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Nuclear Weapons FAQ (NWFAQ) Organization Back to Main Index
Nuclear Weapons FAQ (NWFAQ) Organization Back to Main Index This is a complete listing of the decimally numbered headings of the Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, which provides a comprehensive view of the organization and contents of the document. Index 1.0 Types of Nuclear Weapons 1.1 Terminology 1.2 U.S. Nuclear Test Names 1.3 Units of Measurement 1.4 Pure Fission Weapons 1.5 Combined Fission/Fusion Weapons 1.5.1 Boosted Fission Weapons 1.5.2 Staged Radiation Implosion Weapons 1.5.3 The Alarm Clock/Sloika (Layer Cake) Design 1.5.4 Neutron Bombs 1.6 Cobalt Bombs 2.0 Introduction to Nuclear Weapon Physics and Design 2.1 Fission Weapon Physics 2.1.1 The Nature Of The Fission Process 2.1.2 Criticality 2.1.3 Time Scale of the Fission Reaction 2.1.4 Basic Principles of Fission Weapon Design 2.1.4.1 Assembly Techniques - Achieving Supercriticality 2.1.4.1.1 Implosion Assembly 2.1.4.1.2 Gun Assembly 2.1.4.2 Initiating Fission 2.1.4.3 Preventing Disassembly and Increasing Efficiency 2.2 Fusion Weapon Physics 2.2.1 Candidate Fusion Reactions 2.2.2 Basic Principles of Fusion Weapon Design 2.2.2.1 Designs Using the Deuterium+Tritium Reaction 2.2.2.2 Designs Using Other Fuels 3.0 Matter, Energy, and Radiation Hydrodynamics 3.1 Thermodynamics and the Properties of Gases 3.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases 3.1.2 Heat, Entropy, and Adiabatic Compression 3.1.3 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Equipartition 3.1.4 Relaxation 3.1.5 The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law 3.1.6 Specific Heats and the Thermodynamic Exponent 3.1.7 Properties of Blackbody -
Dismantling the Bomb and Managing the Nuclear Materials
Dismantling the Bomb and Managing the Nuclear Materials September 1993 OTA-O-572 NTIS order #PB94-107554 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Dismantling the Bomb and Managing the Nuclear Materials, OTA-O-572 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1993). For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-932X” ISBN 0-16 -041968-9 ii Foreword he Nation has embarked on a bold new mission to enhance world peace through deep and lasting cuts in nuclear arsenals. It has removed thousands of nuclear weapons from active, deployed status and has begun eliminating delivery systems and dismantling the warheads themselves. Our old Cold War adversary,T the former Soviet Union, has taken similar steps. The United States and Russia have pledged to continue their programs of weapons retirement and warhead dismantlement, and are discussing methods of defining and achieving long-term goals. Such efforts are unprecedented and challenging; they require resources and talent as well as enduring dedication within Government institutions. People are concerned that the work be conducted so as to avoid the types of adverse environmental and health impacts that resulted from nuclear weapons production in the past. Experts have been investigating how to use, control, or dispose of the nuclear materials-plutonium and highly enriched uranium—recovered from dismantled warheads. For these reasons, the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs requested that the Office of Technology Assessment conduct a study of the key technical, policy, and institutional options to be considered in the Federal Government’s plans. -
Radioactive Heaven and Earth
You have downloaded the electronic version of Radioactive Heaven and Earth The health and environmental effects of nuclear weapons testing in, on, and above the earth A report of the IPPNW International Commission to Investigate the Health and Environmental Effects of Nuclear Weapons Production and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research The copyright of this book in all formats is held by the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. This electronic file is made available for downloading at no charge for non-commercial use only. Any commercial use, including sales in paper, electronic, audio, or any other format or via the Internet, is strictly prohibited. Unauthorized sales in any format are a violation of copyright law. Hard copies of this book available for sale at http://www.ieer.org/ RADIOACTIVE HEAVEN AND EARTH The Health and Environmental Effects of Nuclear Weapons Testing In, On, and Above the Earth A report of the IPPNW International Commission To Investigate the Health and Environmental Effects of Nuclear Weapons Production and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Commission Director Anthony Robbins, M.D. International Physicians for the Prevention . of Nuclear War President of IEER and Technical Consultant to Commission Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Commission Coordinator Katherine Yih, Ph.D. International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War THE APEX PRESS New Yo* ZED BOOKS London Copyright O 1991 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research All rights reserved The Apex Press is an imprint of the Council on Inter- national and Public Affairs, 777 United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017 (2121953-6920). -
Death Object – Exploding the Nuclear Weapons
Death Object Exploding the Nuclear Weapons Hoax Akio Nakatani Copyright © 2017 Akio Nakatani The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Print ISBN 978-1-5455-1683-6 Table of Contents Prologue Introduction: SATAN 2 Fire Last Time Fire This Time Born Secret Enemy At the Gates Geek-Out The Nuclear Secret That Dare Not Speak Its Name Burn the Sky! Virtual Manhattan Project Checkmate The Secret Money Shot: TRINITY Something Like an Actor Unit Testing? Jumbo 100-Ton Test I Am Become Death Trinitite Fool Me Twice: Japan 1945 Hiroshima Trickery is the Way of War Nagasaki Downfall The Mike of the Beast H-Bomb Lookout Mountain Studios Something Fishy: Bikini Photo and Film Checklist Conspiracy! Fire No Time: Falsification Acknowledgements Bibliography About the Author Prologue 兵者詭道也 Trickery is the way of war. Sunzi The process of atomic fission produces all kinds of elemental “stuff”: Plutonium and uranium split unevenly. It is rare that they split into two equal parts, and in the explosion their fragments become every element below them. Anything you can name is there – molybdenum, barium, iodine, cesium, strontium, antimony, hydrogen, tin, copper, carbon, iron, silver, and gold. -
The Role of Hydronuclear Tests Other Low-Yield Nuclear Explosions Their
The Role of Hydronuclear Tests and Other Low-Yield Nuclear Explosions and Their Status Under A Comprehensive Test Ban Thomas B. Cochran and Christopher E. Paine April 1995 (Rev. 1) Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 1350 New York Avenue, NW, Suite 300 Washington, D. C. 20005 Tel (main): (202) 783-7800 Cochran (direct dial): (202) 624-9329 Paine (direct dial): (202) 624-9350 Fax: (202) 783-5917 INTERNET: [email protected] The authors are indebted to their colleagues, Robert S. Norris and David Schwarzbach, for close reading of drafts of this paper, and to Richard K. Wallace, William J. Quirk, Ray E. Kidder, Richard L. Garwin, and Theodore B. Taylor for sharing their expert views on the relative technical utility of hydronuclear and other low-yield nuclear tests. They are of course in no way responsible for the conclusions reached, which may be at variance in some respects with their own views. These views, we hasten to add, were themselves divergent on a number of points. NRDC's work on nuclear test ban issues is supported by grants from the Winston Foundation, the Ploughshares Fund, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the W. Alton Jones Foundation, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. A. Gun-assembly Pure Fission Designs 3 B. "Solid-pack" Implosion Type Pure Fission Designs. 4 C. Levitated Pit and Hollow Core Designs 5 D. Fissile Material Requirements for Weapons 6 E. Boosted Fission and Other Single Stage Thermonuclear Designs 7 F. Staged Thermonuclear Designs 7 The Value of Hydronuclear Tests for Engineering Development of New or Modified Nuclear Warheads . -
Plasma and Nuclear Propulsion
Plasma and Nuclear Propulsion 1 Thrust and Specific Impulse • Thrust is defined as the force generated by an engine or rocket • For rockets Fthrust = ce*dm; dm = fuel mass flow rate • Specific Impulse measures the efficiency of a rocket engine (not a physical quanFty). • It is effecFvely equal to the thrust divided by the amount of fuel used per unit Fme. • It is measured by a quanFty called Isp = ce/g 2 Types of Electric Propulsion 1. Electrothermal – uses electricity to heat a neutral gas examples: arcjet 2. Electrosta/c – uses a stac electric field to accelerate a plasma. Stac magneFc field are someFmes used to help confine the plasma, but they are not used for acceleraon. examples: gridded ion thruster 3. Electromagne/c – uses electric and magneFc fields to accelerate a plasma. examples: hall thruster, pulsed plasma thruster 3 Electrothermal: Arcjet How they work: 1. Neutral gas flows through the propellant flow. 2. An electrical arc forms between the anode and cathode. 3. A small amount of the neutral gas is ionized to form the arc. 4. The remaining gas is heated as it passes through the arc. Propellant: Hydrazine Ammonia Exhaust speed: 4-10 km/s Thrust range: 200-1000 mN* Power required: 400 W – 3 kW Efficiency: 30-50% * 1 mN is about the weight of a sheet of paper. 4 Electrostac: Gridded Ion Thruster Electrostac: Gridded Ion Thruster Vital Stats: Propellant: Argon, Krypton, Xenon Exhaust speed: 15-50 km/s Thrust range: 0.01-200 mN* Power 1-10 kW required: Efficiency: 60-80% * 1 mN is about the weight of a sheet of paper.