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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report Page 2 of 49 Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report Page 2 of 49 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0070 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 01 / at16 Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Scope of the Study 5 1.2 Approach 5 1.3 Existing Work 5 KP 0 – KP 359 6 2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 6 2.1 Overview 6 2.2 Major Morphological Features along the Route 6 3 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY 8 3.1 Overview 8 3.2 Thrace 8 3.2.1 River Evros Section 10 3.2.2 Southern Evros Section 10 3.2.3 Lowlands of Evros Section 10 3.2.4 Komotini - Xanthi Plain Section 10 3.3 East-Central Macedonia 11 3.3.1 Kavala Mountains Section 11 3.3.2 Filippoi Plain Section 12 3.3.3 Serres Plain Section 12 3.3.4 Kroussia Mountains Section 12 3.3.5 Gallikos Plain Section 12 4 Geohazards 13 4.1 Overview 13 4.2 Types of Geohazards 13 4.2.1 Landslides and Rockfalls 13 4.2.1.1 Types of Landslides and Rockfalls 14 4.2.2 Faults 16 4.2.3 Soil Liquefaction 16 4.2.3.1 Impacts on a pipeline induced by soil liquefaction may include: 17 4.2.4 Karst Areas 17 4.2.4.1 Karst implications for pipelines: 18 4.2.5 Geohazards along the selected pipeline route 18 4.2.5.1 River Evros Area (KP 0 – 13) 18 4.2.5.2 Southern Evros (KP 13 – 62) 19 4.2.5.3 Lowland of Evros (KP 62 – 86) 20 4.2.5.4 Komotini – Xanthi Plain (KP 86 – 176) 20 4.2.5.5 Kavala Mountains (KP 176 – 193) 21 4.2.5.6 Filippoi Plain (KP 193 – 225) 21 4.2.5.7 Serres Plain (KP 225 – 295) 21 4.2.5.8 Kroussia Mountains (KP 295 – 329) 22 Page 3 of 49 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0070 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 01 / at16 Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report 4.2.5.9 Gallikos Plain (KP 329 – 359) 22 4.3 Classification of faults along the route 22 4.3.1 Classification of faults in TAP segment 23 KP 359 – KP 543 25 5 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 25 5.1 Overview 25 5.2 Major Morphological Features along the Route 25 6 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY 28 6.1 Overview 28 6.2 Central Macedonia 29 6.2.1 Axios Plain Section 29 6.3 West Macedonia 31 6.3.1 Vermio Mountain slopes Section 32 6.3.2 Ptolemaida Basin Section 32 6.3.3 Askion Mountain slopes Section 35 6.3.4 Kastoria to Border Section 35 7 GEOHAZARDS 37 7.1 Overview 37 7.2 Types of Geohazards 37 7.2.1 Landslide and Rockfall 37 7.2.1.1 Types of Landslides and Rockfalls 38 7.2.2 Faults 40 7.2.3 Soil Liquefaction 41 7.2.3.1 Impacts on a Pipeline Induced by Soil Liquefaction 41 7.2.4 Karst Areas 41 7.2.4.1 Karst Implications for Pipelines 42 7.2.5 Geohazards along the Proposed Pipeline Route 42 7.2.5.1 Axios Plain Section (KP 359 – 425) 42 7.2.5.2 Vermio Mountain slopes Section (KP 425 – 466) 42 7.2.5.3 Ptolemaida basin Section (KP 466 – 486) 44 7.2.5.4 Askion Mountain slopes Section (KP 486 – 507) 44 7.2.5.5 Kastoria to the Border Section (KP 507 – 543) 45 7.3 Classification of faults along the route 46 7.3.1 Classification of faults in TAP segment 46 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1 Lithostratigraphic – Tectonic column of the formations in Thrace area 9 Figure 3-2 Simplified geological map of Eastern Macedonia -Thrace 11 Figure 4-1 Seismogenic sources at the broader TAP area, with epicenters of significant earthquakes, after Sboras (2011) 24 Figure 6-1 Lithological log from a borehole near Halkidona 30 Page 4 of 49 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0070 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 01 / at16 Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report Figure 6-2 Composite lithostratigraphical column of West Macedonia 31 Figure 6-3 Schematic cross section of the VermioPtolemaida area 32 Figure 6-4 Geological cross section of the area between Amintaio and Sarigiol 34 Figure 6-5 Schematic cross section of the area between Kalochori and Ampelokipoi 36 Figure 6-6 Geological Cross section of the aquifers of the Kastoria plain 36 Figure 7-1 Seismogenic sources at the broader TAP area, with epicenters of significant earthquakes, after Sboras (2011) 48 LIST OF TABLES Table 4-1 Group of faults according to their class 23 Table 7-1 Fault Classification 46 Page 5 of 49 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0070 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 01 / at16 Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope of the Study The geomorphological, tectonic, lithostratigraphic and geotechnical conditions were examined as part of the overall environmental impact assessment for the proposed routing of the TAP Gas Pipeline. The main aim of this report is to present the above conditions and mention any potential geohazards that may affect the construction. This report is separated into the pipeline sections KP 0 – 359 and KP 359 – 543. 1.2 Approach This report is entirely based on qualitative data, maps and existing reports that were collected. Any characterizations are based on conclusions of existing reports and on the expert judgment of the scientific reporting team. 1.3 Existing Work The geological maps of the Institute of Geological and Mineral Exploration (IGME) were used to extract relevant information (IGME, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1992 and 1997). The studies executed for the installation of the Greek High Pressure Gas Transmission System were also used for gathering geological information concerning the area under investigation. Additionally the data for the Section KP 359 – 543 are based on work undertaken by ILF (2005, 2006 and 2011) on the suggested pipeline route. Stamos (2009), Veranis (2010) and Kalousi (2010) also made references on the geological and geotectonic conditions of the broader areas of central and west Macedonia. Page 6 of 49 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0070 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 01 / at16 Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report KP 0 – KP 359 2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 2.1 Overview This section presents an introduction to the broad geological background of the area across the proposed pipeline route. The provision of quantitative geomorphological and topographical data lies beyond the scope of this report. 2.2 Major Morphological Features along the Route The pipeline route starting at Kipoi and ending at Nea Mesimvria is located mainly in lowlands with the exception of a few mountain passes that are at Pefka and Kirki of Alexandroupolis, Kavala mountains, and areas of Kroussia Mountains and Pentalofos at the end. More detailed features are presented below: The River Evros Area is at the start of the route while it runs from the eastern shore of the Evros through the cultivated flat areas up to KP 13. At the Vicinity of Ferres and Alexandroupolis (KP 13-62) the pipeline route up to KP 43 crosses smooth cultivated areas and one forest mountainous section of about 4 km near Pefka village. In the next section, up to KP 65 it passes through the forest and mountainous terrain of the mountains of Kirki with an altitude of around 500 m. The lowland south of the Rhodope massif (KP 62-86) follows where the route crosses flat cultivated areas at the Komotini - Sappes basin. The Komotini Xanthi Plain comes next (KP 86-176) where the route crosses a lot of significant rivers as Bosbos, Aspropotamos, Xeropotamos, Xanthis and finally the river Nestos and the plain of Chrysoupolis, reaching the area near the city of Nea Karvali. Kavala Mountains are the next part (KP 176-193), where the route crosses mountainous areas at the North of Kavala city along ridges with forest lands reaching an altitude of 700 m. Page 7 of 49 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0070 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 01 / at16 Annex 6.6.1 - Geology Baseline Report Filippoi plain follows (KP 193-225) where the route passes north of Pageo Mountain, crossing smooth cultivated areas along the boundary of the area where the dried swamps of Filippoi existed in the past. Serres plain area (KP 225-295) is next where the route passes through the hilly farmlands until reaching the valley of Strimon with a maximum altitude of 130 m. In the next part, the route crosses the plain of the river Strymon which contains a dense system of ditches and irrigation canals. Kroussia mountains (KP 295-329) follows where the route crosses mountainous and rocky area covered by dense forest up to KP 310, where the route passes near Lachanas city. The following section up to the area of Assiros (KP 329) is hilly cultivated areas.
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