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Dementia, Second Edition VOLUME 3 Dementia Second Edition WPA Series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry Dementia, Second Edition. Edited by Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius. #2002JohnWiley&SonsLtd. ISBN: 0-470-84963-0 Other Titles in the WPA Series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry Volume 1ÐDepressive Disorders, Second Edition Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius Volume 2ÐSchizophrenia, Second Edition Mario Maj and Norman Sartorius Volume 4ÐObsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Second Edition Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius, Ahmed Okasha and Joseph Zohar Volume 5ÐBipolar Disorder Mario Maj, Hagop S. Akiskal, Juan Jose LoÂpez-Ibor and Norman Sartorius VOLUME 3 Dementia Second Edition Edited by Mario Maj University of Naples, Italy Norman Sartorius University of Geneva, Switzerland WPA Series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com First Edition printed in 2000. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1` British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-84963-0 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents List of Review Contributors xi Preface xiii CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEMENTIA 1 Definition and Epidemiology of Dementia: A Review 1 A.S. Henderson and A.F. Jorm COMMENTARIES 1.1 The Continuing Evolution of Dementia Epidemiology 34 M. Ganguli 1.2 Dementia: Hope for the Future 36 S. Lovestone 1.3 Dementia: Much Information, Many Unanswered Questions 39 L.F. Jarvik 1.4 Vascular Factors and Dementia 42 I. Skoog 1.5 Dementia: Known and Unknown 45 E.D. Caine 1.6 Dementia: a Public Health Emergency and a Scientific Challenge 47 L. Fratiglioni 1.7 Dementia: Plenty of Questions Still to Be Answered 50 R. Jacoby 1.8 Rates and Risk Factors for Dementia: Evidence or Controversy? 52 P. Kragh-Sùrensen, K. Andersen, A. Lolk and H. Nielsen 1.9 Dementia: the Public Health Challenge 55 K.I. Shulman 1.10 Definition and Epidemiology of Dementia: Some Issues that Need Clarification 57 P.J. Whitehouse vi CONTENTS 1.11 Dementia: the Challenge for the Next Decade 59 A. Mann 1.12 Recent Progress in the Definition and Epidemiology of Dementia 62 A. Burns 1.13 Dementia: Some Controversial Issues 64 M.R. Jorge 1.14 Is the Prevalence Rate of Alzheimer's Disease Increasing in Japan? 66 A. Homma CHAPTER 2 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEMENTIA 69 Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia: A Review 69 B. Reisberg, E. Franssen, M.A. Shah, J. Weigel, M. Bobinski and H.M. Wisniewski COMMENTARIES 2.1 The Value of Inclusive Diagnostic Thinking and Appreciating Developmental Variance 116 E.B. Larson 2.2 Reflections on Retrogenesis 118 J. O'Brien 2.3 Dementia: Diagnosis, Progression and Retrogression 120 P.S. Sachdev 2.4 Staging of Severe Alzheimer's Disease and the Concept of Retrogenesis: Doors to be Opened for Research and Clinical Practice 123 R. Heun 2.5 When Diagnosis is Certain, Functional Scores are Robust and Recommendable Markers of the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease 125 G. Ransmayr 2.6 Findings with the Aid of Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) 127 Sir M. Roth 2.7 Two Decades of Longitudinal Research in Alzheimer's Disease 130 S.I. Finkel 2.8 Diagnosing Dementia: the Need for Improved Criteria 132 G. Gold CONTENTS vii 2.9 Pitfalls in Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease 135 I. Kloszewska 2.10 Evaluating the Performance of Measures to Assess Dementia 136 D.R. Gifford 2.11 Dementia as a Diagnostic Entity 139 S. Wibisono CHAPTER 3 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEMENTIA 143 Neuropsychological and Instrumental Diagnosis of Dementia: A Review 143 O. Almkvist COMMENTARIES 3.1 Improving Diagnosis of Dementia 166 M. Rossor 3.2 The Contribution of Neuropsychology to the Assessment of Dementia Syndromes 169 K. Ritchie 3.3 Neuropsychological and Instrumental Diagnosis of Dementia: the Evidence 171 P. Scheltens 3.4 Some Clinical Aspects and Research Issues in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia 173 A.U. Monsch 3.5 The Role of Cognitive and Functional Evaluation in the Care of Patients with Dementia 176 R.C. Mohs 3.6 Evaluating the Cognitive Changes of Normal and Pathologic Aging 179 J.C. Morris and W.P. Goldman 3.7 Alzheimer's Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias: Need for an Early Diagnosis 182 R. Mielke and W.-D. Heiss 3.8 Neuropsychological and Instrumental Diagnosis of Dementia in a Clinical Context 184 G.K. Wilcock 3.9 Neuropsychological Tests that are Helpful to the Etiological Diagnosis of Dementia 187 F. Pasquier viii CONTENTS 3.10 The Importance of an Early Diagnosis in Alzheimer's Disease 189 A. Nordberg 3.11 When Should We Use Which Diagnostic Tools? 193 G. Stoppe 3.12 Factors Affecting Diagnosis in Dementia 195 A. Heerlein CHAPTER 4 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DEMENTIA 199 Pharmacological Treatment of Dementia: A Review 199 S.C. Samuels and K.L. Davis COMMENTARIES 4.1 Alzheimer's Disease is Treatable 247 P.N. Tariot 4.2 Treatment of Dementia: Where Do We Go from Here? 251 D.P. Devanand 4.3 The Future of Alzheimer's Pharmacotherapeutics 253 E.R. Peskind 4.4 Outcome Measures and Ethical Issues in the Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease 256 G. Waldemar 4.5 From Bench to Bedside: How to Treat Dementia 259 S. Gauthier 4.6 Some Limitations in the Drug Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease 262 B.E. Leonard 4.7 Issues Regarding the Pharmacotherapy of Dementia 266 K.L. LanctoÃt 4.8 Treatment of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Disturbances in Dementia 269 W. Samuel and D.V. Jeste 4.9 Are There Concerns about the ``Real World'' Effectiveness and Safety of Medications for Alzheimer's Disease? 272 L.S. Schneider 4.10 Phytoneuropsychotropics in Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment and/or Prevention 275 T.M. Itil CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 5 PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR DEMENTIA 279 Psychosocial Interventions for Dementia: A Review 279 F. Baro COMMENTARIES 5.1 Psychosocial Dimensions of Dementia Care 308 K.C. Buckwalter 5.2 First Experience, then Evidence, then Possibly New Criteria 312 M. Powell Lawton 5.3 The Development of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation for Alzheimer's Disease 314 T. Asada 5.4 Psychosocial Interventions and Behavioural Treatments for Dementia 317 L. Teri 5.5 The Need for Greater Specificity in Psychosocial Interventions 319 C. Beck 5.6 Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia: the Nature and Focus of Intervention, Outcome Measurement and Quality of Life 322 S. Banerjee 5.7 General Comments on Psychosocial Interventions for Dementia 325 E. Miller 5.8 Changing Therapeutic Paradigms 327 B. Groulx 5.9 Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia: Attitudes, Approaches, Therapies and Quality of Life 330 E. Chiu 5.10 The Importance of Touch and Contact 332 Y. Barak 5.11 The Need to Improvise and Look for Evidence 334 A.M. Ashour 5.12 The Need for Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia 337 M. SuaÂrez Richards 5.13 Sharing and Supporting Families with Dementia 338 R. Srinivasa Murthy x CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 COSTS OF DEMENTIA 341 Costs of Dementia: A Review 341 B. JoÈnsson, L. JoÈnsson and A. Wimo COMMENTARIES 6.1 Dementia: the Challenges for Economic Analysis 370 W. Max 6.2 Costs of Dementia: More Questions than Answers 372 C. Selai 6.3 Toward the Economics of Dementia 375 A.E. Rupp 6.4 A Cautionary Commentary on Costs of Dementia Studies 378 J. Schneider 6.5 Costs of Dementia: Valuable Information for Economic Evaluations 380 C.K. Andersen 6.6 Cost of Illness Study in Dementia: a Comment 382 J.-M. Graf von der Schulenburg 6.7 Dementia: Whose Burden is it Anyway? 384 S.K. Khandelwal Acknowledgements for the First Edition 389 Index 391 Review Contributors Dr Ove Almkvist Division of Geriatric Medicine B84, Huddinge Hospital, 14186 Huddinge, Sweden Professor Franz Baro Catholic University of Leuven, Psychiatric Centre Sint- Kamillus, Broeders van Liefde, Krijkelberg 1, B-3360 Bierbeck, Belgium Dr Maciej Bobinski Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA Professor Kenneth L.
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