Warren Wood Investigations - Report - 2010/2011

Archaeology in Marlow Members’ Report on the Investigations at Warren Wood

February 2010 to November 2011 Warren Wood Investigations - Report - 2010/2011

Introduction

In 2005 and 2006, Archaeology In Marlow (AIM) conducted part of its ROMADAM (Recording Of Marlow And District’s Ancient Monuments) Project at Warren Wood (see Map 1 below). Within Warren Wood, an Inner and Outer Enclosure are located, thought to date from Medieval times (500 to 1500AD). Although the Enclo- sures were accurately surveyed (see Map 2, page 4), no decisive dating evidence was found at this time.

Aims & Purpose

Both AIM and the land owners were interested in trying to find dating evidence, so AIM drew up a plan to excavate eight test pits (four in each enclosure) (see Maps 3 and 4, page 5) and submitted it to the Senior Ar- chaeologist for Buckinghamshire, who supported the plan.

Location

Sometimes footpaths lead walkers to interesting places and the footpath to Warren Wood is no exception. If visitors leave Marlow on the A4155, travelling towards Bourne End, then cross the bypass and take the next left turn, (after the Garden Centre) Winchbottom Lane; about a mile up the lane they will find a footpath on the right; this leads into Warren Wood, but it is a very steep climb! A short distance after the gradient of the footpath has levelled out, the man-made earthwork can easily be seen behind the AIM information board (NG SU8715:8972).

Topography, Geology and Flora

Situated on the chalk hills of the Chilterns, the inner enclosure of the earthwork measures approximately 50 metres in diameter (see photograph 1, page 5) and is approximately 100 metres above sea level, whilst the outer enclosure is slightly larger. The earthwork was constructed on a plateau of glacial sand and gravel deposited during a previous ice age, which lies over the chalk bedrock. There is a good sprinkling of trees: beech, sessile oak, ash and holly predominate, along with a liberal covering of brambles, ferns and bluebells. Earthwork

Map 1 Page 1 Plan for investigations

General and specific aims of fieldwork

The aim was to locate evidence, through excavation, that would accurately date both the inner and outer enclosures of the earthwork. It was hoped that dates for the original con- structions, their usage and associated activities, plus the locations of any buildings and the dates of later phases, would be established.

Reference to relevant legislation

The site is on private land and is not scheduled, nor is it an SSI, nor an SSSI.

Field methodology

The intention is to excavate four 1 metre square test pits in the inner enclosure and another four in the outer enclosure to achieve our aim and also for comparison purposes.

The four test pits in the inner enclosure and the four test pits in the outer enclosure are to be laid out as shown on the revised graphics (Maps 3 and 4, page 5). Once outlined on the ground, the test pits will be surveyed into the site plan using our total Station.

The intention is to excavate down to the natural geology, recording each context as we pro- ceed. We intend to use our drawing frame, plus still and video photography to record each significant event. If we locate foundations, or walls, we will clean and record them, leaving them undisturbed, as we excavate around them. We will record each test pit individually, in plan view, and record its section with its contexts.

Although we need to check with the landowners, the Mash brothers, regarding an exact schedule of dates, we hoped to start our investigation in February and continue into March, April and May 2010 and possibly beyond.

Ian Cook (Archaeologist from Oxford Archaeology) agreed to oversee our work and to ensure we work to the highest standards and practices.

Collecting and disposal strategy for artefacts and ecofacts

Artefacts and ecofacts will be recorded (exact location, if small finds) placed in trays and then cleaned. Once dry the items will be deposited in bags marked with unique references to identify them.

Any artefacts located will obviously be the property of the Mash Brothers. However, they have already agreed to pass ownership of the artefacts on to AIM and we will store them in good conditions, ensuring that all the artefacts, or those agreed upon, will be forwarded to the Buckinghamshire County Museum.

Arrangement for immediate conservation of artefacts

AIM will seek advice from Oxford Archaeology and others concerning any artefacts that are in need of immediate conservation.

Post Fieldwork methodology

The artefacts located in each trench will be sorted, so that significant items can be identified and dated at a later stage by professionals in their fields.

Page 2 Report preparation, publication and dissemination proposals

It is AIM’s current practice that reports are compiled as the work progresses; e.g. that sections of reports are written within a week of their occurrence. It is AIM’s intention to produce a report on the project within 3 months of its conclusion. The draft report will be written to the standards required by the IFA’s Standard and Guidance for archaeological field evaluation, annex 2.

Once professional opinions have been sought and acquired, the draft report will be sent to Mr Ian Cook for comment and corrections and the revised report then published and sent to the HER and all other interested parties.

All AIM’s publications will be copyrighted, but will be made available to interested parties, who have been given permission in writing by AIM, to reproduce all or part of these publications.

Archive deposition AIM archives are kept by AIM’s archivist, who is appointed year by year. The current archivist is Mr David Greenwood. It is our intention to contact the Buckinghamshire County Museum on completion of the Project and then to forward the complete report and artefacts to them, depending on their requirements at the time.

Timetable

Day 1. We plan to survey in the four 1 metre test pits within the inner enclosure. We shall then lay out the test pits on the ground and then remove the turf and/or leaf litter. Prior to leaving the site, we will insert metal poles near each pit corner and link them up with barrier tape to indicate potentially dangerous areas.

Day 2. We will number each test pit and then excavate and remove the first context, collecting artefacts in pre-numbered find trays, then sieve excavated earth and extract any further artefacts. Artefacts will be washed, dried and placed into bags and later marked with artefact, trench and context details. Any important small finds will be recorded, kept in separate specially marked bags and surveyed into the site map. We will record all important findings on a plan view, drawn for each test pit, by photograph and with the aid of our drawing frame. We will also record the first context’s depth, composition, etc for each test pit.

Days 3 and 4, and possibly beyond. As day 2, but excavate context 2 and further contexts, if they exist, until natural geology is ob- served.

Days 5, 6, 7 & 8. As Days 1, 2, 3 & 4, and possibly beyond, but excavations taking place in the outer enclosure.

Staffing

We estimate attendance of between 6 and 12 volunteers on each day, as scheduled above.

Health and Safety considerations

To ensure each participant is covered by AIM’s insurance, they will be required to fill in a ‘signing in form’ on each day of each investigation. The standard AIM safety document will be made available to each participant. AIM’s First Aid Kit will always be on site. The test pits will be surrounded with hazard tape strung around vertical metal stakes/poles.

Page 3 Map 2

Page 4 Map 3 Map 4

Photograph 1

Page 5 Research

 Although the earthwork has existed within Warren Wood, for a considerable time, its first appearance was on a 1993 Ordnance Survey (OS) Pathfinder Map.

 The oldest maps available show The Warren as a wooded area. Unfortunately, the Domesday Book does not tell us whether the area was a wood in 1086, or not, although Little Marlow was assessed for 50 pigs, which suggests the area must have had some woodlands. In addition, the ‘Close Rolls’ of 1233, which state, ‘18 does were gifted to the Earl of Cornwall for his park at Marlow’, may have some relevance.

 Apart from the Inclosure map of 1821, the next instance of either Warren Wood, or the adjacent Bloom Wood, being named on a map is on Bryant’s 1825 map (which identi- fies ‘Broom Wood’, but has no mention of Warren Wood). Broom Wood is also shown on Lipscomb’s 1847 map. Warren Wood is first mentioned on the 1870 OS map and Bloom Wood, rather than Broom Wood, first appears on the 1883 OS map.

 The significance of Broom Wood rather than Bloom Wood, is that Bloom might indicate the presence of past iron working (a ‘bloom’ is a ball of molten metal, usually iron). However, the name Broom Wood is unlikely to have the same connotations.

 Investigations had previously been undertaken on the site by Mr David Wilson (a member of Maidenhead Archaeological and Historical Society) and Mr Roger Carter, both in 1975, and by Mr Arthur Boarder in 1978 (an amateur archaeologist and Mar- low man).

Mr Wilson is reported to have found the rim of a pot of very coarse greyware in the bank, a lump of grey clay and some red tiles. He thought that the pottery sherd, or piece, might have been 13th Century (greyware was produced in the 13th and 14th centuries).

 Also in 1975 Mr Boarder made notes of a visit by Mr Carter in July of that year. These notes included the discovery of ‘two flint and mortar masses – walls’, as well as, ‘a base and a body sherd (a piece of the body of the pot) of sandy grey unglazed pottery’ and ‘pieces of peg tile’ (tiles were probably made locally at Lane End, or Penn, both in Bucks).

 In 1978 Mr Boarder wrote his own report, which included a more detailed sketch of the southern enclosure on which a small section of ‘flint wall’ is drawn, running north - south, adjacent to its northern side, none of which is apparent today. Mr Boarder collected pieces of tile and pottery which he thought were medieval. He believed the pottery was similar to that found at Fillington Wood, a medieval earthwork (late 13th to 14th century) and at other local sites. Although AIM made comprehensive and exhaus- tive efforts to locate both sets of Warren Wood pottery sherds, none of them have been located, so far, although Mr Boarder had taken a photograph of the pottery sherds that he had found.

 A comprehensive work by Mr Andrew Pike entitled Earthwork Enclosures in the Buck- inghamshire Chilterns lists six other earthwork enclosures, along with three more possible sites.

The drawing on page 7 (figure 1) is taken from Mr Pike’s study and shows an earthwork in Brays Wood, The Lee, Bucks.

Page 6 Figure 1 Mr Pike writes

The average size and shape of these enclosures resemble a largish moat about 150m x 75m. None has been excavated and their function must remain conjectural.

All the enclosures lack documentary evidence. In contrast, the relatively few moated sites in the Chilterns can usually be equated with known manors, as recorded in the Victoria County History – Buckinghamshire publication, in the relevant parish. This suggests that the enclosures did not have an administrative function but that the banks and ditches had some sort of defensive purpose rather than the mainly “decorative” status of moats. Many of the enclosures contain subsidiary enclosures either within the principal one or alongside it, suggesting a house site. Interestingly, at least three of the enclosures have produced iron slag, indicating industrial activity. All the enclosures are situated in woodland; this may account for their survival, but it also points to some form of activity associated with the fa- mous Chiltern Beechwoods. One possibility is that the enclosures were connected with the chase and that they contained dwellings used as hunting lodges, or lived in by game- keepers.

In short, these enclosures can perhaps be interpreted as the centres of small woodland set- tlements, with the principal dwelling and outbuildings situated within the smaller enclosure, where there is one. The larger “bailey enclosure” would have, perhaps, afforded protection to a small domestic herd from wild animals, such as deer and wild boar, which were preva- lent in Buckinghamshire in the medieval period. It would doubtless be the deer and boar, which were the principal animals that were hunted. Fieldwork in some of the enclosures has produced small quantities of medieval pottery so, despite the lack of documentary evidence, a date in the medieval period for these structures may be suggested.

Similar local sites have been recorded, "A Deserted Medieval Farmstead at Sadler's Wood, Lewknor" (RA Chambers) and "A Medieval Earthwork at Stokenchurch" (BD Easterbrook). Sites outside the Chilterns area exist at Sarratt (Marginia Wick) in Hertfordshire, in the New Forest, south of Gaze Hill, in Hampshire (a possible swine pound) and at Chobham Com- mon on the Bagshot Sands in Surrey (pigs may have been kept there, as their staple food was the mast of fallen beech and oak).

The maximum dimensions of the inner and outer enclosures at Warren Wood taken together are 96 metres (north to south) and 74 metres (east to west), which would appear to be roughly the average size.

Page 7 Commencement - Day one (14/2/10) On a cold damp day, 5 AIM members visited the site to measure out the four 1 metre by 1 metre test pits to be excavated in the Inner enclosure (5 to 8). The rough drawing below (figure 2) was used to measure out the test pits very accurately, using AIM’s optical square (a piece of equipment used to measure right an- gles). The original positions of the Inner Enclosure test pits were going to be set out 29.6 and 39.6 metres from the 0 metre point of the base line; unfortunately, a tree obscured the view at 39.6 metre from the 0 metre point, so it was decided to line up the test pits 30 metres and 40 metres from the 0 metre point. This shift of 40 cms allowed the positions of the two test pits to be established with clear vision.

Once we had the exact position of the inner corner of each one metre square, we measured out the other three corners of each of the four test pits. The squares were marked out using twisted iron stakes and ranging poles; these were linked together with red/white barrier tape for safety reasons (see photograph 2).

We then left the site for warmer and drier venues.

Figure 2

Photograph 2

Page 8 Day two (28/2/10)

Due to torrential rain, all volunteers were contacted and investigations were postponed until 14/3/10

Day three (14/3/10)

Due to the Co-ordinator being ill with influenza, all volunteers were contacted and investigations were again postponed until 28/3/10

Day four (28/3/10)

On a brightish relatively mild day, six AIM members visited the site (see photograph 3). During the morning, the four 1 metre x 1 metre test pits were laid out in the Outer Enclosure (1 to 4, in figure 2). After initially laying out the squares 24.1 metres from the western TBM (0 metres), we found the south-eastern square included the trunk of a large tree and the north-western square was within a bog! We moved the 24.1 metre mark 1.0 metre to 25.1 metres and advanced the 8.3 metre line by 1.7 metres to 10.0 metres. All the squares were still in the same configuration, but the south-eastern square was away from the tree and the north-eastern square was now outside the boggy area.

Photograph 3 Day five (11/4/10)

Following a cold winter, at last the sun shone on six AIM members and Ian Cook (Archaeologist from Ox- ford Archaeology helping AIM) who visited the site.

Following on from consultations with Ian Cook and Sandy Kidd (Senior Archaeologist for Buckingham- shire), it was decided to move the test pits in the outer enclosure another 1.3 metres north of the locations laid out two weeks before. Consequently the test pits were measured in 11.3 metres north of the base line, as opposed to the 8.3 metre measurement stated on the original plan. The rough plan on page 8 (Figure 2) shows the test pits in their revised positions.

Also, we commenced excavating test pits 8 and 7 (see figure 2), carefully removing any artefacts unearthed, which were deposited in appropriately named ‘finds’ trays’. The earth/soil taken from this (and all) test pits was sieved and, any artefacts found, were passed on to those who then washed and dried them. All the artefacts were then inserted into the relevant trench and context numbered mini-grip bags for weighing and for future identification. Page 9 Day five (11/4/10) (cont.)

Within the upper level (Context 1) in Test Pit 8, we found 40 artefacts weighing 1.815kgs, all were tile pieces (see photograph 4), including one with a nail hole, except for one possible pot boiler (55gms).

In Context 1 in Test Pit/Trench 7 we located 28 tile fragments weighing 906gms, including a piece with a hole in it; and 2 other artefacts including a stone with a very flat face (25gms) and a piece of possibly worked flint (1gm). The flint piece and the stone will be sent to experts for positive identification, once we have concluded our excavations. Photograph 4, Roof Tile Pieces All soil taken from the test pits was sieved to ensure no artefacts were lost.

Day six (25/4/10)

Rain fell during the early morning, but by 10 o’clock it stopped and five determined volunteers made their way to the site.

Although the two sets of 1 metre squares had been laid out, it had not previously been determined whether the squares were 10 metres and 20 metres apart, respectively. So, the distances from the each inner stake denoting the inner test pits were measured and found to be within a maximum of a couple of cms of the 10 metre measurements.

However, in the outer enclosure, we found that test pits ’1’ and ’2’ were not exactly 20 metres from test pits ’3’ and ’4’ respectively. Using 50 metre tapes, we measured the diagonals (28.2 metres) and the 20 metre distances until they coincided. At these points we moved two of the test pit stakes accordingly. Based on these new positions, we created new one metre squares with the stakes and barrier tape, and then removed the leaf mould to expose the soil in each test pit. The distances between all the test pits were measured again and found to be very close to 20 metres. Being more confident of the positioning of our squares, in the weeks to come we will use our Total Station to survey their exact position onto our site map.

Whilst three of us measured and repositioned stakes, two volunteers began to excavate Context 1 of Trench 8 from where it had been left two weeks before. Within test pit 8, we found another 37 artefacts weighing 1.167kgs, including 29 more pieces of roof tile, six pieces of flint (possibly worked, 35gms), one sherd of a pot (orange, 5gms) and one sherd of pot rim (grey, 12gms) - see photographs 5, 6 and 7 below.

The flint pieces and pottery sherds will be sent to experts for positive identification, once we have concluded our excavations.

Photograph 5, Flint Flakes Photograph 6, Photograph 7, Grey Orange Pot Sherd Pot Sherd

Page 10 Day seven (9/5/10)

A damp overcast morning deterred most members; however, three determined individuals arrived on site. Context one in Trench 8 was excavated to a depth of 16cms, or so, when we thought ‘natural geology’ was encountered, however one sherd of tile was unearthed whilst we cleaned up the trench; so, another 2cms may have to be excavated to ensure we are down to ‘the natural’.

Again much tile (4.93kgs) was located, including a sherd of burnt roof tile (41gms) along with 9 pot sherds weighing 37gms, 5 possible pot boilers (82gms) and one piece of metal weighing 7gms. Once the trench had been cleaned, photographs were taken (see photographs 8 & 9).

Photograph 8, Trench 8, Context 1 Photograph 9, Metal Object, Trench 8

Day eight (23/5/10)

At last! A warm sunny day! Five AIM members arrived on site. It was decided to excavate Trench 8 down another 5 cms, as a piece of tile had appeared when we cleaned up the trench two weeks before. This was accomplished and two sets of drawings were made using AIM’s drawing frame (see figures 3 [Trench 8] and 4 [Trench 7]). A raft of large flints was present in Trench 8 and appears on the drawings (see photograph 10 & figure 3). Trench 7, Context one, was also excavated and more roof tile was unearthed. Trench 7 (see photograph 11) was also drawn (see figure 4). Trench 6, Context 1, was opened up (see photograph 13) and again much roof tile was discovered and 4 sherds of pottery weighing a total of 20gms, 4 flints, possibly worked, (9gms), two pieces of metal (28gms) and one piece of bone weighing 1gm). The artefacts from all three trenches and those recovered through sieving, were washed and dried and the trenches were then cleaned up and made ready for the next visit.

Photograph 10, Trench 8, Context 1

Photograph 11, Drawing Frame, Trench 7 Page 11 Figure 3

Figure 4

Photograph 12, Trench 7, Context 2 Photograph 13, Trench 6, Context 1

Day nine (6/6/10)

Another warm but overcast day. Four AIM members arrived on site, accompanied by Ian Cook. It was decided to excavate Trench 8 another 5 or 10 cms, as the raft of large flints present could indicate the fall from a wall (see photograph 14); we considered this to be our new Context two. Another 22 pieces of tile and eight sherds of pottery (see photographs 15 and 17) were unearthed, plus 8 pieces of worked (?) flint.

Context 2 in Trench 7 was also excavated (see photograph 16) and another 11 pieces of roof tile were unearthed . Additionally, two sherds of pottery, two pieces of flint and a piece of metal were located. The artefacts from both the trenches and those recovered through sieving, were washed and dried and the trenches were then cleaned up and made ready for the next visit

Trench 6 remained untouched due to the numbers attending.

Photograph 14, Trench 8, Context 2 Photograph 15, Trench 8, Pottery Sherd

Page 12 Photograph 16, Trench 7, Context 2

Day ten (20/6/10) Photograph 17, Pottery Sherds Four AIM members braved a chill June morning and Trench 8 was investigated once more. In photograph 18, below, the loose flints on the left (eastern) side were removed and good brown soil revealed below. The flints on the right (western) side were not loose. It could be that a flint wall existed and some flints had fallen away from it. Seven sherds of pottery (56gms) were unearthed, plus 11 pieces of roof tile (578gms), 6 pieces of possibly worked flint and a possible pot boiler.

Trench 7 was cleaned up and in the new Context two, 7 pieces of roof tile (102gms) and two pottery sherds (7gms) were found. However, Trench 6 remained untouched, due to the number of volunteers on site.

Photograph 18, Trench 8, Context 2 Day ten Trenches (Figure 2) Day eleven (4/7/10)

Seven AIM members and two visitors enjoyed a warm morning at the site. Due to the larger numbers, we were able to record and excavate Trenches 8, 7 and 6. We recorded trenches 8 and 7 using our drawing frame and used a steel rule to measure average depths (see photographs 19 and 20, below, and Figures 5 and 6).

Excavations in Trench 8, Context 2, produced one sherd of pottery (11gms). Excavations in Trench 7, Con- text 2, produced 126gms of roof tile (5 pieces) and one sherd of pottery (6gms). Excavations in Trench 6, Context 1, (see photographs 21 and 22) produced 4.4kgs of roof tile (101 pieces), six sherds of pottery (44gms), one item of metal (7gms), eight possibly worked flints (13gms) and two possible pot boilers

Photograph 19, Trench 8 Photograph 20, Trench 7

Page 13 Photograph 21, Trench 6 Photograph 22, Trench 6 Context 1

Figure 5 Figure 6

Day twelve (18/7/10) A record thirteen members visited the site on a cool, but pleasant morning. As a result of this good attendance, we were able to investigate Trenches 8, 7, 6 and 5. After excavating down 60 cms, we believe Trench 8 is now down to natural geology (Context 3, see photograph 23) and no artefacts have been found in the last 5 cms of earth we removed. We removed the loose flints within Context 3 of Trench 7 and used our drawing frame to record the plan view (see photograph 24 and figure 7). We excavated an average of 15 cms in Trench 6, Con- text 1, and revealed a new Context (2) which was of a clayish consistency (see photograph 25). We also started Trench 5 (Context 1) for the first time.

Excavations in Trench 8, Context 3, produced one piece of roof tile (5gms). Excavations in Trench 7, Context 2, continued to produce roof tile, pottery sherds and other items. Trench 6 produced 300gms of Roof Tile (11 pieces), five sherds of pottery (11gms - see photograph 28) and one possibly worked flint (2gms). In Trench 5 we found a little roof tile (199gms) and a piece of wood (8gms - see photograph 29). As usual all artefacts were taken from the relevant finds trays and washed, cleaned and dried for future analysis. The trenches were cleaned up and photographed, along with the participants (see photograph 27).

Whilst the ‘diggers’ dug, five members helped at various stages to set up our Total Station and then took the readings at each corner of our eight trenches (see Figures 8 and 9). Figure 8 shows the Inner Enclosure and its four trenches, Figure 9 shows all eight trenches on the site.

Note - The squares were originally laid out using tapes measuring from the base line, but due to trees being in the line of sight, some ’squares’ are shown as not quite square, as not all the corners could be seen!

Page 14 Photograph 23, Trench 8, Context 3 Photograph 24, Trench 7, Context 3

Photograph 25, Trench 6, Context 2 Photograph 26, Trench 5, Context 1

Trench 7 (Figure 2) Figure 7

Page 15 Photograph 27 ‘Diggers’ by Trench 7

2020

2015 Figure 8

2010

2005

2000

M 5 1995 6

1990

1985

10m 1980

1975 20m

1970

1965

2985 2990 2995 3000 3005 3010 3015 3020 3025 3030 3035 3040 The four crosses indicate the corners of the 20 metre square previously surveyed using a resistivity meter and the four test pits, surveyed in July 2011, have been superimposed onto this original inner enclosure graphic.

Page 16

. 0

. . 0 .

. 9

1 0

. 2 .

0 2

Figure 9

Red dots indicate the 1 metre and 1.5 metre squares in the inner and outer enclosures; Single red squares indicate the spots where soil was removed for analysis purposes.

Page 17 Photograph 28, Pottery Sherds, Trench 6, Context 2

Photograph 29, Wood fragment, Trench 5

Day thirteen (1/8/10) An overcast morning eventually turned to light rain, but 5 enthusiastic volunteers worked on Trenches 6 and 5. It was decided to leave Trenches 8 and 7 in their present state until expert opin- ion had been obtained, concerning any further potential progress. The damp clay Context had dried out in Trench 6 and we excavated half of this level (Context 2) and located 16 pieces of roof tile (218gms), 1 sherd of pottery (6gms) (see photograph 30), 4 flakes of possibly worked flint (6gms) (see photograph 31), 1 flat stone (63gms) and 1 irregular stone (16gms). Trench 5, Context 1, was less rewarding, although 20 pieces of roof tile (408gms) were unearthed, plus I possibly worked flint (1gm), 1 flat stone (22gms) (see photograph 32), 2 pieces of wood (4gms) and 1 irregular stone (17gms). The trenches were cleaned up and photographed (see photographs 33 and 34).

Photograph 30, Trench 6, Pot Sherd Photograph 31, Trench 6, Flints Photograph 32, Trench 5, Pot Sherd Page 18 Photograph 33, Trench 6, Context 2 Photograph 34, Trench 5, Context 1

Day fourteen (15/8/10) Four AIM members visited the site on a cool damp, but dry, morning. Two members excavated Trench 5 and two excavated Trench 6. After cleaning up Trench 5 (see photograph 35) and a further 10 cms of excavations, a new Context (2) was revealed consisting of a sandy/alluvial soil of a dark yellow hue. Some of this Context was excavated and an assemblage of Flints and pieces of Roof Tile were exposed in the north-west corner (see photograph 36). 6 pieces of Roof Tile (91gms) were removed, plus 3 pieces of Flint (3gms) which may have been ‘worked’. In Trench 6, Context 2, (see photograph 37) 17 pieces of Roof Tile (395gms) were unearthed, along with two, apparently, burnt stones Trenches 5 & 6 (Figure 2) (159gms) (see photograph 38). The trenches were cleaned up in order to be ready for our next visit.

Photograph 35, Trench 5, Context 2 Photograph 36, Trench 5, Context 2

Photograph 37, Trench 6, Context 2 Photograph 38, Trench 6, Context 2, Burnt Stones(?)

Page 19 Day fifteen (29/8/10) A grey Autumnal day had threatened rain, which luckily held off. Seven AIM members helped to clean up the 1 metre squares (Trenches 1, 2, 3 and 4) in the Outer Enclosure and then to continue to excavate Trenches 6 and 5 in the Inner Enclosure. Around 75mms of soil were excavated from both trenches. Having already dug 30 cms down, we commenced within Context 3 in Trench 6 (see photograph 39) and unearthed more roof tile, four more sherds of pottery (see photograph 41), some suspected pot boilers (see photograph 42) and two unidentified pieces of rock/stone (see photograph 43). Context 2 of Trench 5 (see photograph 40) revealed more roof tile and two slivers of flint. As usual, all the excavation materials were sieved; the trenches were cleaned up with brushes; and Hazard Tape was secured around the metal stakes.

Photograph 39, Trench 6, Context 3

Photograph 40, Trench 5, Context 2 Photograph 41, Trench 6, Context 3

Photograph 42, Trench 6, Context 3 Photograph 43, Trench 6, Context 3

Page 20 Visit by Sandy Kidd

Alex (Sandy) Kidd (see photograph 44), Senior Archaeologist for Buckinghamshire, visited the site on Friday the 10th of September to observe our procedures and our progress. Sandy looked at all of our test pits/ trenches whilst walking around the site. He suggested we remove the flints from trench 8, as they did not appear to be structural, and to extend trench 7 for up to one metre, both south and west, to ascertain whether the ridge of flints extended further. Sandy thought that the pottery we had found was post-Norman conquest, but not by many years.

Sandy was asked if we doing anything wrong, but he said that our attempts seemed fine, so far, and to con- sult Ian Cook for on-going advice. Day sixteen (12/9/10)

A warm sunny day greeted three AIM members. As suggested by Sandy Kidd, we commenced removing the flints from trench 8. Within this Context (3), 4 pieces of roof tile (74gms) were found, plus one 6gm piece of black stone, yet to be identified.

We also extended trench 7 by half a metre, both south and west, and removed the leaf mould and vegetation ready for further investigations. Despite minimal intrusion, we found 43 pieces of roof tile weighing 362gms and 3 sherds of pottery weighing 10gms (see photograph 45) in Context one. In addition, a 12 bore blank cartridge was unearthed with the legend ‘Saluting Blank’!

After the excavation soil was sieved and the artefacts washed and dried, the trenches were cleaned up with brushes, and new Hazard Tape was secured around the metal stakes of trench 8. Before departing, photographs of Trenches 8 and 7 were taken (see photographs 46 and 47).

Photograph 44, Alex (Sandy) Kidd examining Trench 7

Photograph 45, Pottery, Trench 7, Context 1

Photograph 46, Trench 8, Context 3 Photograph 47, Extended Trench 7, Context 1

Page 21 Day Seventeen (26/9/10)

Unfortunately the site Co-ordinator was ill and the planned visit was cancelled.

Day Eighteen (10/10/10)

A grey morning turned sunny and warm later. 6 hardy souls (see photograph 48) turned up to investigate Trenches 8, 7 and 6.

The flints left in trench 8, Context 3, were removed leaving a gravely base thought to be natural geology (see photograph 49). A few artefacts were unearthed, 3 pottery sherds (21gms) - (see photograph 52), 2 pieces of roof tile (20gms), one possible pot boiler (6gms) and 2 possible flint flakes (3gms).

Some of the extension to Trench 7 was taken down to the start of Context 2 (approximately 100mms, (see photograph 50). In this continuation of context one, we found 2 pottery sherds (12gms) (see photograph 53), 58 pieces of roof tile (687gms) and 2 possible flint flakes (3gms).

Context 3 in Trench 6 was started (see photograph 51) and 4 pottery sherds (50gms) (see photograph 54), 7 pieces of roof tile (307gms), one piece of charcoal (1gm) and 1 piece of unidentified stone, or possibly slag, (6gms) were revealed through excavation.

The trenches were cleaned up and photographed and their Hazard Tapes protection re-established, prior to departure.

Photograph 49, Trench 8, Context 3

Photograph 48, Happy Diggers!

Photograph 50, Extended Trench 7, Context 1 Photograph 51, Trench 6, Context 3

Page 22 Photograph 53, Pottery, Trench 7, Context 1

Photograph 52, Pottery, Trench 8, Context 3

Day nineteen (24/10/10)

On a cold sunny morning, two souls participated in excavating the remains of Context one from Trench 7. During the excavation, 2.079 kgs of roof tile (56 pieces) were unearthed, along with one flint flake (1gm).

All soil was sieved, the trench cleaned up and the hazard tape secured around the trench.

Photograph 54, Pottery, Trench 6, Context 3

Day twenty (7/11/10)

Five AIM Members and one member of the public visited the site on a bright, but coldish, morning.

As Trench 8 was considered to have been excavated down to natural geology, a member sketched a drawing of Trench 8 (see figure 10). The trench was photographed prior to it being backfilled and again after backfilling (see photographs 55, 56 and 57).

The excavation of Context 1 in the ‘L shape’ extension to Trench 7 was completed during the morning and then we commenced with Context 2 (see photographs 58 and 59). Within the relatively wet earth, Context 1 revealed 20 pieces of roof tile (757gms) and one possible flint flake (18gms). Context 2 unearthed 14 pieces of roof tile (117gms) and one possible flint flake (2gms).

We continued to excavate Context 3 in Trench 6 finding 3 pieces of pottery (17gms) and 1 pot boiler (22gms). There is a ridge of flints (see photograph 60); either side of this ridge we are close to natural geology.

Continuing excavations in Trench 5, Context 2, (see photograph 61) revealed 6 pieces of roof tile (406gms) and a possible worked flint flake (1gm). Before we finished, following 20cms of excavation, we revealed the start of Context 3, which is sandy and of a darkish yellow hue.

Although sieving was not possible due to the soggy earth, all other procedures were followed and the Trenches left in good condition enclosed by hazard tape.

Page 23 Photograph 55, Trench 8, Context 3

Photograph 56, Trench 8, Context 3

Figure 10, Trench 8, Context 3

Photograph 57, Trench 8, Backfilled

Photograph 58, Extended Trench 7, Context 1 Photograph 59, Extended Trench 7, Context 2

Page 24 Photograph 60, Trench 6, Context 3 Photograph 61, Trench 5, Context 2

Day twenty-one (21/11/10)

Three AIM members visited the site on a coldish, dry morning.

We concentrated on Trench 6, Context 3, and dug down either side of the ’flint ridge’ until we reached natural geology. The soil was too wet to sieve, so we trowelled more carefully. As in Trench 8, the natural geology was gravel and dark yellow in colour. We then removed the ‘flint ridge’ which revealed itself to be a mix of loose earth, flints and stones (see photographs 62 and 63).

Although we had reached natural geology in the majority of the trench, in the south-west corner (see photograph 63), we found there was a quarter circle of darker material containing small pieces of chalk. In and around this area, we unearthed 18 pieces of pottery with inclusions; 11 darkish brown colour and 7 mostly black in colour (see photograph 64).

Trench 6 was then covered with a permeable membrane and some of the spoil backfilled into it (see photograph 65). Trenches 7 and 5 then received similar treatment (see photographs 66 and 67).

Having reset the barrier tapes and metal pegs, we then left the site for the winter! South-west corner

Photograph 62, Trench 6, Context 3 Photograph 63, Trench 6, Context 3

Photograph 64, Trench 6, Context 3, Pottery Photograph 65, Trench 6, temporarily backfilled Page 25 Photograph 66, Trench 7, temporarily backfilled Photograph 67, Trench 5, temporarily backfilled Day twenty-two (28/3/11)

We visited the site for the first time in 2011 and despite having not visited the site for 5 months, the permeable membranes had done a good job in protecting trenches 5, 6 and 7. We dug out the earth covering the membranes; these were removed for future use and the trenches cleaned up for future excavations. Day twenty-three (10/4/11)

Seven AIM members enjoyed a warm sunny morning amongst the buebells. Trenches 7 and 5 were brushed clean of debris and leaves; Context two within the half metre extension of trench 7 was removed and the flint assemblage left in place (see photograph 69). Apart from over 1kg of roof tile and 5 sherds of pottery, a large piece of slag (377gms) was also unearthed (see photograph 68). Trench 5 had the remains of context removed, revealing two pieces of roof tile, and again the flint assemblage left in place (see photograph 70).

The two trenches were cleaned up for photography and the hazard tape repositioned to warn of potential danger. Photograph 68, Trench 7, Context 2, Slag

Photograph 69, Trench 7, Context 2 Photograph 70, Trench 5, Context 2

Day twenty-four (24/4/11)

Four AIM members enjoyed a warm sunny Easter morning again amongst a buebell backdrop Trenches 7, 6 and 5 were brushed clean of debris and leaves and all three trenches were drawn by three different members (see Figures 11,12 and 13, plus photographs 71 and 72). In Trench 5, Con- text 2, the mixture of flints and roof tile was removed. The 20 pieces of roof tile weighed in at 1.32kgs. Excavations of Context 3 were started.

The hazard tape was repositioned to warn of potential danger.

Page 26 Photograph 71, Trench 6, Context 3

Figure 11, Trench 7, Context 2

Figure 12, Trench 6, Context 3

Photograph 72, Trench 5, Context 2

Photograph 73, Trench 5, Context 3 Figure 13, Trench 5, Context 2

Page 27 Day twenty-five (8/5/11)

Three AIM members enjoyed a brightish morning, following overnight rain. The rain made it easier to dig and the mixture of flints and pieces of roof tile was removed from Context 2 of Trench 7 (52 pieces of roof tile [1.005kgs], 8 sherds of pottery [89gms] (see photographs 74 and 75) and a suspected piece of worked flint [6gms]). With the flints removed, context two was removed to expose context three.

Excavations in Context 3 of Trench 5 continued, until natural geology was encountered (see photograph 73, page 27). Within this Context 5 pieces of roof tile (106gms), 3 pieces of possibly worked flint (18gms) and one sherd of pottery (7gms) were found. This trench will be backfilled during the next visit to the site.

The hazard tape was repositioned to warn of potential danger.

Photograph 74, Trench 7, Context 2, Pottery Photograph 75, Trench 7, Context 2

Day twenty-six (22/5/11)

Seven AIM members enjoyed a bright sunny morning. Our first job was to back-fill Trench 5, which was completed efficiently and relatively quickly.

Having removed the flint assemblage 2 weeks before, we excavated about 5cms of Context 3 in Trench 7 uncovering 31 pieces of roof tile (265gms), 16 sherds of pottery [140gms] (see photograph 76), 2 pieces of metal [16gms] (see photograph 77), 2 Pot Boilers (13gms), a piece of chalk (2gms) and a suspected piece of worked flint (1gm).

Photograph 76, Trench 7, Context 3, Pottery Photograph 77, Trench 7, Context 3, Metal

Page 28 Excavations started in Context 4 of Trench 6 to identify the contents of the quarter circle containing darker soil with chalk inclusions within Context 3 (see photograph 78). A 0.5 x 0.5 metre square in the south-west corner of the trench was removed to a depth of about 5cms, until natural geology was encountered (see photograph 79). Within this new Context, 1 piece of roof tile (40gms) and 11 pieces of chalk (80gms) were found. We still do not know the origins of the dark earth with chalk inclusions, but extending the Trench 0.5 metres west and south may allow more insight.

The hazard tapes were repositioned to warn of potential danger.

Photograph 78, Trench 6, Context 3 Photograph 79, Trench 6, Context 4 Day twenty-seven (12/6/11)

Persistent rain limited the number of AIM members to just two.

However, we excavated a little more of context 3 in Trench 7, uncovering 15 sherds of pottery (154gms) (see photographs 80 and 81) and a suspected piece of worked flint (5gms), but no pieces of roof tile! Day twenty-eight (26/6/11)

At last, a warm sunny day! Seven AIM members visited the site, three of whom were new members (see photograph 82).

We excavated a little more of Context 3 in Trench 7 (see photograph 83), uncovering 24 sherds of pottery (172gms) (see photographs 80 and 81), 4 suspected piece of worked flint (12gms) and 15 pieces of roof tile (115gms).

For the first time, we moved into the outer enclosure and began excavating Trench 4 (see photograph 84).

We removed a light covering of leaf litter and started to remove Context 1. We found a Pot Boiler (8gms), 2 Flint flakes, possibly worked (25gms) and a Fossil (49gms).

Photograph 80, Trench 7, Pottery Rims Photograph 81, Pottery Sherds with Inclusions Page 29 Photograph 82, ‘Busy working’ Photograph 83, Trench 7, Context 3

Day twenty-nine (10/7/11)

Three new visitors boosted numbers to eight participants on the day (see photograph 82).

The extended Context 3 of Trench 7 was partially excavated revealing some more roof tile and 21 sherds of pottery (140gms) and a little charcoal (see photograph 83).

Following agreement with Sandy Kidd, Senior Ar- chaeologist for Buckinghamshire, Trench 6 was extended by 0.5 metres in both westerly and south- erly directions. The excavation of the extended Photograph 84, Trench 4, Context 1 Context 1 was commenced, unearthing 113 pieces of roof tile (2.497 kgs), 2 sherds of pottery (17gms) a pot boiler and 5 pieces of charcoal.

Context 4 of Trench 6 was cleaned up and a sherd of pottery (46gms) revealed.

Context 1 in Trench 4 was begun (see photograph 84) and a sherd of pottery (5gms) and a worked flint (5gms) were found (see photograph 85).

Day thirty (19/7/11)

This was a weekday visit (Tuesday) and three members met to conduct GPS and excavation work.

Two members excavated Context 3 in Trench 7. Yet another tree root turned out to be a largish animal bone! A few minutes later another animal bone was unearthed close by (see photograph 86).

131gms of bone were excavated, along with 14 sherds of pottery (274gms). The large quantities of Photograph 85, Trench 4, pottery sherds in this trench, allied with animal Context 1, Worked Flint bones, could indicate a kitchen, or cooking, area.

Page 30 Day thirty-one (24/7/11)

Nine members and five temporary members gathered to investigate the site. The 14 people attending was a new record (see photograph 87)!

Four trenches were excavated during the day.

Context 3 in Trench 7 revealed more roof tile (8 pieces, 441gms), along with 11 sherds of pottery (230gms) and 2 Photograph 86, Trench 7, flint pieces (8gms) Context 3, Animal Bone In the extended Trench 6, Context 1, we unearthed 3.632Kgs of roof tile (73 pieces). 6 sherds of pottery (58gms), 1 pot boiler (13gms) and 4 pieces of flint (10gms).

Both Contexts 1 and 2 were excavated in Trench 4 in the Outer Enclosure. 3 pieces of flint (4gms) were found in Context 1 and 2 pieces of flint (54gms) were found in Con- text 2.

Trench 3 was cleared of leaf litter (see photograph 88) and 1 small piece of roof tile was located (1gm) in Context 1.

Day thirty-two (7/8/11)

Photograph 87, Happy Excavators! Nine members visited the site, excavating Trenches 7, 6 and 4.

Context 3 in Trench 7 (see photograph 91) revealed a few more artefacts including 7 sherds of pottery (80gms), including a 33g sherd with inclusions.

In the extended Trench 6, Context 1, (see photograph 92) another 2.396Kgs of roof tile (46 pieces) were unearthed. Amongst the other artefacts, three interlocking pieces of glazed tile (298gms) and a suspected flint core (178gms) were excavated (see photographs 94 and 95).

Both Contexts 2 and 3 were excavated in Trench 4 (see photograph 93) in the Outer Enclosure. A total of 6 pieces of flint (84gms), a pot boiler (2gms) and a piece of roof tile Photograph 88, Trench 3, Context 1 (29gms) were found.

Photograph 89, Trench 7 Photograph 90, Trench 6 Page 31 Photograph 91, extended Trench 7, Context 3 Photograph 92, extended Trench 6, Context 1

Photograph 93, Trench 4, Contexts 2/3 Photograph 94, Trench 6, Context 1, Glazed Tile

Day thirty-three (24/8/11)

Seven members visited the site, excavating Trenches 7, 6 and 4.

Context 3 in Trench 7 (see photograph 96) revealed a few more artefacts, including 2 sherds of pottery (30gms). Natural geology was reached, the trench was drawn and photographed (see photographs 97 and figure 14), backfilled and photographed again (see photograph 98)

In the extended Trench 6, Context 1, another 561gms of roof tile (22 pieces) were unearthed, plus 5 suspected worked flints (17gms) and a piece of pottery weighing 19gms.

Context 3 was excavated in Trench 4 and natural geology was reached (see photograph 99). A piece Photograph 95, Trench 6, of flint (2gms), a pot boiler (49gms), two pieces of Context 1, Flint Core roof tile (7gms) and a sherd of pottery (4gms) were found. The trench was recorded (see figure 15) and drawn (see photograph 100), and then backfilled (see photograph 101).

Page 32 Photograph 96, Trench 7, Natural Geology Photograph 97, Trench 7 - Drawing Frame

Figure14, Trench 7, Drawing Photograph 98, Trench 7 Backfilled

Photograph 99, Trench 4 Natural Geology

Photograph 100, Trench 4 - Drawing Frame

Figure 15, Trench 4, Drawing Photograph 101, Trench 4 Backfilled

Page 33 Day thirty-four (4/9/11)

Seven members visited the site, on a cloudy day. Although a start at excavating Trenches 6, 3, 2 and 1 commenced, by mid-day the rain was unceasing and we left the site earlier than usual as a result.

During our relatively brief stay, we continued excavating within the extended Trench 6, Context 1 and another 143gms of roof tile (7 pieces) were unearthed, plus 1 suspected worked flint (9gms).

We also continued to excavate Context 1 of Trench 3. A piece of flint (12gms) was found.

Trenches 2 and 1 were opened up for the first time. Although no artefacts have yet been found in Trench 2, Context 1 revealed a cartridge case (7gms) and a sherd of (probably modern) pottery (34gms).

Day thirty-five (15/9/11)

For those who found Sundays difficult, we met up on Thursday morning, where four members and a guest visited the site, on a glorious sunny Autumn day. We excavated Trenches 6, 3 and 2.

We continued excavating within the extended Trench 6, reaching Context 2 (see photograph 102) and another 266gms of roof tile (6 pieces) were unearthed, plus 1 suspected worked flint (1gm).

We also continued to excavate Context 1 of Trench 3 (see photograph 103). Two pieces of flint (19gms) and a pot boiler (14gms) were unearthed, plus 1 sherd of pottery (7gms).

Trench 2, Context 1 (see photograph 104), revealed two pieces of flint (36gms).

As usual, artefacts were washed, cleaned and dried on site (see photograph 105).

Photograph 102, Trench 6, Context 2 Photograph 103, Trench 3, Context 1

Photograph 104, Trench 2, Context 1 Photograph 105, Artefact washing and cleaning

Page 34 Day thirty-six (18/9/11)

Five members visited the site on a very pleasant Autumn morning. We excavated Trenches 6 and 3.

During the morning we concluded Context 2 in the extended Trench 6 (see photograph 106) and another 60gms of roof tile (3 pieces) were unearthed, 12 sherds of pottery with inclusions (298gms) [see photograph 107 for examples], plus 1 suspected worked flint (2gms). We then commenced to excavate Context 3 and found 5 sherds of pottery with inclusions (172gms) [see photograph 108], plus 1 suspected worked flint (1gm) and a piece of roof tile (1gm).

We also concluded Context 1 in Trench 3 and found 2 pot boilers (16gms). We then commenced to excavate Context 2 (see photograph 109) and found 3 suspected worked flints (17gms).

As usual, the trenches were cleaned up and good condition and the artefacts were washed, cleaned and dried on site.

Photograph 106, Trench 6, Context 2 Photograph 107, Trench 6, Context 2, pottery with inclusions

Photograph 108, Trench 6, Context 3, pottery with inclusions Photograph 109, Trench 3, Context 2 Day thirty-seven (2/10/11) Seven members visited the site on a hot Autumn morning. We excavated Trenches 6, 3 and 2. We continued excavating Context 3 in extended Trench 6 (see photograph 110) and another 2 sherds of pottery (85gms) and 3 suspected worked flint (14gms) were discovered. We also continued to excavate Context 2 in Trench 3 and found 2 pot boilers (107gms) and 2 pieces of possibly worked flint. We then commenced to excavate Context 3 and found 1 suspected worked flint (1gm), a pot boiler (17gms) and an unusual stone, apparently flattened on one side. Having reached natural geology (see photograph 111) the Trench was drawn (see figure 16) and then backfilled. We also began to excavate Context 1 in Trench 2 and found 2 pot boilers (13gms) and 14 pieces of possibly worked flint. Following this, we then excavated Context 2 (see photograph 112) and found 1 sherd of pottery (8gms). Page 35 Photograph 110, Trench 6, Context 3 Photograph 111, Trench 3, Context 3

Figure 16, Trench 3, Context 3, Drawing Photograph 112, Trench 2, Context 2 (start)

Day thirty-eight (16/10/11) Eight members visited the site on a hot Autumn morning. We excavated Trenches 6, 2 and 1. We continued excavating Context 3 in the extended Trench 6 (see photograph 113) and large amounts of pottery (see photograph 114, 133 and 134) were unearthed 48 sherds (1511gms), along with one piece of roof tile (40gms), one piece of possibly worked flint (2gms) and a metal artefact (5gms). We continued to excavate Context 2 in Trench 2 (see photograph 115) and found 1 pot boiler (25gms). We also continued to excavate Context 1 in Trench 1 and found 1 pot boiler (20gms) and a flint flake (1gm). We then excavated Con- text 2 (see photograph 116) and found one pot boiler (6gms).

The artefacts were washed, cleaned and dried as usual. Photograph 114 Trench 6, Context 3, Photograph 113, Trench 6, Contexts 3 and 4 Pottery Sherds

Page 36 Photograph 115, Trench 2, Context 2 (halfway) Photograph 116, Trench 1, Context 2 (start)

Day thirty-nine (30/10/11) Six members visited the site on an overcast, but mild, Autumn morning. We continued to excavate Context 2 in Trench 1 and found 1 pot boiler (13gms) and a flint flake (4gms). Again we established that we had reached natural geology and the Trench was photographed (see photograph 117), drawn (see figure 17) and then backfilled (see photograph 118).

We finished excavating Context 2 in Trench 2 (see photograph 119), but found no more artefacts. Having judged that we had reached natural geology, the Trench was drawn (see figure 18) and then backfilled (see photograph 120). We continued to excavate Context 3 in Trench 6 (see photograph 121). In Context 4, we excavated the last raised area and unearthed large quantities of chalk, 185 pieces weighing 1.151kgs (see photograph 122) and some large burnt stones, 15 weighing 2.258kgs (see photograph 123). We also located 6 pieces of charcoal (7gms), 2 pieces of roof tile (29gms), 5 sherds of pottery (156gms) and 3 suspected flakes of worked flint (19gms) within this Context (see photograph 124). The chalk and burnt stones were found in a smallish area within the Trench (see photographs 125 & 126). Apart from excavating Trenches 6, 2 and 1, AIM’s Total Station was used to survey all the trenches, espe- cially the extended ones, so that the graphics could be overlaid onto the site maps. This operation was undertaken as a training event to give members an insight into archaeological surveying (see figures 19 and 20). We also took soil samples from inside each enclosure and outside each enclosure, for further analysis (see photograph 127).

As usual the artefacts were washed, cleaned and dried for further identification.

Photograph 117, Trench 1, Context 2 (finish) Figure 17, Trench 1, Context 2, Drawing

Page 37 Photograph 118, Trench 1, Backfilled Photograph 119, Trench 2, Context 2 (finish)

Figure 18, Trench 2, Context 2, Drawing Photograph 120, Trench 2, Backfilled

Photograph 121, Trench 6, Context 3/4 Photograph 122, Trench 6, Context 4, Chalk

Photograph 123, Trench 6, Context 4, Burnt Stones Photograph 124, Trench 6, Context 4 Page 38 Photograph 125, Trench 6, Contexts 3 & 4 Photograph 126, Trench 6, Contexts 3 & 4

2040

2030

2020

2010

2000

Figure 20, Trench 6, Surface Graphic 4 1990

2970 2980 2990 3000 3010 3020

Figure 19, Trenches and Base Line successfully surveyed

Photograph 127, Soil Sampling

Photograph 128, Trench 6, Context 4 Figure 21, Trench 6, Drawing, Context 3

Page 39 Photograph 129, Trench 6, Context 4 Photograph 130, Trench 6, Context 4

Day forty (6/11/11) Six members visited the site on an overcast, but mild, Autumn morning. Apart from excavating Trench 6, we took more soils samples (see page 42).

As more of Context 4 was going to be exposed, before doing so a drawing was made of Context 3 (see figure 21).

A string line was then hung between two metal stakes and the string was levelled using AIM’s line level. The stakes were inserted in an east-west orientation, 26 cms from the southern side of the Trench. Once excavations had definitely reached natural geology (see photographs 128, 129 and 130), measurements were taken and recorded in order to create a ‘section drawing’ showing the profile of the Context (see figure 22).

Within Context 4 of the extended Trench, we recorded large quantities of chalk. In total 225 pieces weighing 1.432kgs were found within this Context. A total of 18 large burnt stones weighed in at 2.845kgs.

As usual the artefacts were washed, cleaned and dried for further identification.

Trench 6 was backfilled and all the stakes and hazard warning tapes were collected.

The site was left in a condition similar to that in which we had found it 2 years before.

Figure 22, Trench 6, Context 4, Section Drawing, facing South

Page 40 Photograph 131, Bagged artefacts ready to despatch to professionals, who will identify and date them

Photograph 132, Artefacts ready to despatch to professionals, who will identify and date them

During the two year investigation, meticulous records were kept of all the excavated artefacts. The spreadsheets on pages 43 and 44 show the artefacts found by Trench and Context in the Inner and Outer Enclosures.

In late December 2011, all the pottery sherds were delivered to Paul Brinkhorn for him to identify and date. Paul’s results are on pages 47, 48 and 49.

In late January 2012, all the artefacts, except the pottery sherds, were taken to the Bucks Museum Resource Centre. A training day had been arranged at which three AIM members schooled in finds identification and the dates associated with them. The results are on pages 47 and 48.

Page 41

Soil Sampling October/November 2011

. . . 3 .

. 9

1 0

. 2 .

0 2

Figure 23,

The Large red squares indicate the spots where soil was removed for analysis purposes.

Soil Samples

Seven soil samples were taken during late October and early November 2011 - two inside and one outside, the Inner Enclosure, two inside and two outside, the Outer Enclosure.

The samples associated with the Inner Enclosure had the following ‘ph’ values; outside west (8 metres from bank) 5.25ph, inside (7.5 metres north and equidistant from the most northerly test pits) 6.25ph and outside east (8 metres) 5.5ph.

The samples associated with the Outer Enclosure showed the following ‘ph’ values; outside west (8 metres from bank) 4.75ph, inside west (5 metres from centre of test pit square) 5.75ph, inside east (5 metres from centre of test pit square) 6.25ph and outside east (8 metres from bank) 5.25ph.

Page 42 Burnt Stone 6 1 89 3 298 3203 Glazed Tile 3 4 5 1 1 6 1 12 3 17 1 Wood & Charcoal Misc. 222 7 6 No. grams No. grams No. 1392 No. 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 3 22 1 25 1 23 1 221 00 123 171 222 3 145 3 2845 18 Stone & Burnt Stone Chalk Inner Enclosure Pot Warren Wood Artefacts 2010/2011 Boilers Metal Bone 5 6 12 2 Wkd Flint 946 49 380 22 8 5 130 5 Tile Pottery Roof 18402 527 2909 130 285 36 280 13 43 5 1 1 3212 24 1392 222 12 12 507 7 grams No. grams No. grams No. grams No. grams No. grams No. grams Context 2 825Trench 22 6 2.25 sq M Context 1Context 2 17092Context 3 466Context 4Total 310 166 24Trench 10 54 7 2.25 sq 234 M 2177 2Context 21 1 76Context 2 186 46 6205 22 8 5 270 2827 6 182 38 21 104 25 4 187 4 3 5 28 1 5 23 1 20 1 5 6 28 2 378 2 Context 3Total 1325 5 2550 47 7 1 7 1 18 3 35 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 Context 3Total 937Trench 8 1 71 sq 9969 M Context 1 523 1080Context 2 89 1292 7530 122 155 2300 28 71 33 9 20 54 11 198 23 51 17 6 8 39 27 9 16 394 14 4 2 125 131 131 6 17 4 4 1 7 1 160 112 4 2 40 40 3 3 3 3 5 5 6 1 Trench 5 1 sq M Context 1 400 20 Context 3TotalGrand 99 Total 40850 1292 9929 7 195 4481 284 273 21 461 31 3 93 70 479 26 4 29 3 444 148 10 8 132 6 5 1 7 1 3394 29 0 1432 225 0 27 20 619 12

Spread sheet showing artefacts found in Trenches 5, 6, 7 and 8 in the Inner Enclosure

Page 43 7 1 49 1 135 1 Wood & Charcoal Misc. No. grams No. grams No. No. 0 0 0 0 0 0 191 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 Stone & Burnt stone Chalk Outer Enclosure 25 1 Pot Warren Wood Artefacts 2010/2011 Boilers Metal Bone 1 1 17 1 4 1 19 2 22 5 107 2 42 3 13 2 137 6 2 1 Wkd Flint 5 1 34 6 8 1 8 1 34 1 1 1 20 1 1 1 71 549 1546 00 00 0 0 81 423 383 00 00 0 0 341 52 393 00 00 36 3 9 2 17415 593 00 00 Tile Pottery Roof grams No. grams No. grams No. grams No. grams No. grams No. grams Grand Total 37 4 58 5 275 29 290 15 0 0 0 0 Context3Total 7 2 4 1 33 491 Context 2 29 1 Trench 3 1 sq M Context 1Context 2 Context 3 Total 1Trench 4 11 sq M Context 1 7 1 31 3 30 3 Trench 1 1 sq M Context 1 Context 2 Trench 2 1 sq M Context 1 Context 2 Context 3 Total Context 3 Total

Spread sheet showing artefacts found in Trenches 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the Outer Enclosure Page 44 Pottery from Warren Wood, Little Marlow, Bucks (Site WW10)

The pottery assemblage comprised 296 sherds with a total weight of 4229g. It comprised a mixture of Iron Age and medieval fabrics, indicating that there were two entirely separate phases of activity at the site, one in the Early Iron Age (c 9th – 5th century BC), and the other in the early 12th – early 13th century.

Prehistoric:

The following fabric types were noted:

F1: Sand and Flint. Moderate to dense sub-rounded quartz up to 0.5mm, most 0.2mm or less. Sparse angular white flint up to 1mm, some carbonized organic material. 94 sherds, 2423g . F2: Coarse flint. Moderate to dense angular white flint up to 2mm. Moderate to dense sub-rounded quartz up to 0.5mm, most 0.2mm or less, some carbonized organic material. 6 sherds, 51g.

F3: Fine flint. Rare to sparse sub-angular flint up to 0.5mm, sparse to moderate sub- rounded quartz up to 0.5mm, most 0.2mm or less, some carbonized organic material. Thin-walled, burnished vessels. 4 sherds, 17g.

F4: Shell. Sparse shell fragments up to 5mm, sparse sub-rounded quartz up to 0.5mm. Most of the calcareous inclusions had dissolved. 2 sherds, 36g.

The range of fabric types is typical of the Iron Age pottery of the region, and can be paral- leled at a number of sites, such as George Street, Aylesbury (Allen and Dalwood 1983) and Oxford Road, Stone (Last, 2001). Trench 6 produced all but three sherds of the Iron Age pottery from the site. Most of it consisted of plain bodysherds from different vessels, but all but two sherds from Trench 6, Context 3, were from a single vessel. The pot in question is a large jar (rim diameter = 300mm, 20% complete) which was partially reconstructed, and had a fingertipped rim and two rows of fingertip impressions on the outer body between the rim and shoulder. It is in reasonably good condition, although all the sherds are slightly abraded. The fabric is very soft however, so the attrition seems most likely to be due to bioturbation rather than redeposition via human activity. A large area of the lower body was also reconstructed, and it seems very likely that more of the vessel is stratified beyond the limits of the trench. The rim-form and decoration is very typical of the pottery of the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Age period in the south of England (Knight 2002), and suggests a date of the 9th – 5th century BC for the assemblage.

Medieval:

The medieval assemblage was recorded using the coding system of the Milton Keynes Ar- chaeological Unit type-series (e.g. Mynard and Zeepvat 1992; Zeepvat et al. 1994), as fol- lows:

MS3: Medieval Grey Sandy Wares. Mid 11th – late 14th century. 188 sherds, 1662g. MS9: Brill/Boarstall Ware. 1200-?1600. 1 sherd, 36g. TLMS3: Late Medieval Reduced Ware. Mid 14th – early 16th century. 1 sherd, 4g.

The pottery occurrence by number and weight of sherds per context by fabric type is shown in Table 1. Each date should be regarded as a terminus post quem. The bulk of the medieval pottery occurred in Trenches 6, 7 and 8.

Page 45 Most of the pottery comprised unglazed, sand-tempered wares which can all be regarded as part of the fabric MS3, Medieval Grey Sandy Ware tradition of Buckinghamshire. It would also appear that it is mainly of fairly local manufacture, as the fabric very similar to that of medieval wares from kiln- sites at Great Missenden (Ashworth 1983; Blinkhorn in press) and Denham (McCarthy and Brooks, 1988, 293). A few sherds were noted with vertical or diagonal incised decoration on the outer bod- ies. This is typical of the so-called ‘M40 Ware’ tradition (Hinton 1973). Such pottery was manufactured at the Denham kiln, and also at Camley Gardens, Maidenhead (Pike 1965). The Denham scored sherds are dated to the early 12th century in London (Vince 1985, 37), although the kiln itself produced an archaeomagnetic date for its final firing of AD1250 +/-20 (McCarthy and Brooks 1988, 293). The Camley Gardens wares usually have noticeable flint in the fabric, which the sherds from this site lack, so Denham seems the most likely source of the scored wares, and it is entirely possible that some of the plain sandy wares also come from that source. All the rimsherds in MS3 were from jars, and there were no obvious jug sherds anywhere amongst the assemblage. This is a trait more typical of the earlier part of the medieval period, as jugs are much more common in the later part of that era.

The largest group, from Trench 7 Context 3, is in good condition and the sherd size is fairly large. A number of vessels in the group are represented by more than one sherd, and the group appears to be the result of primary deposition, suggesting that there was medieval occupation in the immediate vicinity of the trench.

The only pottery which can be definitely dated to the 13th century is the fragment of Brill/Boarstall ware from Trench 1 Context 1. Such wares are usually very common on sites of the 13th – 14th century in Buckinghamshire. For example, this was the case at George Street, Aylesbury (Yeoman 1983), and suggests that activity at Warren Wood did not extend much beyond the beginning of the 13th century. In addition, glazed London Wares, which are known from sites in High Wycombe (eg. Thompson 2009) from the mid-late 12th century onwards, and Surrey Whitewares, which are common at places such as Maidenhead from the second quarter of the 13th century onwards (eg. Whit- tingham 2002, 89) are also absent, which reinforces this suggestion. The single sherd of TLMS3, dated to the 14th century, seems likely to be a stray find.

It would appear therefore that the medieval activity at this site was from the early 12th to the early 13th century, and may have started in the late 11th century.

Table 1: Pottery occurrence by number and weight (in g) of sherds per context by fabric type

F1 F2 F3 F4 MS3 MS9 TLMS3 Tr Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date 1 1 1 36 13thC 2 2 1 9 IA 3 1 1 7 M11thC 4 1 1 5 IA 4 3 1 2 IA 5 3 1 4 M14thC 6 1 2 28 2 36 16 95 M11thC 6 2 13 264 1 19 2 8 5 25 M11thC 6 3 70 2060 2 16 LBA 6 4 5 71 2 9 IA 7 1 5 24 M11thC 7 2 27 171 M11thC 7 3 103 1071 M11thC 8 1 11 50 M11thC 8 2 17 200 M11thC 8 3 3 19 M11thC Total 94 2423 6 51 4 17 2 36 188 1662 1 36 1 4

Page 46 All the artefacts, except the pottery sherds, were delivered to the Bucks Museum Resource Centre for identification and dating in late January 2012.

A couple of weeks later we received their report. The results for the Inner and Outer Enclosures are on this, and the following page. Comments are on page 49.

Inner Enclosure Trench 5 C1 Wood – is this secure context? Possibly intrusive? Not apparently ancient - discard Misc – unworked natural stone, but presumably not native to site 2 x flint flakes 1 x flat stone, possible signs of polish/wear C2 4 x natural flint - discard 1 x (?possible) flake C3 3 x flakes

Trench 6 C1 Piece marked as bone is modern wood fragment - discard Piece marked flint core – natural – discard 1 x burnt flint 4 x Natural flint/quartz discard 16 x natural flint – discard 8 x flakes C2 4 x burnt flint 4 x burnt other stone 3 x natural flint – discard C3 4 x natural flint 1 x flint flake 2 x iron fragments 1 x burnt flint C4 3 x natural flint - discard 1 x nut – discard 18 x Burnt pebbles - ? possible hearth? Trench 7 C1 Shotgun cartridge – discard 1 x natural stone – discard 1 x natural flint – discard 4 x flint flakes C2 1 x iron frag 4 x flint flakes 2 x natural stone – discard 1 x iron slag C3 Bone – sheep? Small deer? 5 x natural stone – discard Potboiler – discard 4 x flint flakes Wood/charcoal – is this from a secure context – wood appears to be modern. If not secure, discard Trench 8 C1 1 x iron object 3 x flint flakes 6 x natural flint – discard 6 x burnt stone C2 1 x burnt stone 17 x natural stone - discard C3 4 x natural stone - discard

Page 47 Outer Enclosure

Trench 1 C1 Shotgun cartridge – discard 1 x Pot boiler – no evidence of burning – natural - discard 1 x Flint flake

C2 1 x Flint – natural - discard Potboilers – natural - discard

Trench 2 C1 2 x Burnt flint 2 x Natural stone - discard

C2 1 x Burnt flint

Trench 3 C1 1 x Flint flake 2 x Natural flint - discard 3 x Burnt stone

C2 5 x Flint flake 2 x Burnt stone

C3 1 x Burnt stone 1 x Split stone – unworked 1 x Flint – natural – discard

Trench 4 C1 Fossil sea urchin - discard 1 x burnt flint 1 x flint flake 4 x natural flint – discard

C2 1 x burnt stone 3 x tile fragments 3 x natural flints - discard 3 x flint flakes

C3 2 x tile fragments 1 x burnt stone 3 x flint flakes

Photographs 133 & 134, 7 connecting Iron Age pottery sherds with finger indentations, Trench 6, Context 3

Page 48 Comments

Although a number of the flints should now be discarded as natural, there are still a considerable number of flakes showing evidence of flintworking. They all appear to be from a late Neolithic or Bronze Age tradition, although the very small number of blades would point towards more of a Bronze Age date.

The significant amount of burnt stone and flint suggests that a fire was in repeated regular use in the vicinity. Could the group of large burnt pebbles T6/C4 be a hearth base? Need to check excavation context.

The iron fragments are all very heavily corroded, and are unidentifiable by visual inspec- tion. It is possible that X-ray could reveal more, but this would be costly.

There were three pieces of heavily abraded pot, included with the bulk tile, although the Trench number is illegible on the bag, they are marked context three. They are handmade, with large angular flint/quartz inclusions, suggesting a possible iron age date. These need to be traced back to their correct trench.

Tile

There is only one tile fabric present, although some of it is much harder, with a pink colour – this has been accidentally overfired. There are also some pieces with apparent glaze on –this is again accidental overfiring, where salts from the clay have vitrified.

There is an unusually high number of failed pegholes – where the hole has not been pushed all the way through.

One tile fragment from Trench 8 is curved, but is more likely to be a manufacturing fault than a ridge tile.

All of the tile could be dated to the late medieval/early post medieval period, c.1400-1700. Due to the lack of change in manufacturing methods over this period, it is hard to be more precise. The very large amount of tile recovered from the trenches suggests a substantial tile roofed building in the immediate vicinity. Since almost all of the pottery from the site pre-dates the tile, it is possible that a non-domestic tiled building, such as a barn, was a later phase of use of the site.

Although not archaeologically significant, two interesting fragments were noted - One from T6/C1 has a leaf fossil on the underside, and one sherd from T6/C2 has a distinct thumb print.

Now it has been weighed and counted, much of the tile can be discarded, preferably back on site, to prevent future confusion. It is suggested that examples be kept from each context, specifically showing peg holes, failed peg holes, and edges/corners.

Page 49 A Summary of the Evidence

The original objective of the investigations at Warren Wood was to firmly date this Medieval site.

Within the inner enclosure, the outer sides of the four test pits were 12 metres apart; therefore by multiplying the outside measurements, the square encompassing all four test pits had an area of 144 square metres.

The evidence uncovered within the enclosures fell into six categories. Artefacts mentioned below were found within test pits 5, 6, 7 and 8 in the inner enclosure, except where stated otherwise (see page 5 for test pit layout).

Pottery - Medieval

The Medieval pottery, identified and dated by Paul Blinkhorn, was mostly Medieval Grey Sandy Ware, probably manufactured at the Denham kiln, dating from the mid-eleventh to the late 14th centuries (188 out of 190 sherds).

The spreads of pottery within test pits 5, 6, 7 and 8, indicate that test pit 7 had the most pottery/square metre with test pit 5 revealing only one piece of pot. Only one sherd of medieval pottery was found in the outer enclosure.

Roof Tile

The roof tile excavated from test pits 5, 6, 7 and 8 was dated between the 12th and 14th centuries by the Bucks Museum Resource Centre. Only 4 pieces of roof tile were found in the outer enclosure.

The spreads of roof tile within test pits 5, 6, 7 and 8 indicate that test pit 8 had the most roof tile/square metre with test pit 5 accounting for only 10% of the roof tile.

Based on the roof tile weights from test pit 8, one can speculate that at least 1.4 tonnes of this material was used to construct the roof of a building within the inner enclosure.

Pottery - Iron Age

A pit was identified in test pit 6 (context 4) dating from well before medieval times. Of the 82 pre-medieval pottery sherds, excavated from the inner and outer enclosures, 79 were excavated from test pit 6. The vast majority of these 79 pottery sherds, almost certainly originating from one pot, dated from the Bronze Age, or the early Iron Age. Some of theses sherds fitted together indicating a rim diameter of 30cms. In addition, 222 out of 225 pieces of chalk were found within test pit 6, along with 18 burnt stones which weighed nearly 3 kilograms.

Flints

Significant numbers of large pieces of flint were found in clusters in all the test pits in the Inner Enclosure. Al- though the flints were not counted, nor weighed, it is estimated that each test pit, in the Inner enclosure, contained between 50 and 100 kilograms, which had almost certainly been imported into the area. These flints were mixed up with roof tile and pottery sherds. The flints may have formed parts of structures, as the evidence pointed to a tumble of building and domestic materials. Very few flints were excavated from the outer enclosure test pits.

Although weights were not recorded, the photographic evidence would indicate that at least 50 kilograms of large flints were present in each of the test pits 5, 6, 7 and 8. If this figure is multiplied up to cover the whole 12 metre square area, a very approximate figure of 7.2 tonnes of flints can be arrived at.

Worked Flints

Many suspected worked flints were unearthed by trainee excavators on the site for later identification. Of the 114 sent for identification, only 44 proved to be ‘man made’. Roughly twice as many worked flint pieces were found in the Outer Enclosure, as in the Inner Enclosure (see page 30 for an example). However, 30 out of 37 suspected ‘Pot Boilers’ (Largish Flints heated in a fire and then dropped into containers of water, so that the

Page 50 Miscellaneous Artefacts

Ten metal artefacts were found; all in the inner enclosure. Of these, one piece was identified as slag (see page 26).

Included in the five bone artefacts was a complete bone (see pages 30 and 31). All the bones artefacts were found within the Inner enclosure.

The vast majority of Chalk pieces was found in close proximity to the late Iron Age pottery sherds (Test pit 6, Inner Enclosure). The collection of burnt stones (nearly 3 kilograms, see page 38) were found in the same area. No chalk, nor burnt stones, were found in the Outer Enclosure.

Only 18 pieces of charcoal and wood, weighing 23gms, were excavated; all from the Inner Enclosure.

Soil Analysis

Seven soil samples were analysed, using a garden PH tester, which showed average readings inside the inner enclosure of 6.25ph and inside the outer enclosure of 6.00ph. The average readings taken from the outside of the inner enclosure were 5.38ph and those from outside the outer enclosure were 5.00ph.

Conclusions

Inner Enclosure

Map 3 on page 5 has test pits 5, 6, 7 and 8 superimposed on a resistivity grid. This resistivity survey suggests that there is more disturbance in the area of test pits 7 and 8. Practical investigation proved this to be the case.

Our aim specifically to date the site more accurately resulted in an increase of possibilities, rather than a decrease!

Most of the Medieval pottery sherds were dated from the mid-eleventh century onwards. However, the roof tile fragments were dated from the thirteenth century onwards. The perplexing aspect here is that significant quantities of roof tile were mixed in with the pottery sherds. In fact, significant amounts of roof tile pieces were located in contexts below those which yielded pottery sherds.

Test pit 7 contained much more Medieval pottery sherds than any other test pit; in addition the presence of animal bones indicate the probability of a kitchen/cooking area being close by.

It can be argued that a large quantity of large flints, plus substantial quantities of roof tile, indicate a building, or buildings, of a relatively high standard.

Using extremely rough guesswork, if the 12 x 12 metre square containing the test pits revealed the same concentration of roof tile that was unearthed from the test pits, the roof area would have been 6 square metres, indicating a building (allowing for a 30 degree angled roof), that would have measured approximately 2 metres wide by 2.5 metres long. If the 12 metre square had been a 17 metre square, and the tile spread were similar, a building 2.5 metres by 4 metres could be feasible, and so on.

The mixture of large flint pieces, roof tile and pottery sherds, indicate that a building, or buildings, had been demolished at some time, rather than just falling into disrepair.

Although accurate dating has still not been achieved, it appears that the site was occupied from around 1050AD until 1400AD, but probably not much later.

Unexpectedly, Late Bronze Age/early Iron Age pottery was found in test pit 6, context 4. Also, many chalk pieces and a quantity of burnt stones were located within this context. The site had obviously been in use for many years prior to Medieval times. Flint flakes (27) and pot boilers (18) were also identified within the Inner Enclosure test pits (probably late Neolithic, or early Bronze Age).

Page 51 Outer Enclosure

The evidence for Medieval activity is sparse within the Outer Enclosure. It has been suggested that if the Inner Enclosure had a building, or buildings, the Outer Enclosure would have been used for keep- ing animals (possibly wild boar). Although soil testing indicated a higher degree of organic matter inside both Enclosures, this evidence was not considered to be archaeologically significant.

The evidence of 17 pieces of worked flint and 12 pot boilers suggests that humans were around probably in the late Neolithic, or early Bronze Age eras and the three sherds of Iron Age pot also sug- gest a human presence well before Medieval times.

…………...

Training

The second objective at Warren Wood was to give good training to all those who helped investigate the site.

Both AIM members and visitors were taught some, if not all, of the following practices, depending on the frequency of their visits.

Surveying works, using a Total Station, an Optical Square, GPS units and 50 metre measuring tapes Research and site interpretation Test pit layout procedures, preparation and ongoing maintenance Excavation and sieving techniques Artefact identification (including a training session at Halton) Artefact washing and cleaning Artefact deposition (bagging techniques), storage and conservation requirements Artefact weighing, counting and photographing Artefact storage requirements Written records of contexts, plans, soil profiles, small finds, etc. Maintaining and updating test pit records in writing and photographically Maintaining correct test pit dimensions and their shape Making plan drawing of test pits Using a metal detector to locate metal artefacts prior to excavation Still and video photography Cleaning up test pits and ensuring hazard tape is put in place Soil sampling and analysis Report writing and proof reading

……………

Future Investigations

In March 2012, further investigations into Warren Wood will commence. It is planned that more work will be conducted in the Inner Enclosure and that another Enclosure just over 500 metres away will be investigated during the year.

Page 52 Bibliography

Boarder AWF, 1975. Notes from visit to Warren Wood by Roger Carter - unpublished, but held at Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) Aylesbury. Boarder AWF and Carter RF, 1978. Research Notes - Medieval Site in Warren Wood, unpublished, but held at SMR Aylesbury. British Geological Survey, 1996. London and the Thames Valley. Chambers RA, "A Deserted Medieva Farmstead at Sadler's Wood, Lewknor", Oxoniensia Vol XXXVIII (1973) pages 146 - 169 Dr A Williams & Prof GH Martin, Domesday Book, 2002. A Complete Translation. Easterbrook BD, "A Medieval Earthwork at Stokenchurch" Records of Bucks Vol 20 (1977) pages 667 - 669 Gardiner E, (MB [Cantab] FSA), 1924. A Triple Banked Enclosure on Chobham Common, Surrey Hampshire County Council, 1981. Hampshire Treasures, Volume 5 (New Forest). Archaeological Collections, Vol 35, Hertfordshire County Council, 2004. Historic Environment Record - Earthwork Marginia Wick, Sarratt’, Ref- erence - HER 0885 Lipscomb, George, 1847. The Hundred of Desborough, Bucks, History and Antiquities of the County of Bucks, Vol 3. Parker & Boarder, 1969-74. Fillington Wood Investigations. Parker RF and Boarder AWF, 1991, A medieval settlement at Fillington Wood, West Wycombe. Records of Bucks 33. Pike A, 1995. Earthwork Enclosures in the Buckinghamshire Chilterns - Chiltern Archaeology: Recent work. Secker D, 2005. A survey of earthworks and structural remains at Bray’s Wood, The Lee. Records of Bucks 45. Sites and Monuments Record, 2006. Earthwork at Bloom Wood, Little Marlow. SMR No. CAS 1176. Buck- inghamshire County Council, Victoria County History, 1925. A History of Buckinghamshire III. Victoria County History, Berkshire, Vol II, page 343, The Close Rolls April 1233 Wilson D, 1975. Notes from investigation - unpublished, but held at SMR Aylesbury.

Pottery Report Bibliography

Allen, D, and Dalwood, CH, 1983, Iron Age Occupation, a Middle Saxon Cemetery, and Twelfth to Nine- teenth Century Urban Occupation: Excavations in George Street, Aylesbury, 1981 - Records of Bucking- hamshire 25, 1 – 60 Ashworth, H, 1983, Evidence for a Medieval Pottery Industry at Potter Row, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. Records of Buckinghamshire 25, 153-9 Blinkhorn, P, in press, Pottery from Granary Cottage, Great Missenden, Bucks Network Archaeology Hinton, DA, 1973, M.40 Ware Oxoniensia 38, 181- 3 Knight, D, 2002, A Regional Ceramic Sequence: Pottery of the First Millennium BC between the Humber and the Nene in A Woodward and JD Hill, eds, Prehistoric Britain. The Ceramic Basis Prehistoric Ceramic Research Group Occasional Publication 3, 119-142 Last, J, 2001, Pottery in C Gibson, A Late Bronze Age to Roman Site at the Former Nurses Home, Oxford Road, Stone, Buckinghamshire Records of Buckinghamshire 41, 55-58 Marney, PT, 1989, Roman and Belgic Pottery from Excavations in Milton Keynes, 1972-82 Buckinghamshire Archaeol Soc Monog Ser 2 McCarthy, MR and Brooks, CM, 1988, Medieval Pottery in Britain AD900-1600 Leicester University Press Mellor, M, 1994 Oxford Pottery: A Synthesis of middle and late Saxon, medieval and early post-medieval pottery in the Oxford Region Oxoniensia 59, 17-217 Mynard, DC and Zeepvat RJ, 1992, Great Linford Bucks Archaeol Soc Monog Ser 3 Pike, G, 1965, A medieval pottery kiln site on the Camley Gardens Estate, Maidenhead, Berkshire Archaeol J 62, 22-33 Thompson, P, 2009, The Pottery in Pozorski, Z, Land to Rear of 18 Crendon Street, High Wycombe, Buck- inghamshire: An Archaeological Evaluation Archaeological Solutions Ltd Vince, AG, 1985, The Saxon and Medieval Pottery of London: A review - Medieval Archaeology 29, 25-93 Whittingham, L, 2022, The Pottery in S Foreman, J Hiller and D Petts - Gathering the People, settling the land. The Archaeology of a Middle Thames Landscape - Oxford Archaeology Thames Valley Landscapes Monog 14, 87-91 and CD-ROM Yeoman, PA, 1983, The Medieval Pottery in Allen and Dalwood, 1983, 20 - 29 Zeepvat, RJ, Roberts, JS and King, NA, 1994, Caldecotte, Milton Keynes. Excavation and Fieldwork 1966- 91 Bucks Archaeol Soc Monog Ser 4 Page 53 Thanks to

Messrs Anthony and Richard Mash for allowing us to have access to their land

Mr Ian Cook (Oxford Archaeology) for his advice and help

Mr Alex (Sandy) Kidd (Senior Archaeologist for Buckinghamshire) for his advice and help

Mr Geoff Deakin for his Resistivity work

Mr Paul Blinkhorn for his pottery identification and dating work.

The Bucks Museum Resource Centre

Ann Pitwell, Sarah Greenhous, Andy Ford, Gerry Palmer and Jeff Griffiths for their proof reading

Southgate Packing, MacFarlane Packaging and Directa for their donations of ‘mingrip bags’ used as ‘finds’ bags’ for the project.

AIM members, Richard Mash, Dave Greenwood, Gerry Platten, Jeff Griffiths, Brian Vallis, Ray Balkwell, Gerry & Rose Palmer, Ann Pitwell, John Laker, Sarah Greenhous, David Axworthy, Andy & Dominic Ford, Kathy & Phillip Bragg, Rani Majid, Emily Harris, Emma Bond, Brendan Moss, Chloe Bond, Sophie Edwards, Kevin Gay, Claudia Thiekle, Sean Cannon, Arren Ariel, Hannah Colling, Bob Stone and Maretha Lodge.

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