007 13 , designates a northern boundary for bottom trawling based on Essential Fish Habitat for the Bering Sea (Figure 3). The second is a proposal to be voted on in December 2008 which would prohibit commercial fisheries in the US Arctic “until adequate scientific information on fish stocks and how commercial fisheries might affect the Arctic environment are available 14 .” This motion resulted from recognition by the council of “heightened national and international interest in the Arctic and potential changes in this region that might arise due to climate warming.” The ban would be on all commercial fishing in the Arctic north of the Bering Strait15 (with the exception of a historic red king crab fishery in the southern Chuckchi Sea that must remain within its current “size, scope and limited geographic location”) and would provide for outreach to and input from residents of the Arctic region. The next step in this action would be the establishment of an Arctic Fishery Management Plan that addresses ecosystem and community concerns before commercial fishing could begin. Presently there seems to be unanimous approval for the prohibition. These activities are both viewed as being very progressive for a generally reactive or “retrospective” industry.

Two programs in particular are helping to build climate change into Bering Sea fisheries management. The North Pacific Climate Regimes and Ecosystem Productivity (NPCREP) study is using monitoring, modeling, and experiments to investigate how the physical and biological controls on ecosystems in this region are affected by climate variability and change. The information they have gained is being used to develop a variety of indices and assessment tools that the North Pacific Fisheries Management Council can use in recommending each year’s Total Allowable Catch, as well as fish recruitment predictions that include the effect of climate change. The NPCREP program also provides on-line access to environmental and ecosystem data for Bering Sea that allows the NPFMC to track trends and use them for management

13 Details can be found at http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfmc/current_issues/BSHC/BSHC607motion.pdf and http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfmc/current_issues/BSHC/BSHC.htm 14 North Pacific Fishery Management Council Motion on the Arctic Fisheries Management Plan, June 2008. Available at www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfmc/current_issues/Arctic/ArcticFMPmotion608.pdf 15 Details can be found at http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfmc/current_issues/Arctic/arctic.htm

20 October 2008 17 recommendations. The on-line system will soon be expanded to include the Gulf of Alaska. A related program, the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Integrated Ecosystem Research Program (BSIERP) 16 , is also generating and making available data that will help in the management of fisheries, marine mammals, and seabirds. The BSIERP project is also working to document, characterize, and quantify local subsistence and cultural use and understanding of the Bering Sea ecosystem, and to integrate this knowledge into ecosystem models.

Figure 3. New bottom trawling northern boundary (indicated as “Bering Sea Habitat Conservation” areas) for the Bering Sea

Local NGOs are embarking on adaptation plans for the region. These include WWF-Bering Sea Program and the Cook Inletkeepers. The WWF project focuses on a vulnerability assessment of fisheries in the Pribilof Islands to help develop a better fisheries management plan for the region. There has already been a shift northward in the Pollack fishery between 1999 and 2007 (Figure 4).

16 http://bsierp.nprb.org/

20 October 2008 18

Figure 4. Distribution of the Pollock fishery in the eastern Bering Sea Shelf in 1999 (a) compared to 2007 (b). Source 2001 and 2007 Pollock Stock Assessments in the North Pacific Groundfish Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation 17 Reports

North Central Pacific

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Micronesia In 2002, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) initiated a project called Climate Change Adaptation for the Pacific Islands (CLIMAP), funded by the Government of Canada, with the goal of integrating climate change and variability into development projects in Pacific Island developing member countries. Out of this work, ADB recognized the need for a series of case histories illustrating the approach to climate change adaptation developed as a result of their work on mainstreaming adaptation. They received funding from the Canadian Cooperation Fund for Climate Change—Greenhouse Gas Abatement, Carbon Sequestration and Adaptation for a Regional Technical Assistance (RETA) which allowed them to put together Climate Proofing—A Risk-based Approach to Adaptation , which contains six case studies of mainstreaming adaptation, three in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), three in the Cook Islands. Here we summarize the projects in the FSM; for further information on these case histories as well as information on the case studies in the Cook Islands, refer to Climate Proofing—A Risk-based Approach to Adaptation (Hay et al, 2005) .

Building Adaptation into the National Strategic Development Plan In 2003, the FSM began to prepare a national Strategic Development Plan (SDP) as well as an Infrastructure Development Plan for the period 2004-2023, and requested that the ADB provide technical assistance. At the third FSM Economic Summit in early 2004, nine sectoral committees were set up to develop the SDP. The three sectors with known vulnerability to climate change and vulnerability—health, the environment, and infrastructure—decided to “climate proof” their sections of the SDP. The resulting SDP 18 , which has since been approved by the FSM

17 Found at http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/docs/2007/EBSpollock.pdf and http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/refm/docs/2001/BSpollock.pdf 18 Available at http://www.micronesiaregistration.com/pdfs/news_StrategicPlan.pdf

20 October 2008 19 National Congress, contains a number of provisions that strengthen the enabling environment for more resilient development, such as requiring that climate change be included in risk assessments for new infrastructure projects and strengthening a variety of regulations, such as those relating to new construction, to include climate change. The FSM also developed a set of national guidelines for mainstreaming adaptation to climate change, available as Appendix 3 in Climate Proofing—A Risk-based Approach to Adaptation.

Climate Proofing a Road Infrastructure in Kosrae, FSM Until recently, the community of Walung on the southwestern tip of Kosrae was the only community on the island without a link to other . The Kosrae infrastructure development plan calls for completing a circumferential road, which would provide Walung with all-weather access to the rest of the island. Funds for road construction were to be provided under the Compact of Free Association with the United States, and construction of 10.6 km of road was scheduled for 2004. The drainage works for the existing road were designed to accommodate an hourly rainfall of 178 mm, the rainfall maximum with a 25 year return period. More recent data suggested that a better estimate of the 25 year return period hourly rainfall would be 190 mm, and by 2050 the rate is projected to increase to 254 mm as a result of climate change. Engineers prepared a modified design for the remaining section of road that would accommodate an hourly rainfall of 254 mm, with an incremental cost of roughly US$77,000 per km. Despite the much higher initial cost, it was estimated that within 15 years the accumulated costs for the “climate proofed” road would be lower than those for a road built for today’s conditions. With this information in hand, the government of Kosrae weighed several possible courses of action: diverting funds from other important items in its budget (e.g. health care) to build the better road, building the road using the old design, seeking additional state, national, or Compact II (from the US) funds, or seeking additional funding from international development agencies. The Kosrae government decided to put off completing the new section of road until it could secure outside funding to cover the incremental costs of building the “climate proofed” road, and prepared a proposal to send to the Global Environmental Facility.

Table 2. Construction Costs of Kosrae Road Section RS4 (6.6 km section to be built). Original Design Climate Proofed Design Road Surface $1,254,414 $1,254,414 Drainage Works $ 640,233 $1,151,397 Total $1,894,647 $2,405,811 Incremental Cost $511,000

Table 3. Total construction, maintenance, repair costs Section RS4 (6.6 km section to be built) Original design Climate proofed design Net Benefit No climate change $4,475,000 With climate change $7,803,000 $4,986,000 $2,817,000 Internal rate of return 11%

20 October 2008 20

Climate Proofing Sapwohn, FSM - A Coastal Community in Pohnpei Sapwohn, a small community on Sokehs Island near the Pohnpei mainland, sits on a thin strip of land between the ocean and the steep slopes of Sokehs Mountain. The village is flooded regularly both by freshwater flooding and by high sea level events. The current 25 year hourly rainfall is 210 mm, and current 25 year flood depths are 0.4 and 0.6 m for most of the area, with a small area receiving less than 0.2 m of flooding. By 2050, the projected 25 year rainfall is 393 mm, with corresponding maximum flood depths of more than a meter, with all areas receiving at least 0.2 m of water. Flood damage costs over the next 50 years have been estimated at US$ 10-16 million without considering climate change. Project staff and community members developed a variety of adaptation options, including drainage works to divert runoff from the mountain and changes in building practices and land use planning. Drainage works that would divert 50% of runoff from 25-year storm would have an incremental cost of roughly US$0.75 million, and incremental benefits of US$5 million, a compelling cost/benefit ratio.

Early Warning Systems for Pacific Islands In May of 1997, ocean-atmosphere observations and models both suggested that a severe El Niño was developing. That June, the Pacific ENSO Applications Center (PEAC) warned the governments of all US-affiliated Pacific Island countries that it was increasingly certain that a strong El Niño was coming, and that changes in rainfall and storm patterns could be similar to those during the devastating 1982-83 El Niño. They predicted severe droughts across the region starting in December, and a higher than normal risk of in the Marshall Islands, American Samoa, and parts of Micronesia. In response, governments established drought response plans, drought/El Niño task forces, and public information campaigns preparing the public for what might come. Palau surveyed the water distribution system for the most populous part of the country and was able to finish almost all necessary repairs before the drought began. In the Federated States of Micronesia, the government coordinated delivery of water to outlying islands in advance of the drought, while individuals and groups repaired water catchment systems throughout the country.

The drought was indeed severe, leading to water rationing in some areas, but there is general agreement that the advance notice and preparations significantly reduced the negative effects. In the Koror-Airai area of Palau, the normal water supply is 111 million gallons per month. During the worst part of the drought, just 9.3 gallons/month were delivered, less than 10% of normal. In the capital of the Marshall Islands, , water pumps at Laura Islet, one of the city’s two water sources, failed. For two months, municipal fresh water was available just seven hours every 14 days. While residents of Palua and Pohnpei could get water every day, they could only do so during a period of a few hours. Agricultural losses were quite heavy as well.

PEAC illustrates the benefits of developing a forecasting service where both scientists and decision-makers feel ownership. By having a collaborative, participatory process, PEAC is increasingly able to provide forecasts in a way that maximizes their utility for action on the

20 October 2008 21 ground. This includes recognizing trusted information brokers throughout the region, e.g. National Weather Service forecasting offices. By having a sustained relationship, increases the chance that people understand and respond appropriately to warnings.

NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch Satellite Coral Bleaching Monitoring program is another example of an effective, user-driven early warning system 19 . Using satellite data, bleaching models, and on- the-ground input from around the world, NOAA scientists are able to identify reefs at risk of bleaching in near real-time. Reef managers, conservationists, or any other interested parties can sign up for email alerts that let them know when an area they are interested in is at risk of bleaching, or check the Coral Reef Watch web site for news on current oceanographic conditions in their area. A number of areas around the Pacific, such as Palau, Bali, and the Great Barrier Reef, have developed bleaching monitoring plans than build on the Coral Reef Watch program. Because high sea surface temperatures stress before bleaching becomes visible, an early warning allows managers to implement bleaching monitoring protocols and 20 potentially take management action. A Reef Manager’s Guide to Coral Bleaching (Marshall and Schuttenberg 2006) describes approaches managers can take in the short and long term to minimize the occurrence and impact of bleaching on their reefs. In the short term, minimizing physical or chemical stresses may prevent bleaching or allow recovery, so managers may wish to restrict potentially damaging activities (e.g. boat anchoring, snorkeling, dredging, nutrient input) around reefs at risk of bleaching. Managers may also experiment with shading reefs or adding enough cooler water to keep the area below the bleaching threshold, although these approaches may not be practical on a large scale and may have unanticipated negative effects.

19 See http://www.eoearth.org/article/Coral_bleaching,_satellite_observations,_and_coral_reef_protection for general background, and http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/index.html for their site and to sign up for alerts 20 Available at http://www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/reef_managers_guide/pdfs/reef_managers_guide.pdf

20 October 2008 22

Figure 5. Opportunities for Management Intervention. From Marshall and Schuttenberg, 2006

Pacific Ocean and East Asian Seas

Mangrove Restoration in Vietnam A 2007 analysis (Dasgupta et al. 2007) suggested that Vietnam is one of the five developing countries most vulnerable to sea level rise. Most of its major cities and agricultural area lie along the country’s 3000 km of coastline, just a few feet above sea level. Coastal vulnerability is exacerbated by the loss of close to 50% of its mangrove cover since 1945 (Jameson et al. 1995), primarily due to aerial herbicide use during the Vietnam war 21 and conversion of forests to agriculture, including shrimp aquaculture (Tri et al. 1998). Intact mangrove forests reduce the force of waves hitting the shoreline, and the loss of mangroves leads to significant increases in erosion.

In response to the increased erosion, the Vietnam Red Cross/Red Crescent societies began a pilot mangrove restoration and replanting project in one community in 1994. It quickly became apparent that in addition to reducing the erosion of the earthen dikes used to protect rice

21 A single spraying of Agent or Agent White is fatal to many of Vietnam’s mangrove species, making them the most sensitive type of coastal vegetation (Ross, 1974)

20 October 2008 23 paddies and villages from the sea, the presence of mangroves also increased biodiversity and the availability of marine food species.

Following the success of the pilot project, the work was expanded in 1997 to include seven more Northern coastal provinces, and has now been implemented in 157 communes in 47 districts in eight provinces. Roughly 12,000 hectares of mangroves have been planted for a total cost of US$1.1 million. The investment has more than repaid itself, however. Mangrove replanting has reduced the cost of dike maintenance by US$7.3 million per year, and significantly reduced the loss of life and property during typhoons. In replanted areas, mangrove associated species have increased measurably, including 109 species of birds and important food species such as crabs, shrimp, mollusks, and finfish. Both subsistence and small- scale commercial fishing have become possible in areas where they had disappeared completely due to mangrove loss, indicating the ability of ecosystems to recover from severe damage. The World Bank also funds mangrove replanting efforts now, and the Vietnamese government has indicated a strong commitment to supporting such projects on an ongoing basis.

Red Cross/Red Crescent staff members say that the key to the success of their efforts was strong community participation, and a sense of ownership of the project by communities. As in Fiji, the sense of ownership was developed both through the trust that existed between communities and the organization coordinating the project, and through the careful attention paid to community perception of risk and vulnerability. By allowing community members to articulate their own priorities and values rather than imposing those values on the communities with which they worked, project staff made community members into true partners who worked hard for the long-term sustainability and success of the project. Another important element of success was the close collaboration with local government authorities, enhancing the sense of local ownership.

While this project was conceived of as a disaster risk reduction strategy, it has also significantly reduced the vulnerability of the region to climate change. Due to rising sea level and a possible increase in storm frequency and intensity, erosional forces along the coast will become more severe. The presence of healthy mangrove forests mitigates this risk. Healthy mangrove forests may also decrease the vulnerability of near-by coral reefs to bleaching by filtering out harmful pollutants and sediments, and releasing UV-absorbing compounds into the water (Shank et al . 2006, Zepp et al . 2007)

One threat to the success of mangrove replanting and restoration is the lack of coordination between policies and projects focused on development and those focused on disaster risk reduction. In many coastal provinces of Vietnam, the government is promoting fish and shrimp farming as means of improving local livelihoods. This in and of itself increases the vulnerability of communities to climate change and climate extremes, as fisheries and aquaculture appear to be more vulnerable than traditional agricultural practices in coastal areas. A further problem is that because most mangrove restoration and replanting projects are funded by outside donors, there is often little coordination between these activities and the government-sponsored

20 October 2008 24 development activities. In some cases, this has led to replanted mangroves be re-cleared when communities initiate fishing or shrimp farming development (Few et al. 2006). Yet as the “Living with Floods” program in An Giang province in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta shows, there is does not need to be a conflict between development and climate change adaptation. In addition to vulnerability reduction practices such as loaning families money to heighten the foundations of their houses or build new houses on stilts and shifting crop calendars, local governments encouraged farmers to engage in a variety of flood-based activities that can actually generate extra income. These include raising prawns, eels, or other fishes in cages or pens in their fields during floods, and growing floating rice crops (Kaopatumtip 2008).

Climate Farmer Field Schools in Indonesia In the Indramayu district on the north coast of West Java, farmers are strongly affected by ENSO events. The floods and droughts resulting from El Niños and La Niñas take a heavy toll on agricultural output and income. During El Niño years, the percentage of the population below the poverty line increases significantly. There are a number of rainfall data stations throughout the region, but the transfer of data to data analysis centers is not always smooth. There are well-defined networks for transferring meteorological information from government meteorological services to local officials, but this transfer of information has not generally been effectively incorporated into farming practices. To address the vulnerability of farmers in this region to climate change and variability, a coalition of government agencies and academics decided to offer a Climate Field School.

Climate Field Schools are based on the Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) developed in the 1980s to increase the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by farmers in Indonesia. FFSs for IPM have since been used successfully around the globe, indicating the wide-spread applicability of this approach.

In essence, CFSs and FFSs work to translate scientific information into the language of the end- users. Although farming is inherently linked to climate, farmers do not always understand or make good use of climate forecasts. CFSs increase farmers’ knowledge and use of climate forecast information, and to help them as needed in observing climatic parameters and using those in their farming system. The approach taken is like that used to introduce a new technology: farmers must first be convinced, based on their own experience, that using climate forecast information will benefit them, for instance by increasing the resilience of their farms to extreme climate events. CFSs also create awareness among climate forecasters that generating forecasts may be viewed not as the end product of their work, but as the beginning of a chain of actions that can deliver an array of benefits.

The first phase of CFS, called the socialization phase, involves 24 meetings between farmers and field facilitators over the course of eight months or two planting seasons. Half the meetings should take place during the dry season, and half during the wet season. The objective is to increase farmers’ knowledge of climate and the use of climate forecasts for developing cropping strategies. A number of agricultural extension agents are trained in various

20 October 2008 25 aspects of climatology and its applications (e.g. climate prediction, use of historical agricultural data, forecasting and cropping strategies). These trainers then develop and test CFS modules that reflect the concerns, climate, and culture of their region. During this period, farmers make field observations about crop performance in their field, types of pests and diseases, measurements of soil moisture, relative humidity, and air temperature. At the meetings, farmers discuss their observation, and engage in simulations that familiarize them with how climate forecasts might benefit them.

The second phase is the institutionalization phase, which takes place over eight or more planting seasons. Based on discussions during the first phase and farmer interest, a variety of further activities are implemented. The overarching objective of this phase is to build the farmers’ capacity for putting their new knowledge into practice, giving them ownership of it.

In addition to Indramayu, CFSs have been conducted in other areas of Indonesia as well as , Bali, and the Philippines. Post-project evaluations found that farmers felt positively about the program and its influence on their understanding of climate change and variability. A similar approach—an intensive, multi-year, pragmatic, and user-driven “field school”—might be applied to coastal activities.

Agent-based Modeling in the Philippines A central challenge for effective vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning is accounting for interactions between human and natural systems, and emergent properties of that linked system as it responds to climatic and other changes. Increasingly, agent-based models are being used to provide dynamic vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning. Such models assume that individual agents within a system may change their actions over time, and have proven successful in addressing problems where multiple players are responding to a common problem and influencing each other with their decisions, where vulnerability may shift as a result of new technologies, or where social dilemmas exist (Siebenhüner and Patt 2005).

To explore the utility of agent-based models, the Advanced Institute on Vulnerability to Global Environmental Change funded a study that applied three approaches to vulnerability assessment for adaptation planning in the Philippines (Acosta-Michlik 2004). The first and simplest approach, indicator-based modeling, used indicators of both environmental and social vulnerability to map vulnerability across the entire Philippines at the province level. Based on the national analysis, a very high vulnerability area was selected for further study. This was Tanauan City, a on Luzon Island that encompasses 48 barangays (roughly equivalent to villages or wards) and four ecosystem types: coastal, agricultural, forest, and urban. Within Tanauan City, analysis focused on farmers in three barangays that represented agricultural, urban, and coastal areas.

The second level of vulnerability assessment, profile-based modeling, involved assessing social and economic attributes of farmers within each barangay, as well as their views on globalization and global change. A cluster analysis of farmer attributes revealed four distinct

20 October 2008 26 groups with distinct vulnerabilities: traditional farmers, subsistence farmers, diversified farmers, and commercial farmers.

Using data gathered during the indicator-based and profile-based assessments, researchers used an agent-based model to combine socioeconomic and biophysical attributes of agent’s environment, changes to those attributes based on global climatic and economic changes, and the behavior of agents (in this case, farmers) in response to their environment and changes in it. In this model, vulnerability is a function of exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity and cognition.

Commercial diversified farmers were best able to adapt to changes in their environment. Commercial farmers took action on their own, responded rapidly to environmental changes, and acted effectively to maximize their income. Diversified farmers sometimes acted alone and sometimes interacted with other farmers, but even when they did interact with others they adapted more rapidly than traditional or subsistence farmers. Traditional and subsistence farmers always interacted with other farmers before doing anything, and their rate of adaptation depended on the quality of their social network. Closer connections to adaptive farmers led to more rapid adaptation.

This approach showed that a key element of increasing the resilience of the most vulnerable farmers is increasing the quality of social networks. In addition to “hard” adaptation actions such as building irrigation infrastructure and developing hardier crop varieties, it is essential to promote strong social networks such as farmer cooperatives. It is notable that Tanauan City had no agricultural cooperatives at the time of the study.

Agent-based studies can also be useful to predict or explain the failure of adaptive measures. For instance, in the 1970s, at the advice of consultants from the Asian Development Bank on how to increase national rice output, the Balinese government mandated a uniform rice planting schedule using newly developed higher-yielding varieties of rice. This caused the loss of the traditional temple system of planting and irrigation control that had been effective for millennia. The new system quickly led to multiple problems, not least of which was the rapid explosion of pests that were able to evolve more quickly that agronomists could come up with new, resistant crop varieties. Using an agent-based model of the system, Stephen Lansing was able to demonstrate that traditional temple-controlled planting schemes provided greater protection against pests and therefore higher yields than the government’s combination of uniform planting schedule and higher-yielding varieties (Lansing 1991, as cited in Siebenhüner and Patt 2005).

Agent-based modeling might have helped to prevent a situation in which government response to ENSO forecasts led to massive of farmers in northern Peru. In the coastal municipality of Piura, ENSO may lead to enormous increases in precipitation, up to 5000% increase in some cases. Recognizing this reality, the Peruvian government promoted a shift from cotton to rice cultivation after receiving predictions of a strong El Niño by providing seeds and machinery. Although conditions that year were indeed more favorable for rice than cotton,

20 October 2008 27 so many farmers shifted to rice cultivation that overproduction of rice lead to a massive drop in price that bankrupted many farmers (Remy 1998 as cited in Trigoso 2007). This was particularly disastrous as almost two thirds of Piura’s inhabitants are under the poverty line.

Section 3: Building a Plan for the Pacific

From these case studies across the region there are some clear themes and some important lessons learned that will help create a framework for a pan-Pacific adaptation strategy. Above all, it is clear that while more refined climate models and predictions are helpful for certain types of activity, effective adaptation action can be taken now by combining regional climate predictions with local knowledge. The types of challenges to be faced, if not their magnitude, are becoming increasingly certain.

Key points:

1. Avoid Maladaptation Across the globe, likelihoods of adverse weather and climate conditions are already high, and are likely to increase. Development and natural resource management strategies can increase or decrease the vulnerability of human and natural communities to climate-related risk. For instance, the damage done by hurricanes in many areas has increased dramatically over the past century, while the frequency and intensity of the storms themselves has not. The increased damage is due in large part to poor development practices (e.g. building at shoreline) and poor land use choices (e.g. clear-cutting hillsides).

It is also important to consider the value of traditional social structures and practices in supporting resilience. Across the world, social networks help to reduce vulnerability, but many countries are shifting from traditional systems to western-style societies so may lose that coping strategy. On many Pacific Islands, the shift to more western lifestyles has also created a desire for cement houses, which can significantly increase vulnerability. In Kiribati, for instance, beach mining to support the cement industry is a major source of income, but also perhaps the primary source of coastal erosion and land loss. And unlike houses made out of traditional materials, cement houses are much more costly and difficult to move if the land erodes out from under them.

2. Promote Coordination Across Agencies Even when agencies and organizations are incorporating climate change into their own thinking, it is essential to establish effective interagency coordination mechanisms (IACMs) that can adequately respond to the reality of climate change. As the Institute of Global Environment and Society (IGES) reported in its study on IACMs and climate change in Asia, “although most IACMs were established as an institutional mechanism in response to climate change at both international and domestic levels, it is timely for all countries to shift their national emphasis from international negotiations to domestic actions addressing mitigation and adaptation. It is also important for all countries to move forward from climate change as a stand-alone national

20 October 2008 28 agenda to being part of the ongoing national sustainable development effort.” (IGES 2008). This will require developing cooperation mechanisms among agencies that may not have previously coordinated extensively.

3. Mainstream Climate Change Adaptation An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. As Micronesia’s experience with “climate proofing” roads demonstrates, incorporating adaptation measures up front is often significantly cheaper than adding them later. Climate change should be included as a consideration in policies, rules, and regulations relating to a variety of sectors, including: 1) Infrastructure design and local decision-making (e.g. roads, bridge height); 2) Land use planning (e.g. building codes, EIAs); 3) National Development Planning (avoid increasing vulnerability); 4) Natural resource management and conservation (e.g. corridors, climate-sensitive total allowable catch). Clearly climate change vulnerability should not be the only consideration, but it should be explicitly addressed via a cost-benefit analysis, e.g. if we decide to cut down all these mangroves to promote tourism, what are the likely costs in terms of vulnerability to climate change and variability?

In addition to the case studies presented previously, there are a number of examples of local, state, and national governments building climate change into policy, rules, and regulations. The Coast Development Board of South Australia adopted the median IPCC sea level predictions as part of its policy which requires new developments to be reasonably protected from a 1 meter sea level rise by 2100. Likewise, the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission now factors in climate change impacts when considering developments in the region.

4. Develop Adaptation Strategies/Projects to Suit Your Reality There is no perfect road map to developing a strategy for climate change adaptation. Traditional/societal ways of making decisions, governmental structure, expectations of governmental service, and environmental characteristics should form the basis of what happens, assuming that existing approaches work. While some degree of stakeholder engagement is essential in all cases, the degree of engagement that is appropriate or necessary for success varies from place to place. For instance, Orkney Islanders value being heard so strongly that they said this was more important than minimizing future disruption of services.

Although climate change seems a daunting challenge to many, it is not necessary to create all new approaches to develop plans or even to increase resilience. In many cases, existing processes, activities, and networks can provide a basis for the first pass at adaptation planning. Relying too heavily on outside organizations and assistance can create a sense of victimization at the local or even national level that impedes real action on adaptation. Empowerment and ownership of adaptation planning and action is essential.

5. Create and Support Effective, Two-Way User-Scientist Communication/Interfaces As illustrated in the case histories, it is immensely powerful to have trusted sources of climate information that are able to translate material into a useable format. There are a few keys to

20 October 2008 29 success. Scientists must be willing to put in the time and effort to better understand the needs of the users of their data, and users must be willing to honestly communicate their needs and frustrations to scientists. This requires building trust on both sides, as well as a long-term commitment by scientific agencies and their funders. In the words of one , “Do not send people abroad, and do not do conferences, seminars or workshops in country. We have those every day from the World Bank, the UN, the IMF, etc. They are useless. We need coaching by foreign experts who stay in country for a long period and work with us at our desks and understand our constraints and help us find solutions. Everything else is a waste of time.” (quoted in Rietbergen et al . 2007).

6. Build on What Has Been Done Although climate change is a new threat, many individuals, organizations, and governments can apply existing experiences to the challenge of increasing resilience. For instance, many countries around the Pacific are quite used to dealing with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Many behaviors and policies developed for these eventualities, such as cyclone warning systems, building houses on stilts, rainwater harvesting, or terracing on hillsides, also reduce vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Indeed, surveys of autonomous adaptation activities can provide a wealth of ideas for coping strategies, some short-term and some long-term, and generally relatively affordable. Some “adaptation” activities may seem so basic that individuals do not even consider them unusual, such as the farmers on Timor Island who develop their own varieties of staple crops that do well with erratic rainfall and cyclones. To them, this is just life.

Acknowledgements A number of individuals have shared their thoughts on which organizations and individuals belong in the “players” table, as well as their thoughts on approaches to adaptation across the Pacific, and for this we are grateful. We would like to thank Allison Green, Lizzie McLeod, Rod Salm and Nate Peterson of The Nature Conservancy; Deb Hahn, Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; Francisco Rilla Manta, Migratory Species Convention; Vladimir Puentes Granada, Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial de Colombia; Hussein Alidina, WWF Canada; Carlos Drewes, WWF ; Francisco Aceituno, Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente de Honduras; Herb Raffaele, US Fish and Wildlife Service; Belinda Dick, Inter-American Sea Turtle Convention; Luis Herman Naranjo, WWF Colombia; Melissa Krenke Norman, Rainforest Alliance; Paul Marshall, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority; Terry Done, Australian Institute of Marine Science; Britt Parker, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. We would particularly like to thank Jessica Hitt for the many hours she put into formatting the “players” table and for her help in research throughout this project. Literature Cited

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20 October 2008 33 Appendix A: The Players

See separate Excel file; separate worksheets for national, global/regional, and funders.

20 October 2008 A-1 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION NORTHEAST PACIFIC Robert Clark Fisheries Scientist 333 Raspberry Road Alaska Department of Fish and Game Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 USA (907) 267-2222 (main) Government Government [email protected] www.adfg.state.ak.us Larry Hartig Executive Director of Sub-cabinet Office of the / Sub- 410 Willoughby Avenue, Suite 303 Cabinet of Climate Change Juneau, AK 99811-1800 USA (907) 465-5066 [email protected] Office of the Governor/Sub- Arthur Lake Cabinet of Climate Subsistence Foods Expert Change/Adaptation Advisory [email protected] Group Deborah Williams President NGO 308 G St, Suite 219 Alaska Conservation Solutions Anchorage, AK 99501 USA (907) 929-9370 (main) www.alaskaconservationsolutions.com Marilyn Sigman PO Box 2225 Homer, Alaska 99603 USA Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies (907) 235- 6667 (main) [email protected] www.akcoastalstudies.org Bubba Cook Senior Fisheries Officer World Wildlife Fund Bering Sea 406 G Street, Suite 303 Program Anchorage, AK 99501 USA [email protected] www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/beringsea John Walsh University of Alaska Fairbanks Other PO Box 757740 The Center for Global Change Fairbanks, AK 99775-7740 USA (907) 474-5818 (main) [email protected] www.cgc.uaf.edu

A-2 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Paula Cullenberg University of Alaska Fairbanks 794 University Avenue, Suite 238 Alaska Sea Grant Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA (907) 274-9692 (main) [email protected] www.seagrant.uaf.edu Jenny Fraser Climate Adaptation Specialist [email protected]

Ben Kangasniemi Government Government BC Ministry of the Environment [email protected]

BritishColumbia P.O. Box 9339 STN PROV GOVT Victoria BC V8W 9M1 Canada (250) 387-1161 (main) www.gov.bc.ca/env/index.html Tim Lesiuk [email protected] (250) 356-3011

Western Climate Initiative Warren Bell [email protected] (250) 387-7391

www.westernclimateinitiative.org Carrie Spencer Manager of Regional Adaptation Programming 601 Booth Street Natural Resouces Canada- Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8 Canada C-CIARN (613) 992-0644 (direct) (613) 947-4848 (main) [email protected] Barry Penner Minister of the Environment of British Columbia Room 124, Parliament Buildings (V8V 1X4) Canadian Council of Ministers of P.O. Box 9047 Stn. Prov. Govt. the Environment (CCME) Victoria, BC V8W 9E2 Canada (250) 387-1187 (main) www.ccme.ca/index.html Dr. Kim Hyatt 3190 Hammond Bay Road Canadian Department of Fisheries Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7 Canada and Oceans (250) 756-7217 [email protected]

A-3 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION 200 Promenade du Portage Canadian International Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0G4 Canada Development Agency (CIDA) (819) 997-5006 (main) Sabine Jessen Manager of Marine Programs NGO [email protected]

Chloe O'Loughlin Canadian Parks and Wilderness Executive Director Society (CPAWS) BC Chapter [email protected]

410 - 698 Seymour St. Vancouver, BC V6B 3K6 Canada Tel: (604) 685-7445 www.cpawsbc.org Suite 219, 2211 West 4th Avenue Vancouver, BC V6K 4S2 Canada (604) 732-4228 (Foundation main number) David Suzuki Foundation (604) 730-9672 (number for contacting Dr. Suzuki) [email protected] www.davidsuzuki.org Merran Smith Director of the BC Coastal Program of ForestEthics Forest Ethics 850 West Hastings, Suite 604 Vancouver, BC V6C 1E1 www.forestethics.org Hussein Alidina 409 Granville St. Suite 1508 World Wildlife Fund Canada Vancouver, BC V6C 1T2 Canada [email protected] www.wwf.ca PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada

Other Pacific Institute for Climate (250) 853-3595 Solutions (PICS) [email protected] www.pics.uvic.ca/index.php

Janice Adair (360) 407-0291 (direct) Western Climate Initiative jada461@ecy..gov www.westernclimateinitiative.org Washington Government Government Jay J. Manning, Director Washington State Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 47600, Climate Action Team (CAT) Olympia, WA 98504-7600 USA (360) 407-7001 (main) www.ecy.wa.gov

A-4 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Ron Sims (206) 684-4444 (main) King County Executive Office 701 Fifth Ave. Suite 3210 Seattle, WA 98104 USA Amy Snover Box 355672 Seattle, WA. 98195-5672 NGO Climate Impacts Group (CIG) (206) 616-5350 (main) [email protected] www.cses.washington.edu/cig Penelope D. Dalton, Director 3716 Brooklyn Avenue NE Box 355060 Seattle, WA 98105-6716 USA Washington SeaGrant (206) 543-6600 (main) (206) 685-0380 (fax) [email protected] (Personal) [email protected] (General) www.wsg.washington.edu Bill Drumheller Senior Policy Analyst 625 Marion St. NE

Oregon Oregon Department of Energy Salem, OR 97301-3737 USA (503) 378-4035 (direct) Government Government [email protected] www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/index.shtml Dave Van't Hof (503) 986-6534 (main) NGO Western Climate Initiative [email protected] www.westernclimateinitiative.org 322 Kerr Admin Oregon State University Other Corvallis, OR 97331-2131 USA Oregon SeaGrant (541) 737-2714 (main) [email protected] seagrant.oregonstate.edu Dr. Laura Rogers-Bennett Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game PO Box 247 California Cooperative Oceanic Bodega Bay, CA 94923 USA Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) California [email protected] Government Government 707-875-2035 www.calcofi.org Linda Spiegel 1516 Ninth Street – MS-40 Sacramento, CA 95814 USA California Energy Commission [email protected] (916) 654-4703 (direct) www.energy.ca.gov

A-5 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Deborah Orrill Climate Change Advisor 1516 Ninth Street, MS-29 California Resources Agency Sacramento, CA 95814 USA (916) 322-3909 (direct) [email protected] www.climatechange.ca.gov Amber Pairis Ph.D. DFG Climate Change Advisor 1416 9th Street Department of Fish and Wildlife Sacramento, CA 95814 USA (916) 445-0411 (main) [email protected] Dan Cayan 9500 Gilman Drive

Other Scripps Institution of La Jolla, CA 92093-0224 USA Oceanography (858) 534-4507 (direct) [email protected] Russell A. Moll University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Dept. 0232 California SeaGrant La Jolla, California 92093-0232 USA [email protected] www-csgc.ucsd.edu

Periférico 5000, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530, Delegación Cambio Climático en México

Mexico Coyoacán, México D.F. cambio_climatico.ine.gob.mx Government Government Mar Bermejo No. 195 Centro de Investigaciones Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) La Paz, BCS 23090, México +(52) (612) 123-8484 www.cibnor.mx Avenida Liga Periferico Insurgentes Sur No. 4903 Comisión Nacional para el Col. Parques del Pedregal Conocimiento y Uso de la 14010 Mexico, D.F. Biodiversidad (CONABIO) +(5255) 5004-5000 (main) [email protected] www.conabio.gob.mx Camino al Ajusco No. 200, Col. Jardines en la Montaña, Deleg. Tlalpan. C.P. 14210, México D.F. Comision Nacional de Protegidas +(5255) 5449-7000 (main) (CONANP) [email protected] www.conanp.gob.mx

A-6 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Dr Adrian Fernandez [email protected] +(5255) 5424-6421 (direct)

Julia Martínez Instituto Nacional de Ecologia Coordinator of the Climate Change Program (INE) [email protected]

Periférico 5000, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco Delegación Coyoacan Mexico D.F. Compean Jimenez, Guillermo Pitágoras No. 1320, Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Col Santa Cruz Atoyac (INP) México D.F. 03310 +(52) 555-604-9169 [email protected] Blvd. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 4209 La Secretaría de Medio Ambiente Col. Jardines de la Montaña 14210 DEL y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) Tlalpan México, D.F. 56280600 www.semarnat.gob.mx/Pages/inicio.aspx Sra. Socorro Flores Liera Directora General para Ternas Globales Secretaria de Relaciones Plaza Juarez 20, piso 14, Col. Centro, Delegacion Exteriores Cauhtemoc Mexico D.F. +(5255) 9159-5628 (main) [email protected] Edgar Villaseñor Franco Director NGO International Council for Local [email protected] Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) +(5255) 3640-8725 Mexico Río Lerma 302 2o. piso Col. Cuauhtémoc México, D.F. C.P. 06500 México Daniel Garza Coordinator of Conservation Av. Yucatan No. 20, despacho 101 y 102 Resforestamos Col. Roma, Del Cuauhtemoc +(5255) 5264-7485 EXT 104 (direct) Mexico, D.F. CP 06700 [email protected] Sr. William Alpizar Zuñiga Avenida 8 y 10, calle 25 Del Edificio de la Corte Suprema de Justice 200 E Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía 5583 San Jose (MINAE)

CostaRica +(506) 2222-4290 / 7426 +(506) 2223-1837 (main) Government Government [email protected] www.minae.go.cr

A-7 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Lic. Eladio ZARATE HERNANDEZ Apartado postal 5583-1000 San José Instituto Meteorológico Nacional Costa Rica +(506) 222-5616 [email protected] Michael Rothchild Mar Viva [email protected] NGO +(506) 290-3647 (main) Carlos Drews Regional Marine Programme and Species Coordinator Latin America and the +(506) 22 348 434 (By Mail) P.O. Box 02-5635 Miami, FL 33102 USA World Wildlife Fund (By Courier) DePOPS de Curridabat 300 Sur y 150 Oeste, casa bandera blanca frente a condominios Ana Catalina San Jose, Costa Rica

[email protected] Mr. Carlos MANSILLA Director de la Unidad d e Cambio Climatico +(502) 220-3801 / 3806, ext. 24 (direct) [email protected] Ministerio de Ambiente y Government Government Guatemala Recursos Naturales S.E. Sr. Mario Dary Fuentes + (502) 2423-0502 / (502) 2423-0500 ext 1204 [email protected] 20 calle 28-58 Zona 10, Edificio MARN 9° Nivel Ciudad de Guatemala 01001 Mr. Cesar Alejandro Santos United Nations Deveopment Country CBA Project Director NGO Program-Global Environmental 4a. Calle 16-73 Zona 1 3er. Nivel Oficina F Facility- Community Based Quetzaltenango City, 09001 Guatemala Adaptation +(502) 7765-2068 [email protected]

A-8 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Mirza castro +(504) 232-1386 (main) [email protected]

Honduras Sr. Tomás Eduardo Morris Government Government Secretaria de Recursos Naturales Secretario y Ambiente (SERNA) [email protected]

100 metros al Sur del Estadio Nacional, Tegucigalpa, M.D.C, Honduras www.serna.gob.hn Ing. Francisco Gadea Director Patrimonio Natural

Sr. Bernardo Rumaldo Tórrez Guerrero

Nicaragua Coordinador del Proyecto Dessarollo Government Government Ministerio del Ambiente y +(505) 263-1273 / 1667 (505) 263-1274 (main) Recursos Naturales (MARENA) [email protected]

Km 12 1/2 Carretera Norte Frente a Zona Franca Managua, Nicaragua 5123 +(505) 263-2617 (main) www.marena.gob.ni Darysbeth Martínez Head of Cambio Climático y Desertificación [email protected] Panama Authoridad Nacional del Lic. Gonzalo MENENDEZ Government Government Ambiente (ANAM) [email protected]

+(507) 31- 0855 (main) Edificio 804, Albrook Apartado C 0843 Balbao Ancon, Panama Mr. Rene LOPEZ Technical of the Climate Change Unit National Environmental Authority Bldg. 804 - Albrook +(507) 500-0845 [email protected] Rosa Montanez Executive Director Ciudad del Saber, Casa 826 A, Clayton 0816-03847, Zona 3, Panama Centro Regional Ramsar (CREHO) +(507) 317-1242 (main) [email protected] www.creho.org/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemi d=1&lang=en

A-9 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Sra. Cecilia Carranza Kilómetro 5 ½ Carretera a Santa Tecla, Calle y Colonia Las Mercedes, Edificio MARN (anexo al edificio ISTA) No. 2, San Salvador, Ministro de Medio Ambiente El Salvador Government Government El Salvador El +(503) 2267-9433 (main) [email protected] www.marn.gob.sv SOUTHEAST PACIFIC

Mr. Javier Andrés Hubenthal Executive Director Av. Amazonas y Eloy Alfaro Ministerio de Ambiente Edif. MAG, Piso 11 Ecuador

Government Government +(593) 2 2508 510, ext. 106 (direct) [email protected] Davisd Neira Av. Amazonas y Eloy Alfaro esquina, Ed. Ministerio de Agricultura piso 11 Proyecto de Adaptación al Quito - Ecuador Cambio Climático (PACC) +(593) 2250-8510 (main) [email protected]

EquadorIslands &Galapagos www.pacc-ecuador.org Irma Larrea World Wildlife Fund Galapagos

NGO [email protected] Stuart Banks Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island Charles Darwin Foundation for Galapagos, Ecuador the Galapagos Islands +(593) 5 2526-146/147 (direct) Personal: [email protected] General: [email protected] www.darwinfoundation.org

Las Áreas Marinas y Costeras Protegidas de Múltiples Usos Teatinos 254 / 258, Santiago Centro, Santiago, Chile (AMCP-MU) +(56) 2241-1800 Government Government Cambio Climatico & Desarollo www.eula.cl C/Serrano, 115-bis El Centro de Ciencias Madrid.28006 España Medioambientales +(34) 91-745-2500 (main) www.ccma.csic.es Exteriores Catedral 1158 Santiago, Chile Ministerio de Relaciones +(56-2) 679-4201 / 02 (56-2) 696-8796 (main) [email protected]

A-10 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Sr. Fernando Farias Teatinos 258 Comisión Nacional del Medio Santiago, Chile Ambiente (CONAMA) +(562) 240-5600 (main) [email protected] www.conama.cl Mr. Francisco Arias Cerro Punta Betín - Santa Marta, Colombia Instituto de Investigaciones A.A. 1016 Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR) +(575) 438-0808

Colombia Isaza [email protected] Government Government www.invemar.org.co Carlos Costa Instituto de Hidrología, Carrera 10 No. 20-30 Bogotá D.C. - PBX Colombia Meteorología y Estudios +(571) 352-7160 (main) Ambientales (IDEAM) [email protected] www.ideam.gov.co Mrs. Andrea Garcia Guerrero Colombian Climate Change Mitigation Coordinator +(571) 332-2400, ext. 1179 (direct) [email protected] Minestry of the Environment and Yasim Quiroga Sustainable Development Adaptation Initiative Coordinator yquiroga@[email protected]

Calle 37 No. 8-40, 4th floor www.minambiente.gov.co Fabio Arjona Executive Director NGO Cra. 13 No. 71 - 41 Conservación Internacional Bogotá, Colombia Colombia +(703) 341-6002 (direct) [email protected] www.conservation.org.co Fernando Gast Director (Biologist) Carrera 7 no. 35-20 Instituto Alexander von Humboldt Bogota, Colombia +(571) 608-6900 (main) [email protected] www.humboldt.org.co

A-11 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Cesar Suarez [email protected]

Luis Alonso Zapata Padilla [email protected] World Wildlife Fund Colombia +(572) 558-2577 (main) WWF Colombia - Sede Principal Carrera 35 No.4A-25, Cali, Colombia www.wwf.org.co Mr. Francisco Arias - Isaza Director of INVEMAR Cerra de Punta Betin, Camino del Puerto, Santa Marta, Netherlands Climate Assistance Colombia Program +(575) 431-2975 (main) [email protected] www.nlcap.net/countries/colombia Dr. Isaac Roberto Ángeles Lazo [email protected] Peru

Aldrin Contreras Flores [email protected] Government Government

Instituto Nacional de Recursos Miryan García Donayre Naturales (INRENA) [email protected]

Calle Diecisiete Nro.355 Urb. El Palomar, San Isidro Lima, Peru +(511) 224-3298 (main) www.inrena.gob.pe Sra. Vanessa Vereau Ladd Viceministra de Desarollo Estratégico de los Recursos Av. Naturales Ministerio del Guardia Civil 205, San Borja Lima Ambiente +(511) 225-5370 Ext. 223 (main) [email protected] Mrs. Maria Esperanza Castaneda Pinto Executive Secretary Consejo Nacional del Ambiente Guardia Civil No. 205 Lima 18, Peru (CONAM) +(511) 225-5370, ext. 213 (direct) +(511) 475-5240 (main) [email protected] Jr. Cahuide 785 Jesús María, Lima11 The Servicio Nacional de Peru, Central Meteorología e Hidrología del +(511) 614-1414 Perú (SENAMHI) [email protected]

A-12 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Juan Riveros [email protected] NGO World Wildlife Fund Peru Michael Valqui [email protected] SOUTHERN PACIFIC Dr. Wari Iamo Secretary Department of Environment and +(675) 325-0180 Environment and Conservation [email protected] PO Box 6601 Government Government Boroko, PNG Alison Green 51 Edmondstone Street NGO South Brisbane QLD

PapuaGuinnea New The Nature Conservancy P.O. Box 267. Kimbe Bay, PNG [email protected] www.nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/papuanewguin ea Section 225 Allotment 11 & 12 World Wildlife Fund Papua New Kunai Street , Hohola, PNG Guinnea +675 3239 855/3253 334 (main) [email protected] Mr. Merawe Degemba United Nations Development National Coordinator NGO Program- Global Environment UNDP, P.O. Box 1041, , PNG Facility (UNDP- GEF) +(675) 321-2877 (main) [email protected] Mr. Cama Tuiloma Fiji Chief Executive Officer [email protected]

Ms Nirupa Ram Government Government Ministry of Environment ODS Officer [email protected]

2nd Floor, Fiji Football Association House 4 Gladstone Road Suva, Fiji +(679) 330-4364 (main) 72 McGregor Road

NGO Suva ,Fiji Islands World Wildlife Fund Fiji +(679) 331-5533 (main) www.wwfpacific.org.fj/where_we_work/fiji/about.cfm Laucala Campus The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji Other +(679) 323-1000 (main)

A-13 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION

8, ROUTE DES ARTIFICES Gouvernement de la Nouvelle BP M2 - 98849 NOUMÉA CEDEX Caledonie + (24) 65 65 (main)

Government Government www.gouv.nc/index.jsp New Caledonia New Togiola T.A. Tulafono Governor of American Samoa Office of the Governor Executive Office Building Third Floor, Utulei Government , American Samoa 96799 Governor's Office +(684) 633-4116 (main) Chief of Staff: Mr. Pati Faiai AmericanSamoa

Coral Reef Advisory Group Jeremy Goldberg Department of Commerce [email protected]

Mr Sailimalo PATI Ministry of Natural Resources, [email protected]

Samoa Environment and Meteorology +(0685) 24799 (main) (MNREM) +685 31197, 31198

Government Government www.govt.ws Mr. Aiono Mose Pouvi Sua Secretary Ministry of Foreign Affairs and (685)2-5313 (main) Trade [email protected] P.O. Box L1859 , Samoa Faumuina Liuga National Parks, Recreation and +(0685) 24799 Water Conservation +685 31197, 31198 www.govt.ws Ms. Leilani Duffy c/o UNDP Samoa Country Office,Private Mail Bag Other UNDP-GEF CBA Apia, Samoa +685 23670 (main) [email protected] Dr. Walter Vermeulen Matuaileoo Environment Trust Executive Director Inc. ( METI) [email protected] [email protected]

A-14 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION

JOE HURUTARAU PRINCIPAL CONSERVATION OFFICER Ministry of Forestry, Environment +(677) 242125 (main) and Conservation

Government Government [email protected] P.O. Box G 24, , Solomon Islands SolomonIslands Mr. Chanel Iroi Director of Meteorology P.O. Box 21 Honiara, Solomon Islands Meteorological Service +(677) 242125 (main) [email protected] www.met.gov.sb Mr Abraham Baenesia Executive Director NGO P.O Box 147 Solomon Island Development Honiara, Solomon Islands Trust (SIDT) +(677) 23409 (main) [email protected] www.fspi.org.fj/affiliates/solomon.htm PO Box 1373 SIDT Building WWF Solomon Islands New China Town Honiara ,Solomon Islands G87 +(677) 28023 (main) PO Box 629 Honiara, Solomon Islands Other Forum Fisheries Agency +(677) 21124 (main) [email protected] www.ffa.int/ Mr. Ernest Bani Ministry of Lands, Survey, Head of Environment Unit Environment, Energy, Minerals Private Mail Bag 063, and Water Affairs VANGOV NH

Government Government +(678) 25302 (direct) PMB 9054 Port Vila Department of Meteorology +(678) 22331 Hon. Jackleen Rueben Titek Ambilmasdan Ministry of Lands and Natural RepublicVanuatuof Minister Resources Private Mail Bag 9007, Port Vila +(678) 23105, 27833 Foundation for the Peoples of the www.fsp.org.vu/FSP.htm NGO South Pacific Vanuatu (FSPV)

A-15 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Mike Mitchell Secretary Ministry of Foreign Affairs & PO Box 105 Immigration Rarotonga, Cook Islands +(682) 29347 (main) Government Government CookIslands [email protected] Ms. Ina Kamana Acting Director +(682) 21256, 24256 (direct)

Ms. Pasha Carruthers National Environment Service Climate Change Research Technical Officer [email protected]

P.O. Box 371, Rarotonga, Cook Islands www.environment.org.ck Sylvia George +(682) 25093 (main) NGO WWF Cook Islands PO Box 649 Tupapa Rarotonga, Cook Islands Mr. Robert Owen-Jones Assistant Secretary John Gorton Building, King Edward Terrace Department of Climate Change PARKES ACT 2600, GPO Box 854 Australia Australia [email protected] Government Government +(61-2) 6275-9757 Paul Marshall Manager of Climate Policy Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 2-68 Flinders Street Authority PO Box 1379 Townsville Q 4810 Australia Mr Ian Carruthers GPO Box 854 Canberra Australian Geenhouse Office ACT 2601 Australia +(61) 02 6274-1888 [email protected] www.climatechange.gov.au Cassandra Brooke GPO Box 528 NGO World Wildlife Fund Australia Sydney, 2001 Australia [email protected] www.wwf.org.au

A-16 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Mr. Andrew S Teem Acting Climate Change and ODS Officer [email protected];

Kiribati [email protected]; [email protected] Government Government Ministry of Environment and Mr. Tukabu Teroroko Development Permanent Secretary +(686) 28211, 28593 (direct)

PO Box 234 Bikenibeu, , Kiribati +(686) 28000 (main) P.O. Box 43 Peoples of the South Pacific Bairiki, Tarawa NGO Kiribati (FSPK) Republic of Kiribati [email protected] Mr. Joseph Cain Department of Industry and Secretary Economic +(674) 444-3181 (main) Nauru Development [email protected] Ms. Angie Itsimaera Government Government Secretary for Foreign Affairs +(674) 444-3191-16 [email protected] Mr. Roxen Agadio Department of Economic Environment Officer Development [email protected] Dr Andy Reisinger Climate Change Officer [email protected]

Ms. Helen Plume Government Government [email protected] New Zealand New Ministry for the Environment 23 Kate Sheppard Place P.O. Box 10362 6001 New Zealand +(644) 916-7629 (main) www.mfe.govt.nz/issues

A-17 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Al Morrison Director General Research and Development, Wellington Whare Kaupapa Atawhai 18 - 32 Manners Street Department of Conservation Wellington 6011 (DOC) PO Box 10420 Wellington 6143 +(644) 471-0726 (main) www.doc.govt.nz

Rob Bell [email protected] Other David Wratt [email protected] National Climate Centre Private Bag 99940, Auckland 369 Khyber Pass Road, Newmarket, Auckland New Zealand +(649) 375-209 (main) 2091www.niwascience.co.nz/ncces Penehuro Lefale Pacific Islands Climate Research Liaison Officer 269 Khyber Pass Road, Newmarket National Institute of Water & Auckland, New Zealand Atmospheric Research Limited +(649) 375-2050 (main) [email protected] www.niwa.cri.nz Mr Filipo Lui C/- Office of the Administrator of Private Bag 18 901

Tokelau The Administrator of Tokelau Wellington, New Zealand +(644) 439-8000 (main) Government Government [email protected] www.tokelaulaw.tk Mr. Uilou Samani Director of Environment [email protected]

Mr. Tukia Sione Government Government Environmental Department Conservation Officer [email protected]; [email protected]

KingdomTonga of P.O.Box 917 Nuku'alofa, Kingdom of Tonga +(676) 25738 (main) www.pmo.gov.to

A-18 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION

Ministry of Lands, Survey, Natural Dr. Sione Nailasikau Halatuituia Resources & Environment www.lands.gov.to Sopu, Vuna Road P.O.Box 871 Nuku'alofa Department of Fisheries Kingdom of Tonga +(676) 21399, 27799 (main) [email protected] www.tongafish.gov.to Ms. Pepetua Latasi Ozone Depleting Substances Officer Private Mail Bag Tuvalu Department of Environment , Tuvalu +(688) 20162/79 (main) Government Government [email protected]; [email protected]

P.O. Box 105 696 Pitcairn Government Office Auckland, New Zealand www.government.pn/index.html Pitcairn,UK Government Government NORTH CENTRAL PACIFIC

P.O. Box 2359 Hawaii Coastal Zone Management , HI 96804 USA Program (808) 587-2846 (main)

Government Government hawaii.gov/dbedt/czm Hawaii + NWHI + Hawaii

Director's Office 2525 Correa Road, HIG 238 Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Hawaii SeaGrant (808) 956-7031 [email protected] www.soest.hawaii.edu/SEAGRANT/index.php Main Office: 6600 Kalaniana`ole Hwy, #300 Honolulu, HI 96825 USA Papahānaumokuākea Marine (808) 397-2660 (main) National Monument [email protected] hawaiireef.noaa.gov/welcome.html Naomi McIntosh Sanctuary Superintendent Other Main Office: 6600 Kalaniana`ole Hwy, #301 Hawaiian Islands Humpback Honolulu, HI 96825 USA Whale National Marine Sanctuary (808) 397-2651 (main) [email protected] hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov

A-19 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Joseph M. Konno Executive Director PO Box 189 Chuuk EPA Weno, Chuuk FM 96942 +(691) 330-4158 (main) Government Government [email protected] P.O. Box 312 Pohnpei EPA Kolonia, Pohnpei, FM 96941 +(691) 320-2927 (main) Simpson Abraham Program Director Kosrae Kosrae EPA Box DRC Tofol, Kosrae, FM 96944

Micronesia,Federated States +(691) 370-2076 (main) [email protected] P.O. Box 178 Colonia, FM 96943 Yap EPA +(691) 360-2113 (main) [email protected] David Aranug Meteorologist in Charge P.O. Box 10 NOAA's National Weather Service , FSM 96943 +(691) 350-2194 (main) [email protected] Eugene Pangelinan Deputy Director P.O. Box PS122 National Oceanic Resource , Pohnpei 96941 Management. Authority (NORMA) +(691) 320-2700 (main) [email protected] [email protected] (general email) www.norma.fm Simpson Abraham, Program Director P.O. Box DRC, Kosrae Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island Resource 96944 Management Program +(691) 370-2076 (main) [email protected] Mr. Andrew Yatilman, Director P.O. Box PS-69 Office of Environment and Palikir, Pohnpei Emergency Management +(691) 320-8814/8815 (direct) [email protected]

A-20 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Mr. John Mooteb Coordinator Sustainable Development Office P.O. Box PS12 Department of Economic Affairs Palikir, Pohnpei FM 96941 +(691) 320-2646 (main) [email protected]; [email protected] Mr Francis Itimai Deputy Assistant Secretary Office for Marine Resources +(691) 320-2646 (main) [email protected] Bill Raynor P.O. Box 216, Kolonia, NGO The Nature Conservancy, Pohnpei, FSM 96941 Federated States of Micronesia +(691) 320-4267 (main) [email protected] Charles Chieng Executive Director Other P.O. Box 41216 Yap Community Action Program Colonia, Yap 96943 +(691) 359-2190 (main) [email protected] Willie Kostka Executive Director P.O. Box 2461, Kolonia Conservation Society of Pohnpei Pohnpei, FM 96941 +(691) 320-5409 (main) [email protected] Allain Bourgoin Marine Science Professor College of Micronesia Box 254 Pohnpei, FSM 96941 +(691) 320-2480 x225 (direct) [email protected] Margie Falanruw P.O. Box 215, Yap, FM 96943 YAP Institute of Natural Science +(691) 350-2104 (main) [email protected] PO Box 10003, PMB 1156, Pacific Marine Resources Institute , MP 96950 [email protected]

Berry Muller Chief Fisheries Officer, OIA Division Marshall Islands Marine P.O. Box 860 Resources Authority- MIMRA Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 Government Government +(692) 625-8262/5632 (direct) [email protected] MarshallIslands

A-21 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Reginald White Meteorologist in Charge Majuro P.O. Box 78 NOAA's National Weather Service Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 +(692) 625-5705/3214 (direct) [email protected] John Bungitak P.O. Box 1322 Environmental Protection Agency Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 (RMIEPA) +(692) 625-3035/5203 (main) [email protected] www.mimra.com Ms. Yumi Crisostomo Director P.O Box 15 Office of Environmental Planning, Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 Policy, and Coordination +(692) 625-7944/5199 (main) [email protected] biormi.org/oeppc/index.oeppc Chris E Ostrander Regional Coordinator Other University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Hawaii Ocean Observing System POST Building, Room 105 A, B (HiOOS) Honolulu, HI 96822 USA +(808) 956-5902 (main) [email protected]

P.O. Box 100,

Palau Palau Environmental Quality Koror, Palau 96940 Protection Board (680) 488-1639 (main) [email protected] Government Government Olai U. Polloi Climate Change Coordinator Office of Environmental Response P.O. Box 7086 and Coordination Koror, Palau 96940 +(680) 488-6950 ext. 241 (direct) [email protected] Asap Bukurrou, Senior Marine Officer P.O. Box 1811 NGO Koror, Palau 96940 Palau Conservation Society Republic of Palau +(680) 488-3993/4716 (direct) [email protected] www.palau-pcs.org

A-22 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Eric Verheij Protected Areas Network Advisor Palau Field Office, The Nature P.O. Box 1738, Koror, Conservancy, Asia/Pacific Region Palau 96940 +(680) 488-2017 (main) [email protected] Patrick L. Colin, Ph.D Director/President Other P.O. Box 1765 Coral Reef Research Foundation Koror, Palau 96940 +(680) 488-5123 (main) [email protected] (general email) www.coralreefresearchfoundation.org Carol Emaurois [email protected]

Yimnang Golbuu Palau International Coral Reef Chief Researcher Center [email protected]

P.O. Box 7086 Koror, Palau 96940 John Joyner Director P.O. 10007, Saipan, MP 96950 Coastal Resources Management +(670) 664-8308 (direct) Office +(670) 664-8300 (main) Government [email protected] www.crm.gov.mp

CNMI- N Marianas CNMI-N Jeremy Shaw PO Box 501304 Division of Environmental Quality Saipan, MP 96950 +(670) 664-8517 (main) [email protected] Ignacio Dela Cruz Lower Base, P.O. Box 10007 Department of Land & Natural Saipan, MP 96950 Resources (DLNR) +(670) 322-9830 (main) [email protected] Sylvan Igisomar Director Department of Land & Natural PO Box 10007 Resources (DLNR)/Division of Fish Saipan, MP 96950 & Wildlife (DFW) +(670) 664-6000/04 (main) [email protected] www.dfw.gov.mp

A-23 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Tony Benavente Department of Land & Natural P.O. Box 502744 Resources (DLNR)/Parks & Saipan, MP 96950 Recreation +(670) 234-7405 (main) Peter Houk Division of Environmental Quality

Other CNMI Marine Monitoring [email protected] Program, Saipan +(670) 664-8505 (main) www.cnmicoralreef.net/monitoring.htm Scott Crockett Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Natural Resources Conservation P.O. Box 5082 CHRB Service Saipan, MP 96950 +(670) 236-0888 (main) Mike Gawel P.O. Box 22439 GMF

Guam Barrigada, Guam 96921 USA EPA +(671) 475-1646 (direct) +1 (671) 475-1658/9 (main) Government [email protected] www.guamepa.govguam.net/index.html Guam Forecast Office 3232 Hueneme Rd NOAA's National Weather Service Barrigada, Guam 96913 +(671) 472-0900 (main) Francis Damian- Planner [email protected]

Ray Casere- Planner Guam Coastal Management [email protected] Office P.O. 2950 Hagatna, Guam 96932 +(671) 472-4201/2/3 (main) www.bsp.guam.gov/content/category/6/15/37 Amelia DeLeon [email protected]

Maria Kottermai [email protected] Bureau of Statistics and Plans P.O. 2950 Hagatna, Guam 96932 +(671) 472-4201/2/3 (main) www.bspguam.com

A-24 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Jenny Drake Biological Technician Other War in the Pacific National 135 Murray Boulevard Historic Park Hagåtña, Guam 96910 +(671) 472-7240 x233 (main) [email protected] Don Palawski, Program Coordinator 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 50167 Honolulu, HI 96850 PACIFIC REMOTE ISLANDS NWR USA Complex (808) 541-1201 (main)

Government [email protected] William Smith Refuge Manager 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Box 50167 Palmyra Research Consortium Honolulu, HI 9685 USA (808) 792-9550 (main) [email protected] US associated remote islands US PACIFIC OCEAN AND EAST ASIAN SEAS

Mr Heng Chan Thoeun #48, Samdech Preah Sihanouk Blvd, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Khan Chamkar Mon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Climate (855) 23 218 370 (main)

Cambodia Change Office Government (855) 16 577 899 (direct) [email protected] www.moe.gov.kh #200 Norodom Blvd., Sangkat Tonle Basak, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry +(023) 211351 / 211352 (main) and Fisheries (MAFF) [email protected] www.maff.gov.kh Corner Street # 169 and Russian Boulevard Phnom Penh, Cambodia Ministry of Rural Development +(023) 880007 (main) (MRD) [email protected] www.mrd.gov.kh No 47, Norodom Blvd., Phnom Penh Ministry of Water Resources and +(023) 724289/ 724327 (main) Meteorology (MOWRAM) [email protected] www.mowram.gov.kh Wilson Siah 40 Scotts Road Ministry of the Environment and Singapore 228231 Water Resources (Climate Change [email protected] & Projects)

Singapore app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/ContentsNCC.aspx?ContI Government d=452

A-25 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Klaas Pieter Visser Block E1 Level 08-25 Other No 1 Engineering Drive 2 Singapore-Delft Water Alliance Singapore 117576 +(65) 65168304 (main) [email protected] www.sdwa.nus.edu.sg/about.html

Mr Plodprasop Suraswadi Ministry of Natural Resources and 92 Soi PhahonYothin Road Environment Bangkok 10400

Thailand +(66) 22 982 014 (main) Government Mr. Pisit Charnsnoh 16/4 Rakchan road NGO Muang district Yadfon (raindrop) Association Trang 92000 Thailand +(66) 75 219 737 (main) [email protected] Dr. Nguyen Van Tai Deputy Director General Minstry of Natural Resources and 83 Nguyen Chi Thanh Street the Environment (MONRE) Dong Da district, Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam +(84) 4 835 7910 (main) Government [email protected] 67 Nguyen Du Street, Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam Environmental +(84) 04 577 1816 (main) Protection Agency (VEPA) www.nea.gov.vn/english/index.aspx Mr. Le Nguyen Tuong Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Other Netherlands Climate Assistance 5/62 Nguyen Chi Thanh Road Program (NCAP) Vietnam Program Dong Da District, Ha Noi, Vietnam +(84) 4 773 1513 (main) [email protected] Engr. Julian D. AMADOR Department of Environment Visayas Avenue, Diliman DENR compound Quezon City, Philippines & Natural Resources +(63) 2 927 1517 (main)

Philippines [email protected] Government Raf Senga Manager, Climate & Energy Program NGO JBD Plaza Bldg 65 Mindanao Avenue Barangay World Wildlife Fund Philippines Bagong Pag-asa Quezon City 1105 Philippines +(63) 917 848 5575 [email protected]

A-26 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Centre for Initiatives and Manuel "Nong" C. Rangasa Research on Climate Adaptation [email protected] Other (CICRA) www.albaycirca.org Dr Zulkifli Idris Conservation and Environmental Aras 5, Blok C5, Parcel C Management Division Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan Ministry of Science, Technology 62662 Putrajaya, Malaysia and Environment +(603) 8 885 8033 (main) Government [email protected] Ir. Dr. Salmah Zakaria Director General Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, National Hydraulic Research 43300 Seri Kembangan, Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia +(603) 8 948 3033 (main) [email protected] agrolink.moa.my/nahrim Mr Dadang Hilman Division Head KNLH, Gd. A Lt 6 Division of Adaption of Climate Jalan Panjaitan Kav. 24

Indonesia Change, Ministry of Environment Jakarta 13410 Indonesia Government +(62) 21 851 7164 (main) [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Yulia Suryanti Sub-Division for Adaptation to Otorita Batam, Building 'A', 6th Floor, Climate Change, Ministry of 13410 Jakarta, Indonesia Environment [email protected] Chairul Saleh WWF Indonesia Climate Change Coordinator NGO [email protected] Setiasih Naneng Reef Check Foundation Indonesia [email protected]

Mr. Adao Soares Barbosa National Directorate for Aleixo Corte Real St., Formento Building, Dili, Environmental Services +(670) 727-1436 / 333-1118 (main) [email protected] East Timor East Government P.O. BOX 390 Rua Celestino da Silva, Farol, Dili, East Timor NGO Haburas Foundation +(670) 331-0103 (main) [email protected] haburasfoundation.org NORTHWEST PACIFIC

A-27 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION 2-1-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Ministry of Tokyo 100-8918 Japan Land, Infrastructure and

Japan +(81) 3 5253-8111 (main) Transport (MOLIT) www.mlit.go.jp/index_e.html 1-2-1,Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-ku Government Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Tokyo 1008950, Japan and Fisheries (MOAFF) www.maff.go.jp/e/index.html Ms. Akiko Nakagawa 1-2-2,Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-ku Ministry of the Environment Tokyo 1008950, Japan Climate Change Policy Division +81 3 5521 8330 (main) Global Environment Bureau E-Mail: [email protected] www.env.go.jp/en Yuri Onodera Director of Climate Global Warming Prevention 1-6-1 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Headquarters Tokyo 100-8968, Japan +(81) 3 5253-2111 (main) www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/policy/ondanka/index_e.html 16-2 Onogawa National Institute for Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki 305-0053 Japan Environmental Studies +(81) 2 9850-2308 (main) URL: www.nies.go.jp Davinchi Kamiyacho Building 2Fl. 1-11-9 Azabudai,Minato- ku, Tokyo 106-0041 Japan NGO Japan Centre for Climate Change +(81) 3 5114-1281 (main) Action [email protected] www.jccca.org Naoyuki Yamagishi Climate Change Programme WWF Japan +(81) 3 3769 3509 (main) [email protected] www.wwf.or.jp/eng/index.htm Taeyoung B/D 252-5 Gongdeok-dong Mapo Seoul, Republic of Korea Korean National Park Service +(82) 2 3279-2807 (main) [email protected]; [email protected]

Government english.knps.or.kr Office of the Prime Minister Central Government Complex

RebublicKorea of Inter-Ministerial Committee on 55 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu Climate Change Seoul, Korea (110-760) +(82) 2 2100-2114 (main) www.pmo.go.kr/eng.do?menuSID=221

A-28 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Government Complex-Gwacheon 1, Joongang-dong, Gwacheon-si, Ministry of Gyeonggi-do, 427-729 Korea Environment (MOE) +82-2-2110-6561 (main) eng.me.go.kr/docs/index.html 45 Gisangcheong-gil Dongjak-gu Korea Meteorological Seoul 156-720, Republic of Korea Administration (KMA) [email protected] web.kma.go.kr/eng/index.jsp 251,Nooha dong Chongro-gu Seoul, Korea 110-806 Korean Federation for +82-2-735-7000 (main) Environmental Movement [email protected] english.kfem.or.kr 17th Fl, Kyobo Life Insurance Bldg, Jongno-1ga, Jongno-gu Seoul, Korea, 110-714 Korean Commission on +(02)2180-2250 (main) Sustainable Developmen [email protected] www.pcsd.go.kr/eng/eng_about01.html Government DemocraticRepublic Korea of

c/o National Development and Reform Commission Department of Regional Economy

China National Coordination Committee 38.S.Yuetan Street,Beijing on Climate Change 100824 People’s Republic of China

Government www.ccchina.gov.cn/en Mr. Lianzeng Chen Deputy Administrator State Oceanic Administration State Ocean Administration of 1, Fuxingmenwai Ave China Beijing 100860 People’s Republic of China +(86-10) 6803 3231 (main) www.soa.gov.cn/hyjww/index.htm

A-29 Ocean Conservancy Pacific Ocean Climate Change Adaptation Review ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION Dr Dahe QIN 46, Zhongguancun Nandajie Beijing 100081 People’s Republic of China China Meteorological +(86-10) 6840 6662 (direct) Administration +(86-10) 6840 7703 (main) [email protected] (organization) [email protected] (individual) www.cma.gov.cn/en Ms Li Jianping Yinchuan 750002, Ningxia Meteorological People’s Republic of China Observatory + 86 951 5043015 (main) [email protected]; [email protected] Ma Chaode [email protected] NGO Room 1609 Wenhua Gong Beijing Working People's Culture Palace (Laodong Renmin WWF China Wenhuagong Dongmen) Beijing 100006, People’s Republic of China +86 10 6522 7100 (main) [email protected] (general) www.wwfchina.org Federal Service for H.E. Mr. Alexander Bedritsky, Head Hydrometeorology and Novovagan'kovsky Street 12 Moscow, Russia Environmental Monitoring +7(4952)552-104 (main) Russia (Roshydromet) [email protected] Andrei Abikh, Kamchatka League of [email protected] Independent Experts +7(4152) 420-996 klie.ru +7(4232) 211-096 Initiative Network of Regional +7(4232) 269-606 Activists (ISAR-) +7(4232) 205-315 www.isardvrc.ru/index.php?topic=236 Kommunistichesky 301 - 27a, Yuzhno Sakhalinsk 693007, Russia Sakhalin Environment Watch +7(4242) 747-518 (main) [email protected] www.sakhalin.environment.ru/en

A-30 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Global Players Climate Change Adaptation, RMIT Global Cities Institute, GPO Box 2476V AdaptNET Global network of adaptation specialists Melbourne, 3001, Australia +(61) 3 9925 3170 (main) [email protected] 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400k Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Nauru, Belize, Niue, New York, New York 10017 USA Palau, Papua New Guinea, Cook Islands, Samoa, (212) 599-0301 (main) Singapore, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Federated Alliance of Small Island States @un.int States of Micronesia, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Vanuatu, [email protected] Maldives www.sidsnet.org/aosis Mahendra Kumar, Task Manager for AIACC Climate Change Enabling Activities Division of Policy Development and Law Assessments of Impacts and United Naitons Environment Programme Thailand, Philippines, China, Costa Rica, Mexico, Adaptations to Climate Change P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Fiji (AIACC) +(254) 20 623489 (main) [email protected] www.aiaccproject.org/aiacc.html

John Lanchbery Polynesia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Girton Road Australia, Fiji, Canada, Chile, United States, El Cambridge CB3 0NA Salvador, Panama, Mexico, Ecuador, Russia, Birdlife International United Kingdom Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Thailand, +44 (0)1223 277 318 (main) Myanmar Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia [email protected] www.birdlife.org Emily Pidgeon Marine Climate Change Lead Global; field offices in Pacific countries include 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Australia, Cambodia, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Conservation International Arlington, VA 22202 USA Ecuador, Fiji, Guatemala, Indonesia, Japan, (703) 341-2400 (main) Mexico, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, [email protected] Peru, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands www.conservation.org Kate Newman Managing Director CTI World Wildlife Fund - US 1250 24th Street, NW Washington, DC 20037-1193 USA Indonesia, East Timor, the Philippines, Malaysia, (202) 293-4800 (main) Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands; partner [email protected] countries/funders are Australia, France, Japan, Coral Triangle Initiative New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States, Sheldon Cohen Asian Development Bank, Conservation Senior Policy Coordinator, Coral Triangle International, Global Environment Facility, The The Nature Conservancy Nature Conservancy, World Bank, WWF Coral Triangle Center Jl. Pengembak No. 2 / Sanur, Bali 80228 Indonesia +(62) 3 6128 7272 (main) [email protected]

A-32 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS 1 Palace Street London SW1E 5HE United Kingdom Department for International GTN: 3535 7000 Global Development UK (DFID) +(020) 7023 0000 (main) +(020) 7023 0019 (fax) www.dfid.gov.uk Clive Wilkinson, Coordinator GCRMN Global Coral Reef Monitoring PO Box 772, Townsville, 4810, Australia Global Network (GCRMN) +(61) 7 4721 2699 (main) www.gcrmn.org GLOSS Technical Secretary UNESCO, 1 Rue Miollis Paris 75732 Cedex 15, France [email protected]

Global Sea Level Observing System Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level Global (GLOSS) Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Joseph Proudman Building 6 Brownlow Street Liverpool L3 5DA United Kingdom [email protected] www.gloss-sealevel.org Keith Alverson Global Ocean Observing System Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Global Ocean Observing System 1, rue Miollis Global (GOOS) 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France k.alversonunesco.org www.ioc-goos.org 3000, rue Omer-Lavallée, Montréal (Québec) International Council for Local Canada H1Y 3R8 Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) (514) 875-9911 (main) Cities for Climate Change [email protected] www.ceci.ca/ceci/en/index.html International Oceanographic Data Mr. Satoshi Sato and Information Exchange (IODE) Regional Coordinator for ODINWESTPAC Pilot project Global Ocean Data and Information [email protected] Network for the Western Pacific www.iode.org Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) 1-6, Minamihara, Tsukuba-shi International Center for Water Ibaraki-ken 305-8516, Japan Hazard and Risk Management Global +(810) 29 879 6809 (main) (ICHARM) [email protected] www.icharm.pwri.go.jp Kristian Teleki Director 219 Huntingdon Road International Coral Reef Action Cambridge CB3 0DL South Pacific, South Asia, East Asian Islands Network United Kingdom +(44) (0)1223 277 314 (main) [email protected] www.icran.org

A-33 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Sadako Ogata President 6th–13th floors, Shinjuku Maynds Tower Japan International Cooperation 1-1, Yoyogi 2-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8558 Global Agency (JICA) Japan +(81) 3-5352-5311/5312/5313/5314 (main) www.jica.go.jp/english ETC International P.O.Box 64, 3830 AB Leusden Netherlands Climate Assistance The Netherlands Colombia, Guatemala, Vietnam Program (NCAP) +(31) 33 432 6000 (main) [email protected] www.nlcap.net 1350 Ave., NW 5th Floor Washington, D.C. 20036 USA Oceana (202) 833-3900 (main) North and [email protected] www.oceana.org Oregon State University PISCO/Department of Zoology 3029 Cordley Hall Partnership for Interdisciplinary Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Global Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) (541) 737-8645 (main) [email protected] www.piscoweb.org ProVention Consortium Secretariat IFRC P.O. Box 372 ProVention Consortium 17, chemin des Crêts Global CH-1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland [email protected] Dr. Richard Klein Senior Research Fellow Stockholm Environment Institute Stockholm, 106 91 Sweden +(46) 8 674 7054 (main) [email protected] Stockholm Environment Institute Global Asia Centre 15th Floor, Witthyakit Building, 254 Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn Soi 64, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand + (66) 2 251 4415-8 (main) www.sei.se FitzRoy Road Exeter The Hadley Center Global Devon EX1 3PB United Kingdom www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre

A-34 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Worldwide Office The Nature Conservancy 4245 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 100 Arlington, VA 22203-1606 USA (703) 841-5300 (main) Global; field offices in Pacific countries include www.nature.org Australia, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, The Nature Conservancy Rod Salm Mexico, Micronesia, Nicaragua, Panama, Papua Director, Transforming Coral Reef Conservation New Guinea, Peru, Solomon Islands, and the The Nature Conservancy United States 923 Nu'uanu Avenue Honolulu, HI 96817 USA (808) 587-6284 (main) [email protected]

Oxford University Centre for the Environment Dyson Perrins Building South Parks Road UK Climate Impacts Programme Oxford OX1 3QY United Kingdom Global (UKCIP) +(44) (0)1865 285 717 (main) [email protected] www.ukcip.org.uk United Nations Development Program/Global Environmental Ms. Bo Lim Facility Community-Based Principal Technical Advisor, BDP/EEG, Global Adaptation project (UNDP/GEF [email protected] CBA) Global: field offices in Pacific countries include 2300 Southern Boulevard Belize, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Bronx, New York 10460 USA Wildlife Conservation Society Ecuador, Fiji, Guatemala, Indonesia, Laos, (718) 220-5100 (main) Malaysia, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Peru, www.wcs.org Russia, Thailand, United States World Climate Data & Monitoring Programme World Climate Programme World Meteorological Organization P.O.Box 2300 World Climate Data and 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Global Monitoring Programme (WCDMP) CH-1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland [email protected] www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/wcdmp_hom e_en.html Ghassem Asrar , Director [email protected] c/o World Meteorological Organization 7 bis, Avenue de la Paix World Climate Research Case Postale 2300 Global Programme (WCRP) 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland +(41) 22 730 81 11 (main) Email: [email protected] wcrp.wmo.int/wcrp-index.html WeAdapt www.weadapt.org Global 7bis, avenue de la Paix, Case postale No. 2300 WMO’s World Climate Program CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Global www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/wcp/index_en.html

A-35 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Mr. Nikita LOPOUKHINE Chair, IUCN WCPA c/o Parks Canada - Parcs Canada 25 Eddy Street World Commission on Protected Gatineau Quebec K1A 0M5 Global Areas Canada (819) 956-9908 (main) Email: [email protected] www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/index. cfm City Hall, West Tower, 16th Floor World Mayors Council on Climate Toronto, ON M5H 2N2 Canada Japan, Phillipines, Washington Change (WMCCC) [email protected] www.iclei.org Global network of independent national or regional offices and dependent offices working WWF International under the direction of an independent office. Av. du Mont-Blanc 27 1196 Gland Independent offices in Pacific countries include World Wildlife Fund Switzerland Australia, Canada, Central America office, China, +(41) 22 364 91 11 (main) Colombia, Greater Mekong, Hong Kong, www.wwf.org Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Pacific, and the United States. NORTHEAST & PACIFIC OCEAN AND EAST ASIAN SEAS Xianbin Yao China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Acting Director General Korea, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, 6 ADB Avenue, Asian Development Bank Nauru, Palua, Papua New Guinea, Phillipines, Mandaluyong City 1550, Philippines Samoa, Singapore, Thailand, East Timor, Tuvalu, +(632) 632 6781 (main) Vanuatu, Vietnam www.adb.org Mr. Subbiah SM Tower, 24th Floor 979/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Asian Disaster Preparedness Phayathai, Bangkok 10400 Thailand Maldives, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Center + (662) 298 0682-92 (main) Thailand, Vietnam [email protected] www.adpc.net/v2007 Peter Hacker Manager Pacific Ocean Science and Technology Bldg. 1680 East-West Road, University of Hawaii Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center Asia-Pacific Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA (808) 956-5019 (main) [email protected] apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu 10 MacGregor Road GPO Box 18332 SUVA, FIJI Austrailia, Cooks Islands, , New BirdLife Pacific Regional Office +(679) 331 3492 (main) Caledonia, New Zeland, Palau, Samoa [email protected] www.birdlife.org/regional/pacific/partnership.html

Council of Regional Organisations [email protected] Pacific Island Nations, USA, UK, New Zealand, in the Pacific (CROP) www.spc.int/piocean/crop/spocc.htm France, Australia

A-36 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji Islands, French Polynesia, Eileen Shea Guam, Hawai‘i, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, 1601 East-West Road East West Center Republic of the Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 USA Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of the [email protected] Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu Locally-Managed [email protected] Fiji, Indonesia, Palau, PNG, Phillipines, Marine Area (LMMA) Network www.lmmanetwork.org Micronesia, Solomons 2525 Correa Road, suite 250 Pacific ENSO Applications Climate Honolulu, HI 96822 USA American Samoa, Chuuk, CNMI, Guam, Hawaii, Center (PEAC) (808) 956-2324 (main) Kosrae, Marshalls, Palau, Pohnpei www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/index2.html David Gordon, Executive Director 311 California Street, Suite 650 San Francisco, CA 94104-2608 USA Pacific Environment 415/399-8850 (main) California, Alaska, Russia, Japan, China [email protected] [email protected] www.pacificenvironment.org 654 13th Street, Preservation Park Oakland, CA 94612 USA Pacific Institute Climate and Water (510) 251 1600 (main) California, Alaska, Russia, Japan, China [email protected] www.pacinst.org/biblio Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of The Secretary General Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Secretariat Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Pacific Islands Forum Private Mail Bag Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Suva, Fiji Tuvalu, Vanuatu www.forumsec.org.fj Lower Campus, USP Closed Mail Bag Suva, Fiji Pacific Islands Marine Resources +(679) 323 2934 (main) Samoa, Solomon Islands, Noumea, New Information System (PIMRIS) Email: [email protected] Caledonia, Fiji www.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/current_site/library/pimris.h tm Maria Haws Regional Coordinator University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa American Samoa, The Commonwealth of the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Pacific Islands Ocean Observing Northern Mariana Islands, The Federated States POST Building, Room 105 A, B System (PacIOOS) of Micronesia, Guam, Hawai‘i, The Republic of Honolulu, HI 96822 USA the Marshall Islands (808) 933 3288 (main) [email protected] www.soest.hawaii.edu/pacioos/index.htm

American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Policy www.spc.int/piocean/forum/New/welcome.htm Guinea, , Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and .

A-37 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Hawaii, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Pacific Regional Integrated Simpson, Caitlin, Program Director Islands, Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Sciences and Assessments (Pacific (301) 734-1251 (main) Palau, American Samoa RISA) [email protected] Burnett 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, HI 96817 USA Pacific Science Association Pacific Islands (808) 848 4124 (main) [email protected] www.pacificscience.org American Samoa,Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Fiji Islands, BP D5 French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Secretariat of the Pacific Noumea Cedex Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Community (SPC) New Caledonia 98848 Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Palau, +(687) 262 000 (main) Papua New Guinea (PNG), Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu Espen Ronnenberg American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Climate Change Advisor Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, France, [email protected] French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand South Pacific Regional Taito Nakalevu Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua Environment Programme (SPREP) Climate Change Adaptation Officer [email protected] New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa Tonga, Tuvalu, United States of America, +(685) 21929 (main) Vanuatu www.sprep.org UN Inter-Agency Climate Change Still in development; to be based in Apia, Samoa Oceania Centre for the Pacific Australia, China, Canada, Cook Islands, European Community, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Western and Central Pacific Tuna [email protected] France, Japan, Kiribati, Korea Commission www.wcpfc.int Republic of Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue NORTHEAST & SOUTHEAST PACIFIC Arpita Choudhury Climate Change Lead 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 725 Association of Fish and Wildlife Washington, DC 20001 USA Alaska, California, Washington, Oregon Agencies (202) 624 7890 (main) [email protected] www.fishwildlife.org Mr. Rodney Martenez ODIN Caribbean and South ODINCARSA Project Coordinator Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, American regions [email protected] Panama and Peru www.odincarsa.net Casilla 16638 Agencia 6400-9 Permanent Commission for the Santiago 9 Chile Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru South Pacific (CPPS) +(56) 2 726 652 (main) www.cpps-int.org P.O.Box 020-6151 Santa Ana San Jose, Costa Rica Mar Viva South Eastern Pacific +(506) 290 3647 (main) www.marviva.net

A-38 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Division of Habitat Conservation United States Fish and Wildlife 911 NE 11TH Ave Alaska, California, Washington, Oregon Service Pacific Regional Office Portland, OR 97232-4181 USA (503) 231 2064 (main)

A-39 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Funding Agencies Nessim J. Ahmad Director, Environment and Social Safeguards Division P.O. Box 789 Asian Development Bank 0980 Manila, Philippines + (632) 632 4444 ext 6883 (direct) [email protected]

Brennan Van Dyke Intergovernmental 1818 H Street, NW MSN G6-602 Global Environment Facility Washington, DC, 20433 USA (202) 458 0480 (main) (202) 473 0508 (direct) [email protected] Ms. Keti Chachibaia Regional Technical Advisor, Climate Change Adaptation Grosslingova 35 United Nations Development Programme Bratislava, 81109 Slovak Republic +(421) 2 59337 422 (main) [email protected] Liza Leclerc Adaptation Task Manager United Nations Avenue, Gigiri United Nations Environment Programme PO Box 30552, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya +(254) 20 7623113 [email protected] Kseniya Lvovsky [email protected]

Mr. Ian Noble Senior Climate Change Specialist, Sustainable Development World Bank Network (202) 473 1329 (direct) [email protected]

(202) 473 1000 (main) 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA www.worldbank.org

Steve Whitney 1212 Minor Avenue Bullitt Foundation Seattle, WA 98101-2825 USA U.S. and Canada (Oregon, Washington and (206) 343 0807 (main) British Columbia) [email protected] www.bullitt.org Foundations Sybil Ackerman 715 SW Morrison Street, Suite 901, Portland, Oregon 97205-3105 USA U.S. and Canada (Coastal Alaska, British Lazar Foundation (503) 419-8454 (direct) Columbia, Oregon and Washington) (503) 225-0265 (main) [email protected] www.lazarfoundation.org

A-40 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Chris Holtz 140 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60603-5285 USA MacArthur Foundation Asia Pacific (312) 726-8000 (main) [email protected] www.macfound.org Barry Gold P.O. Box 29910 San Francisco, California 94129-0910 USA Moore Foundation Coastal North America (415)561-7700 (main) barry.gold@ moore.org www.moore.org Lori Arguelles 8601 Avenue Suite 501 US Marine Sanctuaries (Hawaii, American National Marine Sanctuary Foundation Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA Samoa, California, Washington) (301) 608 3040 (main) [email protected] nmsfocean.org Oak Foundation USA 511 Congress Street, Suite 800 Oak Foundation Portland, ME 04101 USA North Pacific and Bering Sea [email protected] oakfnd.org Monika Thiele [email protected]

Mark Spalding [email protected] The Ocean Foundation (202) 887 8992 (main) 1990 M Street, NW, Suite 250 Washington, DC 20036 USA www.oceanfdn.org Bernd Cordes 300 Second Street Los Altos, California 94022 USA Packard Foundation Western Pacific and California Coast (650) 948-7658 (main) [email protected] www.packard.org/home.aspx Hank Cauley 1200 18th St. NW, 5th Floor Washington DC 20036-2506 USA The Pew Charitable Trusts (202) 887.8800 [email protected] www.pewtrusts.org Cristina Rumbaitis del Rio (212) 852 8459 (direct) [email protected]

Maria Blair Associate Vice President & Managing Director Rockefeller Foundation Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, [email protected]

420 Fifth Ave New York, NY 10018 USA (212) 869-8500 (main) www.rockfound.org

A-41 ORGANIZATION NAME RELEVANT CONTACT INFORMATION COUNTRY/LOCAL ENGAGEMENTS Katie Eckman 133 Luckie Street NW 2nd Floor Turner Foundation , GA 30303 USA U.S. (Alaska) (404) 681-9900 (main) [email protected] www.turnerfoundation.org Ms. Peta Mills Policy Manager Australian Agency for International GPO Box 887 Development (AusAID) Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia +(61) 2 6206 4223 (main) [email protected] Julie Townley 195 Lambton Quay New Zealand Agency for International Private Bag 18-901 Development (NZAID) Wellington New Zealand

Government Government Agencies +(64) 4 439 8200 (main) Dr. Yvan Biot Senior Policy Advisor - Climate Change Policy and Research Division United Kingdom Department for 1 Palace Street International Development (DFID) London, SW1E 5HE United Kingdom +(44) 207 023 1138 (main) [email protected] John Furlow RRB 3.08-092 United States Agency for International 1300 Avenue, NW Development (USAID) Washington, DC 20523-3800 USA (202)712-5274 [email protected] NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, N/OCRM 1305 East West Highway, 10th Floor United States Coral Reef Task Force Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281 USA [email protected] www.coralreef.gov/ Jordan West ORD/NCEA/Global Change Research United States Environmental Protection 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Agency (EPA) International Joint CommissionWashington, DC 20460 USA [email protected] Huang Jin Program Manager United States National Oceanic and Climate Prediction Program for the Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (301) 734-1226 (main) [email protected] www.climate.noaa.gov/cpo_pa/cppa

A-42 Appendix B: Existing guidance resources

Adaptation Policy Framework (APF). 2004. Burton, I., S. Huq, et al. United Nations Development Programme, New York. http://www.undp.org/climatechange/adapt/apf.html

Adapting to Climate Variability and Change. 2007. USAID, Washington, DC. http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/climate/docs/reports/cc_vamanual.pdf

Buying Time: A User's Manual For Building Resilience To Climate Change In Natural Systems. 2003. Hansen, L. J. et al. WWF - International Climate Change Program, Berlin. http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/WWFBinaryitem3830.pdf

Cities, Seas, and Storms: Managing Change in Pacific Island Economies. Volume IV: Adapting to Climate Change. 2000. World Bank, the Papua New Guinea and Pacific Islands Country Unit, Washington, D.C. http://go.worldbank.org/IGWRDY16T0

Climate Change Adaptation Actions for Local Government . 2007. Australian Greenhouse OfficeReport by SMEC Australia to the Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/publications/pubs/local-government.pdf

Climate Proofing: A Risk-based Approach to Adaptation . 2005. Hay, J.E. et al. Asian Development Bank. Manila. www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Climate-Proofing/climate- proofing.pdf

Climate Variability and Change and Sea level Rise in the Pacific Islands Region: A Resource Book for Policy and Decision Makers, Educators and other Stakeholders . 2003. Hay, J. et al. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Japan Ministry of the Environment, Tokyo. www.sprep.org/climate/documents/Webi.pdf

Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments . 2007. Snover, A.K. et al. In association with and published by ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability, Oakland, CA. www.cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/snoveretalgb574.pdf

Surviving Climate Change in Small Islands - A guidebook . 2005. Tompkins, E.L., et al. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, United Kingdom. http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/surviving.pdf

20 October 2008 B-1 Abbreviations: Abbreviation Organization Name AFWA Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies ANAM Authoridad Nacional del Ambiente AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States CBDAMPIC Capacity Building for the Development of Adaptation Measures in Pacific Island Countries CCME Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment CI Conservation International CICC la Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CPAWS Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society CRAG America Samoa Coral Reef Advisory Group CRTF US Coral Reef Task Force DFW Department of Fish and Wildlife DMWR Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources in American Samoa FNA El Foro Nacional Ambiental FWS Fish and Wildlife Services GBRMPA Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority INRENA Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales INVEMAR Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras MARENA El Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales MARN Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales MIMRA Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority MOMAF National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment NCAP Netherlands Climate Assistance Program NPFMC North Pacific Fisheries Management Council NPSA National Parks of American Samoa PACC Pacific Islands Adapting to Climate Change PCDF Partners in Community Development Fiji SPREP South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme TNC The Nature Conservancy VEPA Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency WMCCC World Mayors Council on Climate Change WWF World Wildlife Fund

20 October 2008

20 October 2008