A/UX®Local System Administration A/UX® Local System Administration 030-0762-A • APPLE COMPUTER, INC. © 1990, Apple Computer, Inc. ITC Zapf Dingbats are registered All rights reserved. trademarks of International Typeface No part of this publication may be Corporation. reproduced, stored in a retrieval Microsoft is a registered trademark of system, or transmitted, in any form or Microsoft Corporation. by any means, mechanical, electrOnic, POSTSCRIPT is a registered trademark, photocopying, recording, or and Illustrator is a trademark of Adobe otherwise, without prior written Systems, Incorporated. permission of Apple Computer, Inc. Printed in the United States of UNIX is a registered trademark of America. AT&T Information Systems. The Apple logo is a registered Simultaneously published in the trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. United States and Canada. Use of the "keyboard" logo (Option­ SHIFT -K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Apple Computer, Inc. 20525 Mariani Ave. Cupertino, California 95014 (408) 996-1010 Apple, the Apple logo, A/UX, Macintosh, Mac, AppieCD SC, MacTerminal, LaserWriter, ImageWriter, and AppleTalk are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,· Inc. Finder and EtherTalk are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. B-NET is a registered trademark of UniSoft Corporation. DEC, VAX, and VT100 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation. NFS is a trademark of Sun MicroSystems Inc. Diablo is a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation. 030-0762-A LIMITED WARRAN1Y ON MEDIA Even though Apple has reviewed this AND REPLACEMENT manual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, If you discover physical defects in the EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, manual or in the media on which a WITH RESPECf TO TInS MANUAL, software product is distributed, Apple ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, will replace the media or manual at MERCHANTABIUfY, OR FITNESS no charge to you provided you return FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A the item to be replaced with proof of RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS SOlD purchase to Apple or an authorized "AS IS," AND YOU, THE Apple dealer during the 90-day period PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE after you purchased the software. In ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY addition, Apple will replace damaged AND ACCURACY. software media and manuals for as long as the software product is IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE included in Apple's Media Exchange UABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECf, Program. While not an upgrade or SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR update method, this program offers CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES additional protection for up to two RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECf OR years or more from the date of your INACCURACY IN mIS MANUAL, original purchase. See your even if advised of the possibility of authorized Apple dealer for program such damages. coverage and details. In some countries the replacement period THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES may be different; check with your SET FORm ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE authorized Apple dealer. AND IN LIEU OF AU OTIlERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESS OR AU IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON IMPLIED. No Apple dealer, agent, or THIS MANUAL, INCLUDING employee is authorized to make any IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF modification, extension, or addition to MERCHANTABllJTY AND FITNESS this warranty. FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATION TO NINE1Y Some states do not allow the exclusion (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF THE or limitation of implied warranties or ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASE OF liability for incidental or consequential THIS PRODUCf. damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. 030-0762-A Contents Figures and tables / xviii Preface / xxi Who should read this guide / xxii How to use this guide / xxii What you should already know / xxii Conventions used in this guide / xxii Keys and key combinations / xxiii Terminology / xxiii The Courier font / xxiv Font styles / xxv AlUX command syntax / xxv Command reference notation / xxvi Cross-referencing / xxvii Additional conventions / xxvii Using Commando / xxviii 1 Managing the AlUX System: An Introduction / 1-1 Administrative logins on the AlUX system / 1-3 Administrative groups / 1-4 The complete contents of AlUX / 1-5 File systems: UFS versus SVFS / 1-5 V 030-0762-A 2 System Startup and Shutdown / 2-1 Overview of system startup and shutdown / 2-2 Starting up the system / 2-2 Booting from A/UX Startup / 2-4 The boot sequence / 2-5 Phase 1: Checking / 2-6 ( Phase 2: Loading / 2-6 Phase 3: Launching / 2-7 Phase 4: Checking file systems at <mount point> / 2-7 Phase 5: Initializing device drivers / 2-8 Phase 6: Starting background processes / 2-8 Logging in / 2-9 Password protection / 2-10 Startup shell / 2-10 Logging out, restarting, and shutting down / 2-11 Shutting down the computer from the Finder / 2-11 Shutting down from an A/UX CommandS hell window / 2-13 A/UX Startup program / 2-15 A/UX Startup window / 2-15 A/UX Startup menus / 2-16 Apple menu / 2-16 File menu / 2-16 Edit menu / 2-16 Execute menu / 2-16 Preferences menu / 2-18 Commands that run in A/UX Startup / 2-21 When autoconfig automatically reboots the system / 2-22 Changing the startup device and application / 2-23 Changing the startup device / 2-23 Making A/UX Startup the startup application in the Mac as / 2-24 Technical details / 2-25 The natural order of startup devices / 2-25 How A/UX boots from a hard disk / 2-25 vi A!UX Local System Administration 030-0762-A Customizing your system / 2-26 Setting the system time / 2-26 Resetting after moving a system to a different time / 2-29 Overriding the default time zone / 2-30 Changing the message of the day / 2-30 Renaming the system / 2-30 Single- and multi-user modes / 2-33 Single-user mode / 2-33 Multi-user mode / 2-34 Changing kernel parameters / 2-34 Initial processes: /ete/inittab / 2-35 /ete/inittab entry format / 2-36 Changing run levels: init / 2-38 Screen locks, power failures, and emergencies / 2-39 3 User and Group Administration / 3-1 The user's working environment / 3-2 Components of a user's environment / 3-2 Macintosh personal and System Folder considerations / 3-5 Files that determine a user's environment / 3-5 The / ete/passwd ftle / 3-6 The jete/group ftle / 3-7 Setup files / 3-10 The . eshre, .login, and . logout setup ftles / 3-10 The jete/profile and .profile setup files / 3-11 The . kshre setup file / 3-11 How AlUX establishes the environment / 3-11 The administrator's role in assigning permissions / 3-13 Permissions / 3-14 File-access permissions / 3-14 Directory and folder permissions / 3-16 Modifying a file's permissions / 3-17 Symbolic terms / 3-17 Numeric terms / 3-18 Contents vii 030-0762-A set-uid and set-gid commands / 3-19 umask and file permissions / 3-21 Adding a user / 3-22 Adding a user manually / 3-22 Specifying a user's working environment / 3-24 Adding a user quickly: adduser / 3-27 Modifying a user's working environment / 3-29 Distributed AlUX file permissions / 3-29 Moving a user / 3-29 Moving a directory / 3-30 Using cpio to move a user across file systems / 3-30 Using tar to move a user across file systems / 3-31 Changing a user's default shell program / 3-33 Removing a user / 3-34 Gentle deletion / 3-34 Backup and selective deletions / 3-35 Dragging the account folder to the Trash / 3-35 Troubleshooting / 3-36 4 Backing Up Your System / 4-1 Full versus partial backups / 4-3 A common backup scheme / 4-3 Referring to deviees by device file names / 4-4 Mounted versus unmounted file systems / 4-6 Backup media / 4-7 Storage capacity of backup media / 4-7 When to use floppy disks / 4-7 When to use tape / 4-8 The backup utilities / 4-8 pax / 4-9 viii A!UX Local System Administration 030-076z-A Using ep i 0 / 4-9 epio and the Apple Tape Backup 40SC / 4-10 Copying all files in a directory tree to a disk or tape / 4-11 Creating selective backups / 4-12 Creating incremental backups / 4-12 Listing a table of contents for a disk or tape / 4-13 Recovering all files on a disk or tape / 4-13 Recovering selected files from a disk or tape / 4-14 In the event of hard I/O errors / 4-14 Using tar / 4-15 When copying to tape / 4-16 If a backup requires multiple volumes / 4-16 Copying to a disk / 4-17 Copying an entire directory to a disk / 4-17 Copying specific files / 4-18 Appending a file to a disk / 4-19 Adding a later version of a file to a disk or tape / 4-19 Extracting a specific file / 4-20 Creating a table of contents from a tar archive / 4-20 Recovering the latest version of a file / 4-21 Recovering a particular version of a file / 4-21 dump. bsd and restore / 4-22 Dump levels / 4-23 Using dump levels in a monthly backup strategy / 4-23 Using dump. bsd / 4-24 dump. bsd keys / 4-25 Restoring from multiple dump levels / 4-27 Using restore / 4-28 Interactive mode for restore / 4-29 restore keys / 4-30 restore options / 4-32 Verifying data on backed-up disks / 4-33 The Apple Tape Backup 40SC software / 4-34 Contents ix 030-076z-A 5 Preparing an Apple HD SC for Alux / 5-1 Why disk subdivisions are beneficial / 5-3 Benefits of using HD SC Setup / 5-3 Considerations before you begin / 5-4 Ensuring Apple HD SC compatibility with A/UX / 5-4 Background on HD SC Setup / 5-6 Background on A/UX file systems / 5-8 The three steps of a file access / 5-10 Making partitions A/UX-specific: slice numbers / 5-10 The user's perception / 5-11 The administrator's role / 5-14