Newsletter the CIRJE Has Promoted and Continued to Support Conferences and Workshops Over the Years
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Japan and the Asian Financial Crisis: the Role of Financial Supervision in Restoring Growth
Japan and the Asian Financial Crisis: The Role of Financial Supervision in Restoring Growth Takatoshi Ito Institute of Economic Research Hitotsubashi University Working Paper Series Vol.99-10 July 1999 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. No part of this article may be used reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in articles and reviews. For information, please write to the Centre. The International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development, Kitakyushu Japan and the Asian Financial Crisis: The Role of Financial Supervision in Restoring Growth Takatoshi Ito Summary The crises of the Japanese and Asian economies in 1997-98 are reflection of the regional interdependence. One of the factors contributing to the baht devaluation of July 2, 1997 was yen depreciation vis-à-vis the US dollar in 1995-1997. The weak Japanese economy and the Asian economies mutually reinforced each other in the fall of 1997. Both Japan and many Asian countries suffer from structural weakness in the banking system. Japanese banks are beset with nonperforming loans due to a sharp decline in land prices, and many Asian banks are burdened by excessive borrowing from abroad or nonperforming loans due to sharp currency depreciation. Japan and Asian countries did not have a legal framework to close insolvent banks before the crisis, which contributed to a protracted resolution of the problem. The current downturn of the Japanese economy was triggered by the tax hike of April 1997. -
“Interventions and Japanese Economic Recovery” Takatoshi Ito* Graduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo
YenMacro(Michigan2004)v1 “Interventions and Japanese Economic Recovery” Takatoshi Ito* Graduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo 1. Introduction The Japanese monetary authorities (the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan) intervened in the yen/dollar market, selling 35 trillion yen, during the 15-month period from January 2003 to March 2004. The size of interventions were unusually large, reaching 7 percent of GDP, and exceeding the total amount of interventions during the 11-year period from April 1991 to December 2002. Why did the Japanese authorities intervene with such a large amount? This paper attempts to explain possible reasons and objectives behind interventions conducted by the Japanese monetary authorities in 2003 and 2004, and to discuss whether interventions achieved presumed objectives, flexible but rational foreign exchange markets and economic recovery. In the discussion of interventions, it is necessary to pay a significant attention to macroeconomic conditions, as decisions of interventions should be explained in the context of macroeconomic conditions at the time. When the 15-month episode of interventions started in January 2003, the Japanese economy was in a very weak condition. Several major banks were regarded in the market to be near-insolvent if proper accounting and evaluation of assets were applied.1 Deflation was worsening and the growth rate was very low. The stock prices were declining sharply. The start of intervention in January 2003 was to keep the yen from appreciating in the midst of financial and macroeconomic weakness. The stock prices continued to go down until April, and the economy looked quite fragile in the spring. -
Can the Sun Rise Again
A Background Paper for the AEA Session, January 5, 2004 December 19, 2003 The Heisei Recession: An Overview Koichi Hamada Yale University 1 © International Insolvency Institute – www.iiiglobal.org Abstract The prolonged recession in recent Japan continues much longer than a decade. One observes exciting policy-related discussions over the diagnosis and the effective prescriptions to the problem. Gradually, academic economists have been accumulating scientific investigations into the nature and the causes of this "great" recession. Economic theory faces a test of its applicability in the light of the novel situation, unobserved in the world economy at least after World War II, where the price is falling, the short-term interest approaches virtually the zero limit, and the demand for money is insatiable. This paper in an attempt to relate current policy debates to economic theory and some empirical results. The causes of this long recession certain include real factors such as the slowing down of the capacity growth, and difficulty of the adjustment of the Japanese institutions to changing environment. At the same time, one cannot neglect the effect of abrupt monetary contraction in the early 1990s, and resulting collapses of asset bubbles, which triggered the inefficacy of financial intermediation. However, since the most acute symptom of this recession is continuing recession, the first-hand remedies should be sought in monetary policy. The traditional interest policy or the policy to increase base money is limited. Purchase of long-term government bonds, and interventions in the exchange market are still effective policies to solve the situation. Moreover, inflation targeting or price-level targeting will be the most appropriate policy prescription in Japan where the liquidity trap persists because of a kind of liquidity trap. -
ITO 9781785360121 PRINT.Indd
References Aizenman, Joshua, 2015. ‘Internationalization of the RMB, Capital Market Openness and Financial Reforms in China’, Pacific Economic Review, 20(3), pp. 444–60. Allayannis, George, Jane Ihrig and James P. Weston, 2001. ‘Exchange-Rate Hedging: Financial vs. Operational Strategies’, American Economic Review Papers & Proceedings, 91(2), pp. 391–5. Bacchetta, Philippe and Eric van Wincoop, 2003. ‘Why Do Consumer Prices React Less Than Import Prices to Exchange Rates?’, Journal of European Economic Association, 1(2–3), pp. 662–70. Bacchetta, Philippe and Eric van Wincoop, 2005. ‘A Theory of the Currency Denomination of International Trade’, Journal of International Economics, 67(2), pp. 295–319. Bartram, Söhnke M., Gregory W. Brown and Bernadette A. Minton, 2010. ‘Resolving the Exposure Puzzle: The Many Facets of Exchange Rate Exposure’, Journal of Financial Economics, 95, pp. 148–73. Burstein, Ariel, Joao Neves and Sergio Rebelo, 2003. ‘Distribution Costs and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics During Exchange Rate Based Stabilizations’, Journal of Monetary Economics, 50, pp. 1189–214. Campa, Jose and Linda Goldberg, 2006. ‘Distribution Margins, Imported Inputs, and the Sensitivity of the CPI to Exchange Rates’, NBER Working Paper No. 12121 (March). Campa, Jose and Linda Goldberg, 2008. ‘Pass-Through of Exchange Rates to Consumption Prices: What Has Changed and Why?’, in Takatoshi Ito and Andrew K. Rose, eds, International Finance Issues in the Pacific Rim: Global Imbalances, Financial Liberalization, and Exchange Rate Policy, NBER East Asian Seminar on Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 139–70. Cao, Shuntao, Wei Dong and Ben Tomlin, 2015. ‘Pricing-to-Market, Currency Invoicing and Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Producer Prices’, Journal of International Money and Finance, 58, pp. -
Not for Quotation
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute Working Paper No. 201 http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/institute/wpapers/2014/0201.pdf Stability or Upheaval? The Currency Composition of International Reserves in the Long Run* Barry Eichengreen University of California, Berkeley Livia Chiţu European Central Bank and Paris School of Economics Arnaud Mehl European Central Bank October 2014 Abstract We analyze how the role of different national currencies as international reserves was affected by the shift from fixed to flexible exchange rates. We extend data on the currency composition of foreign reserves backward and forward to investigate whether there was a shift in the determinants of the currency composition of international reserves around the breakdown of Bretton Woods. We find that inertia and policy-credibility effects in international reserve currency choice have become stronger post-Bretton Woods, while network effects appear to have weakened. We show that negative policy interventions designed to discourage international use of a currency have been more effective than positive interventions to encourage its use. These findings speak to the prospects of currencies like the euro and the renminbi seeking to acquire international reserve status and others like the U.S. dollar seeking to preserve it. JEL codes: F30, N20 * Barry Eichengreen, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Economics, 508-1 Evans Hall, MC #3880, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880. Tel: 510-642-2772. [email protected]. Livia Chiţu, European Central Bank, Kaiserstraße 29, D-60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Tel: + 49-69-1344-86-83. [email protected]. Arnaud Mehl, European Central Bank, Kaiserstraße, 29, D-60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -
Monetary Policy in Japan: Problems and Solutions Takatoshi Ito
04ito.solutions0813.doc Monetary Policy in Japan: Problems and Solutions* Takatoshi Ito University of Tokyo and National Bureau of Economic Research and Frederic S. Mishkin Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, and National Bureau of Economic Research For the Solutions conference, June 19-20, 2004 Roppongi, Tokyo 13 August 2004 * For presentation at the US-Japan Conference on the Solutions for the Japanese Economy, sponsored by the Center on Japanese Economy and Business, Columbia Business School and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, June 19-21, 2004. Any views expressed in this paper are those of the author only and not those of University of Tokyo, Columbia University or the National Bureau of Economic Research. We thank Hugh Patrick, David Weinstein, Anil Kashyap, Hiroshi Fujiki, Kunio Okina and participants at the conference and at the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) Conference. The authors are grateful to Shoko Nakano and Emilia Simeonova for their excellent research assistance. Introduction The Japanese economy has been underperforming for more than a decade. The average growth rate of real GDP over the past 12 years has been just above 1 percent, and the nominal GDP has been shrinking since 1997 due to deflation. Nominal GDP for 2003 is 4 percent below what it was in 1997. In order to stimulate the stagnant economy, the government has cut taxes and increased expenditures. As a result the government debt/GDP ratio has risen to 150 percent, an unprecedented level for an advanced country in peacetime. The CPI has been declining since 1998, while the GDP deflator has been declining since 1995. -
Publications and Papers
Publications and Papers ITO Takatoshi, Faculty Fellow, RIETI (1a) Books Economic Analysis of Disequilibrium: Theory and Empirical Analysis [written in Japanese, original title, "Fukinko no Keizai Bunseki"], Toyo Keizai Shimposha: Tokyo, August 1985, viii + 278 pages, [awarded the 29th Nikkei Economics Book Award, November 1986] The Japanese Economy MIT Press, January 1992. 455 pages. Economics of Consumer-Oriented Policy in Japan [written in Japanese, original title, "Shohisha Jushi no Keizaigaku"] Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha: Tokyo, July 1992. A Vision for the World Economy (with Robert Z. Lawrence and Albert Bressand), xii+124 pages, Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1996. The Political Economy of Japanese Monetary Policy (with Thomas F. Cargill and Michael M. Hutchison), 236 pages, MIT Press, 1997. An Independent and Accountable IMF (with Jose De Gregorio, Barry Eichengreen, and Charles Wyplosz), Geneva Report on the World Economy No. 1, September 1999, Geneva: International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies. Financial policy and Central Banking in Japan (with Thomas F. Cargill and Michael M. Hutchison), MIT Press, 273 pages, January 2001. No More Bashing: Building a New Japan-United States Economic Relationship (with Fred Bergsten and Marcus Noland), Institute for International Economics, October 2001. Inflation Targeting [written in Japanese], Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, November 2001 Inflation Targeting in Asia (Authors: Takatoshi Ito and Tomoko Hayashi), Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research, Occasional Paper, No. 1, March 2004, 62pages (1b) Edited Volumes Political Economy of Tax Reform NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics, volume 1. (co-edited by Anne O. Krueger), Chicago University Press, x+348 pages, 1992. Trade and Protectionism NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics, volume 2. -
High-Level Panels on Japan-US Common Economic Challenges
Event Transcript High-Level Panels on Japan-US Common Economic Challenges Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC June 3, 2014 Unedited transcript Participants: Jiro Hanyu, Sasakawa Peace Foundation; Kiyoto Ido, Institute for International Economic Studies; Takatoshi Ito, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies and Columbia; Motoshige Itoh, University of Tokyo; Masahiro Kawai, University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Public Policy; Hideichi Okada, NTT Data Institute of Management and Consulting; Richard Clarida, Columbia University; Peter Fisher, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College; Kristin Forbes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Robert Lawrence, Harvard University; Marcus Noland, Peterson Institute for International Economics; Peter Orszag, Citibank Adam Posen, Peterson Institute for International Economics; David Weinstein, Columbia University Adam Posen: Well good morning ladies and gentlemen. In the interest of courtesy to our global network of podcast and live-stream watchers we will start roughly on time. I’d like to welcome you to the special joint event between the Sasakawa Peace Foundation – Sasakawa Peace Foun- dation USA, and the Peterson Institute for International Economics. My name is Adam Posen; I’m the President of the Peterson Institute. And it’s been our plea- sure here to host for the last day-and-a-half, a distinguished group of economists and former policy makers and mostly economists who were former policy makers from both sides of the Pacific and our high-level group focusing on common challenges to the US and Japan. We’ve had a very fruitful couple days of discussion and while we’re not here to inundate you with grand and banal proclamations, we hope to share with you and our audience abroad the spirit of some of our discussions and some of the specific points we raised, both on the real and reform side of the economy and on some of the mandatory macro fiscal issues. -
Hiroshi Komiyama · Koichi Yamada a Platinum Society
Science for Sustainable Societies Hiroshi Komiyama · Koichi Yamada New Vision 2050 A Platinum Society Science for Sustainable Societies Series Editorial Board Editor in Chief Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Ph.D., Director and Project Professor, Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Chair of the Board of Directors, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan Series Adviser Joanne M. Kauffman, Ph.D., Co-editor in Chief, Handbook of Sustainable Engineering, Springer, 2013 Scientific Advisory Committee Sir Partha Dasgupta, Ph.D., Frank Ramsey Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Cambridge, UK; Volvo Environment Prize, 2002; Blue Planet Prize, 2015 Hiroshi Komiyama, Ph.D., Chairman, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Japan; President Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Japan Sander Van der Leeuw, Ph.D., Foundation Professor, School of Human Evolution and Social Change and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, USA Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Dr. Eng., Member of Japan Academy; Chairman, The Japan Prize Foundation; President Emeritus, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Japan Prize 1997 Tan Sri Zakri Abdul Hamid, Ph.D., Science Adviser to the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Malaysia; Founding Chair of the UN Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); Zayed International Prize, 2014 Editorial Board Jean-Louis Armand, Ph.D., Professor, Aix-Marseille Université, France James Buizer, Professor, University of -
Author Index
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Macroeconomic Linkage: Savings, Exchange Rates, and Capital Flows, NBER-EASE Volume 3 Volume Author/Editor: Takatoshi Ito and Anne Krueger, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-38669-4 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/ito_94-1 Conference Date: June 17-19, 1992 Publication Date: January 1994 Chapter Title: List of Contributors, Indexes Chapter Author: Takatoshi Ito, Anne O. Krueger Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8540 Chapter pages in book: (p. 389 - 402) Contributors Kazumi Asako Shin-ichi Fukuda Faculty of Economics The Institute of Economic Research Yokohama National University Hitotsubashi University 156 Tokiwadai Hodogaya-ku 2-1 Naka Kunitachi Yokohama 240 Tokyo 186 Japan Japan Serguey Braguinsky Hideki Funatsu Department of Economics and Business Otaru University of Commerce Administration Otaru 047 Yokohama City University Japan 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama 236 Maria S. Gochoco Japan School of Economics University of the Philippines Pochih Chen Diliman Department of Economics Quezon City 1101 National Taiwan University The Philippines 3004 21 Hsu-Chou Road Taipei 10020, Taiwan Junichi Goto The Republic of China Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration Cheng-Chung Chu Kobe University Taiwan Institute of Economic Research 2- 1 Rokkodai-cho 178 Nanking E. Rd. Sec 2 Nada-ku, Kobe 657 Taipei, Taiwan Japan The Republic of China Koichi Hamada Jeffrey A. -
Canon Foundation in Europe Fellow Register
Canon Foundation in Europe Fellow Register NATIONALITY: Japan Dr. Yoshinori Masuo Fellowship year: 1990 Current organisation: Toho University Faculty: Faculty of Science Dept.: Dept. Biology Address: 2-2-1 Miyama Postcode: 274-8510 City: Funabashi Pref: Chiba Country Japan Email address: [email protected] Organisation at time of application: Tsukuba University Country: Japan Host organisation: Hôpital Sainte-Antoine Host department: U339 City: Paris Cedex 12 Country: France Host professor: Professor W. Rostène Research field: Neurosciences Summary of project: Personal achievements: Obtained doctoral degree in 1990 (Neuroscience, University of Paris 6) and doctoral degree in 1994 (Medicine, University of Tokyo) Publication with an Effects of Cerebral Lesions on Binding Sites for Calcitonin and Calcitonin acknowledgement to Gene-related Peptide in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral the Canon Foundation: Tegmental Area Subtitle or journal: Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Title of series: Number in series: Volume: Vol. 4 Number: Publisher name: Place of publication: Copyright month/season Copyright year: 1991 Number of pages: pp. 249-257 Tuesday, May 12, 2020 Page 1 of 595 Canon Foundation in Europe Fellow Register Publication with an Les systèmes neurotensinergigues dans le striatum et la substance acknowledgement to noire chez le rat. the Canon Foundation: Subtitle or journal: Efficts de lésions cérébrales sur les taux endogènes et les récepteurs de la neurotensine. Title of series: Number in series: Volume: Number: Publisher name: Place of publication: Paris Copyright month/season Copyright year: 1990 Number of pages: 248 pages Publication with an Interaction between Neurotensin and Dopamine in the Brain acknowledgement to the Canon Foundation: Subtitle or journal: Neurobiology of Neurotensin Title of series: Number in series: Volume: Vol. -
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CAUSES of the LONG STAGNATION of JAPAN DURING the 1990S: FINANCIAL OR REAL? Taizo Motonishi Hiroshi Yo
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CAUSES OF THE LONG STAGNATION OF JAPAN DURING THE 1990S: FINANCIAL OR REAL? Taizo Motonishi Hiroshi Yoshikawa Working Paper 7351 http://www.nber.org/papers/w7351 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 September 1999 This paper was presented at the NBER Tokyo Conference on Japan in October, 1998. The authors benefited from many comments made by participants of the Conference, in particular, Professors Paul Beaudry, Fumio Hayashi and Anil Kashyap. We also thank Professor Takeo Hoshi for his helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 1999 by Taizo Motonishi and Hiroshi Yoshikawa. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Causes of the Long Stagnation of Japan during the 1990’s: Financial or Real? Taizo Motonishi and Hiroshi Yoshikawa NBER Working Paper No. 7351 September 1999 JEL No: E22, E30, G21, N15 ABSTRACT Corporate investment is the most important factor to explain the long stagnation of Japan during the 1990’s. Using the Bank of Japan diffusion indices of ‘real profitability’ and ‘banks’ willingness to lend’, we estimate investment functions for four groups of firms: large/small and manufacturing/non-manufacturing. Our results suggest that for large firms, financing constraints are not significant whereas the converse is true for small firms.