Thermodynamic Dissipation Theory for the Origin of Life
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Chemistry Grade Level 10 Units 1-15
COPPELL ISD SUBJECT YEAR AT A GLANCE GRADE HEMISTRY UNITS C LEVEL 1-15 10 Program Transfer Goals ● Ask questions, recognize and define problems, and propose solutions. ● Safely and ethically collect, analyze, and evaluate appropriate data. ● Utilize, create, and analyze models to understand the world. ● Make valid claims and informed decisions based on scientific evidence. ● Effectively communicate scientific reasoning to a target audience. PACING 1st 9 Weeks 2nd 9 Weeks 3rd 9 Weeks 4th 9 Weeks Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1.5 wks 2 wks 1.5 wks 2 wks 3 wks 5.5 wks 1.5 2 2.5 2 wks 2 2 2 wks 1.5 1.5 wks wks wks wks wks wks wks Assurances for a Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum Adherence to this scope and sequence affords every member of the learning community clarity on the knowledge and skills on which each learner should demonstrate proficiency. In order to deliver a guaranteed and viable curriculum, our team commits to and ensures the following understandings: Shared Accountability: Responding -
Prebiological Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Life
Prebiological Evolution and the Andrew J. Pratt* Metabolic Origins of Life University of Canterbury Keywords Abiogenesis, origin of life, metabolism, hydrothermal, iron Abstract The chemoton model of cells posits three subsystems: metabolism, compartmentalization, and information. A specific model for the prebiological evolution of a reproducing system with rudimentary versions of these three interdependent subsystems is presented. This is based on the initial emergence and reproduction of autocatalytic networks in hydrothermal microcompartments containing iron sulfide. The driving force for life was catalysis of the dissipation of the intrinsic redox gradient of the planet. The codependence of life on iron and phosphate provides chemical constraints on the ordering of prebiological evolution. The initial protometabolism was based on positive feedback loops associated with in situ carbon fixation in which the initial protometabolites modified the catalytic capacity and mobility of metal-based catalysts, especially iron-sulfur centers. A number of selection mechanisms, including catalytic efficiency and specificity, hydrolytic stability, and selective solubilization, are proposed as key determinants for autocatalytic reproduction exploited in protometabolic evolution. This evolutionary process led from autocatalytic networks within preexisting compartments to discrete, reproducing, mobile vesicular protocells with the capacity to use soluble sugar phosphates and hence the opportunity to develop nucleic acids. Fidelity of information transfer in the reproduction of these increasingly complex autocatalytic networks is a key selection pressure in prebiological evolution that eventually leads to the selection of nucleic acids as a digital information subsystem and hence the emergence of fully functional chemotons capable of Darwinian evolution. 1 Introduction: Chemoton Subsystems and Evolutionary Pathways Living cells are autocatalytic entities that harness redox energy via the selective catalysis of biochemical transformations. -
The Spillway Design for the Dam's Height Over 300 Meters
E3S Web of Conferences 40, 05009 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005009 River Flow 2018 The spillway design for the dam’s height over 300 meters Weiwei Yao1,*, Yuansheng Chen1, Xiaoyi Ma2,3,* , and Xiaobin Li4 1 Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. 2 Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Land and Resources. 3 College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China. 4 Powerchina Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, Guizhou, 550081, China. Abstract˖According the current hydropower development plan in China, numbers of hydraulic power plants with height over 300 meters will be built in the western region of China. These hydraulic power plants would be in crucial situation with the problems of high water head, huge discharge and narrow riverbed. Spillway is the most common structure in power plant which is used to drainage and flood release. According to the previous research, the velocity would be reaching to 55 m/s and the discharge can reach to 300 m3/s.m during spillway operation in the dam height over 300 m. The high velocity and discharge in the spillway may have the problems such as atomization nearby, slides on the side slope and river bank, Vibration on the pier, hydraulic jump, cavitation and the negative pressure on the spill way surface. All these problems may cause great disasters for both project and society. This paper proposes a novel method for flood release on high water head spillway which is named Rumei hydropower spillway located in the western region of China. -
A Chemical Engineering Perspective on the Origins of Life
Processes 2015, 3, 309-338; doi:10.3390/pr3020309 processesOPEN ACCESS ISSN 2227-9717 www.mdpi.com/journal/processes Article A Chemical Engineering Perspective on the Origins of Life Martha A. Grover *, Christine Y. He, Ming-Chien Hsieh and Sheng-Sheng Yu School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (C.Y.H.); [email protected] (M.-C.H.); [email protected] (S.-S.Y.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-404-894-2878 or +1-404-894-2866. Academic Editor: Michael Henson Received: 29 January 2015 / Accepted: 19 April 2015 / Published: 5 May 2015 Abstract: Atoms and molecules assemble into materials, with the material structure determining the properties and ultimate function. Human-made materials and systems have achieved great complexity, such as the integrated circuit and the modern airplane. However, they still do not rival the adaptivity and robustness of biological systems. Understanding the reaction and assembly of molecules on the early Earth is a scientific grand challenge, and also can elucidate the design principles underlying biological materials and systems. This research requires understanding of chemical reactions, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, optimization, and control. Thus, the discipline of chemical engineering can play a central role in advancing the field. In this paper, an overview of research in the origins field is given, with particular emphasis on the origin of biopolymers and the role of chemical engineering phenomena. A case study is presented to highlight the importance of the environment and its coupling to the chemistry. -
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Introduction Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) is one of the so-called hyphenated analytical techniques. As the name implies, it is actually two techniques that are combined to form a single method of analyzing mixtures of chemicals. Gas chromatography separates the components of a mixture and mass spectroscopy characterizes each of the components individually. By combining the two techniques, an analytical chemist can both qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate a solution containing a number of chemicals. Gas Chromatography In general, chromatography is used to separate mixtures of chemicals into individual components. Once isolated, the components can be evaluated individually. In all chromatography, separation occurs when the sample mixture is introduced (injected) into a mobile phase. In liquid chromatography (LC), the mobile phase is a solvent. In gas chromatography (GC), the mobile phase is an inert gas such as helium. The mobile phase carries the sample mixture through what is referred to as a stationary phase. The stationary phase is usually a chemical that can selectively attract components in a sample mixture. The stationary phase is usually contained in a tube of some sort called a column. Columns can be glass or stainless steel of various dimensions. The mixture of compounds in the mobile phase interacts with the stationary phase. Each compound in the mixture interacts at a different rate. Those that interact the fastest will exit (elute from) the column first. Those that interact slowest will exit the column last. By changing characteristics of the mobile phase and the stationary phase, different mixtures of chemicals can be separated. -
Opportunities for Catalysis in the 21St Century
Opportunities for Catalysis in The 21st Century A Report from the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES ADVISORY COMMITTEE SUBPANEL WORKSHOP REPORT Opportunities for Catalysis in the 21st Century May 14-16, 2002 Workshop Chair Professor J. M. White University of Texas Writing Group Chair Professor John Bercaw California Institute of Technology This page is intentionally left blank. Contents Executive Summary........................................................................................... v A Grand Challenge....................................................................................................... v The Present Opportunity .............................................................................................. v The Importance of Catalysis Science to DOE.............................................................. vi A Recommendation for Increased Federal Investment in Catalysis Research............. vi I. Introduction................................................................................................ 1 A. Background, Structure, and Organization of the Workshop .................................. 1 B. Recent Advances in Experimental and Theoretical Methods ................................ 1 C. The Grand Challenge ............................................................................................. 2 D. Enabling Approaches for Progress in Catalysis ..................................................... 3 E. Consensus Observations and Recommendations.................................................. -
22 Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer
MODULE Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer Biochemistry 22 Notes CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETER 22.1 INTRODUCTION We know that the biochemistry or biological chemistry deals with the study of molecules present in organisms. These molecules are called as biomolecules and they form the basic unit of every cell. These include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. To study the biomolecules and to know their function, they have to be obtained in purified form. Purification of the biomolecules includes many physical and chemical methods. This topic gives about two of the commonly used methods namely, chromatography and mass spectrometry. These methods deals with purification and separation of biomolecules namely, protein and nucleic acids. OBJECTIVES After reading this lesson, you will be able to: z define the chromatography and mass spectrometry z describe the principle and important types of chromatographic methods z describe the principle and components of a mass spectrometer z enlist types of mass spectrometer z describe various uses of mass spectrometry 22.2 CHROMATOGRAPHY When we have a mixture of colored small beads, it is easily separated by visual examination. The same holds true for many chemical molecules. In 1903, 280 BIOCHEMISTRY Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer MODULE Mikhail, a botanist (person studies plants) described the separation of leaf Biochemistry pigments (different colors) in solution by using solid adsorbents. He named this method of separation called chromatography. It comes from two Greek words: chroma – colour graphein – to write/detect Modern separation methods are based on different types of chromatographic methods. The basic principle of any chromatography is due to presence of two Notes phases: z Mobile phase – substances to be separated are mixed with this fluid; it may be gas or liquid; it continues moves through the chromatographic instrument z Stationary phase – it does not move; it is packed inside a column; it is a porous matrix that helps in separation of substances present in sample. -
The History of Planet Earth
SECOND EDITION Earth’s Evolving The History of Systems Planet Earth Ronald Martin, Ph.D. University of Delaware Newark, Delaware © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284457162_FMxx_00i_xxii.indd 1 07/11/16 1:46 pm World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000 [email protected] www.jblearning.com Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com. Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to [email protected]. Copyright © 2018 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. The content, statements, views, and opinions herein are the sole expression of the respective authors and not that of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, and such reference shall not be used for advertis- ing or product endorsement purposes. -
The Dissipation-Time Uncertainty Relation
The dissipation-time uncertainty relation Gianmaria Falasco∗ and Massimiliano Esposito† Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg (Dated: March 16, 2020) We show that the dissipation rate bounds the rate at which physical processes can be performed in stochastic systems far from equilibrium. Namely, for rare processes we prove the fundamental tradeoff hS˙eiT ≥ kB between the entropy flow hS˙ei into the reservoirs and the mean time T to complete a process. This dissipation-time uncertainty relation is a novel form of speed limit: the smaller the dissipation, the larger the time to perform a process. Despite operating in noisy environments, complex sys- We show in this Letter that the dissipation alone suf- tems are capable of actuating processes at finite precision fices to bound the pace at which any stationary (or and speed. Living systems in particular perform pro- time-periodic) process can be performed. To do so, we cesses that are precise and fast enough to sustain, grow set up the most appropriate framework to describe non- and replicate themselves. To this end, nonequilibrium transient operations. Namely, we unambiguously define conditions are required. Indeed, no process that is based the process duration by the first-passage time for an ob- on a continuous supply of (matter, energy, etc.) currents servable to reach a given threshold [20–23]. We first de- can take place without dissipation. rive a bound for the rate of the process r, uniquely spec- Recently, an intrinsic limitation on precision set by dis- ified by the survival probability that the process is not sipation has been established by thermodynamic uncer- yet completed at time t [24]. -
Dehydrogenation by Heterogeneous Catalysts
Dehydrogenation by Heterogeneous Catalysts Daniel E. Resasco School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Oklahoma Encyclopedia of Catalysis January, 2000 1. INTRODUCTION Catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes is an endothermic reaction, which occurs with an increase in the number of moles and can be represented by the expression Alkane ! Olefin + Hydrogen This reaction cannot be carried out thermally because it is highly unfavorable compared to the cracking of the hydrocarbon, since the C-C bond strength (about 246 kJ/mol) is much lower than that of the C-H bond (about 363 kJ/mol). However, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, dehydrogenation can be carried out with minimal C-C bond rupture. The strong C-H bond is a closed-shell σ orbital that can be activated by oxide or metal catalysts. Oxides can activate the C-H bond via hydrogen abstraction because they can form O-H bonds, which can have strengths comparable to that of the C- H bond. By contrast, metals cannot accomplish the hydrogen abstraction because the M- H bonds are much weaker than the C-H bond. However, the sum of the M-H and M-C bond strengths can exceed the C-H bond strength, making the process thermodynamically possible. In this case, the reaction is thought to proceed via a three centered transition state, which can be described as a metal atom inserting into the C-H bond. The C-H bond bridges across the metal atom until it breaks, followed by the formation of the corresponding M-H and M-C bonds.1 Therefore, dehydrogenation of alkanes can be carried out on oxides as well as on metal catalysts. -
Foundations of Complex Life: Evolution, Preservation and Detection on Earth and Beyond
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Astrobiology Institute Annual Science Report 2016 Team Report: Foundations of Complex Life: Evolution, Preservation and Detection on Earth and Beyond, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Foundations of Complex Life Evolution, Preservation and Detection on Earth and Beyond Lead Institution: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Team Overview Foundations of Complex Life is a research project investigating the early evolution and preservation of complex life on Earth. We seek insight into the early evolution and preservation of complex life by refining our ability to identify evidence of environmental and biological change in the late Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic eras. Better understanding how signatures of life and environment are preserved will guide how and where to look for evidence for life elsewhere in the universe—directly supporting the Curiosity mission on Mars and helping set strategic goals for future explorations of the Solar System and studies of the early Earth. Our Team pursues these questions under five themes: I. The earliest history of animals: We use methods from molecular biology, experimental taphonomy, and paleontology to explore what caused the early divergence of animals. Principal Investigator: II. Paleontology, sedimentology, and geochemistry: We track the origin of complex Roger Summons protists and animals from their biologically simple origins by documenting the stratigraphy, isotopic records, and microfossil assemblages of well-preserved rock successions from 1200 to 650 million years ago. III. A preservation-induced oxygen tipping point: We investigate how changes in the preservation of organic carbon may have driven the Neoproterozoic oxygenation of the oceans coincident with the appearance of complex life. -
Sustainable Catalysis
Green Process Synth 2016; 5: 231–232 Book review Sustainable catalysis DOI 10.1515/gps-2016-0016 Sustainable catalysis provides an excellent in-depth over- view of the applications of non-endangered elements in Michael North (Ed.) all aspects of catalysis from heterogeneous to homogene- Sustainable catalysis: with non-endangered metals ous, from catalyst supports to ligands. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015 Four volumes of the book series are divided into RSC Green Chemistry series nos. 38–41 two sub-topics devoted to (i) metal-based catalysts and Part 1 (ii) catalysts without metals or other endangered ele- Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-638-1 ments. Each sub-topic comprises of two books due to the PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-211-6 detailed analysis of catalytic applications described. All Part 2 chapters are written by the world-leading researchers in Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-639-8 the area; however, covering far beyond the scope of their PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-642-8 immediate research interests, which makes the book par- ticularly valuable for a wide range of readers. Sustainable catalysis: without metals or other Sustainable catalysis: with non-endangered metals endangered elements begins with a very brief chapter which describes the Part 1 concept of elemental sustainability, overviewing the Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-640-4 abundance of the critical elements and perspectives on PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-209-3 sustainable catalysts. The chapters follow the groups of EPUB eISBN: 978-1-78262-752-4 the periodic table from left to right, from alkaline metals to Part 2 lead spanning 22 chapters.