TITLE PAGE ANALYSIS of RICE (Oryza Spp.) INNOVATION SYSTEM in SOUTHEAST NIGERIA by EMODI, ANGELA IZUKANNE. PG/Ph.D/05/39672

1 TITLE PAGE ANALYSIS OF RICE ( Oryza spp. ) INNOVATION SYSTEM IN SOUTHEAST NIGERIA BY EMODI, ANGELA IZUKANNE. PG/Ph.D/05/39672 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION. FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA MARCH, 2010 2 CERTIFICATION Emodi, Angela Izukanne, a post graduate student in the Department of Agricultural Extension and with the registration number PG/PhD/05/39672 has satisfactorily completed a requirement for course and research work for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Agricultural Extension. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or full for other diploma or degree in this University or any other University. -------------------------------- --------------------------- Dr. (Mrs) A.E. Onwubuya Prof.M.C. Madukwe (Head of Department) (Supervisor) Date: Date: 3 DEDICATION Thank you God for blessing me with good health and sound mind to undertake this study. To my husband, Emmanuel Emenike Emodi and my children (Anwulichukwuka Alexis Emodi, Olisaemeka Emmanuel Emodi and Ifeyinwa Frances Emodi). 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The past few years would not have been possible without the prime role played by my supervisor, Professor M.C. Madukwe. For the kind of coaching that conveyed both caring and confidence always. His experience, intellect and instinct continually challenged my speed and compelled me to critically examine each milestone and assess each curve ahead until the last lap had been run. Numerous persons coached me throughout this endurance run. Among them were Professor E.M Igbokwe, Dr (Mrs) E.A. Onwubuya (a mother), Dr. A.E. Agwu (thank you so much), Professor A.R. Ajayi, Professor A.C. Anyanwu, Dr (Mrs) M.U. Dimelu, Dr N.S. Ozor, Mrs J.C. Iwuchukwu, Mrs A.N. Asadu and Mr M. O. Akinnagbe. To a very great extent, their assistance facilitated the completion of this work. I wish also to express my profound gratitude to Mrs. B.N. Onah, who carried most of my parcels from Enugu Transport Cooperation (ENTRACO) to my supervisor, Mrs. E.N. Orji, Mrs H.A. Jisieike, Mrs C.J. Obiorah and Mrs A.E Oledinma of the Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Nigeria, Nsukka for their concern and support towards the achievement of this worthy initiative. I would not have been able to make utmost sense of my research findings if Dr. O.M. Adesope and Lady Bola Oladugba had not interpreted the data. I also encountered and noted gratefully, other fans along the way who conveyed words of encouragement. Among them were my siblings and their spouses, Mr and Mrs Dubem Agbakoba; Mr and Mrs Eugene Odiamma, my nephew-in-law Mr Amechi Emodi, Professor H.O. Agusiobo (late), Professor (Mrs) E.U. Anyakoha, Professor (Mrs) Osa Tawari, Dr B.I. Isife, Dr (Mrs.) E.U. Madukwe, Mrs Ogo Nnebe, Mr N.S. Oluah, Dr Summerset Embiowei, Mr Abraham Musa Peters, Mrs Oby Muobike, The Akpamus` (thank you for being a family). 5 I am deeply indebted to Aunty, Grace Nwoko, Aunty, Franka Igwe, Mother Ann Amene, Rev. Fr. Steve Ziga Dedua (always there for me) and Rev. Fr. Ray Ikponmwoba (a brother). Thank you for all your prayers. Micheal Nnamdi Emodi thank you for being more than a nephew-in- law, I will always remember nevertheless, his invaluable support, encouragement and our trip to University of Nigeria, Nsukka to purchase the form for this Doctoral programme. It is pertinent to acknowledge with deep sense of appreciation the cooperation received from Dr. Emmanuel Meji and Mrs R.U. Mecha of National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), southeast zone Abia State; Mrs Q.N. Obioma, Director of Extension, Abia State Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) who contributed immensely to the questionnaires used for this study. I am grateful to my extra-ordinary mother, Mrs Felicia Nnoyelum Agbakoba, who instilled in me the values of honesty, hard work and faith in God. Mama you are one in a million and in you motherhood is personified. I appreciate all your hard work and struggles in our up-bringing. To Emmanuel Emenike Emodi, my husband, how can words ever suffice as thanks, for the excitement you added to my life; for your unflagging support of my mission, for your unerring faith on my acumen and ambition. Thanks to you and our children (Anwulichukwuka Alexis Emodi, Olisaemeka Emmanuel Emodi and Ifeyinwa Frances Emodi) for your patience without end, my thesis I did successfully defend. Because of you I persevered pursuing my goal. And now I stand exhausted but free at the end of the journey. Thank you my husband. A.I. Emodi Department Agricultural Extension University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgement iv Table of contents vi List of tables xi List of figures xiii Abstract xiv Abbreviations and Acronyms xv Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Background Information 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 8 1.3 The Purpose of the Study 11 1.4 Hypothesis 11 1.5 Justification for the Study 11 1.6 Definition of Terms 12 Chapter Two: Literature Review 14 2.1 Innovation systems perspectives 14 2.1.1 Origins of innovation systems concepts 22 2.1.2 Methodological challenges for innovation system 26 2.1.3 Partnerships in innovation system 30 2.2 Rice productions, processing and marketing in Nigeria 38 2.2.1 Constraints in rice production 46 2.2.2 Studies on rice production 52 2.3 Participatory approaches in agricultural research 65 2.4 Adoptions in innovation 70 2.5 Theoretical consideration 73 2.6 Conceptual framework 75 7 Chapter Three: Methodology 82 3.1 Study area 82 3.2 Population and sample 88 3.2.1 Population 88 3.2.2 Sample size 88 3.3 Data collection techniques and Measurement of Variables 93 3.3.1 Data collection techniques 93 3.3.2 Measurement of Variables 95 3.4 Data Analysis 99 3.5 Limitation of the study 100 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 101 4.1 Review of policies, acts and initiatives in rice innovation system 101 4.2 Socio-economic characteristics of farmers in rice innovation system 111 4.2.1 Sex 111 4.2.2 Age 111 4.2.3 Marital status 112 4.2.4 Educational level 112 4.2.5 Household size 113 4.2.6 Primary occupation 113 4.2.7 Farming experience (years) 113 4.2.8 Source of information 114 4.2.9 Farm size (hectare) 114 4.2.10 Land ownership 115 4.2.11 Main source of labour 115 4.3 Farmers years of awareness of improved rice technology 118 4.4 The adoption of improved rice technology by farmers 118 4.4.1 Improved varieties 119 4.4.2 Tillage/Land preparation 119 4.4.3 Fertilizer use/application 119 4.4.4 Milling/ processing 120 4.4.5 Planting method 120 8 4.4.6 Pest and disease control 120 4.4.7 Weeding technique 120 4.4.8 Harvesting 121 4.4.9 Threshing 121 4.4.10 Parboiling 121 4.4.11 Rice weighing 121 4.4.12 Rice bagging 122 4.4.13 Rice storage 122 4.5 Constraints in improved rice technology as perceived by farmers 123 4.6 Socio-economic characteristics of marketers 125 4.6.1 Sex 126 4.6.2 Age (years) 126 4.6.3 Marital status 126 4.6.4 Educational level 126 4.6.5 Household size 127 4.6.6 Primary occupation 127 4.6.7 Source of information 127 4.6.8 Volume of rice purchased 128 4.6.9 Type of rice sold 128 4.6.10 Transportation problems in rice marketing 128 4.7 Socio-economic characteristics of consumers 131 4.7.1 Sex 131 4.7.2 Age (years) 131 4.7.3 Marital status 132 4.7.4 Educational level 132 4.7.5 Household size 132 4.7.6 Type of rice preferred 133 4.7.7 Quantity of rice consumed 133 4.7.8 Complain on quantity (colour, size, taste and stones ) of local rice bought 133 4.7.9 Rice mill visits 134 4.8 Socio-economic characteristics of researchers 136 4.8.1 Years of service in the organization 136 9 4.8.2 Educational level 136 4.8.3 Availability of rice on-farm trial 136 4.8.4 Availability of training programmes 137 4.8.5 Number of training organizations in a year 137 4.9 Socio-economic characteristics of policy personnel 139 4.9.1 Years of service in the organization 139 4.9.2 Educational level 139 4.9.3 Availability of training programmes 140 4.9.4 Number of training organized in a year 140 4.10 Socio-economic characteristics of technology transfer agencies 142 4.10.1 Years of service in the organization 142 4.10.2 Educational level 142 4.10.3 Availability of rice on-farm trial 143 4.10.4 Number of training organized in a year 143 4.11 Perception of agronomic activities that are involved in rice production among farmers 145 4.12 Linkages among the actors in rice innovation system 147 4.12.1 Researchers link with other actors in rice innovation system 147 4.12.2 Pull mean of researchers link with other actors in rice innovation system 149 4.12.3 Policy personnel link with other actors in rice innovation system 150 4.12.4 Pull mean of policy personnel link with other actors in rice innovation system 151 4.12.5 Technology transfer agencies link with other actors in rice innovation system 152 4.12.6 Pull mean of technology transfer agencies link with other actors in rice innovation system 154 4.12.7 Farmers link with other actors in rice innovation system 155 4.12.8 Pull mean of farmers link with other actors in rice innovation system 156 4.12.9 Marketers link with other actors in rice innovation system 156 4.12.10 Pull mean of marketers link with other actors in rice innovation system 157 4.12.11 Consumers link with other actors in rice innovation system 158 4.12.12 Pull mean of consumers link with other actors in rice innovation system 159 10 4.13 Linkage mechanisms of (researchers, policy personnel,

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