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The Language of Maps. Pathway in Geography Series, Title No. 1. INSTITUTION National Council for Geographic Education

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The Language of Maps. Pathway in Geography Series, Title No. 1. INSTITUTION National Council for Geographic Education DOCUMENT RESUME ED 383 621 SO 024 982 AUTHOR Gersmehl, Philip J. TITLE The Language of Maps. Pathway in Geography Series, Title No. 1. INSTITUTION National Council for Geographic Education. REPORT NO ISBN-0-9627379-3-3 PUB DATE 91 NOTE 207p.; Restriction on the copying of pages for classroom use. AVAILABLE FROMNational Council for Geographic Education, 16-A Leonard Hall, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705 ($15). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) -- Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cartography; Demography; Earth Science; Elementary Secondary Education; Geographic Location; *Geography; Instructional Materials; *Locational Skills (Social Studies); *Maps; *Map Skills; Study Skills; *Topography ABSTRACT This book of instructional materials is intended to support the teaching and learning of themes, concepts and skills in geography at all levels of instruction. Divided into five parts, part 1 of this Teacher's manual, "CommUnicating Basic Spatial Ideas," offers the following: (1) "Introduction";(2) "Location"; (3) "Distance"; (4) "Direction"; (5) "Area and Volume";(6) "Scale"; (7) "The Global Grid"; (8) "Map Projections";(9) "The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid"; and (10) "The United States Public land Survey." Part 2, "Depicting the Shape of the Land," includes: (1) "A Topographic Map Primer"; (2) "Topographic Map Symbols"; (3) "Elevation";(4) "Slope"; (5) "Profiles";(6) "Routes"; (7) "Topographic Positions"; and (8) "Sample Quiz Questions." Part 3, "Interpreting Topographic Maps," lists the following: (1) "Landforms"; (2) "Drainage Patterns"; (3) "Forest Cover"; (4) "Survey Systems"; (5) "Transportation Patterns";(6) "Rural Settlement Patterns"; (7) "Urban Street Patterns"; (8) "Industrial Features"; (9) "Mining Features"; (10) "Placenames and Cultural Features"; and (11) "Sample Quiz Questions." A transition lesson, "Extracting Themes from Topomaps," leads to Part 4, "Reading Thematic Maps. which includes:(1) "Data Types";(2) "Symbolization";(3) "Photomap"; (4) "Planimetric Map"; (5) "Perspective Map";(6) "Point-Symbol Map"; (7) "Spot-Measurement Map";(8) "Proportional-Symbol Map";(9) "Flowline Map"; (10) "Repetitive-Symbol Map"; (11) "Bounded-Area Map"; (12) "Choropleth Map"; (13) "Cartogram"; (14) "Plat Map";(15) "Pixel-Coded Map"; (16) "Spectrally Classified Image"; (17) "Isoline Map"; (18) "Multiple Symbolic Languages";(19) "Temporal-Trend Map"; and (20) "Data Transformation." Part 5, "Searching for Meaning on Maps," includes the following:(1) "Locational Patterns on a Map"; (2) "Distance Patterns on a Map";(3) "Directional Patterns on a Map";(4) "Line Patterns on a Map";(5) "Area Patterns on a Map"; (6) "Comparison 'of Map Patterns";(7) "Residuals from Map Comparison"; (8) "Connections Among Places on a Map";(9) "Interaction Among Places on a Map"; (10) "Distortion of a Map Message"; and (11) "Sample Quiz Questions." Appendices also include: (1) "Metric-English conversions"; (2) "Source of Maps"; (3) "Glossary and Index";and (4) "Answers to Practice Quizzes." (EH) Pathways in Geography Series The Language The National of Maps Council for Geographic Education by Philip J. Gersmehl U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office or Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) %?Sec hrs document has been reproduced as Email Irom the parson or organization originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points ot view or opinions stated in this doqir ment do nol necessarily represent official OERI position or policy -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS M ERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY W\iC T' TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 Titles in the PATHWAYS IN GEOGRAPHY Series 1. Gersmehl, Philip J. 1991. The Language of Maps 2. Andrews, Sona, Otis-Wilbom, Amy and Messenheimer-Young, Trinka. 1991. Beyond Seeing and Hearing: Teaching Geography to Sensory Impaired ChildrenAn Integrated Based Curriculum Approach Special Publications Editorial Board Martha B. Sharma, Director of Special Publications, National Cathedral School, Washington, D.C. Gary S. Elbow, Texas Technological University Walter Kemball, York University, Ontario Janice Monk, University of Arizona Steven Pontius, Radford University R. James Heyl, University of Georgia (Emeritus) National Council for Geographic Education Officers 1991 Norman C. Bettis, President, Illinois State University Michael S. Libbee, First Vice President, Central Michigan University Douglas A. Phillips, Second Vice President, Anchorage School District Sandra F. Pritchard, Recording Secretary, West Chester University Dixie A. Pemberton, Treasurer, University of Maryland Dorothy W. Drummond, Past President, Indiana State University Ruth I. Shit ey, Executive Director, Indiana University of Pennsylvania National Council for Geographic Education 16-A Leonard Hall Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana, PA 15705 3 Pathways in Geography The Language Series The National of Maps Council for Geographic Education by Philip J. Gersmehl THE PATHWAYS IN GEOGRAPHY SERIES has been created by the Special Publications Editorial Board of the National Council for Geographic Education to support the teaching and learning of themes, concepts, and skills in geography at all levels of instruction. 4 PATHWAYS IN GEOGRAPHY Series Title No. 1 The Language of Maps Copyright © 1991 by the National Council for Geographic Education All rights reserved. First used summer 1986; 14th edition, copyright 1991, P. Gersmehl; all rights reserved. Exceptions: students enrolled in a college or university course on map interpretation may make up to two (2) copies of any tests or exercises that must be handed in to their in- structor. Teachers in elementary and secondary schools may reproduce up to twenty (20) pages for classroom use. Anyone who wishes to copy a larger part of this manual for classroom use, or any part of it for any other profit or non-profit use, must obtain express written permission from the author or from the National Council for Geographic Education. For informationlbout this title or about the series: National Council for Geographic Education Leonard Hall 16A, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana, PA 15705 ISBN 0-9627379-3-3 Printed In the United States of America STUDENT MANUAL THE LANGUAGE OF MAPS Phil Gersmehl Department of Geography University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 with many contributions from many people, including: Greg Chu Phil Porter Sona Andrews Dwight Brown Richard Skaggs Carol Gersmehl John Fraser Hart Joseph Schwartzberg Margaret Rasmussen Catherine Lockwood Althea Willette Eric Anderson Phil Heywood Cary Komoto Clay Mering Todd Henry and, especially, Jim Young First used summer 1986; 16th edition, copyright 1992, P. Gersmehl. All rights reserved. Students enrolled in a college or university course on map interpretation may make up to two (2) copies of any tests or exercises that must be handed in to their instructor in 1992 or 1993.Teachers in elementary and secondary schools may reproduce up to twenty (20) pages for classroom use.Anyone who wishes to copy a larger part of this manual for classroom use, or any part of it for any other use, must get written permission from the author or from the National Council for Geographic Education, Leonard 16A, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana PA 15705. ISBN 0-9627379-3-3. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1 -- Communicating Basic Spatial Ideas 1 Introduction 2 Location 5 Distance 10 Direction 14 Area and Volume 19 Scale 21 The Global Grid 25 Map Projections 30 The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid 33 The United States Public Land Survey 38 Part 2 -- Depicting the Shape of the Land -43 A Topographic Map Primer -44 Topographic Map Symbols -46 Elevation -48 Slope - - -. 51 Profiles 54 Routes 57 Topographic Positions 60 Sample Quiz Questions --64 Part 3 -- Interpreting Topographic Maps -67 Landforms -68 Drainage Patterns ------------------------------------ - - - -71 Forest Cover 74 Survey Systems 77 Transportation Patterns 81 Rural Settlement Patterns Urban Street Patterns 86 Industrial Features 89 Mining Features 92 Placenames and Cultural Features 95 Sample Quiz Questions 98 Transition: Extracting Themes from Topomaps 99 Page ii -- The Language of Maps 1 Part 4Reading Thematic Maps 101 Data Types 102 Symbolization 105 Photomap 108 Planimetric Map 110 Perspective Map 112 Point-Symbol Map 114 Spot-Measurement Map 116 Proportional-Symbol Map 118 Flow line Map 120 Repetitive-Symbol Map 122 Bounded-Area Map 124 Choropleth Map 126 Cartogram 128 Plat Map 130 Pixel-Coded Map 132, Spectrally Classified Image 134 Iso line Map 136 Multiple Symbolic Languages 138 Temporal-Trend Map 140 Data Transformation 142 Part 5 -- Searching for Meaning on Maps- 145 Locational Patterns on a Map 148 Distance Patterns on a Map - -- -150 Directional Patterns on a Map 154 Line Patterns on a Map 156 Area Patterns on a Map 158 Comparison of Map Patterns 160 Residuals from Map Comparison 164 Connections among Places on a Map 168 Interaction among Places on a Map --------------- 172 Distortion of a Map Message 175 Sample Quiz Questions 180 Appendix A - Metric-English conversions 181 Appendix B - Sources of Maps 182 Appendix C - Glossary and Index 184 Appendix D - Answers to Practice Quizzes 195 Table of Contents -- Page iii may-.. - - r---; ."-"6.--' , --,---- -..4,..A ,------_-,[1---.:....,...........- .T.--.-{..../:--_` ("er:4'. 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