DOCSLIB.ORG

Hybridization and Introgression Between the Exotic Siberian Elm, Ulmus Pumila, and the Native Field Elm, U

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hybridization and Introgression Between the Exotic Siberian Elm, Ulmus Pumila, and the Native Field Elm, U Biol Invasions DOI 10.1007/s10530-013-0486-z ORIGINAL PAPER Hybridization and introgression between the exotic Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila, and the native Field elm, U. minor, in Italy Johanne Brunet • Juan E. Zalapa • Francesco Pecori • Alberto Santini Received: 31 July 2012 / Accepted: 4 May 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2013 Abstract In response to the first Dutch elm disease groups had higher levels of heterozygosity relative to (DED) pandemic, Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila, was U. pumila. The programs Structure and NewHybrids planted to replace the native elm, U. minor, in Italy. indicated the presence of first- (F1) and second- The potential for hybridization between these two generation (F2) hybrids and of backcrosses in the species is high and repeated hybridization could result hybrid population. The presence of healthy DED in the genetic swamping of the native species and resistant U. minor individuals combined with the self- facilitate the evolution of invasiveness in the intro- compatibility of U. minor could help explain the duced species. We used genetic markers to examine presence of F2 individuals in Italy. The presence of F2 the extent of hybridization between these two species individuals, where most of the variability present in and to determine the pattern of introgression. We the hybrids will be released, could facilitate rapid quantified and compared the level of genetic diversity evolution and the potential evolution of invasiveness between the hybrids and the two parental species. of U. pumila in Italy. Hybrids between U. pumila and U. minor were common. The pattern of introgression was not as Keywords Dutch elm disease Á Field elm Á strongly biased towards U. pumila as was previously Hybridization Á Introgression Á Microsatellites Á observed for hybrids between U. rubra and U. pumila Siberian elm in the United States. The levels of heterozygosity were similar between U. minor and the hybrids and both & J. Brunet ( ) Introduction USDA-ARS, VCRU, Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA The repeated introduction of exotic species by humans e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] has accelerated the range expansion of many organ- isms (Crowl et al. 2008). While various species were J. E. Zalapa USDA-ARS, VCRU, Department of Horticulture, inadvertently introduced, some introductions were University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, intentional. For example, exotic trees have been WI 53706, USA planted as ornamental trees in urban areas or to replace native tree species decimated by a disease F. Pecori Á A. Santini Institute of Plant Protection, C.N.R., Via Madonna del epidemic (Machon et al. 1997; Cogolludo-Agustin Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy et al. 2000; Zalapa et al. 2010). The introduced species 123 J. Brunet et al. were often close congeners of the native species, (Ulmus pumila L.) were distributed by authorities and which implied a high potential for hybridization nurseries throughout the whole Italian territory (Go- between the native and introduced species. While the idanich 1936). In addition, seedlings of Siberian elm potential impact of hybridization on the preservation were used as rootstocks (Goidanich and Azzaroli of genetic diversity of the native species was not 1941), or scions were grafted onto Field elms (Ansa- recognized when most of these exotic species were loni 1934). Moreover, two clones of Field elm, introduced, it is now clear that hybridization can pose ‘Christina Buisman’ and ‘Villagrappa 3’, were planted an increased risk of genetic assimilation and eventual as trials because they showed enough resistance to O. loss of the native taxa (Rhymer and Simberloff 1996; ulmi. Following the first DED pandemic, Goidanich Hedge et al. 2006). This is especially true for small (1941), an Italian plant pathologist, affirmed that the populations already at risk from biotic or abiotic impact of DED was successfully controlled, partly as a stresses (Rieseberg et al. 1989; Ellstrand and Elam result of the increased use of U. pumila and the 1993; Daehler and Strong 1997; Collin 2002; Burgess selection of tolerant U. minor clones. While the et al. 2005; Prentis et al. 2007). In addition, it has been widespread distribution of Siberian elms stopped established that hybridization can increase genetic shortly after World War II, many thousands of diversity and novel gene combinations which may, in Siberian elms remained in the landscape, mainly turn, facilitate the process of adaptation and help a along roads, rivers and streams or in abandoned fields. species spread into new habitats (Ellstrand and Elm species are known to cross-hybridize (Mit- Schierenbeck 2000; Vila et al. 2000; Sakai et al. tempergher and La Porta 1991; Goodall-Copestake 2001; Rieseberg et al. 2003; Hedge et al. 2006). et al. 2005) and the ability of U. pumila to produce Many of the European and American species of fertile offspring when crossed with various DED elm, Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae), were decimated by susceptible elm species has been exploited to develop Dutch elm disease (DED) during the 20th century, DED tolerant varieties (Smalley and Guries 1993; with a first pandemic caused by the ascomycete fungi, Santamour and Bentz 1995; Ware 1995; Santini et al. Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf. and a more 2002, 2007; Mittempergher and Santini 2004). The aggressive species, O. novo-ulmi, responsible for the ability for elm species to cross-hybridize suggests, second pandemic (Brasier 1988, 1991). While Euro- however, a strong potential for the formation of hybrid pean and North American species of elms were very seeds between Siberian elms and the native elm susceptible to DED, with infected trees dying within species. To date, widespread hybridization has been 1–2 years, several Eurasian species exhibited varying documented between the exotic Siberian elm, U. degrees of tolerance to both the first (Smalley and pumila, and Field elm, U. minor, in Spain (Cogolludo- Guries 1993) and the second DED pandemics (Santini Agustin et al. 2000) and between U. pumila and the et al. 2005; Solla et al. 2005). In response to the two native red elm, U. rubra Muhl in the Midwestern DED pandemics, Siberian elm, U. pumila, was planted United States (Zalapa et al. 2009, 2010). to replace the native elms in different countries, A pattern of introgression biased towards U. including Italy (Goidanich 1936) and the United States pumila, with few backcrosses between hybrid indi- (Zalapa et al. 2010). The native Field elm, U. minor viduals and the native species, was detected in both Mill., was widely used as living support for grapevine, Spain and the United States. This pattern of biased fodder for cattle, timber for construction, and firewood introgression has been attributed to the lower abun- when the first DED epidemic reached Italy in the dance of the DED susceptible native elm species over 1930s (Sibilia 1930). Field elm was also important as the landscape (Cogolludo-Agustin et al. 2000; Zalapa shadow tree in pastures and as an ornamental tree in et al. 2009, 2010). In addition, the biased introgression streets and in parks (Goidanich 1936). Given its wide has been considered a threat for the conservation of the usage, the progressive disappearance of Field elm was genetic diversity of the native elm, U. rubra in the considered disastrous, which stimulated private nurs- United States (Zalapa et al. 2009) and U. minor in erymen (Ansaloni 1934) and the scientific community Spain (Cogolludo-Agustin et al. 2000). Furthermore, (Sibilia 1932; Passavalli 1935) to look for a suitable hybridization between U. pumila and U. minor or replacement. Within a few years following the onset of between U. pumila and U. rubra has been shown to the first DED epidemics, thousands of Siberian elms increase the genetic diversity (Cogolludo-Agustin 123 Hybridization and introgression et al. 2000; Zalapa et al. 2009, 2010) and, at least in the hairless twigs; small, blunt, hairless buds; shallowly Midwestern United States, to affect the genetic furrowed, gray or brown bark; and comparatively structure of U. pumila populations (Zalapa et al. small, smooth samaras (Wyman 1951); the crown is 2010). Hybridization could, therefore, have contrib- wide from roundish to vase-shaped, secondary shoots uted to the increased range of habitats where U. pumila are generally pendulous. In contrast, Field elm leaves can establish in the United States compared to its are oblanceolate to nearly circular, coarse and pubes- native range (Zalapa et al. 2010). Moreover, hybrid- cent when young, smooth and glossy above at ization may help explain the fact that Siberian elm has maturity, glabrous beneath with axillary pubescence, become an invasive species in 41 out of 50 states in the base uneven, corky wings (Santini et al. 2008); the United States (USDA, NRCS 2002; Ding et al. 2006). crown shape varies from cylindrical to conical. Based In the current study, we use genetic markers to on these morphological descriptors, eleven trees were examine the extent of hybridization between the native classified in the field as U. pumila,41asU. minor, and Field elm, U. minor, and the exotic Siberian elm, U. 42 as putative hybrids between U. pumila and U. pumila, in Italy. We examine the pattern of introgres- minor while two trees could not be identified sion between these two species to determine whether (Table 1). In addition to these 96 samples, to facilitate introgression is biased towards U. pumila, as was the genetic identification of hybrid individuals, we previously found between U. pumila and U. minor in used as a reference population for U. pumila,49 Spain (Cogolludo-Agustin et al. 2000) and between U. accessions from China whose genetic composition had pumila and U. rubra in the United States (Zalapa et al. been previously described (Zalapa et al. 2008a). 2009). We examine the level of genetic diversity of the hybrids relative to the two parental species and Genotyping using microsatellites quantify the degree of genetic differentiation between these three groups.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stegophora Ulmea
    EuropeanBlackwell Publishing, Ltd. and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes Data sheets on quarantine pests Fiches informatives sur les organismes de quarantaine Stegophora ulmea widespread from the Great Plains to the Atlantic Ocean. Sydow Identity (1936) reported a foliar disease of Ulmus davidiana caused by Name: Stegophora ulmea (Fries) Sydow & Sydow Stegophora aemula in China stating that the pathogen differs Synonyms: Gnomonia ulmea (Fries) Thümen, Sphaeria ulmea from ‘the closely related Gnomonia ulmea’ by the ‘mode of Fries, Dothidella ulmea (Fries) Ellis & Everhart, Lambro ulmea growth’ on elm. Since, 1999, S. ulmea has repeatedly been (Fries) E. Müller detected in consignments of bonsais from China, in UK and the Taxonomic position: Fungi: Ascomycetes: Diaporthales Netherlands, suggesting that the pathogen probably occurs in Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: the anamorph is of China. In Europe, there is a doubtful record of ‘G. ulmicolum’ acervular type, containing both macroconidia, of ‘Gloeosporium’ on leaves and fruits of elm in Romania (Georgescu & Petrescu, type, and microconidia, of ‘Cylindrosporella’ type. Various cited by Peace (1962)), which has not been confirmed since. In anamorph names in different form-genera have been the Netherlands, S. ulmea was introduced into a glasshouse in used (‘Gloeosporium’ ulmeum ‘Gloeosporium’ ulmicolum, 2000, on ornamental bonsais, but was successfully eradicated Cylindrosporella ulmea, Asteroma ulmeum),
    [Show full text]
  • The Elms of Co Cork- a Survey of Species, Varieties and Forms
    IRISH FORESTRY The elms of Co Cork- a survey of species, varieties and forms Gordon L. Mackenthun' Abstract In a survey of the elms in County Cork, Ireland, some 50 single trees, groups of trees and populations were examined. Four main taxa were recognised, these being 'W)'ch elm, Cornish elm, Coritanian elm and Dutch elm plus a number of ambiguous hybrids. While a large overall number of elms were found, the number of mature or even ancient elms is relatively small. Still, there are sufficient numbers of elms in the county to base a future elm protection programme 011. Keywords Ulmus, 'N)'ch elm, field elm, hybrid elm, Dutch elm disease. Introduction Elm taxonomy is known to be notoriously difficult. For the British Isles there are many different concepts, varying between just two elm species and more than one hundred so-called microspecies (Richens 1983, Armstrong 1992, Armstrong and Sell 1996). The main reason for the difficulty with elm taxonomy lies in the fact that the variability within the genus is extreme. This is especially tme for the group of elms we know under the name field elm. As a result, there is no generally accepted system for classification of the elms of the world. Some British researchers claim to host up to eight elm species in their country (Melville 1975, Clapham et a1. 1987, Stace 1997). The approach taken here follows the lines being drawn by Richard H. Richens (1983) who followed a fairly simple strategy. He assumcd that there are just two species of elms prescnt in the British Isles, the native wych elm, Ulmus glabra and the introduced field ehil, U minor.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Characteristics and Water-Use Efficiency of Siberian Elm Trees (Ulmus Pumila L.) Within Arid Regions of Northeast
    Article Morphological Characteristics and Water-Use Efficiency of Siberian Elm Trees (Ulmus pumila L.) within Arid Regions of Northeast Asia Go Eun Park 1, Don Koo Lee 2,†, Ki Woo Kim 3,†, Nyam-Osor Batkhuu 4,†, Jamsran Tsogtbaatar 5,†, Jiao-Jun Zhu 6,†, Yonghuan Jin 6,†, Pil Sun Park 2,†, Jung Oh Hyun 2,† and Hyun Seok Kim 2,7,8,9,* 1 Center for Forest and Climate Change, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] (D.K.L.); [email protected] (P.S.P.); [email protected] (J.O.H.) 3 School of Ecology and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Forestry, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia; [email protected] 5 Institute of Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 211238, Mongolia; [email protected] 6 Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; [email protected] (J.-J.Z.); [email protected] (Y.J.) 7 Institute of Future Environmental and Forest Resources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea 8 National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul 08826, Korea 9 Interdisciplinary Program in Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-880-4752; Fax: +82-2-873-3560 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editors: Jarmo K. Holopainen and Timothy A. Martin Received: 31 August 2016; Accepted: 8 November 2016; Published: 17 November 2016 Abstract: The Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) is one of the most commonly found tree species in arid areas of northeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Camperdownii' Samt Ulmus Minor 'Hoersholmiensis'
    Efter almsjukan Förslag till ersättare för Ulmus glabra, Ulmus glabra ©Camperdownii© samt Ulmus minor ©Hoersholmiensis© Självständigt arbete vid LTJ-fakulteten, SLU Landskapsingenjörsprogrammet 2009 Marcus Persson SLU, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Fakulteten för landskapsplanering, trädgårds- och jordbruksvetenskap, LTJ Författare: Marcus Persson Titel: Ersättare för alm Nyckelord: Ulmus, glabra, Camperdownii, minor, Hoersholmiensis, alm, almsjuka, ersättare. Handledare: Mark Huisman Examinator: Eva-Lou Gustafsson Kurstitel: Examensarbete för Landskapsingenjörer Kurskod: EX0359 Omfattning, högskolepoäng: 15hp Nivå och fördjupning: C-nivå Utgivningsort: Alnarp Utgivningsår: 2009 Fotot på försättsbladet är en frisk Ulmus glabra vilken är i full gång att slå ut sina blad på försommaren. Trädet är planterat år 1859 utanför gamla fängelset i Visby hamn. Foto av Arne Persson. II Förord Detta examensarbete är skrivet vid Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, SLU, fakulteten för landskapsplanering, trädgårds- och jordbruksvetenskap inom Landskapsingenjörsprogrammet. Ämnet är landskapsplanering. Jag skulle vilja tacka min handledare Mark Huisman för att ha gett sig tid och stöttat mig igenom hela arbetet. Jag skulle även vilja tacka de som har bidragit med fotografier. III Sammanfattning Jag valde att skriva om ersättare för alm då jag sett almar av olika slag dö bort och försvinna i städer, parker och andra platser med ett snabbt förlopp på grund av almsjukan. Under sommaren 2008 när jag arbetade med att inventera alm och almsjuka på Gotland väcktes frågan om vilket träd som skulle kunna ersätta almen. Sedan den aggressiva formen av almsjuka kom till Sverige under 1980 ± talet har många almar fått ge vika. Almsjukan är en vissningssjukdom vilken uppstår då en svamp täpper till trädets kärlsträngar. Detta bidrar till att trädet inte får någon tillgång till vatten och näring.
    [Show full text]
  • New York Non-Native Plant Invasiveness Ranking Form
    NEW YORK NON-NATIVE PLANT INVASIVENESS RANKING FORM Scientific name: Ulmus pumila L. USDA Plants Code: ULPU Common names: Siberian elm Native distribution: Asia Date assessed: October 18, 2009 Assessors: Gerry Moore Reviewers: LIISMA SRC Date Approved: Form version date: 10 July 2009 New York Invasiveness Rank: Moderate (Relative Maximum Score 50.00-69.99) Distribution and Invasiveness Rank (Obtain from PRISM invasiveness ranking form) PRISM Status of this species in each PRISM: Current Distribution Invasiveness Rank 1 Adirondack Park Invasive Program Not Assessed Not Assessed 2 Capital/Mohawk Not Assessed Not Assessed 3 Catskill Regional Invasive Species Partnership Not Assessed Not Assessed 4 Finger Lakes Not Assessed Not Assessed 5 Long Island Invasive Species Management Area Widespread Moderate 6 Lower Hudson Not Assessed Not Assessed 7 Saint Lawrence/Eastern Lake Ontario Not Assessed Not Assessed 8 Western New York Not Assessed Not Assessed Invasiveness Ranking Summary Total (Total Answered*) Total (see details under appropriate sub-section) Possible 1 Ecological impact 40 (20) 3 2 Biological characteristic and dispersal ability 25 (25) 19 3 Ecological amplitude and distribution 25 (25) 17 4 Difficulty of control 10 (10) 3 Outcome score 100 (80)b 42.00a † Relative maximum score 52.50 § New York Invasiveness Rank Moderate (Relative Maximum Score 50.00-69.99) * For questions answered “unknown” do not include point value in “Total Answered Points Possible.” If “Total Answered Points Possible” is less than 70.00 points, then the overall invasive rank should be listed as “Unknown.” †Calculated as 100(a/b) to two decimal places. §Very High >80.00; High 70.00−80.00; Moderate 50.00−69.99; Low 40.00−49.99; Insignificant <40.00 Not Assessable: not persistent in NY, or not found outside of cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Hybridisation Within Elms (Ulmus L.) in Lithuania R
    BALTIC FORESTRY NATURAL HYBRIDISATION WITHIN ELMS (ULMUS L.) IN LITHUANIA R. PETROKAS, V. BALIUCKAS Natural Hybridisation within Elms (Ulmus L.) in Lithuania RAIMUNDAS PETROKAS1 * AND VIRGILIJUS BALIUCKAS12 1 Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu 1, LT-53101 Girionys, Kaunas distr., Lithuania 2 Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Faculty of Forestry and Ecology, Department of Forestry, Studentu 11, LT 53361 Akademija, Kaunas distr. Lithuania *Phone: 00370 37 547289, E-mail: [email protected] Petrokas, R. and Baliuckas, V. 2012. Natural Hybridisation within Elms (Ulmus L.) in Lithuania. Baltic Forestry 18(2): 237246. Abstract Putative natural hybrids (Ulmus × hollandica) between the Smooth-leaved (Ulmus minor ssp. minor) and the Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) were observed in mixed forests along the rivers and rivulets around the central part of Lithuania. Eleven populations of elms (Ulmus L.) were studied to determine 1) the critical groups of phenotypes indicative for their taxonomic identity, 2) the variability of taxa from contact zones. Three characteristics for the trees and twenty one for their leaf, including nineteen applied by WinFOLIA 2004a programme, were used to describe each sample of the fifty eight and to ascertain the degree of affinity between samples. As a result of this approach, four taxa could be distinguished at the contact zones within elms. Three elm species and hybrids, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus minor, Ulmus laevis, and Ulmus × hollandica, were fairly satisfactorily distinguishable, but there is much overlap between the Wych elm and the Field elm in their characters that can be explained only by the equivalence of their statistically discriminant phenotypic distinctness.
    [Show full text]
  • Classic Lacebark Elm
    Athena ‘Emer I’ Classic Lacebark Elm Lineage Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm, Lacebark elm, Drake elm). Also known as ‘Emerald Isle’. PP7551 Introduced in 1989 (Dave’s Garden, 2011). Tree Form A medium-sized tree with a broad rounded canopy, often with a trunk that forks resulting in a vase shape similar to that of the American elm (Floridata, updated 11/18/2010). Tree size, leaf size and growth rate half of that of the American elm, and they are often planted as a single tree (Warren, 2000). Height: 30 to 40 feet Width: 35 to 45, up to 60 foot wide crown spread (Delmar Learning, undated; UConn, undated)) Foliage Dark green in summer, leathery, almost black; bronze to bronze-brown in fall (Cornell, undated). Leaves simple, 1 to 2 inches long, but half as wide. Ovate, margins rounded to serrate (Delmar Learning, undated). Late deciduous, almost evergreen in mild climates (Floridata, 2010). Culture NA Disease and Insect Information Literature (Dutch elm disease studies, insect resistance assessments, etc.): Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease (DED), phloem necrosis and Elm Leaf Beetles (Delmar Learning, undated). It resists DED and shows very good performance under dry conditions (UConn, undated). Completely immune to Gypsy Moth, and only 10% of the leaf tissue was consumed by Japanese Beetle, the lowest of all the asian elms tested in a no-choice study (Paluch et al., 2006). When the Japanese Beetles were given a choice of species they did not feed on the U. parvifolia at all (Paluch et al., 2006). In an earlier similar study, U. parvifolia was the most resistant of all cultivars and hybrids to the Japanese Beetle (Miller et al., 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Disease Resistant Elm Selections Bruce R
    RESEARCH LABORATORY TECHNICAL REPORT Disease Resistant Elm Selections Bruce R. Fraedrich, PhD, Plant Pathology Many hybrids and selections of Asian elm that have reliable resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED) are available for landscape planting. In addition to disease resistance, these elms tolerate urban stress and are adapted to a wide range of soil conditions. These selections are suitable for routine planting in areas where they are adapted to the climate. Descriptions in this report are based primarily on performance of trees growing in the arboretum at the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in Charlotte, North Carolina (Zone 8). Accolade Elm in Northern Plains States where low temperatures and low rainfall limit successful use of other cultivars. Ulmus davidiana var. japonica ‘Morton’ A selection of Japanese elm, Accolade elm exhibits Commendation Elm strong resistance to DED and is expected to be resistant to elm yellows. This selection is a favored host Ulmus ‘Morton Stalwart’ of Japanese beetle which can cause defoliation in years A hybrid between U. carpinifolia, U. pumila and U. with heavy outbreaks. Accolade grows rapidly and davidiana var. japonica, Commendation has the has a vase shape with a mature height of 60 feet. It has fastest growth of any of the Morton Arboretum been planted extensively in many Midwestern cities introductions. This cultivar has an upright, vase shape (zone 4). Danada Charm (Ulmus ‘Morton Red Tip’) is but has a distinctively wider crown spread than an open pollinated selection from Accolade and has Accolade or Triumph. The leaves are larger than most similar habit and appearance. Danada Charm does hybrid elms and approach the same size as American not grow as rapidly as Accolade or Triumph in elm.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Intraspecific Biodiversity of Forest Trees in France and Europe
    The necessary scientific contribution 26 to defining public policies for biodiversity conservation Conserving intraspecifi c biodiversity of forest trees in France and Europe Using examples drawn from his work on elms and his experience as secretary of the Forest genetic resources commission, Éric Collin illustrates the issues and methods for the conservation of genetic diversity of forest trees in light of climate change. or the general public, the slogan "Stop bio- but the criteria or combinations of criteria used to defi ne diversity erosion" means taking measures an ESU (inter-population differentiation measured using to protect plants and animals whose sur- molecular markers and/or adaptive characters) are simply vival as a species is threatened. The Eura- guidelines for our work, not absolute truths. sian lynx, the common snipe, Hermann's F tortoise and the Aveyron ophrys are thus all listed for protection in the 2010 Biodiversity agenda for ➊ Distribution of the Cornish elm continental France. Forest trees will probably be excluded, (Ulmus stricta Lindley) according to Richens (1983). except perhaps elms, the well known victims of a terrible epidemic, and the Spanish black pine, a rare species of which only a few communities still exist in Languedoc and the eastern Pyrenees. For specialists in forest genetic resources, it is however indispensable and urgent to address the intraspecifi c bio- diversity of forest trees, i.e. the diversity within species. This diversity is not very visible and generally has no name, but it is crucial for species adaptation. It is neces- sary to stop its erosion if we want to avoid endangering species.
    [Show full text]
  • European White Elm (Ulmus Laevis Pall.) Biomass Production in High-Density Plantation
    REFORESTA (2018) 5: 22-26 Devetaković et al. European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.) biomass production in high-density plantation Jovana Devetaković1, Nebojša Todorović2, Dragica Vilotić1, Vladan Ivetić1 1University of Belgrade - Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia 2PE ”Kolubara”, Lazarevac, Serbia ARTICLE INFO [email protected] Citation: Devetaković J, Todorović N,Vilotić D, Ivetić V (2018) European white Abstract elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.) biomass This paper provides first report for European white elm potential for biomass production in high-density -1 plantation. Reforesta 5: 22-25. production. High density plantation (71,428 seedlings ha ) was established on spring DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21750/R 2012th near Belgrade from one-year-old seedlings, produced from seed. Weed control EFOR.5.04.50 and irrigation was practiced only in the first growing season, without fertilization. In a three year rotation, European white elm plants in a high density plantation reach Editor: Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić, average height of 341.11 cm and average root collar diameter of 31.9 mm, with height Serbia increase of about 1 m, diameter increase of about 1 cm per year. At the end of three- Received: 2018-06-04 year rotation total produced biomass was 90 odt ha-1, or 30 odt ha-1 year-1. Biomass Accepted: 2018-07-02 production of European white elm is in range or higher compared to traditionally used Published: 2018-07-10 species, indicating the need for further research on planting material, plant density and cultural practices. Keywords European white elm; Biomass production; High-density plantation; Short rotation plantations; Energy plantations This article is a part of Proceedings Contents of Conference “Reforestation Challenges” which was held in 1 Introduction 22 Belgrade, Serbia, June 20-22, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 5 Landscaping City of Titusville Technical Design Manual
    City of Titusville, Florida Code of Ordinance, Volume II Land Development Regulations, Landscaping Technical Manual 1 2 3 4 Section 5 Landscaping City of Titusville Technical Design Manual 5 Page 1 of 12 City of Titusville, Florida Code of Ordinance, Volume II Land Development Regulations, Landscaping Technical Manual 1 Contents 2 5.1. INTENT. .......................................................................................................................... 3 3 5.2. TREES AND SHRUBS. ................................................................................................... 3 4 5 Page 2 of 12 City of Titusville, Florida Code of Ordinance, Volume II Land Development Regulations, Landscaping Technical Manual 1 LANDSCAPING 2 3 5.1. INTENT. 4 The City of Titusville Technical Design Standards have been adopted by the Titusville City Council. 5 These standards are required to be met when applying to the City for a Development Order (permit). The 6 Land Development Regulations (LDR) will continue to have overall policy requirements specific to each 7 section. The landscaping regulations can be found in Chapter 30 of the LDR. 8 5.2. TREES AND SHRUBS. 9 Table 1 includes the City’s approved trees and shrubs recommended for use in all landscaped 10 areas and the City’s list of nuisance trees recommended for removal. Table 1. Approved trees and shrubs recommended for use in all landscaped areas Water Common Name Botanical Name Usage CANOPY TREES (50—100' ht) Bald cypress* Taxodium distichum M, H Cedar Cedrus sp. L Chinese elm/Drake
    [Show full text]
  • Elmcare.Com - All About Elm Trees and Elm Tree Care
    Elmcare.com - All about elm trees and elm tree care. Home | Elm Care Products | Register your Elm | Forum Last Update 17/12/01 Customized Elm Tree Care Kits Did you know a new wild bird seed has been developed and tested that Custom care kits include actually repels squirrels? How Trees Work specialized and innovative soil Click here to learn about Squirrel Proof Wild Bird treatments designed to promote About Elm Trees Seed. root development and the long- Caring for Your Elm term health and vitality of your Elm Tree Diseases elm. A healthier elm will be better able to fight against Dutch elm disease. Elm Tree Links more Quick Elm Facts Elm Tree Registry Visit TreeHelp.com for all of your tree and shrub Register your elm tree to receive customized care care needs advice...more. Return of the Stately Elm Writer and broadcaster Jamie Swift examines the Canadian city of Winnipeg's struggle to combat Dutch elm disease. Through the work of community groups like the Coalition to Save the Elms and innovative technology, the city has achieved substantial success... more. http://www.elmcare.com/index.htm (1 of 2) [2/27/02 10:29:57 PM] Elmcare.com - All about elm trees and elm tree care. New Treatments for Elms in History Elm Tree Links Dutch Elm Disease? Look at elms in the context of Links to a growing community of Researchers examine new ways to human history. academics, homeowners and fight this devastating disease. professional tree care experts. Elms in Literature Elm Species Quick Elm Facts Read what some of the world's Elms come in many sizes and leading poets and authors have Discover something new and shapes...learn about them all.
    [Show full text]