Appendix B. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park (SAAN) Local List

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center

A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at San Antonio Missions National Historical Park Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/403

The San Antonio River at Rancho de las Cabras forms part of the park boundary at SAAN

The Rio Grande chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides, is among some of the species of frogs found at SAAN.

The Great Plains rat snake, Elaphe guttata emoryi is often found under coverboards at SAAN.

The ground skink can be seen often while checking coverboards.

ON THE COVER San Antonio Missions National Historical Park was established to preserve and interpret the chain of Spanish missions that were built along the San Antonio River in the 18th century. Streamside (riparian) areas along the San Antonio River and the acequias are oases of unique vegetation that provide excellent wildlife habitat. NPS photo.

A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at San Antonio Missions National Historical Park Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/403

Gulf Coast Network National Park Service 646 Cajundome Blvd. Room 175 Lafayette, LA 70506

November 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available from the Gulf Coast Network Inventory and Monitoring Program website: http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/guln/networkhome/reports.cfm and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM).

Please cite this publication as:

Gulf Coast Network 2010. A summary of biological inventories conducted at San Antonio Missions National Historical Park: Vertebrate, and vascular plant inventories. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/403. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 472/106087, November 2010

Contents Page

Contents ...... iii

List of Tables ...... v

Introduction ...... 1

Methods...... 1

Results and Discussion ...... 2

Discussion ...... 19

Monitoring ...... 19

Management ...... 19

Literature Cited ...... 20

Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary ...... 21

Appendix B. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park (SAAN) Local List...... 30

iii iv

Tables Page

Table 1. Count of organisms by Park Status categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009)...... 2

Table 2. Count of organisms by Abundance categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009)...... 3

Table 3. Count of organisms by Residency categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009) ...... 3

Table 4. Count of organisms by Nativity categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009) ...... 3

Table 5. Non-native plants occurring at San Antonio Missiona National Park with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank). NatureServe 2009...... 5

Table 6. Organisms on the park’s local list which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank)...... 17

Introduction

Park managers are directed by federal law and National A natural resource inventory Park Service (NPS) policies to know the status and trends in is an extensive point-in-time the condition of natural resources under their stewardship in effort to document the order to fulfill the NPS mission of conserving parks presence, location or condition unimpaired for future generations. The National Park of a resource, including the Service established the Inventory and Monitoring Program status of plants, animals, and (I&M) in 1992 to provide funding, technical assistance, and abiotic components such as coordination for more than 270 parks to complete 12 basic water, soils, landforms, and natural resource inventories and to begin monitoring the climate. Monitoring differs status and trend of park natural resources. As part of this from an inventory in adding effort, the I&M Program’s Gulf Coast Network (GULN) the dimension of time, with the completed several inventories of the vertebrate species and general purpose of detecting vascular plants at San Antonio Missions National Historical changes or trends in a resource Park (SAAN). These efforts included cataloging all existing over time. data, followed up by additional field investigations. The primary purpose of these inventories was to document the presence of resources in parks, and to assess and document the current condition and knowledge of natural resources in the parks. This report provides a summary of results. Results are also briefly discussed within the context of future inventory efforts, long-term monitoring, and management.

Methods

Prior to the initiation of any field investigation, an effort was made to assemble extant data on species occurrence at SAAN. This included searches of reference databases and vouchers, as well as a site visit to the park. Based on these investigations, inventories for several vertebrate and vascular plant groups at SAAN were determined to be incomplete. Consequently, new field inventories of fish (Gonzalez and Moran 2005), amphibians and reptiles (Duran 2004), mammals (Ribble 2003), birds (Scully 2006), and vascular plants (Carr 2003) were conducted on the park.

NPSpecies is the National Park Service's master Recent inventory reports for SAAN are database for documenting the occurrence and available on the GULN website at status of species in more than 270 national park http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/guln/. units containing significant natural resources. Data gathered from the initial reviews at SAAN and recent inventories were organized and entered in NPSpecies. Organism names were linked to the available evidence (reference, observation and/or voucher), quality checked, and made ready for review by individuals with expertise in the various taxa groups. The purpose of these reviews was to assign a park status (e.g., Present in Park, Probably Present, False Report, etc.) and complete a series of checklist fields for each organism (i.e., abundance, residency, nativity and cultivation). Upon completion of this step, data were considered certified and uploaded to a master, online version of NPSpecies on the NPS resource management application website (http://NRInfo.gov). This site

is currently restricted to NPS users and contractors, and records flagged as "sensitive" are not visible to users without edit permissions..

Results and Discussion

Searches for past data and completion of recent inventory efforts resulted in 12 references, 868 vouchers, and 5,413 observations being entered into NPSpecies for SAAN. Based on a review of this evidence, 905 organisms were categorized as Present in Park or Probably Present (Table 1). An additional 67 organisms were categorized as Unconfirmed or Encroaching. Unconfirmed organisms were included on the park list primarily due to historic and/or weak evidence supporting its existence on the park. Encroaching species includes those organisms known to occur in the region, but that are unlikely to occur on the park, at least presently.

Currently 889 of the parks total 976 organisms are documented as Present in Park. Additionally, the percentage of total organisms Present in Park is 91%. However, if both categories, Present in Park and Probably Present are combined, then the number of documented organisms rises to 905. The percentage of Present in Park and Probably Present of total organisms is 93%. Thus, based on current data, the percentage of documented organisms occurring in SAAN is likely between 91 and 93%. The I&M goal was to document as many organisms occurring in the park as possible, be them previously unidentified, encroaching, possibly present, or Present in Park. .

Table 1. Count of organisms by Park Status categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009). Park Status1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Present in Park 221 27 31 7 32 572 889 Probably Present - 2 7 - 5 1 16 Encroaching ------0 Unconfirmed - - 6 - - 61 67 Historical - - - - 1 2 3 False Report 1 - - - - - 1 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Park Status categories.

Of the 976 organisms documented, reviewers assigned a general abundance category (e.g. Abundant, Common, Uncommon, Rare, and Occasional) to 871 (89%) (Table 2). Reviewers believed additional information was needed before an abundance category could be assigned to the remaining 105 (11%) organisms (e.g. Unknown, Not Accounted for).

Table 2. Count of organisms by Abundance categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009). Abundance Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Abundant 3 5 3 2 2 2 17 Common 89 19 6 1 15 132 262 Uncommon 66 1 12 3 11 18 111 Rare 39 2 3 1 1 183 229 Occasional 21 - - - - 230 251 Unknown 3 - 7 - 1 7 18 Not Accounted for 1 2 13 - 7 64 87 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Abundance categories.

Residency values (e.g. Breeder, Resident, Migrant, and Vagrant) were assigned for 239 organisms with the exception of 733 organisms that were categorized as unknown or not accounted for (7 birds, 29 fish, 20 mammals, 8 amphibians, and 37 reptiles). Unknown and Not Accounted For residency values were assigned primarily because it was unclear as to whether or not the organism bred on the park. Also, residency was not established for the 632 vascular plants because residency values do not apply to vascular plants.

Table 3. Count of organisms by Residency categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009) Residency Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Breeder 68 - 18 - - - 86 Resident 91 - 6 - - - 97 Migratory 49 - - - - - 49 Vagrant 7 - - - - - 7 Unknown 6 27 7 8 30 - 78 Not Accounted for 1 2 13 - 7 632 655 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Residency categories.

SAAN’s local list includes 177 non-native organisms (i.e., 13% of total). Of the 177 non-native organisms, there are 5 birds, 4 fish, one amphibian, one reptile, 7 are mammals, and the remaining 159 are vascular plants. Four additional birds were assigned a nativity of unknown due to a park status of unconfirmed and false reports regarding these four birds.

Table 4. Count of organisms by Nativity categories at SAAN (NPSpecies 2009) Nativity Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Native 213 25 37 6 35 475 791 Non-Native 5 4 7 1 1 158 176 Unknown 4 - - - 1 3 8 Not Accounted for ------0 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Nativity categories.

NatureServe, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and NPS, developed a protocol to rank the impact of non-native invasive vascular plants (Morse et al. 2004). Through a series of standardized questions, non-native species are evaluated and assigned an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) based on impact to native species and natural biodiversity. I-Ranks are categorized as high, high/medium, height/low, medium, medium/low, medium/insignificant, low, low/insignificant, or insignificant. Twelve of the non-native vascular plants on SAAN’s local list received an overall I-Rank score from NatureServe containing high (Table 5). All are known to occur in the park (i.e., Present in Park).

Table 5. Non-native plants occurring at San Antonio Missiona National Park with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank). NatureServe 2009. Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Dense monospecific stands in California are linked with severe giant reed, degradation of ecosystem processes and several species giantreed Arundo donax High High Low within the community including the Least Bell's Vireo.

This hardy non-native grass has a high degree of reproductive vigor, a wide range of adaptability, and few pests and predators. It occurs in 15 states in the US, mostly in the buffelgrass Pennisetum ciliare High High High/Low southeast. It is difficult to manage once firmly established.

chicken tree, Chinese tallow tree, Aggressive weed tree of the southeastern U.S. and also Florida aspen, spreading in California. Capable of transforming important popcorn tree, natural communities ranging from coastal prairies, marshes, tallowtree, and bottomland forests, into monospecific Chinese tallow vegetable tallow, forests. Alters soil chemistry such that the species may be self- white wax berry Triadica sebiferum High High High/Medium perpetuating once established. common water hyacinth, common water-hyacinth, floating water hyacinth, floating waterhyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, lirio acuatico, Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, is considered by many to mbekambekairanga be the "world's worst weed," even though it's range does not , water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes High High/Medium High spread throughout the U.S.

Often a plant of human-disturbed areas (roadsides, etc.), but osa, mimosa tree, also affects naturally scoured riparian areas and forest edges. powderpuff tree, It is having some serious impacts on biodiversity in parts of the silk tree, silktree Albizia julibrissin High/Low High/Low Medium/Low southeastern U.S.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Nandina domestica, or Heavenly Bamboo, is a common garden ornamental that is escaping from cultivation in the southeastern United States and invading natural areas. This species has invaded states along the Atlantic coast from Virginia south to Florida and west to Texas. It has invaded natural areas in Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Texas. This small shrub is reported to be forming dense groves in some parts of Florida where it is displacing native vegetation including two rare native species. It does appear to be spreading at least locally in Florida and Texas. N. domestica produces many bright red berries that are attractive to birds that disperse the seeds. Overall, this species appears to be quite problematic in Florida, however, throughout much of its generalized range it doesn't heavenly bamboo, appear as aggressive. It should certainly be watched given that nanten, sacred it occurs in both wet and drier habitats, including floodplains bamboo Nandina domestica High/Low High/Medium Unknown and woodlands. crimson This fire-adapted colonizer causes major ecological impact by fountaingrass, altering the natural fire regime. It is not in many states, but fountain grass, Pennisetum High/ where it does occur, it is continuing to spread locally. It is also fountaingrass setaceum Medium High/Medium High/Medium very difficult to control due to the longevity of the seeds. Johnson grass has been shown to severely inhibit pioneer grass species which normally appear in abandoned fields and can persist in almost pure stands for many years. The massive size (up to 3 m tall) of this plant creates difficulties for the establishment of other plants and rapid growth of rhizomes also provides the plant with a competitive edge over other species. It is one of the most frequently listed noxious weeds in the U.S. and occurs throughout the entire southern half of the country. aleppo milletgrass, The plant is self-pollinated, aggressive, and wind dispersed herbe de Cuba, though humans often disperse it during field cultivation. Johnson grass, Although it can colonize undisturbed sites as a pioneer species, Johnsongrass, it is often found in old fields or previously cultivated areas. sorgho d'Alep, Control is difficult and costly and, although some selective sorgo de alepo, High/ herbicides have been developed, such treatment usually zacate Johnson Sorghum halepense Medium Medium/Low High/Medium impacts natives. Chinese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica can have extremely negative consequences Japanese High/ for forest communities and forest structure. Few effective honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Medium Medium High/Medium control methods known.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary This species has been called "the perfect aquatic weed". Hydrilla verticillata alters ecosystem processes, community structure, and community composition by forming dense mats of floating vegetation that impede water flow and suppress all other aquatic vegetation. It has a direct negative impact on several native plant species: Potamogeton spp., Vallismeria americana, and Ceratophyllum demersum. Numerous recent reports of new infestations in Pennsylvania, Massachusettes, Maine, New Jersery, Louisana, California, Washington, and Florida elodea, Arkansas. Reproduces by propagules, known as "turions," and hydrilla, water from plant fragments. Disperses by water currents, waterfowl, thyme, water- High/ and human activity. Management is very difficult, requiring thyme, waterthyme Hydrilla verticillata Medium High/Medium High more than ten years. Ligustrum sinense alters community structure and composition by creating a dense shrub layer that shades plant species in lower layers. It threatens the globally rare and federally endangered plant Schweintz's sunflower (Helianthus schweinitzii). It is reported as invasive in six Southeastern states, where it can infest pinelands, hammocks, river and stream floodplains, lake shores, edges of swamps and marshes, bottomland forests, and woodlands. L. sinense Chinese privet, produces large quantities of fruit, which are eaten by birds. It common chinese High/ may be controlled in three to five years using a combination of privet Ligustrum sinense Medium Medium Low mechanical and chemical treatments.

Impacts of this species largely occur at the native species level except where stands are dense and prevent native forest regeneration. This species spreads/carries disease that kills native red mulberry, itself considered an endangered species in Canada. White mulberry also hybridizes readily with native red mulberry and, with time, could eleminate native genetic strains and come to replace native red mulberry in the United States. It is already distributed throughout most of the United States except the southwest and Alaska but is considered particularly invasive in the northeast and Wisconsin. It is easily spread by birds and mammals and has moderate capability of invading mulberry, white High/ undisturbed areas. Control is not difficult although success over mulberry Morus alba Medium Medium/Low Medium/Low time has not been evaluated. shepardspurse, shepherd's purse, shepherd's-purse, Capsella bursa- This plant is mostly a problem in disturbed areas and only shepherdspurse pastoris Insignificant Insignificant High/Low rarely occurs in conservation areas.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Bromus catharticus is found in waste places, open, generally rescue brome, disturbed places, lawns, gardens, roadsides, ditchbanks, and rescue grass, small grain winter crops. Labeled as a plant species that rescuegras, spreads in or near disturbed areas and are not presently rescuegrass Bromus catharticus Insignificant Unknown Unknown considered a threat to native plant communities. This ornamental plant doesn't seem to have any ecological impacts in the US, even though it is toxic to wallabies in Australia. It occurs in beaches and sand dunes, but doesn't Madagascar seem to spreading locally or expanding its total range in the periwinkle Catharanthus roseus Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant US.

The Pomegranate, Punica granatum, has escaped from cultivation in a number of states where it is grown, including California, Utah, Louisiana, Florida, Alabama and possibly in North Carolina. This species was introduced in the United States in 1769 by the Spanish settlers and brought into California. While it has been grown in the United States for centuries, it doesn't seem to escape from cultivation into conservation areas or native species habitats often as only one report was found that cited it in a park in California. This species does have several characters that allows it to naturalize and they are: a wide habitat range, the ability to sucker easily and it is self compatible (i.e. self pollination events occur often). Overall, this species has naturalized in pomegranate Punica granatum Insignificant Insignificant Unknown several states, but does not seem to be a threat to biodiversity.

Introduced and now widely naturalized in the eastern U.S. according to FNA but does not occur in conservation areas or paper mulberry, Broussonetia native species habitat. Only occurs in waste areas and wauke papyrifera Insignificant Unknown Unknown disturbed thickets.

A weedy invader primarily of lower quality native species habitats like roadside embankments and urban waste places. Also an agricultural weed. Infestations are widespread but infrequent/scattered. Sowings of native wildflowers along roadsides in Texas have been hampered by this species (which annual was probably introduced from contaminated seed) but this bastardcabbage, Low/ species does not seem to be a serious problem in high quality wild rape Rapistrum rugosum Low Insignificant High/Low natural areas.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Stellaria media is an extremely widespread and common species in the United States and throughout the world. It prefers cooler, more humid climates, tolerating very low temperatures and shade but being notably sensitive to drought. It is found predominantly in open disturbed areas (e.g. lawns, gardens, and agricultural fields, roadsides) and additionally in more grassland-like communities and in (often disturbed) upland forests. This species is a prolific seed producer and can continue reproduction through the winter in many areas of the U.S., allowing it to reach high abundances. However, it is not a strong competitor and does not appear to have significant effects on the composition of natural communities. Additionally, this species appears dependent upon continual or periodic soil chickweed, disturbance and is replaced by perennial communities when common the disturbance ceases. Mechanical management methods are chickweed, nodding Low/ not very effective, but the species can be controlled by some chickweed Stellaria media Low Insignificant Medium/Low commonly-used herbicides.

Lactuca serriola, a lettuce species native to Europe, is widespread and abundant in the United States, however, from disturbed and waste places. This species has been reported from conservation areas in at least three states, Idaho, Kansas and California and in each site, its abundance and cover was not reported to be great. It is suspected that this species occurs in other conservation areas or native species habitats, but China lettuce, probably not as a dominant species. It has been reported as an prickly lettuce, wild Low/ aggressive invader in crop lands and orchards, so it is lettuce Lactuca serriola Insignificant Insignificant Unknown problematic for humans.

Nerium oleander is widely recognized for its extremely posionous qualities. Therefore it is often considered a 'bad' plant. There is also some anecdotal evidence on gardening forums that the "red" and "white" oleanders are very invasive. Given the over 400 cultivars of N. oleander, it is not surprising that a range of seed viability and establishment within gardens exists. Despite these two characteristics, it is virtually unknown from natural areas, colonizing primaily along streambanks and Low/ Low/ riparian corridors. There is no recommended method for oleander Nerium oleander Insignificant Insignificant High/Low removal at this time.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Centaurea melitensis creates dense infestations that displace native plants and animals. It significantly reduces seed production of the endangered plant, Acanthomintha ilicifolia and replaces perennial grass species in Arizona. It is established in 16 states, mostly western and southwestern states. Its spread rate is rapic along highways and other Malta starthistle, roadways, and appears to be encroaching beyond highways in Maltese star thistle, some areas. Seeds may stay dormant for up to 10 years. This Maltese star-thistle, plant exhibits fast growth, high seed viability and long seed Napa thistle, dormancy. Managment is somewhat difficult as no single spotted knapweed, control method or any one-year treatment program will control tocalote Centaurea melitensis Medium Low High/Medium this species.

Alternanthera philoxeroides can alter ecosytem processes such as water flow, levels of dissolved oxygen, and rates of sedimentation. It severely impacts community structure and composition, creating a new dense layer that outcompetes other species for light. A. philoxeroides invades a wide varitey of aquatic communities and some adjacent terrestrial habitats. Its reproductive strategies and dispersal by water currents and alligator weed, human activities also contribute to its overall invasiveness rank. alligatorweed, pig Alternanthera Mangagement using herbicide treatments reguire more than weed philoxeroides Medium High/Medium Medium five years to achieve contro.

Lolium perenne occurs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. It is used as a lawn and pasture grass. Lolium perenne often escapes on roadsides and in disturbed areas. It also invades grasslands, meadows, and vernal pools, especially in California. Apparently most of its negative impacts on biodiversity are in California. Lolium perenne can spread quickly and forms dense swards that displace native species. It threatens a federally threatened butterfly in serpentine grassland in California because it displaces the butterfly's primary larval food plant. Depending on environmental conditions, Lolium perenne may behave as an annual, biennial, short-lived perennial, or perennial. Seed production is prolific. Several management techniques are effective in controlling Lolium perenne including burning, mowing, grazing, and italian ryegrass, herbicides. Lolium perenne includes both Lolium perenne ssp. perennial rye grass, Medium/ multiflorum (often called L. multiflorum) and Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne Medium Medium Insignificant ssp. perenne.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Vinca major is a trailing perennial herb most densely established in the southeast and moist habitats of the west. It has long been used as an ornamental groundcover and continues to be planted for that purpose today. Preferring moist shady environments, it has invaded mesic upland to bottomland forests in the southeast and a variety of riparian communities in the west; some western populations are also found within coastal scrub, oak woodlands, North Coast coniferous forest, and other wetland areas. Natural or anthropogenic disturbance (or planting) appears necessary for establishment; many populations persist or have spread from past planting or dumping of garden waste in moist, disturbed sites. Riparian areas (particularly in the west) have been described as the "most sensitive" to impacts from this species, perhaps because new populations can establish there without human intervention. Once established, this species becomes locally problematic by forming large, thick, dense mats understory/herbaceous layer which smother and outcompete native species and may prevent the establishment of native trees and shrubs. When established along streams, these mats can interfere with natural erosion processes, both directly and by interfering with native regeneration. Reproduces bigleaf periwinkle, vegetatively by stolons and fragmentation; plant fragments can greater periwinkle, be dispersed long distances by water. Management is periwinkle Vinca major Medium Medium/Low Medium complicated by resprouting of fragments.

This cosmopolitan weed changes the community structure and community composition of natural communities in the US by outcompeting native plants through allelopathy, and establishing dense, inpenetratable thickets. It also extensively hybridizing with the native Lantana depressa in Florida. It has lantana, largeleaf major impacts on biodiversity in Florida and Hawaii, is lantana Lantana camara Medium Medium Medium/Low reproductively aggressive, and is somewhat hard to manage. ailanthus, copal A widespread species, this appears to be primarily invasive on tree, tree of disturbed sites with low habitat quality but with some ability to heaven, tree-of- invade higher quality sites. It appears if infestions are caught heaven Ailanthus altissima Medium Medium/Low Medium/Low early and treated diligently, the species can be eradicated.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Dependent on a host-specific pollinator, Ficus carica has negative effects over only a limited portion of the entire range common fig, edible (CA). There is great potential for F. carica to become a serious fig, fiku, piku Ficus carica Medium Medium/Low High/Medium problem in HI if the pollinator is introduced. Sisymbrium irio, London rocket or London mustard, is a member of the Cruciferae and is in a few northeastern states, is present in only two states in the southeast, and is sometimes abundant in the southwest. This species appears to be most problematic in the Sonoran Desert and the Mojave Desert. It documented in the federally listed, Gopher Tortoise's habitat, in the Mojave desert, and outcompetes native plant species there. This mustard species may also indirectly affect the nutrient intake of this rare tortoise by displacing native plant species containing nutrients the tortoises require. This species tends to occur in disturbed places in most of its range, except in the desert, and doesn't appear to be aggressive invader of most London rocket, natural areas. With that said, it does seem to be spreading in Londonrocket, Medium/ the southwest. Finally, this species produces a large number of rocketmustard Sisymbrium irio Insignificant Medium/Low Unknown seeds which aids its ability to spread in the southwest.

There are two varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli with the typical variety causing more concern to natural areas than var. oryxicola. However, given its status as a pioneer species, it is Fbarnyard grass, unlikely to persist at a site once disturbance ceases. A high barnyardgrass, proportion of invaded sites are associated with agriculture. A cockspur, further twist is associated with ongoing evolution in E. crus- Japanese millet, galli, a population (outside U.S.) has evolved a mechanism that large barnyard Echinochloa crus- Medium/ Low/ allows it to survive colder temperatures. This population should grass, watergrass galli Insignificant Insignificant Unknown be watched for signs of invasion.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Poa annua occurs in every U.S. state and is apparently widespread within each state. Poa annua is often a lawn and garden weed and is also characteristic of unstable and disturbed situations (Hutchinson and Seymour 1982). In addition to manicured areas it also occurs on roadsides, waste ground, trails in woods, clearings, shores, and stream banks. In Kentucky, it is listed as a lesser threat which is defined as an exotic plant species that seems to principally spread and remain in disturbed corridors and does not readily invade natural areas. Poa annua occurs in Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Grand Canyon National Park,and Channel Islands National Park. In Grand Canyon National Park, it occurs in areas that have been disturbed within the last 10 years, is associated with early successional species, and shows little or no invasion of native communities. It is not considered to be a annual blue grass, strong competitor with established plants. Apparently its annual bluegrass, Medium/ Medium/ impacts on native species are low but more information is walkgrass Poa annua Insignificant Insignificant High/Low needed. black medic, black medic clover, black medick, hop clover, hop medic, nonesuch, yellow Medium/ Medium/ Although common throughout the US, Medicago lupulina tends trefoil Medicago lupulina Insignificant Insignificant Unknown to inhabit disturbed areas like roadsides, pastures and lawns. This taxon is much less well studied than the more common Melilotus species, and therefore there is much more uncertainity about its effects in the US. It is widespread, but annual yellow may not be advancing beyond its current distribution. But either sweetclover, Indian Medium/ Low/ way, managment techniques specific to this taxon are sweet-clover Melilotus indicus Insignificant Insignificant High/Low unknown. cheeseweed, cheeseweed mallow, small-whorl Medium/ Low/ Medium/ A common weed on roadsides and wasteplaces, there appears mallow Malva parviflora Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant to be little negative effect in natural areas. It is unknown if this taxon is present in natural areas. It does spread from original plantings in cultivated situations, suggesting the probability that the taxon occurs outside of cultivation. However, it is not associated with significant Medium/ Low/ negative effects, either at an ecosystem level or by a high crapemyrtle Lagerstroemia indica Insignificant Insignificant Unknown current range.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary This common weed appears to be so ubiquitous that no one pimpernel, scarlet Medium/ Medium/ Medium/ notices it anymore. It is unlikely to be affecting ecosystems, pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant communities or individual species. Colocasia esculenta (taro) is widely cultivated for food throughout the tropics. It was probably the single most important plant to early Hawaiians and is still grown commercially in Hawaii today. In the conterminous US, a different morphological form of the species (separated in some treatments as var. aquatilis) is well-established in Florida, Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, southern Georgia, and the Gulf Coast of Texas, with the range extending west into Texas and north along the costal plain of the Carolinas. Invades a variety of riparian/shoreline habitats and wetland fringes, where it forms large, dense stands that displace native species; has been found in several relatively natural areas and is considered to have the ability to invade natural habitats. It is widely sold and planted as an ornamental, but it cannot establish in areas subjected to cold temperatures, which will prevent its establishment in much of the rest of the US. Reproduces primarily vegetatively, by ready fragmentation Medium/ and dispersal of rhizomes; resprouting of rhizome fragments coco yam, wild taro Colocasia esculenta Low Medium/Low Medium/Low can complicate management. Bermudagrass, chiendent pied-de- poule, common bermudagrass, A circumglobal species, Cynodon dactylon is limited in devilgrass, grama- distribution in the US to areas with warm temperatures. Locally seda, manienie, Medium/ able to invade disturbed sites, areas with persistent native motie molulu Cynodon dactylon Low Medium/Low High/Medium vegetation are probably not under threat by this taxon.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary A popular species used as an ornamental and to create privacy fences, golden bamboo is now naturalized in nearly all southeastern states and possibly also in California and Oregon. Also recently reported as naturalized on Oahu. Likely to be restricted from most as-yet uninvaded states by cold and/or aridity. Appears to be locally problematic at scattered sites, having significant impacts on biodiversity when large established stands occur in relatively natural habitats such as secondary forests, floodplain forests, and riparian areas. Where well-established, the species can form dense stands up to 12- 15 m tall that displace native species; stands also produce copious leaf litter which may impact litter-feeding stream invertebrates. Spreads predominantly via rhizomes; disturbance tends to promote spread. Management is complicated by the species' ability to resprout, but can be Medium/ accomplished with perseverance via repeated cutting/mowing golden bamboo Phyllostachys aurea Low Medium/Low Medium/Low or cutting and herbiciding. alfilaree, alfilaria, California filaree, cutleaf filaree, Erodium cicutarium is a widespread, low-lying, disturbance- filaree, red-stem loving species. It can impact the fire ecology of natural systems stork's-bill, and may form monocultures to the exclusion of more diverse redstem, redstem communities. Present in the US before Spanish settlement, filaree, redstem several sources consider it to be almost 'natural.' This stork's bill, stork's Medium/ perception suggests that there is little momentum to remove it bill, storksbill Erodium cicutarium Low Medium/Low Medium/Low from the landscape. chinaberry, Melia azedarach used to be widely planted for ornamental or Chinaberry tree, for harvest for its medicinal properties. It has since escaped Chinaberrytree, and naturalized which has caused at least one state (FL) to ban Indian lilac, lelah, it, although it is still sold elsewhere in the US. It appears most paraiso, pride of Medium/ often on disturbed soils, however it can invaded floodplain and India, white cedar Melia azedarach Low Medium/Low Medium/Low marsh communities, and can crowd out native species. Ligustrum japonicum is a tall shrub that is widely planted as a hedge, particularly in the south. It is apparently having fewer impacts than some other privets in the U.S. but has become established in scattered locations in the southeastern states and California. It can form dense thickets and outcompete native plants. Habitats it invades include river bottoms, open woods, bluffs, and disturbed sites. It is still available for sale Medium/ and has very abundant seeds. It resprouts readily when Japanese privet Ligustrum japonicum Low Medium/Low High/Low damaged. Control is moderately difficult.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary creeping jenny, European bindweed, field bindweed, Although Convolvulus arvensis has significantly negative morningglory, impacts in agricultural settings, there are few to no reported perennial negative effects in native species habitats. The long-lived seed morningglory, bank and extreme difficulty in management should be smallflowered Medium/ considered and used as evidence to prevent any dispersal of morning glory Convolvulus arvensis Low Low/Insignificant High/Medium seed or root fragments of this species. chaste tree, lilac chastetree Vitex agnus-castus Not Yet Assessed catclawvine, claw Macfadyena Not Yet vine unguis-cati Assessed

1 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses organism’s negative impacts on native plant and animal populations and communities. 2 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses difficulty of control. If information (as evidenced by protocol questions answered) is sufficient to eliminate at least two of the four possible I-Ranks, but insufficient to narrow the I-Rank to a single value, a range I-Rank (e.g. High/Medium) is assigned.

A total of 11 organisms (Table 6) on SAAN’s local list currently meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Listed on Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) list of rare biota (http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/) • Listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the auspices of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended • Ranked as Critically Imperiled or Imperiled at the global level by NatureServe and its network of member programs

Table 6. Organisms on the park’s local list which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank).

TNC State State Federal Global Rank Common Name Scientific Name Park Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 5

BIRDS

Pelecanus Present in White Pelican erythrorhynchos Park S2B,S3N G3

REPTILES Phrynosoma Probably Texas Horned Lizard cornutum Present T S4 G4G5

Cagle's Map Turtle Graptemys caglei Historic T S3 G3 Gopherus Present in Texas Tortoise berlandieri Park T S3 G4 VASCULAR PLANTS Euphorbia Present in Low Spurge peplidion Park S3 G3 Hesperaloe Present in Red-flower Yucca parviflora Park S3 G3 Present in Twistleaf Yucca Yucca pallida Park S3 G3G4

White-rim Yucca Yucca tenuistyla Unconfirmed S3 G3 Present in Peachbush Prunus texana Park S3 G3 Houstonia Present in Greenman's Bluet parviflora Park S3 G3

Palo Blanco Celtis lindheimeri Unconfirmed S3 G3Q 1 Refer to the Appendix for definitions of Park Status categories. 2 The official endangerment status the state heritage program has assigned to this species.

T – Threatened : Any species or subspecies that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future. E – Endangered : Animal: Any species or subspecies of wildlife whose prospects of survival or recruitment within the state are in jeopardy or are likely to become so within the foreseeable future. LE – endangered : A species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. D - Deemed in Need of Management : Any species or subspecies of nongame wildlife which should be investigated in order to develop information relating to populations, distribution, habitat needs, limiting factors, and other biological and ecological data to determine management measures necessary for their continued ability to sustain themselves successfully. SP - Species Protected : It shall be unlawful to take, capture, kill, or attempt to take, capture or kill; possess, sell, trade for anything of monetary value, or offer to sell or trade for anything of monetary value, the following nongame wildlife species (or any parts or reproductive products of such species) without a scientific collection permit or written permit from the Commissioner, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, which shall specifically state what the permittee may do with regard to said species. S - Special concern : any species or subspecies that is uncommon, or has unique or highly specific habitat requirements or scientific value and therefore requires careful monitoring of its status. 3 State Rank S1– Extremely rare and critically imperiled in the state with five or fewer occurrences, or very few remaining individuals, or because of some special condition where the species is particularly vulnerable to extirpation. S2– Very rare and imperiled within the state, six to twenty occurrences and less than 3000 individuals, or few remaining individuals, or because of some factor(s) making it vulnerable to extirpation. S3– Rare and uncommon in the state, from 21 to 100 occurrences. S4– Widespread, abundant, and apparently secure within the state, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery, and is of long-term concern. SH– Of historical occurrence, i.e., known to occur in the past, with the expectation that it may be rediscovered. 4U.S. Endangered Species Act: Current status of the taxon as designated or proposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, and as reported in the U.S. Federal Register in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. E– Listed endangered, denotes a taxon that is threatened by extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. T– Listed threatened, denotes a taxon that is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future. DM– Delisted taxon, recovered, being monitored for first five years. 5The rounded NatureServe conservation status, developed by NatureServe and its network of member programs, of a species from a global (i.e., rangewide) perspective, characterizing the relative imperilment of the species. G1=Critically Imperiled, G2=Imperiled, G3=Vulnerable, G4=Apparently Secure, G5=Secure. Refer to for additional information on ranks.

Discussion

It is recognized that a species list will never be 100% complete and accurate any given time. Because most inventories are “point in time” surveys, not every species present may be found during the inventory. However, these new inventories, combined with historical observations give a reasonably complete list of species currently found on the park. In addition, the inventories resulted in the documentation of many new species and will provide baseline information that may be of management significance.

While significant strides have been made in documenting the presence of vertebrate species and vascular plants (as noted above), it is anticipated that additional survey efforts will result in an increase in the number of organisms documented on SAAN.

Monitoring

GULN’s current list of high priority vital signs to be monitored at SAAN and includes several related directly to the vascular plant and vertebrate species documented in these recent inventories. These include terrestrial vegetative communities, amphibian communities, and water quality. Water quality relates directly to the vegetative communities, amphibians, and fish communities. Amphibians are considered good indicators of general ecosystem health due to their ties with both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and sensitivity to environmental stresses. Consequently, amphibians have been selected as a high priority group to monitor in all Gulf Coast Network parks. The baseline inventories have allowed the network to target long- term monitoring protocols to the species of interest on each park.

The potential impact of climate change on park resources has recently become a focus for the National Park Service. Although the impacts are difficult to predict, all vital signs that will be monitored at SAAN are very sensitive to changes in precipitation (timing, amount, and/or frequency) and temperature. The GULN will compile available weather data to use for placing monitoring results in context of changing weather and climate.

Management

Recent inventories have revealed that SAAN supports a diverse array of vascular plants and vertebrates. As noted, the data have been consolidated into NPSpecies for use in park planning and management decisions. An additional step to be taken with these data is identification of management priority species. This would likely include sensitive or rare species, and highly invasive exotics, among others. Additional management recommendations can be found in the specific inventory reports for SAAN.

Literature Cited

Carr, W.R. 2003. A Botanical Inventory of San Antonio Missions National Historic Park: Texas Conservation Data Center, The Nature Conservancy.

Duran, M.C. 2004. An Inventory of Reptiles and Amphibians of Padre Island national Seashore, San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, and Palo Alto Battlefield National Site: Texas Conservation Data Center; The Nature Conservancy.

Gonzales, M. and Moran, E. 2005. An Inventory of Fish Species Within the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park: San Antonio River Authority, Environmental Services Department, San Antonio, Texas.

Morse, L.E., J.M. Randall, N. Benton, R. Heibert, and S. Lu. 2004. An invasive species assessment protocol: Evaluating non-native plants for their impact on biodiversity. Version 1. NatureServe, Arlington, VA.

NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: June 22, 2010 ).

NPSpecies https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start Feb 4, 2009.

Ribble, D.O., Derickson, D., Hammer, S., LeNoir, G., and Puga, F. 2004. An Inventory of Terrestrial Mammals (Except Bats) at San Antonio Missions National Historical Park: Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas.

Scully, M.J. 2006. An Inventory of Bird Species Occuring Within the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park: San Antonio Audubon Society, John Jay Science and Engineering Academy, San Antonio, Texas.

Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary

Park Status The current status of each species in Applicable only to organisms with the Local List each park. checkbox checked. The possible values reflect a combination of confidence, and availability and currency of verifiable evidence in NPSpecies.

Present in Park Species' occurrence in park is Extremely high confidence that the species is documented and assumed to be currently in the park. A current, verifiable reference, extant. voucher or observation is included in NPSpecies.

Probably Park is within species' range and Very high confidence that the organism is currently Present contains appropriate habitat. in the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in Documented occurrences of the NPSpecies, but is not considered current enough to species in the adjoining region of the elevate the status to Present in Park. Efforts should park give reason to suspect that it be made to obtain current, verifiable evidence in probably occurs within the park. The NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status to “Present in degree of probability may vary within Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain current, this category, including species that verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park range from common to rare. Status should be changed to Unconfirmed, Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable.

Unconfirmed Included for the park based on weak Any confidence from very low to high that the ("unconfirmed record") or no evidence, organism is currently in the park. Verifiable giving minimal indication of the species' evidence may exist in NPSpecies, but it is not occurrence in the park. considered sufficient enough to elevate the status to Probably Present, nor current enough to elevate the status to Present. Efforts should be made to obtain current, verifiable evidence in NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status to “Present in Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain current, verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park Status should be changed to Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable.

Encroaching The species is not documented in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park, but is documented as being currently in the park, but extremely high confidence adjacent to the park and has potential that the organism is currently adjacent to the park. to occur in the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in NPSpecies documenting the occurrence in the park, but it is not current. Potential invasive organisms are good candidates for this Park Status designation, either before they enter a park or after they have been eliminated from a park.

Historic Species' historical occurrence in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park is documented, but recent currently in the park. Verifiable evidence exists in investigations indicate that the species NPSpecies, but is not current. Extinct, extirpated or is now probably absent. eliminated species are candidates for a Historic Park Status designation.

False Report Species previously reported to occur Extremely low confidence that the organism is within the park, but current evidence currently in the park. Evidence exists in NPSpecies, indicates that the report was based on but it cannot be sufficiently verified. a misidentification, a taxonomic concept no longer accepted, or some

other similar problem of interpretation. NA Not Applicable - Park-Status does not The NA value prevents null values from appearing apply to the scientific name for the in NPSpecies and applies to 2 primary situations: park. 1) An outdated scientific name that is not used in the locale of the park for an organism, but is in NPSpecies for a park because of the inclusion of vouchers, observations or names linked to references. Note that outdated names are reconciled in NPSpecies with the LOCAL CLASSIFICATION system.

2) Vouchers, observations or names linked to references have not been identified at the species level or lower, but are included in NPSpecies with the name of a higher taxonomic rank than the species level. The names of these higher level taxonomic ranks will disappear from NPSpecies if the evidence of the respective name are identified to the species level or lower, and are changed appropriately in NPSpecies. Abundance The current abundance of each Applicable only to organisms with the Local List organism in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance abundance with suitable habitat, and temporal/behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the abundance in the most suitable habitat of the organism, and at the time that the organism is engaged in it’s principle behavior in (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.), or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Abundance (and associated Residency) to separate out the temporal and behavioral aspects. The Data Source field for Abundance is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses abundance in more detail. Abundant Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, and counted in relatively large numbers. Plants: Large number of individuals; wide ecological amplitude or occurring in habitats covering a large portion of the park. Common Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, but not in large numbers. Plants: Large numbers of individuals predictably occurring in commonly encountered habitats but not those covering a large portion of the park. Uncommon Animals: Likely to be seen monthly in appropriate season/habitat. May be locally common. Plants: Few to moderate numbers of individuals; occurring either sporadically in commonly encountered habitats or in

uncommon habitats. Rare Animals: Present, but usually seen only a few times each year. Plants: Few individuals, usually restricted to small areas of rare habitat. Occasional Animals: Occurs in the park at least once every few years, but not necessarily every year. Plants: Not applicable. Unknown Abundance unknown.

NA Not Applicable – Abundance does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Residency Current residency classification for Applicable only to ANIMALS with the Local List each ANIMAL species in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance temporal and behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the residency of the organism at the time that the organism is engaged in its principle behavior (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.) in, or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Residency (and associated Abundance) to separate out the temporal and behavior aspects. The Data Source field for Residency is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses Residency in more detail. Breeder Population reproduces in the park.

Resident A significant population is maintained in the park for more than two months each year, but it is not known to breed there. Migratory Migratory species that occurs in park approximately two months or less each year and does not breed there. Vagrant Park is outside of the species' usual range. Unknown Residency status in park is unknown.

NA Not Applicable – Residency does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Nativity Nativity classification for each organism Applicable only to organisms with the Local List for each park. checkbox checked. If the park-status of an organism is not “Present in Park”, then nativity represents the nativity if the organism were eventually confirmed in the park. Native The organism is native, or would be native, to the park (either endemic or indigenous). Non-Native The organism is not native, or would Cultivated organisms as defined under the not be native, to the park (neither Cultivation field are also considered non-native. endemic nor indigenous). Unknown Nativity is unknown relative to the park. NA Not Applicable Applies to names that do not represent organism

names for the locale of the park. Cultivation Cultivation classification for each non- Applicable only to organisms with the Local List native organism in each park. checkbox checked, a Park Status of "Present" or "Probably Present" and a Nativity of Non-Native. Cultivation is intended to distinguish between non- native organisms that were introduced as part of a park’s mission, and non-native organisms that occur in the park naturally. Cultivation was not intended to apply to organisms that are cultivated for landscape purposes and have not persisted into the natural environment, for example plants in gardens or terrariums, or animals in enclosures. In general, NPSpecies was not intended to include controlled, “domestic” organisms. Cultivated A non-native species that is currently cultivated in the park. Persistent A non-native species that persists in the park (either reproducing or non- reproducing) from a previous cultivation in the park. Not Cultivated A non-native species that is not currently cultivated in the park. Unknown A non-native species for which the cultivation in the park is currently unknown. NA Not Applicable – Cultivation does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the non-native scientific name Status of Present or Probably Present and a in the park. Nativity of Non-native should have a Cultivation of NA.

24 Appendix B. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park (SAAN) Local List (NPSpecies 12/15/2009).

Park Cygnus columbianus Tundra Swan PIP Scientific Name Common Name Status1 Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser PIP Amphibians Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck PIP Bufo nebulifer Coastal Plain Toad PIP Dendrocygna Acris crepitans autumnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck PIP blanchardi Blanchard's Cricket Frog PIP Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift PIP Green Tree Frog, Green Archilochus alexandri Black-chinned Hummingbird PIP Hyla cinerea Treefrog PIP Archilochus colubris Ruby-throated Hummingbird PIP Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi Rio Grande Chirpping Frog PIP Selasphorus rufus Rufous Hummingbird PIP Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk PIP Great Plains Narrow-mouthed Toad, Western Narrow-mouthed Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk PIP Gastrophryne olivacea Toad PIP Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk PIP Rana catesbeiana American Bullfrog, Bullfrog PIP Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk PIP Scaphiopus couchii Couch's Spadefoot PIP Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk PIP Park Scientific Name Common Name Status1 Buteo swainsoni Swainson's Hawk PIP Birds Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier PIP Aix sponsa Wood Duck PIP Ictinia mississippiensis Mississippi Kite PIP Anas acuta Northern Pintail PIP Pandion haliaetus Osprey PIP Anas americana American Wigeon PIP Anhinga anhinga Anhinga PIP Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler PIP Ardea alba Great Egret PIP Anas crecca Green-winged Teal PIP Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron PIP Anas discors Blue-winged Teal PIP Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret PIP Anas platyrhynchos Mallard PIP Butorides virescens Green Heron PIP Anas strepera Gadwall PIP Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron PIP Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose PIP Egretta thula Snowy Egret PIP Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup PIP Egretta tricolor Tricolored Heron PIP Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck PIP Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-Heron PIP Branta canadensis Canada Goose PIP Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-Heron PIP Chen caerulescens Snow Goose PIP Charadrius vociferus Killdeer PIP

Himantopus Ae'o, Black-necked Stilt, Ajaia ajaja Roseate Spoonbill PIP mexicanus Hawaiian Stilt PIP American Golden Plover, Columba livia Rock Dove PIP American Golden-Plover, Lesser Columbina inca Inca Dove PIP Pluvialis dominica Golden-Plover PIP Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove PIP Recurvirostra americana American Avocet PIP Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared-Dove PIP Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture PIP Zenaida asiatica White-winged Dove PIP Coragyps atratus Black Vulture PIP Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove PIP Caracara cheriway Crested Caracara PIP Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher PIP Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon PIP Ceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher PIP Falco sparverius American Kestrel PIP Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher PIP Larus argentatus Herring Gull PIP Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo PIP Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull PIP Geococcyx Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull PIP californianus Greater Roadrunner PIP Larus pipixcan Franklin's Gull PIP Colinus virginianus Northern Bobwhite PIP Sterna forsteri Forster's Tern PIP Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey PIP Pelecanus Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane PIP erythrorhynchos American White Pelican PIP Fulica americana American Coot PIP Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested Cormorant PIP Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing PIP Phalacrocorax brasilianus Neotropic Cormorant PIP Auriparus flaviceps Verdin PIP Podiceps nigricollis Eared Grebe PIP Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Cactus Wren PIP Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe PIP Catherpes mexicanus Canyon Wren PIP Tachybaptus dominicus Least Grebe PIP Certhia americana Brown Creeper PIP Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper PIP Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher PIP Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper PIP Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's Wren PIP Calidris mauri Western Sandpiper PIP Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren PIP Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper PIP Troglodytes aedon House Wren PIP Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper PIP Troglodytes Limnodromus troglodytes Winter Wren PIP scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher PIP Corvus Phalaropus tricolor Wilson's Phalarope PIP brachyrhynchos American Crow PIP Scolopax minor American Woodcock PIP Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay PIP Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs PIP Cyanocorax yncas Green Jay PIP Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs PIP Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird PIP 26

Ammodramus Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird PIP savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow PIP Arremonops Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler PIP rufivirgatus Olive Sparrow PIP Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow PIP Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal PIP Passerina ciris Painted Bunting PIP Cardinalis sinuatus Pyrrhuloxia PIP Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting PIP Carduelis psaltria Lesser Goldfinch PIP Pheucticus Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch PIP ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak PIP Carpodacus Pipilo maculatus Spotted Towhee PIP mexicanus House Finch PIP Chondestes Piranga ludoviciana Western Tanager PIP grammacus Lark Sparrow PIP Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager PIP Dendroica Piranga rubra Summer Tanager PIP caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler PIP Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow PIP Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler PIP Quiscalus mexicanus Great-tailed Grackle PIP Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler PIP Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle PIP Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler PIP Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird PIP Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler PIP Dendroica Seiurus motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush PIP pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler PIP Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush PIP Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler PIP Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart PIP Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler PIP Spiza americana Dickcissel PIP Dendroica virens Black-throated Green Warbler PIP Euphagus Spizella pallida Clay-colored Sparrow PIP cyanocephalus Brewer's Blackbird PIP Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow PIP Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat PIP Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow PIP Guiraca caerulea Blue Grosbeak PIP Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark PIP Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat PIP Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark PIP Icterus bullockii Bullock’s Oriole PIP Vermivora celata Orange-crowned Warbler PIP Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole, Northern Oriole PIP Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler PIP Icterus graduacauda Audubon's Oriole PIP Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville Warbler PIP Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole PIP Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler PIP Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco PIP Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler PIP Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's Sparrow PIP Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's Warbler PIP Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow PIP Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow PIP Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler PIP Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow PIP Molothrus aeneus Bronzed Cowbird PIP 27

Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow PIP Myiarchus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher PIP Petrochelidon fulva Cave Swallow PIP Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher PIP Petrochelidon Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee PIP pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow PIP Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher PIP Progne subis Purple Martin PIP Stelgidopteryx Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe PIP serripennis Northern Rough-winged Swallow PIP Sayornis saya Say's Phoebe PIP Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike PIP Tyrannus couchii Couch's Kingbird PIP Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush PIP Tyrannus forficatus Scissor-tailed Flycatcher PIP Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush PIP Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird PIP Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush PIP Tyrannus verticalis Western Kingbird PIP Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird PIP Vireo bellii Bell's Vireo PIP Turdus migratorius American Robin PIP Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo PIP Baeolophus Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo PIP atricristatus Black-crested Titmouse PIP Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo PIP Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse FR Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo PIP Poecile carolinensis Carolina Chickadee PIP Blue-headed Vireo, Solitary Anthus rubescens American Pipit PIP Vireo solitarius Vireo PIP Passer domesticus House Sparrow PIP Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker PIP Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet PIP Melanerpes aurifrons Golden-fronted Woodpecker PIP Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet PIP Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker PIP Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird PIP Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker PIP Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird PIP Picoides scalaris Ladder-backed Woodpecker PIP Sturnus vulgaris European Starling PIP Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker PIP Toxostoma curvirostre Curve-billed Thrasher PIP Myiopsitta monachus Monk Parakeet PIP Toxostoma longirostre Long-billed Thrasher PIP Chordeiles acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk PIP Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher PIP Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk PIP Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher PIP Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Common Poorwill PIP Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee PIP Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl PIP Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher PIP Strix varia Barred Owl PIP Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher PIP Park Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher PIP Scientific Name Common Name Status1 Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher PIP Fish Myiarchus Pimephales vigilax Bullhead minnow PIP cinerascens Ash-throated Flycatcher PIP 28

Astyanax mexicanus Mexican tetra PIP Liposarcus American gizzard shad, eastern multiradiatus sailfin catfish PIP gizzard shad, gizzard shad, Park Dorosoma hickory shad, mud shad, Scientific Name Common Name Status1 cepedianum skipjack PIP Mammals Campostoma Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer PIP anomalum central stoneroller PIP Sus scrofa pig, pig (feral), wild boar PIP Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner PIP Pecari tajacu collared peccary, javelina PIP Cyprinus carpio common carp, European carp PIP Canis latrans coyote PIP Notropis amabilis Texas shiner PIP Urocyon Notropis buchanani ghost shiner PIP cinereoargenteus common gray fox, gray fox PIP Notropis texanus weed shiner PIP Vulpes vulpes red fox U Notropis volucellus mimic shiner PIP Felis silvestris domestic cat, house cat, wild cat PIP mosquitofish, western Lynx rufus bobcat PIP Gambusia affinis mosquitofish PIP Mephitis mephitis striped skunk PIP Poecilia formosa Amazon molly PIP eastern spotted skunk, spotted Poecilia latipinna sailfin molly PIP Spilogale putorius skunk PP Chaenobryttus Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel PP gulosus warmouth PIP common raccoon, northern Lepomis auritus redbreast sunfish PIP Procyon lotor raccoon, raccoon PIP Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish PIP Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat PIP Lepomis macrochirus bluegill PIP Lasiurus borealis eastern red bat, red bat PIP Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish PIP Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat PIP Micropterus Lasiurus intermedius northern yellow bat PIP punctulatus spotted bass PIP Myotis velifer cave myotis PP Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass PIP Herichthys Nycticeius humeralis evening bat PIP cyanoguttatum Texas Cichild PIP Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle PP Mozambique mouth-breeder, Virginia opossum PIP Oreochromis Mozambique mouthbrooder, Didelphis virginiana mossambicus Mozambique tilapia PIP bee shrew, least shrew, little short-tailed shrew, small short- Tilapia zillii redbelly tilapia, Zilli's tilapia PIP Cryptotis parva tailed shrew PIP Ameiurus melas black bullhead PP Notiosorex crawfordi desert shrew, gray shrew U Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead PIP Scalopus aquaticus eastern mole, topos PP Ictalurus furcatus blue catfish PP black-tailed jack rabbit, black- Lepus californicus tailed jackrabbit PIP Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish, graceful catfish PIP Hypostomus Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail PIP plecostomus suckermouth catfish PIP Myocastor coypus coypu, nutria PIP 29

Geomys attwateri Attwater's pocket gopher PIP Pantherophis emoryi Great Plains Ratsnake PIP Geomys bursarius plains pocket gopher U Pantherophis obsoleta Black Rat Snake PIP Geomys personatus Texas pocket gopher U Regina grahamii Graham's Crayfish Snake PP Chaetodipus hispidus hispid pocket mouse PIP Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Texas Long-nosed Snake PIP Baiomys taylori northern pygmy mouse PIP Salvadora grahamiae Mus musculus house mouse PIP lineata Texas Patch-nosed Snake PIP Neotoma floridana eastern woodrat U Sonora semiannulata Ground Snake, Groundsnake PIP Onychomys Storeria dekayi texana Texas Brown Snake PIP leucogaster northern grasshopper mouse U Thamnophis Peromyscus leucopus white-footed mouse PIP marcianus marcianus Checkered Garter Snake PIP Peromyscus Thamnophis proximus maniculatus deer mouse PIP rubrilineatus Redstripe Ribbon Snake PP Rough Earth Snake, Rough Rattus norvegicus Norway rat PIP Virginia striatula Earthsnake PIP Rattus rattus black rat PIP Micrurus fulvius tener Texas Coral Snake PIP Reithrodontomys Mediterranean Gekko, fulvescens fulvous harvest mouse PIP Hemidactylus turcicus Mediterranean House Gecko PIP Sigmodon hispidus hispid cotton rat PIP Leptotyphlops dulcis Sciurus niger eastern fox squirrel, fox squirrel PIP dulcis Plains Blind Snake PIP Spermophilus Phrynosoma cornutum Texas Horned Lizard PP mexicanus Mexican ground squirrel PP Sceloporus olivaceus Texas Spiny Lizard PIP Spermophilus Sceloporus undulatus tridecemlineatus thirteen-lined ground squirrel PP consobrinus Southern Prairie Lizard PP Dasypus long-nosed armadillo, nine- Sceloporus variabilis novemcinctus banded armadillo PIP marmoratus Rose-bellied Lizard PIP Park Scientific Name Common Name Status1 Anolis carolinensis Green Anole PIP Eumeces Reptiles tetragrammus Tantilla gracilis Flathead snake PIP brevilineatus Short-lined Skink PP Lampropeltis getula Scincella lateralis Ground Skink, Little Brown Skink PIP splendida Desert Kingsnake PIP Aspidoscelis gularis Masticophis flagellum gularis Texas Spotted Whiptail PIP testaceus Western Coachwhip PIP Masticophis schotti Agkistrodon piscivorus Cottonmouth PIP schotti Schott's Whipsnake PIP Western Diamond-backed Nerodia erythrogaster Rattlesnake, Western transversa Blotched Water Snake PIP Crotalus atrox Diamondback Rattlesnake PIP common snapping turtle, Diamondback Water Snake PIP Nerodia rhombifer Chelydra serpentina Snapping Turtle PIP Rough Green Snake, Rough Opheodrys aestivus Greensnake PIP Graptemys caglei Cagle's Map Turtle H

Pseudemys texana Texas Cooter PIP Spermolepis inermis Red River scaleseed PIP Trachemys scripta Canada hedgeparsley, hedge elegans Red-eared Slider PIP parsley, hedgeparsley, Kinosternon Torilis arvensis spreading hedgeparsley PIP flavescens Yellow Mud Turtle PIP knotted hedge-parsley, knotted Sternotherus odoratus Common Musk Turtle PIP Torilis nodosa hedgeparsley PIP Berlandier's tortoise, Texas Hedera canariensis Algerian Ivy PIP Gopherus berlandieri Tortoise PIP Colocasia esculenta coco yam, wild taro PIP Spiny Softshell, spiny softshell Apalone spinifera turtle PIP Lemna aequinoctialis lesser duckweed PIP Park Sabal mexicana palmetto, Rio Grande palmetto PIP Scientific Name Common Name Status1 Sabal minor dwarf palmetto U Vascular Plants Aristolochia erecta dutchman's pipe, swanflower PIP grass-leaf arrowhead, grassy Sagittaria graminea arrowhead U Acmella oppositifolia oppositeleaf spotflower PIP Sagittaria platyphylla delta arrowhead PIP Amblyolepis setigera huisache daisy, huisachedaisy PIP Ammi majus large bullwort PIP Ambrosia confertiflora ragweed, weakleaf burr ragweed PIP bowlesia, hairy bowlesia, hoary Cuman ragweed, perennial Bowlesia incana bowlesia PIP Ambrosia psilostachya ragweed, western ragweed PIP Chaerophyllum blood ragweed, giant ragweed, tainturieri var. great ragweed, horseweed, dasycarpum hairyfruit chervil PIP perennial ragweed (great), tall Chaerophyllum Ambrosia trifida ragweed PIP tainturieri var. Aphanostephus tainturieri hairyfruit chervil PIP ramosissimus plains dozedaisy PIP common water hemlock, poison Aphanostephus parsnip, spotted cowbane, riddellii Riddell's dozedaisy PIP spotted parsley, spotted water Aphanostephus Cicuta maculata var. hemlock, spotted water-hemlock, skirrhobasis Arkansas dozedaisy PIP maculata water hemlock PIP cudweed sagewort, gray Chinese parsley, Chinese- sagewort, Louisiana sagewort, Coriandrum sativum parsley, coriander U Louisiana wormwood, mugwort American wild carrot, rattlesnake wormwood, prairie sage, white carrot, rattlesnake weed, Artemisia ludoviciana sagebrush PIP Daucus pusillus southwest wild carrot PIP heath aster, white aster, white manyflower marshpennywort, Aster ericoides heath aster PIP Hydrocotyle umbellata umbrella pennyroyal U Hydrocotyle verticillata Aster lanceolatus white panicle aster PIP var. triradiata whorled marshpennywort PIP annual saltmarsh aster, panicled Canada sanicle, Canadian aster, saltmarsh aster, slender Sanicula canadensis blacksnakeroot PIP Aster subulatus var. aster, southern annual saltmarsh Scandix pecten- shepherd's needle, ligulatus aster PIP veneris shepherdsneedle PIP Astranthium integrifolium entireleaf western daisy PIP 31

Fleischmannia incarnata pink thoroughwort PIP Baccharis neglecta Roosevelt-weed, Rooseveltweed PIP prairie baccharis, prairie false Florestina tripteris sticky florestina PIP Baccharis texana willow, prairie falsewillow PIP firewheel, Indian blanket, Gaillardia pulchella Indianblanket, rosering gaillardia PIP burmarigold, smooth beggartick, Gamochaeta falcata narrowleaf purple everlasting U Bidens laevis smooth beggarticks PIP Gamochaeta pensylvanica Pennsylvania everlasting PIP Curleycup gumweed, curlycup Calyptocarpus vialis straggler daisy PIP gumweed, curlytop gumweed, American basketflower, Grindelia squarrosa gumweed, rosinweed, tarweed PIP American star thistle, American Texas broomweed, Texas Centaurea americana star-thistle PIP Gutierrezia texana snakeweed PIP Malta starthistle, Maltese star Hedypnois cretica Cretanweed PIP thistle, Maltese star-thistle, Napa Helenium littlehead tarweed, smallhead thistle, spotted knapweed, microcephalum sneezeweed PIP Centaurea melitensis tocalote PIP annual sunflower, common Chaptalia texana silverpuff PIP sunflower, sunflower, wild devilweed aster, Mexican Helianthus annuus sunflower PIP devilweed, spiny aster, spiny Helianthus debilis ssp. Chloracantha spinosa chloracantha PIP cucumerifolius cucumberleaf sunflower PIP Maximilian sunflower, Cirsium texanum Texas thistle PIP Helianthus maximiliani Maximillian sunflower PIP Canada horseweed, Canadian Heterotheca horseweed, horseweed, subaxillaris camphorweed, golden aster PIP horseweed fleabane, mares tail, Hymenopappus Conyza canadensis marestail PIP scabiosaeus var. Coreopsis nuecensis crown tickseed PIP corymbosus Carolina woollywhite PIP golden tickseed, plains annual marsh-elder, annual Coreopsis tinctoria coreopsis, plains tickseed PIP marshelder, seacoast Coreopsis wrightii rock tickseed PIP Iva annua sumpweed PIP Dyssodia pentachaeta Five-needle Pricklyleaf PIP Krigia cespitosa weedy dwarfdandelion PIP Dyssodia tenuiloba Lactuca floridana Florida lettuce, woodland lettuce PIP var. tenuiloba Bristleeaf pricklyleaf PIP biannual lettuce, Louisiana eclipta, false daisy, yerba de Lactuca ludoviciana lettuce, wild lettuce PIP Eclipta prostrata tago, yerba de tajo PIP China lettuce, prickly lettuce, Engelmannia Lactuca serriola wild lettuce PIP pinnatifida Engelmann's daisy PIP cusp blazing star, narrowleaf Erigeron Philadelphia daisy, Philadelphia Liatris mucronata gayfeather PIP philadelphicus fleabane PIP Lindheimera texana Texas star, Texas yellowstar PIP late eupatorium, lateflowering Eupatorium serotinum thoroughwort PIP Lygodesmia texana Texas skeletonplant PIP spring pygmy-cudweed, spring climbing hempvine, climbing Evax verna pygmycudweed PIP Mikania scandens hempweed PIP 32

Parthenium confertum gray feverfew, Gray's feverfew PIP Wedelia texana hairy wedelia PIP Parthenium ragweed parthenium, Santa Texas sleepy-daisy, Texas hysterophorus Maria feverfew, whitetop weed PIP Xanthisma texanum sleepydaisy PIP white rock-lettuce, white cocklebur, cockleburr, common Pinaropappus roseus rocklettuce PIP cocklebur, rough cocklebur, Pluchea odorata marsh fleabane, sweetscent PIP Xanthium strumarium rough cockleburr H desert chicory, desertchicory, Tillandsia recurvata ballmoss, small ballmoss PIP Pyrrhopappus manystemmed false-dandelion, Tillandsia usneoides Spanish moss U pauciflorus smallflower desert-chicory PIP clasping Venus' looking-glass, Prairie coneflower, prairie Triodanis perfoliata clasping Venus' lookingglass, coneflower (upright), var. biflora small venus lookinglass PIP prairieconeflower, redspike Mexican hat, upright prairie clasping Venus' looking-glass, Ratibida columnifera coneflower PIP clasping Venus' lookingglass, Triodanis perfoliata clasping-leaf venus'-looking- Rudbeckia hirta var. var. perfoliata glass PIP angustifolia blackeyed Susan PIP Arabis petiolaris Brazos rockcress PIP Senecio ampullaceus Texas ragwort PIP shepardspurse, shepherd's Simsia calva awnless bushsunflower PIP Capsella bursa- purse, shepherd's-purse, Canada goldenrod, Canadian pastoris shepherdspurse PIP Solidago canadensis goldenrod, common goldenrod PIP green tansymustard, pinnate Solidago gigantea giant goldenrod PIP tansy mustard, pinnate perennial sowthistle, prickly tansymustard, tansymustard, sowthistle, spiny sowthistle, Descurainia pinnata western tansymustard PIP Sonchus asper spiny-leaf sow-thistle PIP broad-pod whitlowgrass, annual sowthistle, common sow- broadpod draba, broadpod thistle, common sowthistle, Draba platycarpa whitlowgrass PIP Sonchus oleraceus pualele, sow thistle, sow-thistle PIP southern pepperweed, southern blowball, common dandelion, Lepidium austrinum pepperwort PIP Taraxacum officinale dandelion, faceclock PIP common pepperweed, plains actinea, stemmy four- greenflower pepperweed, Tetraneuris scaposa nerve daisy, stemmy hymenoxys PIP miner's pepperwort, miners Thelesperma pepperweed, peppergrass, ambiguum Colorado greenthread PIP Lepidium densiflorum pepperweed, prairie pepperweed U Lesquerella argyraea bladderpod, silver bladderpod PIP greenthread, plains greenthread, annual bastardcabbage, wild Thelesperma filifolium stiff greenthread PIP Rapistrum rugosum rape PIP Rorippa nasturtium- Verbesina encelioides golden crownbeard PIP aquaticum watercress U iceweed, Virginia crownbeard, London rocket, Londonrocket, Verbesina virginica white crownbeard PIP Sisymbrium irio rocketmustard PIP Polanisia dodecandra Clammy weed, sandyseed sunflower goldeneye, toothleaf var. trachysperma clammyweed PIP Viguiera dentata goldeneye PIP Alternanthera washerwoman PIP

caracasana povertyweed, patata, patota, Alternanthera alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig povertyweed philoxeroides weed PIP Mollugo verticillata carpetweed, green carpetweed PIP angel trumpet, angel's trumpets, Acleisanthes longiflora angeltrumpet PIP Amaranthus crassipes spreading amaranth U Acleisanthes obtusa Berlandier's trumpets PIP carelessweed, Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri Palmer's amaranth PIP Boerhavia diffusa red spiderling PIP Amaranthus Boerhavia erecta erect spiderling PIP polygonoides tropical amaranth PIP mountain four-o'clock, white four o'clock, white four-o'clock, white Celosia nitida West Indian cock's comb PIP Mirabilis albida fouroclock PIP slender snake-cotton, slender common four o'clock, common Froelichia gracilis snakecotton PIP four-o'clock, marvel of Peru, marvel-of-Peru PIP Ferocactus setispinus Miniature Barrle Cactus PIP Mirabilis jalapa Opuntia engelmannii Texas prickly pear, Texas linearleaf four-o'clock, narrow- var. lindheimeri pricklypear PIP leaf four-o'clock, narrowleaf four o clock, narrowleaf four o'clock, Cholla, tree cholla, walkingstick Mirabilis linearis narrowleaf four-o'clock PIP Opuntia imbricata cholla PIP devil's bouquet, devil's-bouquet, Christmas cactus, tasajillo, Nyctaginia capitata scarlet muskflower PIP tesajo cactus (christmastree American pokeweed, common Opuntia leptocaulis cacti) PIP pokeweed, inkberry, grassland pricklypear, plains pigeonberry, poke, pokeberry, twistspine pricklypear, twistspine Phytolacca americana pokeweed U Opuntia macrorhiza pricklypear PIP bloodberry rougeplant, Polycarpon Rivina humilis rougeplant PIP tetraphyllum fourleaf manyseed PIP akulikuli-kula, common purslane, catchfly, sleepy campion, sleepy duckweed, garden purslane, little Silene antirrhina catchfly, sleepy silene PIP hogweed, little-hogweed, purslane, pursley, pusley, wild chickweed, common chickweed, Portulaca oleracea portulaca PIP Stellaria media nodding chickweed PIP chisme, kiss me quick, kiss-me- Portulaca pilosa quick PIP wing-pod purslane, wingpod Stellaria prostrata prostrate starwort PIP Portulaca umbraticola purslane PIP common lambsquarters, lambsquarters, lambsquarters Talinum aurantiacum orange fameflower, talinum PIP Chenopodium album goosefoot, white goosefoot U Talinum paniculatum big talinum, jewels of Opar PIP netseed lambsquarters, pigseed Ilex decidua possumhaw PIP Chenopodium goosefoot, pit-seed goosefoot, Ilex vomitoria yaupon PIP berlandieri pitseed goosefoot PIP Schaefferia cuneifolia desert yaupon PIP monolepis, nuttall monolepis, Nuttall's poverty weed, Nuttall's Commelina erecta var. Monolepis nuttalliana poverty-weed, Nuttall's PIP angustifolia whitemouth dayflower PIP 34

Commelina erecta var. Aristida purpurea var. wright threeawn, Wright's deamiana whitemouth dayflower U wrightii threeawn U Commelina erecta var. Arundinaria gigantea giant cane U erecta whitemouth dayflower PIP Arundo donax giant reed, giantreed PIP Setcreasea purpurea purplequeen PIP common oat, Common oats, oat, Tinantia anomala widowstears PIP oatgrass (common), oats, wild Tradescantia Avena sativa oats PIP occidentalis prairie spiderwort, spiderwort U Bothriochloa Cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood PIP ischaemum var. king ranch bluestem, yellow Garrya ovata ssp. eggleaf silktassel, Lindheimer's songarica bluestem PIP lindheimeri silktassel U Bothriochloa Carex bulbostylis False hair sedge PIP laguroides ssp. silver beardgrass, silver Carex emoryi Emory's sedge PIP torreyana bluestem PIP Bouteloua Carex leavenworthii Leavenworth's sedge PIP curtipendula sideoats grama PIP Muhlenberg's sedge, Carex muehlenbergii muhlenberg's sedge U Bouteloua rigidiseta Texas grama PIP Carex planostachys cedar sedge PIP Bouteloua trifida red grama PIP rescue brome, rescue grass, Carex tetrastachya Britton's sedge PIP Bromus catharticus rescuegras, rescuegrass PIP red-root flat sedge, redroot Cyperus erythrorhizos flatsedge, redroot nutgrass PIP Japanese brome, Japanese Cyperus ochraceus pond flatsedge PIP Bromus japonicus bromegrass, Japanese chess PIP fragrant flatsedge, rusty flat Buchloe dactyloides buffalograss PIP Cyperus odoratus sedge PIP Cenchrus spinifex coastal sandbur PIP Cyperus papyrus papyrus U Chasmanthium broadleaf uniola, Indian wood- one-flower flatsedge, oneflower latifolium oats, Indian woodoats PIP Cyperus retroflexus flatsedge PIP Chloris ciliata fringed windmill grass PIP chaguan humatag, cocograss, hooded windmill grass, hooded kili'o'opu, nutgrass, pakopako, Chloris cucullata windmillgrass PIP Cyperus rotundus purple nutsedge PIP Eleocharis montevidensis sand spikerush PIP tumble windmill grass, Tumble Schoenoplectus great bulrush, soft-stem bulrush, Chloris verticillata Windmillgrass, windmillgrass PIP tabernaemontani softstem bulrush PIP Nash windmill grass, nash windmillgrass, short-spike Aristida longispica slimspike threeawn U Chloris X windmill grass, shortspike Fendler threeawn, Fendler's subdolichostachya windmill grass U Aristida purpurea var. threeawn, red threeawn, red Bermudagrass, chiendent pied- longiseta threeawn (Fendler) PIP de-poule, common bermudagrass, devilgrass, Aristida purpurea var. grama-seda, manienie, motie purpurea purple threeawn PIP Cynodon dactylon molulu PIP

Dichanthium green spangletop, green annulatum var. Leptochloa dubia sprangletop PIP annulatum Diaz bluestem PIP Leptochloa mucronata mucronate sprangletop PIP Dichanthium aristatum Angleton bluestem PIP Limnodea arkansana Ozark grass, Ozarkgrass PIP Dichanthium sericeum silky bluestem PIP italian ryegrass, perennial rye fingergrass, Henry's crabgrass, Lolium perenne grass, perennial ryegrass PIP kukaepua'a, saulangi, smooth Muhlenbergia lindheimer muhly, Lindheimer's crabgrass, Southern crab grass, lindheimeri muhly PIP southern crabgrass, tropical Texas tussockgrass, Texas Digitaria ciliaris crabgrass PIP Nassella leucotricha wintergrass PIP Carolina cottontop, Carolina blue panic, blue panicgrass, blue Digitaria cognata crabgrass PIP Panicum antidotale panicum PIP jungle rice, Jungle ricegrass, annual witchgrass, common Echinochloa colona junglerice, watergrass PIP panic grass, common barnyard grass, barnyardgrass, witchgrass, panicgrass, cockspur, Japanese millet, large ticklegrass, tumble panic, Echinochloa crus-galli barnyard grass, watergrass PIP tumbleweed grass, witches hair, coast cockspur, coast cockspur Panicum capillare witchgrass PIP Echinochloa walteri grass, walter's barnyard grass PIP Panicum capillarioides slender panicgrass PIP crowsfoot grass, goose grass, Panicum fall panic, fall panicgrass, fall goosegrass, Indian goose grass, dichotomiflorum panicum, western witchgrass PIP Indian goosegrass, manienie Hall panicum, Hall's panic, Hall's Eleusine indica ali'I, silver crabgrass, wiregrass PIP panicgrass, Hall's panicum, halls Elymus canadensis Canada wildrye U Panicum hallii panicum PIP Elymus virginicus var. Panicum maximum guineagrass PIP virginicus Virginia wild rye, Virginia wildrye PIP Panicum oligosanthes Heller’s Witchgrass PIP Eragrostis barrelieri Mediterranean lovegrass PIP dallas grass, dallis grass, Eragrostis dallisgrass, herbe de miel, herbe curtipedicellata gummy lovegrass PIP sirop, hiku nua, palpalum dilate, Eragrostis intermedia plains lovegrass PIP Paspalum dilatatum water grass PIP Eragrostis Paspalum distichum knotgrass, knotroot paspalum PIP secundiflora ssp. oxylepis red lovegrass PIP Paspalum langei rustyseed paspalum PIP Eragrostis sessilispica tumble lovegrass PIP Paspalum lividum longtom PIP Eriochloa sericea Texas cupgrass PIP Paspalum pubiflorum hairyseed paspalum PIP Common curleymesquite, Vasey grass, Vasey's grass, curleymesquite, curly mesquite, Paspalum urvillei vaseygrass PIP Hilaria belangeri curly-mesquite, curlymesquite PIP Pennisetum ciliare buffelgrass PIP hare barley, leporinum barley, crimson fountaingrass, fountain Hordeum leporinum wild barley PIP Pennisetum setaceum grass, fountaingrass PIP Hordeum pusillum little barley, little wildbarley PIP Phalaris caroliniana Carolina canarygrass PIP Leersia oryzoides rice cut grass, rice cutgrass PIP Phyllostachys aurea golden bamboo PIP 36

annual blue grass, annual Urochloa fasciculata browntop signalgrass PIP Poa annua bluegrass, walkgrass PIP annual rabbit's-foot grass, Urochloa texana Texas signalgrass PIP annual rabbitsfoot grass, eight-flower six-weeks grass, rabbit'sfootgrass, rabbitfoot pullout grass, sixweeks fescue, beardgrass, rabbitfoot grass, Vulpia octoflora sixweeks grass PIP Polypogon rabbitfoot polypogon, Zea mays corn U monspeliensis rabbitfootgrass U Zizaniopsis miliacea giant cutgrass PIP Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem PIP Chinese honeysuckle, Japanese bristlegrass, Plains bristlegrass, Lonicera japonica honeysuckle PIP streambed bristlegrass, yellow Lonicera Setaria leucopila bristlegrass, yellow foxtail PIP sempervirens trumpet honeysuckle PIP Sambucus canadensis knotroot bristlegrass, marsh canadensis Common elderberry PIP bristle grass, marsh bristlegrass, Valerianella radiata beaked cornsalad PIP Setaria parviflora yellow bristlegrass U Diospyros texana Texas persimmon PIP Sideroxylon lanuginosum gum bully PIP bristle panicum, Rio Grande horsetail, smooth horsetail, Setaria ramiseta bristlegrass PIP smooth scouring-rush, smooth Setaria scheelei southwestern bristlegrass PIP Equisetum laevigatum scouringrush PIP bottle grass, green bristle grass, Buxus sempervirens common box PIP green bristlegrass, green foxtail, Setaria viridis pigeongrass, wild millet U Acalypha lindheimeri shrubby copperleaf PIP aleppo milletgrass, herbe de hophornbeam copperleaf, Cuba, Johnson grass, Acalypha ostryifolia pineland threeseed mercury PIP Johnsongrass, sorgho d'Alep, Argythamnia humilis Sorghum halepense sorgo de alepo, zacate Johnson PIP var. humilis low silverbush, low wildmercury PIP Sporobolus Cnidoscolus texanus bullnettle, Texas bullnettle PIP compositus var. composite dropseed, dropseed, doveweed, hogweed, hogwort, compositus tall dropseed PIP Croton capitatus woolly croton, wooly croton PIP Sporobolus cryptandrus sand dropseed PIP Croton glandulosus vente conmigo PIP Stenotaphrum St. Augustine grass, St. Croton oneseeded croton, prairie tea, secundatum Augustinegrass PIP monanthogynus prairie-tea PIP Euphorbia Trichloris pluriflora Multiflower false Rhodes grass PIP albomarginata Rattlesnake weed U Tridens albescens white tridens PIP Euphorbia fire on the mountain, fire-on-the- cyathophora mountain U Tridens eragrostoides lovegrass tridens PIP toothed euphorbia, toothed Tridens muticus slim tridens PIP Euphorbia dentata spurge, toothedleaf poinsettia PIP Tridens texanus Texas fluffgrass, Texas tridens PIP Euphorbia ribseed sandmat, ridgeseed almejita signalgrass, fringed, glyptosperma spurge PIP Urochloa ciliatissima fringed signalgrass PIP Euphorbia hirta Pill-pod Broomspurge PIP

Euphorbia nutans eyebane PIP var. depressus Euphorbia peplidion low spurge PIP Eysenhardtia texana Texas kidneywood PIP Euphorbia prostrata Prostrate broomspurge PIP common honeylocust, Honey locust, honey-locust, Euphorbia serpens Matted broomspurge PIP Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust, honeylocusts U Euphorbia spathulata roughpod spurge, warty spurge PIP Leucaena koa haole, lead tree, white leucocephala leadtree PP Jatropha dioica leatherstem PIP black medic, black medic clover, knotweed leaflower, smartweed Phyllanthus black medick, hop clover, hop polygonoides leaf-flower, smartweed leafflower PIP Medicago lupulina medic, nonesuch, yellow trefoil PIP chicken tree, Chinese tallow Medicago polymorpha tree, Florida aspen, popcorn var. vulgaris burlclover PIP tree, tallowtree, vegetable tallow, Triadica sebiferum white wax berry PIP Melilotus albus White sweet clover PIP annual yellow sweetclover, Tragia brevispica shortspike noseburn PIP Melilotus indicus Indian sweet-clover PIP branched noseburn, branched tragia, catnip noseburn, Mimosa borealis fragrant mimosa PIP Tragia ramosa noseburn PIP Kairn's sensitive-briar, Mimosa Acacia greggii var. Arizona acacia, catclaw, catclaw Mimosa latidens latidens PIP greggii acacia, Catclaw mimosa PIP Neptunia lutea yellow neptunia, yellow puff PIP Acacia minuta coastal scrub wattle PIP Jerusalem thorn, Jerusalem- blackbrush acacia, chaparro thorn, Mexican palo verde, Acacia rigidula prieto PIP Parkinsonia aculeata retama PIP mimosa, mimosa tree, Prosopis glandulosa powderpuff tree, silk tree, var. glandulosa honey mesquite PIP Albizia julibrissin silktree PIP Astragalus nuttallianus Rhynchosia minima least snoutbean PIP var. trichocarpus turkey peas, turkeypeas PIP Rhynchosia senna Caesalpinia dwarf poinciana, flowerfence, var. texana rosary bean, Texas snoutbean PIP pulcherrima pride-of-Barbados PIP Senna pumilio dwarf senna PIP Cercis canadensis bigpod sesbania, hemp var. mexicana Mexican redbud PIP Sesbania herbacea sesbania, peatree PIP Cercis canadensis Eve's necklacepod, Texas var. texensis California redbud, Texas redbud U Sophora affinis sophora PIP Chamaecrista partridge pea, Showy fasciculata partridgepea, sleepingplant PIP mescal bean, mescalbean PIP wedgeleaf prairie clover, Sophora secundiflora Dalea emarginata wedgeleaf prairieclover PIP trailing fuzzybean, trailing wild- bearded dalea, bearded prairie Strophostyles helvula bean, Trailing wildbean PIP Dalea pogonathera clover, bearded prairieclover PIP hop clover, smallhop clover, Desmanthus illinois bundleflower, prairie Trifolium dubium suckling clover U illinoensis bundleflower U Vicia ludoviciana ssp. leavenworth vetch, leavenworthii Leavenworth's vetch PIP Desmanthus velutinus velvet bundleflower PIP Vicia ludoviciana var. Desmanthus virgatus wild tantan PIP ludoviciana Louisiana vetch PIP 38

Wisteria sinensis Chinese wisteria U Geranium texanum Texas geranium PIP Quercus buckleyi Buckley oak, Texas oak PIP Oxalis dichondrifolia peonyleaf woodsorrel PIP Oxalis dillenii Dillen's oxalis PIP Quercus macrocarpa bur oak PIP drummond woodsorrel, Quercus muhlenbergii chinkapin oak PIP Oxalis drummondii Drummond's woodsorrel PIP Quercus polymorpha netleaf white oak PIP Platanus occidentalis American sycamore, sycamore PIP Quercus virginiana live oak PIP Florida elodea, hydrilla, water Hydrilla verticillata thyme, water-thyme, waterthyme PIP common dogbane, dogbane, hemp dogbane, Indian hemp, Marsilea macropoda bigfoot waterclover PIP Apocynum Indian-hemp, Indianhemp, Carya illinoinensis pecan PIP cannabinum prairie dogbane PIP Juglans nigra black walnut PIP Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle PIP Juncus torreyi torrey rush, Torrey's rush U Nerium oleander oleander PIP Cryptantha texana pick me nots PIP bigleaf periwinkle, greater Vinca major periwinkle, periwinkle PIP Ehretia anacua anacua, knockaway PIP India heliotrope, Indian Asclepias curassavica bloodflower, wild ipecacuanha PIP Heliotropium indicum heliotrope PIP Asclepias Lappula occidentalis flat-spine sheepburr, flatspine oenotheroides zizotes milkweed PIP var. cupulata stickseed U Cynanchum bearded swallow-wort, bearded Lithospermum barbigerum swallowwort PIP arvense corn gromwell, puccoon PIP Cynanchum Lithospermum San Antonio gromwell, San racemosum var. mirabile Antonio stoneseed PIP unifarium talayote PIP Onosmodium Matelea reticulata netted milkvine PIP bejariense Soft-hairy false Gromwell PIP Sarcostemma drummond falsepennyroyal, cynanchoides fringed twinevine PIP Drummond's false pennyroyal, meadow pink, Prairie rose Drummond's falsepennyroyal, Sabatia campestris gentian, Texas star PIP Hedeoma drummondii Drummond's pennyroyal PIP alfilaree, alfilaria, California false pennyroyal, filaree, cutleaf filaree, filaree, falsepennyroyal, rough false red-stem stork's-bill, redstem, pennyroyal, rough redstem filaree, redstem stork's falsepennyroyal, rough Erodium cicutarium bill, stork's bill, storksbill PIP Hedeoma hispida pennyroyal PIP common henbit, giraffehead, Lamium amplexicaule henbit, henbit deadnettle PIP Marrubium vulgare horehound, white horehound U bull filaree, Texas filaree, Texas fillarie, Texas stork's bill, tufted Monarda citriodora Erodium texanum filaree PIP var. citriodora lemon beebalm PIP horse mint, miners lettuce, plains beebalm, pony beebalm, spotted Geranium Carolina crane's-bill, Carolina Monarda pectinata beebalm U carolinianum geranium PIP Monarda punctata spotted beebalm PIP

Rosmarinus officinalis rosemary PIP fan-leaf vervain, fanleaf vervain, Verbena plicata whiteveined verbena PIP Salvia ballotiflora shrubby blue sage PIP Vitex agnus-castus chaste tree, lilac chastetree PIP Salvia coccinea blood sage PIP redflower false yucca, redflower Salvia farinacea mealycup sage U Hesperaloe parviflora falseyucca PIP Salvia greggii autumn sage PIP Salvia leucantha Mexican bush sage PIP Manfreda maculosa spice lily PIP Scutellaria Yucca baccata banana yucca, datil yucca U drummondii Drummond's skullcap PIP Yucca constricta buckley yucca, Buckley's yucca PIP eggleaf skullcap, heartleaf Yucca pallida pale yucca, twistleaf yucca PIP Scutellaria ovata skullcap PIP Yucca tenuistyla whiterim yucca U Stachys crenata mouse's-ear, mousesear PIP Yucca torreyi torrey yucca, Torrey's yucca PIP Teucrium canadense American germander, Canada Yucca treculeana Don Quixote's lace, trecul yucca PIP var. canadense germander PIP roadside blue-eyed grass, Teucrium cubense Cuban germander, small coastal Sisyrinchium langloisii roadside blueeyed grass PIP var. cubense germander PIP Allium canadense var. canadense Canada garlic, meadow garlic PIP Aloysia gratissima whitebrush PIP drummond onion, Drummond's Callicarpa americana American beautyberry PIP Allium drummondii onion PIP Glandularia asparagus, garden asparagus, bipinnatifida Dakota mock vervain PIP Asparagus officinalis garden-asparagus U Glandularia pumila pink mock vervain, pink verbena PIP Cooperia drummondii evening rainlily, Texas rainlilly PIP Glandularia Cooperia pedunculata coopers rainlily, prairie lily PIP quandrangulata beaked mock vervain PIP Dasylirion texanum Texas sotol PIP Lantana camara lantana, largeleaf lantana PIP Habranthus Lantana tubispathus Rio Grande copperlily PIP montevidensis trailing shrubverbena PIP Hymenocallis West Indian shrubverbena, caroliniana Carolina spiderlily U Lantana urticoides western lantana PIP Nothoscordum bivalve crowpoison PIP frog fruit, sawtooth fogfruit, Schoenocaulon turkey tangle, turkey tangle drummondii green feathershank PIP Phyla nodiflora fogfruit PIP anchored water hyacinth, Tetraclea coulteri Coulter's wrinklefruit PIP Eichhornia azurea anchored waterhyacinth U common water hyacinth, Verbena brasiliensis Brazilian vervain PIP common water-hyacinth, floating Verbena canescens gray vervain PIP water hyacinth, floating slender verbena, Texas verbena, waterhyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, Verbena halei Texas vervain PIP jacinto de agua, lirio acuatico, Verbena litoralis seashore vervain PIP mbekambekairanga, water Eichhornia crassipes hyacinth PIP Verbena neomexicana hillside verbena, hillside vervain, var. hirtella New Mexico verbena U Pontederia cordata pickerelweed U

Smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier PIP cut-leaf evening-primrose, cut- bullbriar, common catbriar, leaved evening primrose, cutleaf common greenbrier, greenbrier, evening-primrose, cutleaf horsebriar, roundleaf greenbriar, Oenothera laciniata eveningprimrose PIP Smilax rotundifolia roundleaf greenbrier U rose evening primrose, rose evening-primrose, rose Linum imbricatum toothed flax, tufted flax PIP Oenothera rosea eveningprimrose PIP Abutilon fruticosum Texas Indian mallow PIP pinkladies, Showy evening wright abutilon, Wright's Indian primrose, showy Abutilon wrightii mallow PIP Oenothera speciosa eveningprimrose PIP stemless evening-primrose, Callirhoe leiocarpa tall poppymallow PIP Oenothera triloba stemless eveningprimrose PIP cheeseweed, cheeseweed Malva parviflora mallow, small-whorl mallow PIP Punica granatum pomegranate PIP Malvastrum Ceratophyllum common hornwort, coon's tail, coromandelianum threelobe false mallow PIP demersum coon's-tail, coontail, hornwort PIP Malvaviscus arboreus Malvaviscus arboreus var. drum, Corydalis curvisiliqua var. drummondii wax mallow PIP ssp. curvisiliqua curvepod fumewort PIP Texas swampmallow, wright Fumaria officinalis drug fumitory PIP Pavonia lasiopetala pavonia PIP Argemone albiflora bluestem pricklypoppy, white Rhynchosida ssp. texana pricklypoppy U physocalyx buff petal, buffpetal PIP procumbent sida, prostrate sida, Argemone aurantiaca Texas pricklypoppy PIP Sida abutifolia spreading fanpetals PIP red pricklypoppy, spiny Argemone sanguinea pricklypoppy PIP Sida spinosa prickly fanpetals, prickly sida PIP Texas burstwort, Texas Juniperus ashei Ashe juniper, Ashe's juniper PIP Hermannia texana hermannia PIP eastern red-cedar, eastern Juniperus virginiana redcedar, red cedar juniper PIP Melochia pyramidata pyramidflower PIP Taxodium distichum bald cypress, baldcypress PIP Corchorus hirtus Orinoco jute PIP purple ammannia, valley Plantago hookeriana California plantain PIP Ammannia coccinea redstem PIP broadleaf plantain, buckhorn plantain, common plantain, great Lagerstroemia indica crapemyrtle PIP Plantago major plantain, rippleseed plantain PIP Gaura brachycarpa plains beeblossom PIP scarlet beeblossom, scarlet Gaura coccinea gaura, Scarlet guara PIP Plantago redseed Indianwheat, redseed Drummond's beeblossom, rhodosperma plantain PIP Gaura drummondii scented gaura U smallflowered gaura, Plantago wrightiana wright plantain, Wright's plantain PIP velvetweed, velvety gaura, spreading ratany, trailing Gaura parviflora willow gaura PIP Krameria lanceolata krameria, Trailing ratany PIP wavyleaf beeblossom, wavyleaf barbados cherry, wild Gaura sinuata gaura PIP Malpighia glabra crapemyrtle PIP Mexican primrose-willow, Mascagnia sp. Yellow butterfly vine U Ludwigia octovalvis Mexican primrosewillow PIP Polygala alba milkwoart (White), white milkwort PIP 41

Polygala lindheimeri shrubby milkwort PIP beard confederate vine, coral vine, bluebill, pitcher clematis, Mexican coral vine, Mexican Clematis pitcheri pitchers virginsbower PIP creeper, queen's jewels, queen's leatherleaf clematis, sweet Antigonon leptopus wreath PIP autumn virginsbower, yam- Polygonum Clematis terniflora leaved clematis PIP densiflorum denseflower knotweed PIP doubtful knight's spur, doubtful Polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed PIP Consolida ajacis knight's-spur, rocket larkspur PIP bushy knotweed, tall knotweed, Delphinium Polygonum yellow knotweed, yellow-flower carolinianum Carolina larkspur PIP ramosissimum knotweed PIP Ranunculus muricatus spinyfruit buttercup PIP Rheum rhaponticum false rhubarb U Ranunculus celeryleaf buttercup, cursed sceleratus buttercup PIP Rumex chrysocarpus amamastla PIP Curley dock, curly dock, Colubrina texensis Texan hogplum, Texas colubrina PIP narrowleaf dock, sour dock, Condalia hookeri var. Brazilian bluewood, Hooker's Rumex crispus yellow dock U hookeri bluewood PIP Rumex pulcher fiddle dock PIP Ziziphus obtusifolia graythorn, Lote bush, lotebush PIP Adiantum capillus- common maidenhair, common Ziziphus zizyphus common jujube U veneris maidenhair fern, venus hairfern PIP Ampelopsis arborea peppervine PIP Astrolepis sinuata wavy scaly cloakfern PIP Cissus incisa ivy treebine PIP Cheilanthes Alabama lip fern, Alabama Parthenocissus American ivy, fiveleaved ivy, alabamensis lipfern PIP quinquefolia Virginia creeper, woodbine PIP Cheilanthes horridula rough lip fern, rough lipfern PIP Vitis cinerea graybark grape, sweet grape PIP Cheilanthes fairy swords, fairyswords, Vitis cinerea var. lindheimeri lindheimer lipfern PIP helleri Heller's grape PIP purple cliffbrake, purple-stem Pellaea atropurpurea cliff-brake, purple-stem cliffbrake PIP Vitis mustangensis mustang grape PIP Thelypteris ovata var. Arnold hawthorn, downy lindheimeri Lindheimer's marsh fern PIP Crataegus mollis hawthorn, red hawthorn PIP Anagallis arvensis pimpernel, scarlet pimpernel PIP Eriobotrya japonica loquat PIP Samolus valerandi Prunus texana peachbush, Texas peachbrush PIP var. parviflorus Water pimpernel PIP Pyrus communis common pear, pear U Berberis trifoliolata agarita PIP Common crabapple U heavenly bamboo, nanten, Pyrus malus Nandina domestica sacred bamboo PIP Rubus riograndis Rio Grande dewberry PIP Carolina coralbead, Carolina Cephalanthus Cocculus carolinus snailseed, redberry moonseed PIP occidentalis var. californicus Common buttonbush PIP Cocculus diversifolius snailseed PIP bedstraw, catchweed bedstraw, Anemone berlandieri tenpetal thimbleweed PIP cleavers, cleaverwort, goose Drummond clematis, grass, scarthgrass, sticky-willy, Clematis drummondii Drummond's clematis, old man's PIP Galium aparine stickywilly, white hedge PIP

southwest bedstraw, polkadots Galium virgatum southwestern bedstraw PIP Hedyotis nigricans diamond-flowers, Justicia brandegeeana shrimpplant PIP var. nigricans diamondflowers, prairie bluets PIP Justicia spicigera mohintli PIP Houstonia parviflora Greenman's bluet PIP Ruellia brittoniana Britton's wild petunia PIP Richardia tricocca prairie Mexican clover PIP Ruellia drummondiana Drummond's wild petunia PIP Populus deltoides ssp. Ruellia metziae Metz's wild petunia PIP deltoides eastern cottonwood PIP Ruellia nudiflora var. Salix nigra black willow PIP nudiflora violet wild petunia PIP Phoradendron Ruellia nudiflora var. tomentosum runyonii Runyon's wild petunia PIP tomentosum Inserto mistletoe PIP violet ruellia, Yucatan wild Acer negundo var. Ruellia yucatana petunia U texanum ashleaf maple, boxelder PIP Bignonia capreolata cross vine, crossvine PIP Rhus lanceolata prairie sumac PIP common trumpetcreeper, cow- Toxicodendron eastern poison ivy, poison ivy, Campsis radicans itch, trumpet creeper PIP radicans poisonivy PIP Chilopsis linearis desert willow, desertwillow PIP chinaberry, Chinaberry tree, Chinaberrytree, Indian lilac, Polypremum lelah, paraiso, pride of India, procumbens juniper leaf PIP Melia azedarach white cedar PIP narrowleaf forestiera, texas Forestiera angustifolia forestiera, Texas swampprivet PIP Ptelea trifoliata common hoptree, hoptree PIP desert rue, Dutchman's britches, Fraxinus Thamnosma texana rue of the mountains PIP berlandieriana Mexican ash PIP prickly-ash, texas hercules club, Zanthoxylum hirsutum Texas Hercules' club PIP Fraxinus velutina velvet ash PIP Cardiospermum Jasminum mesnyi Japanese jasmine PIP halicacabum balloonvine, love in a puff PIP Ligustrum japonicum Japanese privet PIP Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii western soapberry PIP Ligustrum quihoui waxyleaf privet U Chinese privet, common chinese Ungnadia speciosa Mexican buckeye PIP Ligustrum sinense privet PIP ailanthus, copal tree, tree of Ailanthus altissima heaven, tree-of-heaven PIP Menodora Guaiacum heterophylla low menodora PIP angustifolium texas lignumvitae PIP Agalinis strictifolia stiffleaf false foxglove PIP Kallstroemia parviflora warty caltrop PIP coastal waterhyssop, herb of bullhead, caltrop, goathead, Bacopa monnieri grace, herb-of-grace PIP Mexican sandbur, puncture vine, entireleaf Indian paintbrush, Tribulus terrestris puncturevine, Texas sandbur PIP Castilleja indivisa Texas paintbrush PIP Carlowrightia texana Texas wrightwort PIP Leucophyllum Dicliptera brachiata branched foldwing PIP frutescens cenizo, Texas barometer bush PIP Dyschoriste linearis narrowleaf dyschoriste, PIP 43

Maurandya Capsicum annuum antirrhiniflora Snapdragon vine PIP var. aviculare Cayenne pepper PIP Nuttallanthus texanus Texas toadflax, Texas-toadflax PIP green false nightshade, green- field speedwell, green field Chamaesaracha leaf five-eyes, greenleaf five Veronica agrestis speedwell PIP coronopus eyes PIP Veronica anagallis- blue water speedwell, water berlandier wolfberry, Berlandier's aquatica speedwell PIP Lycium berlandieri wolfberry PIP common speedwell, corn Nicotiana repanda fiddleleaf tobacco, wild tobacco PIP speedwell, rock speedwell, wall cut-leaf ground-cherry, cutleaf Veronica arvensis speedwell PIP groundcherry, lanceleaf Veronica peregrina neckweed, purslane speedwell PIP Physalis angulata groundcherry PIP bird-eye speedwell, birdeye Physalis cinerascens speedwell, birdseye speedwell, var. cinerascens smallflower groundcherry PIP Persian speedwell, winter torrey nightshade, Torrey's Veronica persica speedwell PIP Solanum dimidiatum nightshade, western horsenettle PIP creeping jenny, European silverleaf nightshade, tomato bindweed, field bindweed, Solanum weed, trompillo, white morningglory, perennial elaeagnifolium horsenettle, white nightshade PIP morningglory, smallflowered Convolvulus arvensis morning glory PIP black nightshade, eastern black nightshade, nightshade, West Convolvulus equitans gray bindweed, Texas bindweed PIP Solanum ptychanthum Indian nightshade PIP Dichondra Carolina ponysfoot, grass buffalobur, buffalobur carolinensis ponyfoot PIP nightshade, Colorado bur, Dichondra recurvata oakwoods ponysfoot PIP horned nightshade, Kansas Evolvulus sericeus silver dwarf morning-glory, silver thistle, Mexican thistle, Texas var. sericeus dwarf-morning-glory PIP Solanum rostratum thistle PIP Ipomoea carnea ssp. gloria de la manana, shrubby Solanum triquetrum Texas nightshade PIP fistulosa morningglory PIP narrow-leaf cat-tail, narrowleaf Ipomoea Typha angustifolia cattail U cordatotriloba cotton morningglory, tievine PIP Typha domingensis Southern cat-tail, southern cattail PIP Ipomoea hederacea Ivyleaf morning-glory PIP broadleaf cattail, cattail, cattail Merremia dissecta noyau vine PIP Typha latifolia (common), common cattail U Nama hispidum bristly nama, purple mat PIP Broussonetia papyrifera paper mulberry, wauke PIP Nama jamaicense Jamaicanweed PIP baby blue-eyes, largeflower Fatoua villosa hairy crabweed PIP Nemophila baby blue eyes, largeflower Ficus carica common fig, edible fig, fiku, piku PIP phacelioides nemophilia PIP bois d'arc, osage orange, osage- blue curls, caterpillars, spike Maclura pomifera orange, osageorange H Phacelia congesta phacelia PIP Morus alba mulberry, white mulberry PIP Gilia incisa splitleaf gilia PIP Morus rubra red mulberry PIP Phlox drummondii annual phlox, drummond phlox PIP Celtis laevigata var. Bouchetia erecta paintedtongue PIP laevigata sugarberry PIP 44

Celtis laevigata var. 1Park Status refers to the current status of the organism in the reticulata netleaf hackberry PIP park, where PIP=Present in Park, PP=Probably Present, lindheimer hackberry, Lindheimer's hackberry, palo E=Encroaching, U=Unconfirmed, N/A=Not Available, Celtis lindheimeri blanco U H=Historic. desert hackberry, desert hackberry (spiny), granjeno, Celtis pallida spiny hackberry PIP Ulmus americana American elm PIP Ulmus crassifolia cedar elm PIP Ulmus rubra slippery elm PIP small-spike false nettle, smallspike false nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica smallspike falsenettle PIP Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania pellitory PIP Pilea microphylla rockweed PIP Urtica heartleaf nettle, slim chamaedryoides stingingnettle PIP Cucumis melo cantalope, cantaloupe PIP buffalo gourd, buffalogourd pumpkin, calabazilla, Missouri Cucurbita foetidissima gourd, wild gourd, wild pumkin PIP balsamgourd, Lindheimer globeberry, Lindheimer's globeberry, Rio Grande Ibervillea lindheimeri globeberry PIP drooping melonnettle, Melothria pendula Guadeloupe cucumber PIP Passiflora foetida var. gossypiifolia cottonleaf passionflower PIP Passiflora incarnata purple passionflower U Passiflora tenuiloba birdwing passionflower PIP French tamarisk, saltcedar, Tamarix gallica tamarisk, tamarix PIP Hybanthus verticillatus var. verticillatus babyslippers PIP Viola sororia var. missouriensis Wooly blue violet U Canna indica Indian shot U

The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) is the nation's principal conservation agency, charged with the mission "to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities." More specifically, Interior protects America’s treasures for future generations, provides access to our nation’s natural and cultural heritage, offers recreation opportunities, honors its trust responsibilities to American Indians and Alaska Natives and its responsibilities to island communities, conducts scientific research, provides wise stewardship of energy and mineral resources, fosters sound use of land and water resources, and conserves and protects fish and wildlife. The work that we do affects the lives of millions of people; from the family taking a vacation in one of our national parks to the children studying in one of our Indian schools.

NPS 472/106087, November 2010

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 150 Fort Collins, CO 80525 www.nature.nps.gov

EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA TM