Report No. 17n,3-CMA FILE COPy
\/v'stm :!-giahlandsRural DeveloprentFraject-
Public Disclosure Authorized Cameroon TechnicalSupplement March 6, 1977
AgricultureProjects Department West Africa RegionalOffice FORU OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Documentof the World Bank
Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution and may be usedby recipients only in the performanceof theirofficial duties. Its contentsmay not otherwisebe disclosed without WorldBank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
US$1 = CFAF 245 CFAF 1 = US$0.0041 CFAF 1,000 = US$4.1 CFAF 1,000,000 = US$4081.63
IWEIGHTSAND MEASURES ('ietric System)
I hectare = 2.47 acres 1 kilometer (km) = 0.624 miles 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.205 pounds 1 metric con (ton) = 2204.6 pounds I liter (1) = 1.057 US quart
ABBREVIATIONS
-U - Bottomlands Cultivation Unit (UCCAC) 4sse - Coffee Price Stabilization Board C9MlO?.+fTi7T - Department of Cooperatives and Mutual Assistance (Ministry of Aariculture) - Planning Unit - 'Ministry of Agriculture - Provincial Delegation of Agriculture, Western Province FGYADER - National Rural Credit Fund FTDU - Field Trials and Demonstration Unit (UCCAO) C;enieRural - Rural Works Department of Western Province (Ministry of Agriculture) 7:D4F - Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute - Foodcrop Development Agency (Ministry of Agriculture) :'.'s:j - National Scientific Besearch Organization PCU - Pest Control Unit (UCCAO) MU-E' Project Monitoring Unit (UCCAO) StJ - Seed Producticn Unit 'UCCAO) UCCAO - Arabica Coffee Growers' Cooperative Union, Western Province
FISCAL YEAR
UCCAO January 1 to December 31 Government July 1 to June 20 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
CAM.ROON
WESTERITHIGIMANDS RIURALDEVELOPMENT PROJECT
TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT
Table of Contents
ANNEXES
3. Farm and Croo Development
A. Introduction B. Farm Systems C. improvements under the Project D. Farm Budgets, Nutrition, Labor E. Major Crops F. Phasing, Yields and Production G. Field Services and Training Table 1 Average Farm Crop Composition Table 2 Incremental On-Farm Input Table 3 Farms in Project Area Table 4 Phasing Table 5 Yield Projections Table 6 Production Projection Table 7 Farm Budget - Red Ferralitic Soils Table 8 : Farm Budget - Black Deposition Soils Table 9 Farm Budget - Brown Soils Table 10 Farm Budget - Reworked Ferralitic Soils Chart No. 17921: Required and Available Labor Chart No. 17886: Agricultural Timetable
4. Seed Production
A. Background B. Seed Production under the Project Table 1 Seed Production
5. Research Trials and Farm Demonstration
A. Field Trials and Farm Demonstration Program B. Reforestation Program Table 1 : Proposed Contract Research Topics
6. Cooperative Service Centers
Table 1 Incremental Storage Requirements Table 2 : Size and Location of Existing Cooperative Stores Table 3 Location of New/Upgraded Service Centers Table 4 : Distribution of Service Centers
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance I oftsheir official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorLation. ANNEXES (Cont'd)
7. BottomlandsDevelonment
Table 1 Technical Characteristics of 30 ha Perimeter - Drainageby ChannelRemodelling Table 2 TechnicalCharacteristics of 30 ha Perimeter- 4 Drainage and Flood Protection with Dykes Table 3 Technical Characteristics - 10 ha Irrigated Perimeter Table 4 Investment Cost Table 5 Cost of Bottomland Works Table 6 Management Team Table 7 Technical Assistance Table 8 Farm Budget - 1 ha Bottomland Cultivation Table 9 EconomicValue of Production Appendix 1 PreliminaryInventory of SuitableBottomlands
8. VillageWater Supply
Table 1 : TNumberand State of Present Installations Table 2 Estimationof Requirements Table 3 Locationof Proposed Installations Table 4 : Cost of Spring CollectionSystem Table 5 Cost of a Small Piped Supply Scheme Table 6 Cost of Equipment A.NNEK 3
CAMEROON
WESTERNHIGHLANDS RURAL DEVELOPtENT PROJECT
Farm and Crop Development
A. Introduction
1. Cameroon's Western Province is a unique region not only because of the diversity and attraction of the countryside's geomorphology and the high population density, but even more so because of the unusual agricultural practices and cultivation methods used by the rural population, and the very high proportion of cultivated land. It is estimated that on the average about 95%0of cultivable land is cropped. Pressure for land has forced farmers to cultivate even steep slopes. Details of the ecology and clima;e of the project areas are at Annex 1.
B. Farm Systems
2. Cropping techniques. The most striking feature of the present cultivation methods is a system, probably best described by the name of "multiple intercropping," which consists of a great diversity of crop associations.
3. In the western part of the project area, increasing soil fertility has the following influence on crop associations:
- the number of associated crops increases from 7 to 14;
- the following crops tend to appear: coffee, bananas, legumes, potatoes;
- the following crops tend to disappear from the mixture: Bambara nuts, cowpeas, sweet potatoes;
- crops whose proportion decreases in the association: groundnuts, cocoyams, yams;
- crops whose proportion increases: all other species (Table 1).
4. Elsewhere, on black deposition soils, with a generally more bal- anced fertility, the following changes are observed with increasing soil value:
- number of crops in the association are similar and vary only from 11 to 13; ANNEX 3 Page 2
- strong decrease of cowpeas, decrease of beans and a modest general decrease of groundnuts and tuber crops;
- an increase for maize, and particularly potatoes;
- little change for the other crops (Table 1).
The remarkable feature of these crop associations is in all cases the very high crop density, resulting in almost total cover of the soil by the crop canopy. For lack of more precise information, it is difficult to speak about crop competition, cooperation, or symbiosis, but from all appearances, a certain harmony seems to exist between the speed of the plants' growth, their size and form, and their vegetative cycle. This harmony seems to allow healthy development within time and space, and good yields and pro- duction.
5. Farm crop associations and farm models. Based on research in the local area, four basic farm crop associations have been identified relating to the four main soil types of the area which are summarized in Table 1. It highlights multiple crop mixtures and high cropping intensity, depending on soil type, of between 112 to 175%. High cropping intensity is the re- sult of long and substantial rains, overall high soil fertility, need of soil conservation and erosion control and, finally, the need for high pro- duction from cultivated land.
6. Basic features of cultivation. The rather complex crop associa- tions established in the project area have been developed as the most natural means of soil conservation. The system facilitates speedy production of a dense vegetative soil cover that leaves the soil partly open to erosion only at the beginning of the growing season (March and part April) when the crops are still small. It also makes possible speedy and improved growth of the crops' root systems, a "fortification" of the ridges by the combination of deep and shallow rooted crops, and particularly by crops developing a dense grass-type root system in the upper 30 cm of soil (Maize). All cultivation is on ridges which facilitates the incorporation of substantial crop resi- dues at the time of split ridging and make it possible to cultivate even steep slopes. The ridges are between 50 to 100 cm wide and follow the con- tour line on less steep slopes. On steep slopes, ridges follow the inclina- tion of the slope.
7. Land preparation. Land preparation begins four to six weeks before the start of the rains in early March. Work is done by hoe and the principal method used is split-ridging. Old ridges are split in the middle and re- worked to a new ridge over the previous furrow. Organic materials from crop residues are buried in the old furrow by the new ridge, thus improving or- ganic matter and nutrient content, soil structure, and water retention capa- city. ANNEX 3 Page 3
8. Controlled weedin2. On modest slopes contour ridges and furrows are clean weeded and the weeds placed in the furrows to act as mulch, to suppress further weed growth, to protect the soil and to increase moisture retention. On steeper slopes weeding is done only partially. A part of the weed population is left growing and the uprooted part is placed in furrows to perform a similar function as on moderate slopes.
9. Fertilization. The incorporation of crop residues has been the principal contributor to maintenance of soil fertility. Industrial ferti- lizers, although their value has been proven by research and fully recog- nized by farmers, have remained in short supply. Fertilizer use among UCCAO member families is in the region of 100 kg/ha, whereas to meet the minimum research recommendations,based on response of pure stand maize, at least 400 kg/ha would be required.
10. "Ecobuage." "Ecobuage," a process similar to charcoal burning, is the incomplete burning of the fallow vegetation buried under soil in ridges. The advantages of this technique are: a considerable increase in the sum of exchangeable bases, in pH and in available phosphorus, and a following dramatic increase in yields. The disadvantages are: a loss of more than 50% of the clay content in topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm), a de- crease in silt content and a corresponding increase in sands. After several repetitions of this technique, soil fertility declines, yields decrease and the land has to be left fallow. "Ecobuage" should be done only once and combined with the application of fertilizer for best long-term results.
11. Pest control. Control of the two major coffee plant pests (an- testia and anthracnose) is the responsibility of a pest control brigade (Base phytosanitaire) under the supervision of the Provincial Delegation of Agriculture. Required treatments are generally not performed. The quantity of pesticides used is about 2 kg/ha of physical coffee plantation, although for reasonable control, about 5 kg/ha are required. No other chemicals are used either as seed dressing or for storage pest control.
12. Grain storage. Storage and drying of maize, harvested in July- August, is currently done in the farmer's kitchen on a light ceiling over the fireplace. Storage capacity is considered insufficient and losses are estimated at 30%. This situation forces the average farmer to sell a sub- stantial part of his crop at low prices right after harvest. On a pilot basis, several cribs designed by the FAO/African Rural Storage Centre (attached to IITA lbadan in Nigeria) have been demonstrated in the project area. Results are encouraging, with losses estimated at no higher than 10%. However, there has been little drive from extension services toward a greater popularization and credit is unavailable for the purchase of durable wire mesh.
13. Erosion. Thanks to the high organic matter content of most of the soils and to cultivation techniques, erosion has remained remarkably ANNEX 3 Page 4 low in the project area. Nevertheless, some areas are almost completely denuded and there is no doubt that it is the most serious threat to the long-term ecological stability and agricultural development of the area. For steeper slopes, intensive research into improved ecofarming methods and a better organized and faster reforestation program are required.
C. Improvements under Project
14. Introduction. The project would be faced with a situation of highly developed, already very productive cropping and farming systems, well adjusted to the ecology of the area and based on ancient tradition and empiricism. Suggested improvements would have to respect the exist- ing facts and conditions, should be easy to integrate into the present systems, would have to be well proven and be assured of farmers' demand and interest.
15. The recommended package would consist of:
- improved crop nutrition,
- improved pest control,
- supply of seed of improved foodcrop varieties,
- improved grain storage and
- better trained and equipped extension services and an improved system of on-farm demonstrations and training.
16. Improved crop nutrition. For reasons of the many crop associa- tions and their multiple variations and combinations, and of the wide mic- roecology, past research work has not been in a position to devise formulas of fertilizer recommendations that could take account of the whole complexity of the cropping pattern. Research has concentrated on the most important crops of the area, and although there are some ecological limitations, fer- tilizer recommendations are available for coffee and maize.
17. The coffee recommendations, worked out by IRAF Foumbot, are based on the favorable response of coffee to nitrogen and recommend for coffee trees older than 3 years on all soil types: 150-160 kg/ha N (about 750-800 kg/ha sulphate of ammonia or compound).
18. Maize recommendations were concluded by IRAF Dschang after a four- year period of semi-statistical trials during which responses of pure stand maize to fertilizer were recorded in two locations with ferralitic soils. The summary of treatments and results for both sites is given below: ANNEX 3 Page 5
Mean yields for 1971-74 (t/ha)
Treatment Site I Site I-I
Ti 1.89 1.51
T2 2.20 > 1.95
T3 3.03 3.55
T4 3.48 3.90
Tl is local maize without fertilizer, T2 as TI but with fertilizer, T3 is improved maize with light fertilizer (60:50:40) and T4 as T3 but with heavy fertilizer (120:100:80). Details on fertilizer composition in chese .rials are not available.
19. Bearing in mind that the crop associations are inseparable and that necessarily fertilizing one crop means also fertilizing all the other crops, the project would recommend a fertilizer rate that is expected to provide sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to have an impact on yield increase and production of all crops. The total rate would be 400 kg/ha, split in 300 kg/ha of the compound 20:10:10, and 100 kg/ha of sulphate of ammonia. In terms of quality, this means a considerable deviation from past fertilizer practices, when over 80% of all fertilizer used was sulphate of ammonia. As the project has to address the whole farming system, the supply of phosphorus and potassium is fully justified. The small amount of sulphate of ammonia is needed to provide some sulphur, particularly for maize.
20. The fertilizer would be applied at 200 kg/ha of compound at plant- ing time, 100 kg/ha of sulphate as top dressing about 4 to 6 weeks later, and the remaining 100 kg/ha of compound would be applied in September-October. This late application has been shown to have a positive effect on the condi- tion of coffee trees over the dry period and provides a certain amount of readily available nutrients at the start of the next season. The incremental amount of fertilizer supplied under the project would be in the region of 3,500 t per year (Table 2).
21. Improved pest control. Past experience indicates that in the aver- age year about 50% of coffee trees suffer from an attack of antestia (Antestiopsis spp.) and about 30% from an attack of anthracnose (Colleto- trichum coffeanum, also known as coffee berry disease - CBD), severe enough to justify chemical treatment. Other pests, mainly the berry borer (Hypo- thenemus or Stephanoderes hampei), require treatment in some areas in most of the years.
22. The antestia comes at the beginning of the year and has to be treated in two passages, one following the other in about 25 to 30 days. The pesticide so far used has been Lindane at 4 1/ha (two passages). The project would encourage the use of safer insecticides, such as synthetic pyrethrines. Lindane has been applied with gasoline run swingfog sprayers (41/ha gasoline). To be most effective the application should be dcne by ANNEX 3 Page 6 night when adults of the pest are active. The Base Phytosanitaire provided Scouting Services, supplied sprayers and insectides and, with the help of the farmers, carried out the application.
23. Anthracnose attacks between March and June and has to be treated with 7 kg/ha of the fungicide Orthodifolatan, in 4 passages carried out in 15-day intervals. Application is done by knapsack sprayers. Some farmers own sprayers but the majority of sprayers and all the fungicide have been supplied by the PCU. Actual treatment is applied by farmers.
24. The berry borer occurs mainly in April-May, sprayers and insecti- cide have been supplied by PCU, with the work done by farmers.
25. Under the project, the more difficult antestia control would be left in direct charge of a strengthened Pest Control Unit (PCU) (Annex 2), whereas the anthracnose and berry borer control would be entirely in the hands of farmers. Sufficient pesticides would be provided to treat the es- timated 50% and 30% of coffee area attacked annually by antestia and by anthracuose respectively. The incremental quantity of pesticides supplied is expected to be about 50 t per annum (Table 2). The average use of pesti- cides would increase from 2 kglha to about 5 kg/ha. Knapsack sprayers would be supplied on credit to interested farmers. The incremental number of sprayers is expected to be 1,500 per year (Table 2). At full project de- velopment one sprayer would be available for about 7.5 ha of coffee area, or for 10 ha of actual anthracnose control. Each sprayer would be utilized by several farmers and for treatment of other crops that would be planted in small plots of pure stands, such as vegetables. A timetable for coffee pest control is given in the table below.
Control of Jan. Feb. March April May June Antestia X X
Anthracnose - - X X X X
Berry borer - - - X X -
The likelihood of occurrence of the above pests according to altimetric zones is evident from the following outline:
Altitude (ml Pest Importance
I 1,000-1,200 Antestia (Aa) Systematic treatment recommended Anthracnose (Ae) Practically non-existent Berry borer (Bb) Systematic treatment recommended
II 1,200-1,500 Aa As I Ae To be treated occasionally Bb 1I it of to
III over 1,500 Aa To be treated occasionally Ae Very serious, to be treated systematically Bb Practically non-existent ANNEX 3 Page 7
26. Supply of improved seed. Under the project, an agro-industrial seed multiplication center would be established (Annex 4), that would pri- marily produce improved maize seed, for which a high demand among farmers has been already confirmed. The varieties that would be multiplied in the early years would be Cola and 290 FL (para 41).
27. The maize area, calculated on pure crop basis grown by farmers, members of UCCAO, is estimated at 60,000 ha. It is planned that the project would supply seed for about 9,000 ha by PY 3, 17,000 ha by PY 4 and 26,000 ha from PY 5 onwards (Annex 4, Table 1). Based on 300 ha maize multiplica- tion per annum and seed replacement after 3 years, the whole project area would be supplied and seed would be available for an additional 6,000 ha outside the project area as from PY 6 onwards.
28. Apart from maize, some potato seed stock, for which demand exists, would be produced as well as some groundnut seed on a pilot basis. The seed multiplication complex would also produce seed of other species, such as beans and soya.
29. Improved grain storage. The project extension services would demonstrate and popularize the crib developed by the FAO/IITA program. The frame, floor and roof of the cribs would all be constructed from local materials. The proje2t would provide credit for wire mesh required for the walls, about 25 m for a standard crib of 5 x 2 x 0.6 m. Crib size can easily be adjusted to required capacity.
30. Wire mesh is better than walls built out of local materials for four reasons:
- the delivery of the wire mesh would motivate the farmer to construct the cribs,
- it gives the crib a longer durability,
- wind penetrates better than through locally made bamboo walls,
- eventual occurrence of pests can be better detected.
A crib of the above dimensions can store about 2,400 kg of cobs, which will give about 1,800/kg of grain. Malathion powder (Malagrain P 2%) at 50 g per 100 kg is recommended for cob protection. With small adjustments, groundnuts in shell could be stored too. It is expected that wire mesh for about 3,000 cribs would be supplied annually (Table 2).
31. Results of experimentation with these cribs indicate that the most important factor is the ease with which favorable air currents can pass through the cobs and this depends almost exclusively on crib width and the orientation of cribs towards prevailing winds. All other design factors seem to have no significant effects on performance. A4NEX 3 Page 8
32. Another important point is the immediate harvest of cobs after ripening, as shown in the tabulation of experimental results:
Insect damage (%) Fungal damage (%) Weight loss (%)
Crop left in field for 7 weeks 12.3 10.2 5.7
Crop dehusked and stored immediately after harvest 5.6 5.3 1.3
33. Better extension services. The present average ratio of extension agents to farmers is I to almost 900, extreme ratios reach up to I to 2,700. The project would attempt to recruit and train more suitable agents to achieve an average ratio of 1 to 400 (para 81). Extension officers would be trained in specific subjects of crop production, protection and processing, and would be educated as well in the training and visit (T + V) system of extension work, that has proved so efficient elsewhere. Subjects for on-farm demonstra- tions (new crop varieties, cultivation methods, fertilizers, pest control, grain storage) would be fed from the Field Trial and Demonstration Unit (Annex 5) to the extension services, and demonstrations would be established and utilized more extensively and better than hiterto.
D. Farm Budgets, Nutrition, Labor
34. Farm bud ets. On the basis of the soil type and related average farm crop composition (Table 1) farm models have been constructed and indica- tive farm budgets calculated (Tables 7 to 10). Average farm size is 1.3 ha (1.25 ha cultivated) and average family size is 7 persons (3 active). The farm budgets reveal the following comparison:
Reworked Soil Type Red Ferralitic Black Deposition Brown Ferralitic
WO W WO W WO W WO W
Net benefit per WD (CFAF) 656 600 550 438 691 622 480 380
Net benefit per ha (CFAF '000) 123 148 86 89 129 151 86 91
Per ha (US$) (505) (604) (352) (363) (527) (618)(355) (371)
35. Nutrition. At present an average consumption of 2,300-2,500 calories per adult per day can be assured without difficulties on an average farm on all soil types. No changes are expected to occur under the project. Based on an adult ration of 0.5 kg of maize, 0.5 kg of tubers and some legumes, fruits and vegetables per day, total family consumpcion per year is around CFAF 50,000. ANNEX 3 Page 9
36. Labor. Crop labor requirements in the without and with project situation for crop mixture of the four farm budgets have been calculated on the following basis:
- for the calculation of foodcrop labor demand, working days (WD) for maize have been included from land prepara- tion up to weeding and ridging for the total cultivated farm area of 1.25 ha. For harvesting, threshing and post- harvest handling the WD have been adjusted to the propor- tion of maize in the crop mixture;
- for groundnuts, beans and all tubers, only labor required for harvesting and post-harvest handling has been in- cluded, since all previous operations have been already accounted for in the maize calculation. For these crops the harvesting operations were again adjusted to their proportion in the crop mixture;
- for other crops not specifically mentioned above (plan- tains, vegetables), an estimate of 30 and 40 WD for the without and with project situation respectively, has been added per farm;
- coffee WD per farm have been calculated separately, adjusted to yield and proportion in the crop mixture, and added to the above figures.
The table below gives the average labor requirement assumptions for the main foodcrops and for coffee on a pure crop basis.
Labor Requirements (WD/ha) I/
Crop Maize Groundnuts Beans Tubers Coffee Stage WO W WO W WO W WO W WO W WD/ha 83 95 91 115 70 85 165 180 80 100
1/ At full development.
Thus the labor required per farm has been assumed to be as follows (in WD): ANNEX 3 Page 10
Reworked Soil Type Red Ferralitic Black Deposition Brown Ferralitic
WO w wo W WO W WO W
Maize 79 90 78 87 77 86 73 81
Tubers 35 48 31 42 8 10 29 40
Beans 3 5 3 7 2 4 1 2
Groundnuts 3 6 3 6 7 14 10 20
Others 30 40 30 40 30 40 30 40
Total foodcrops 150 189 145 182 124 154 143 183
Coffee 95 119 98 122 80 100 92 116
Total 245 308 243 304 204 254 235 299
37. A check on available and required labor at an average farm on red ferralitic soils, with the highest with project labor demand of 308 WD per year, has shown that under normal circumstances no labor shortage is to be expected. The calculations have been based on 3 active people per farm with a monthly capacity of 20 WD each, giving a total capacity of 60 WD per month. The peak labor requirements over the year would most likely be in February and March with 38 and 43 WD per month respectively, and in October, November and December with 41, 31 and 34 days per month.
38. Graphical demonstrations of the agricultural timetable and the above check on labor are presented in Charts 17886 and 17921.
E. Maior Crops
39. Maize. Maize is the main staple food of the population in the Western Highlands. The climatic and pedologic conditions are very favor- able and the production potential is high. A number of white, yellow and polymorphic ecotypes are being grown in the project area. White maize, however, is the most appreciated for human consumption and, therefore, also most extensively grown.
40. Local varieties have an average growing period of 145 days and are tall. Maize is sown immediately after the start of the rains and har- vested in July and August at the time of highest rains. There are problems with drying and storage, and losses are high (para 12). A second season ANNEX 3 Page 11 maize crop does not face the adverse harvest conditions but pest infesta- tion is usually high and yields are substantially lower. The mean yield of Western Province over 1973-1975 was estimated by extension services at 1.3 tlha on a pure crop basis.
41. Improved varieties. Over the past years research has selected two varieties which are ready for introduction into rural areas: a com- posite variety "Cola" and a polyhybrid "290 FL". Those are the varieties which would be primarily recommended under the proposed project. A third variety, the Bambui Station "Green Revolution," would be introduced to advanced farmers on a pilot basis.
42. Cola is the result of selection work started in 1965 and based on. local ecotypes. Two suitable imported varieties, namely M5 (Mexican 5) and CY (Cuban Yellow) were introduced into the selection process at a later stage. Cola is rust and helminthosporium (para 43) tolerant and through the additional introduction of two female parents (Z155 and Br2) smut re- sistent. It has predominantly white grain, but may have a few pale yellow grains on the cob. Taste and texture of the grain are well appreciated by the local population. The yield potential under favorable conditions is estimated at 6 t/ha and research estimates that up to 3.5 t/ha can be obtained under peasant conditions. The polyhybrid 290 FL can be traced back to the polyhybrid 266 from Madagascar. The grain is white and well liked by the people. In the Western Province the yield potential is es- timated at 6-8 t/ha on research plots and yields of up to 4.5 t/ha were achieved under peasant conditions. Both Cola and 290 FL can be regrown up to F5 (fifth filial generation) without substantial yield decreases, if cultivated more than 500 m from other maize crops.
43. Main diseases and pests. The most serious diseases are considered to be:
- Helminthosporium turcicum, attacking maize leaves;
- Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana), important mainly in lower altitudes;
- Rusts (Puccinia polyspora and P. maydis), whose importance decreases with altitude, and
- Cercospora mayidis, commonly called leaf-spot.
44. Both Cola and 290 FL are resitant to or at least tolerant of these diseases. The most important pests are: Stem borers (Sesamia calamistis, Busseola fusca, Eldana saccharina), and Storage parasites (Sitophilus, Tribolium). The likelihood of serious attacks in the field is decreased by the multiple intercropping. Nevertheless, in cases of severe infesta- tion, borer control is possible through an application of dust insecti- cide down the funnel of the maize plants at about 3-5 weeks after planting. ANNEX 3 Page 12
45. Cultivation techniques. Most of the maize is grown in associa- tion, where it participates with 40-65% of pure stand popu'.ations. On pure stand basis it would be recommended to space maize 80 x 25 cm (the latter is within the row spacing) to achieve a population of 50,000 plants/ha. The growing period increases substantially with altitude and this fact has to be well respected in farm planning work. The following table indicates the growing period for the two recommended varieties in different altitudes.
Growing period (in No. of days) of variety
Site and altitude 290 FL Cola
Plaine des Mbos (700 m) 116 122 Foumbot (1,100 m) 132 135 Dschang (1,500 m) 164 168 Bambui upper (1,980 m) 216 223
46. Groundnuts. Groundnuts are an important crop of highlands, since they are the main source of vegetable oil. In the crop associations, de- pending on soil types, they are present at populations representing 10 to 35% of pure stands (Table 1). Two local varieties are predominantly grown in the project area. The main one is a creeping variety, late, with a rather small pod containing two pink colored nuts. The other is of an erect type, earlier, with a larger pod of usually three, red skinned nuts.
47. As with maize, groundnuts are primarily a first season crop (Chart 17886). Yields on a pure crop basis are estimated at about 400 kg/ha of unshelled nuts. In the rare cases of pure culture, populations are low, 80,000 to 120,000 plants/ha as compared to the recommended 200,000 plants/ ha achieved with a spacing of 50 x 10 cm.
48. Improved varieties. Research has developed two varieties for high and low altitude. Variety 65-7 (ex Dschang) is suitable for altitudes around 1,400 m and variety 65-13 (ex Ebolowa) for altitudes around 500 m. Another variety, 124 (=GH 119-20), with a long growing period but excellent taste properties, is under observation. The table below gives main characteristics of these three compared to the predominant local variety. AN;,EX3 Page 13
Main Characteristics of Groundnut Varieties
Variety Observation 65-7 65-13 124 Local
Growing period (days) 145 145 160 160 Skin color of nut light pink red pink pink No. of nuts per pod 2 3 2 2 Shelling percentage 77.0 75.5 71.3 74.3 Mean pod weight (g) 1.20 1.70 1.69 0.96 Mean nut weight (g) 0.48 0.56 0.70 0.423
Distribution of grains in pod (%) monograin 9.2 9.4 19.8 27.5 bigrain 84.0 43.0 c0O.. trigrain 6.5 43.8 0.2 0 quadrigrain 0.1 4.0 0 0
Content in dry matter of (x)
Protides 32.4 32.4 33.8 - Lipides 52.3 51.1 42.0 -
49. The variety recommended under the project would be 65-7. The project's seed production center would initially produce seed for about 500 ha on pure crop basis and the production would be increased, pending demand from farmers. The yield potential of 65-7 is around 4 t/ha unshelled nuts (with leaf-spot control) and 2 t/ha without control. It is estimated that farmers could, under favorable conditions, produce up to 2 t/ha of dry pods.
50. Main diseases are cercospora, or leaf-spot (CercosDora personata and C. arachidicola) and the virus disease rosette. Rosette control is difficult but cercospora can be controlled quite efficiently with fungicides. With the application of 0.5-0.7 kg/ha of fungicide significant yield in- creases have been achieved. In crop associations control is impossible, but for pure culture cercospora control would be recommended. Extension would advise on proper harvesting and storage to avoid aflatoxin problems.
51. Beans. Beans are an important part of the local diet and are present in crop associations at populations representing 3 to 18% of pure stands. No improved beans are available and only local varieties of cow- peas, Bambara nuts (voandzou) and string beans are being grown. None of these crops has been the subject of experimentation.
52. Soya. Variety screening has produced Sj 153, with a growing period of 112 days (at Foumbot) and a yield potential of over 2 t/ha. Other vari- eties with promising results are DR09, E73 and Geduld. Laboratory analysis of Sj 153 has shown a very satisfactory oil content of 45.5% and a satis- factory protein content of 18.5%. Results of crop rotation trials have
I ANNEX 3 Page 14 shown a good compatibility with second season upland rice of the variety Shinei or similar. The agronomic merits of soya are evident, but no market for soya has been established. The project would therefore not support soya production.
53. Rice. In the project area upland rice would be grown on a limited scale mainly in the bottomlands. On fertile soils with good water retention capacity, such as the brown soils of Galim, it can be grown as first season crop from March to July. The safer period, however, is the second season, from July to December. Short season varieties with a growing period of 115 to 125 days, recommended for the project bottomlands, would be IAC 25, 1562 and Shinei. Ploughing to a depth of 25 cm is recommended, good soil prepara- tion, sowing in lines 15 to 25 cm apart, seeding rate 70 to 80 kg/ha. With 60 to 30 kg/ha nitrogen the yield potential of the above varieties could be up to 5 t/ha.
54. Research on rice in Dschang is proceeding actively and improved recommendations can be expected during project implementation. Seed of all three varieties for project needs is in sufficient supply.
55. Potatoes are becoming increasingly important in the project area for both family consumption and sale. The CEIPS station in Bafou has ex- perimented with potatoes for many years and good growing recommendations are available. The best performing varieties were Alpha, Arka, Desiree, Ginke, Multa and Radosa.
56. Two crops per year are possible, the first planted in March and harvested in July and the second plants in August/September and harvested about 100 days later. The first season crop gives generally higher yields. It is not recommended to grow potatoes below the elevatioa of 1,000 m. Planting rate of 2,000-2,500 kg/ha, and spacing at 60 to 70 cm between lines and 30 to 33 cm in the line would give a population of about 50,000 plants/ha. For high yields, fertilizer is important and the application rate should not be below I t/ha of compound and topdressing. Where compost or other organic fertilizer is used, industrial fertilizer rates can be decreased. Yield potential of the above varieties is reported to be up to 22 t/ha.
57. Diseases and pests are important and regular treatments at 7 to 10 day intervals are required. The most serious diseases are early and late blight (Pseudomonas solanacearum and Phytophtora infestans) and some virus diseases.
58. Improved seed is currently not available in the project area. To maintain good yields in the tropics, the seed stock has to be refreshed con- stantly and seed replacement is usually required after about 3 years. The project would finance imports of 15 t of breeders' seed annually, which would produce seed for about 350 ha after two multiplications. Then, according to the quality of seed, it would be decided whether to multiply once more or to use the seed f or commercial production. Contrary to the current practice of growingpotatoes in the complex crop association, the project's extension ANNEX 3 Page 15 services would advise, wherever possible, to grow the crop on a small plot in pure stand to facilitate application of the high fertilizer rates and pest control.
59. Tuber crops. After maize, tubers are the second most substantial part of the local diet. Most important are the cocoyams, locally called macabo (Xanthosoma sagitifolium) and taro (Colocasia esculenta and C. antiquorum), followed by yam (Dioscorea spp) and cassava (Manihot utilissima). The first two crops occupy, depending on the soil type, between 6 and 60% of the crop mixtures, and the second two between 6 and 30%. Present yields of macabo and taro, estimated on pure crop basis, are in the region of 4.5 t/ha and of yam and cassava of about 4.0 t/ha. The growing cycles and time- table of main field operations are evident from Chart 17886.
60. Research of tubers is less advanced than of other main crops. Tuber research has been assigned to the IRAF station of Bambui in Northwestern Pro- vince. Fertilizer observations carried out with macabo and taro in 1973 and 1974 showed some response to N and K. Firm recommendations are, however, missing. A growing period observation with Dioscorea caynensis, D. rotundata and X. sagitifolium showed that these tubers should not be harvested before at least 8 months of vegetation. Planted at the beginning of March, the yields taken in I month intervals were as follows (in t/ha):
Harvest time Growing period D. caynensis D. rotundata X. sagitifolium
End June 4 months 0 0 0
" July 5 " 1.3 1.3 1.5
" August 6 " 3.3 4.5 5.3
September 7 " 8.8 7.5 8.0
" October 8 " 10.0 11.5 12.7
" November 9 " 8.8 16.0 11.6
" December 10 " 11.7 12.5 12.1
The impact of research on this group of crops has remained very modest and, apart from improved nutrition, nothing else can be recommended under the project.
61. Plantains and bananas are gaining in importance for local consump- tion and market. In the project area they are estimated to be grown roughly in a ratio of 4:1, and particularly the plantains are reported to be of very good quality. A serious pest, the banana borer (Cosmopolites sordidus), is plaguing the plants. HIDEVIV has a plantation of 15,000 plants which are treated with insecticides (Kepone has been used so far), and the station hopes to provide, starting in 1978, about 30,000 healthy suckers to inter- ested farmers. ANNEX 3 Page 16
62. Vegetables are grown on a small scale practically everywhere and the Western Province has gained a reputation of being able to produce good and healthy crops. The project would support vegetable crowing, primarily by extension advice on improved crop production and protection, and also by imports of small amounts of high quality seed for multiplication at CEIPS in Bafou. As with potatoes, it would be attempted to separate vege- tables from the crop asociations into small plots, where they could be sub- jected to higher class management. Crop recommendations have been worked out by CEIPS and main data for main crops are summarized in the following table:
Yield Crop Varieties Fertilizer Spacing Potential (kg/ha) (cm) (t/ha)
Tomatoes Homestead 200-400 75 x 50 30 Indian River Globe Master Merveilles des Marches Lettuce Dimin 300 30 x 30 17 Batavia Blonde Cottage Gloire d'Ekhuizen 400 70 x 70 60 Beans Tendergreen 300 60 x 30 5 Contender Kentucky White Onions Red Creole 500 25 x 10 18 White Creole Leek Excelsior 500 25 x 10 20 Geants de Carentan Carrots Chantenay 400 30 x 30 18 Flakkeese Pepper Pusta Perle 500 30 x 30 25 Hot Pepper Baie de Satan Yatsafusa Cucumber Marketer 900 75 x 73 30 Green peas Vitalis 300 45 x 45 6 Telegraph Eggplants Black Beauty 1,200 90 x 60 30 Violet longue hative
63. Coffee (Caffea arabica) is believed to be grown on over 90% of all cultivated land. Smallholder coffee is heavily intercropped with foodcrops (Table 1); less than 4% are thought to be grown in pure culture.
64. Cultivation of foodcrops around the coffee trees has had a negative effect on the coffee trees' root system and, together with prices unfavorable for coffee and favorable for food crops, resulted in decreased coffee yields and production. Coffee yields over the last five years (1973-77) have de- creased as follows: 243, 167, 215, 152, 114 (estimate) kg/ha of green coffee. ANNEX 3 Page 17
65. Under present circumstances recommendations based on drastic up- rooting of older plantations and/or reestablishing new plantations on smaller plots in pure culture, as has been recommended in some earlier re- ports, would not be accepted by farmers. The project would, therefore, merely attempt to stabilize the arabica coffee industry in the project area and to stop the declining trend in production through improved fertilization and pest control (para 16 and 21), and processing (Annex 6).
66. Coffee regeneration. Figures quoted in an agricultural survey, published in 1965, provide an approximate estimate of the age distribution of coffee plantations as follows:
Age (years) Proportion of plantations (v)
less than 1 12 2-3 13 4-5 15 6-7 19 8-9 14 10-11 13 12-13 7 14-25 14 more than 25 2
Thus, in 1977 about a quarter (around 24,000 ha) of all plantations was older than 25 years.
67. In 1973-74 Government started a coffee regeneration program, con- sisting of improved seed production of the variety Java by the coffee research station in Foumbot, and of establishing nurseries by groups of farmers, who were advised and assisted by extension officers, equipped with the necessary materials. Initially, participating farmers were to receive a replanting premium, which was supposed to compensate them for loss of income until the young trees come to maturity, but this provision has been dropped for lack of funds. The program called for the replanting of 25,000 ha over 6 years. About 1,000 small nurseries have been established in Western Province, suffi- cient for the annual replanting of 2,500 ha of pure stands. However, both uprooting and replanting have been making very slow progress, and hardly any proper new plantation can be found.
68. Since 1977, agricultural extension stations have established nur- series under their own management. Each department singles out several ex- tension agents who are responsible for running the nurseries. According to the mission's estimate, nurseries established in the main arabica coffee pro- ducing departments would provide the following replanting capacity in 1978: ANNEX 3 Page 18
Department Plants in Nursery Estimated Replanting 1977 (No.) Capacity 1978 (ha)
Menoua 650,000 330 Mifi 900,000 450 Bamboutos 500,000 250 Bamoun 340,000 170
Total - 1,200
69. The coffee research station at Foumbot is supposed to supply the im- proved JAVA seed for the nurseries. The Provincial Agricultural Officer's demand stands at 5 t of seed per year, good for replanting about 5,000 ha annually, but according to the officer in charge of Foumbot, this amount is likely to be produced only by 1981. The seed production is expected to move as follows:
1977 - 1.5 t
1978 - 2 t
1979 - 3 t
1980 - 4 t
1981 - 5 t
The seed is delivered as parchment coffee in 1 kg bags of 2,300 seeds, which give about 1,600 good plants, sufficient to plant 1 ha.
70. Cultivation techniques and recommendations have been worked out for coffee grown in pure stands. Coffee experts have been hesitant to handle the complex coffee-foodcrop association of the project area, because they feel that whatever recommendation may be given there, coffee can never yield as high as in pure stands. The project's extension services would, however, have to approach the multiple cropping system as it is and work towards the improvement of production of all the crops. Extension advice regarding coffee would concentrate on fertilization, pest control, pruning and harvesting.
71. Pruning. The method recommended under the project would be multiple stem pruning (multicaule), leaving on the average four main stems per tree. This shaping would be carried out over the first and second year of tree life. Later, the main annual maintenance pruning would be carried out in February/ March. A secondary, light pruning would follow three to four months later to thin out the flush of young shoots.
72. Harvesting. Only uniformly ripe cherries can produce good quality coffee and at picking time the entire surface of each cherry should be red. The recommendation advocated by extension would be to pick every 10 - 14 days during the harvesting season, to prevent the berries from becoming over- z,ge, u&engjrmbeEries are difficult to pulp and berries of mixed ripeness ANNEX 3 Page 19
73. Processing is equally important for coffee quality as picking and proper processing is believed to be the main method of eliminating "stinking beans". Coffee depulping should start within four hours after picking, should be followed by a 12 to 24 hour fermentation, and thorough washing and drying (Annex 9).
F. Phasing, Yields and Production
74. Phasing. In the project area there are about 77,600 farmers who are members of UCCAO and who would eventually participate in project activities. They occupy an estimated 103,000 ha of farm area and cultivate about 97,000 ha annually. The tables below show number of farms and cultivated area broken down according to administrative departments and soil types; more details are in Table 3.
Farm Families Farm Area Department Members of UCCAO (No.) Cultivated (ha)
Mifi 20,200 25,300 Menoua 26,000 32,500 Bamboutos 12,000 15,200 Nde 750 800 Haut Nkam 650 700 Bamoun 18,000 22,500
Total 77,600 97,000
Soil Type Red Black Reworked Ferralitic Deposition Brown Ferralitic Total
Area (ha) 59,750 16,900 8,000 12,350 97,000 Farms (No.) 47,800 13,500 6,400 9,900 77,600
75. In PY 1, activities would mainly concentrate on recruitment of addi- tional staff, training, procurement of vehicles and equipment, and construc- tion of buildings. Starting with PY 2, it is expected that about 10,000 farms would be phased annually into the project and benefit from improved extension services. Input on credit would be available to all farmers from PY 1. By PY 4 about 30,000 and by PY 9 all of the estimated 80,000 members of UCCAO would be reached. The figure of 10,000 to be reached annually is considered reasonable in terms of project management and extension service capacity. It is proposed that project activities commence in the centrally located depart- ment of Mifi and gradually extend to Menoua, Bamboutos, Nde, Haut Nkam and Bamoun. Details of phasing of farms and areas into the project according to administrative departments and main soil types are outlined in Table 4 and the table below gives a brief summary. ANNEX 3 Page 20
Phasing in of PY 1 PY 2 PY 3 PY 4 PY 7 PY 9
Farms (NO.) - 10,000 20,000 30,200 62,200 81,200 Area (ha) - 12,500 25,300 37,800 77,800 101,000
76. It is assumed that between PY 1 and PY 9 an additional 3,600 new farms would be established in the sparsely populated Galim area of the de- partment of Bamboutos and that these farms would also be phased into the project. Thus, farm families would increase from the present 77,600 to 81,200 and cultivated land would increase by about 4,000 ha.
77. Yields. Without the project, some yield improvements would be expected to occur in maize, beans, grcundnuts, vegetables and coffee. As a result of project interventions, yields are expected to improve as shown in Table 5. The table below shows expected yield increases due to project interventioa. These yields are representative for the red ferralitic and black deposition soils, representing together close to 80% of the project area. Yields for brown soils have been estimated somewhat higher and for reworked ferralitic soils somewhat lower. Without-project yields (PY 0) are based on the mean yields over the last three years.
Yield Estimate (t/ha) 1/ Type of Crop Without Proiect 2/ With Proiect 3/ Produce
Maize 1.3-1.6 2.2-2.5 Shelled Beans 0.3-0.4 0.5-0.6 " Groundnuts 0.4-0.5 0.6-0.7 Unshelled Macabo and Taro 4.5 6.0 Tubers Yam and Cassava 3.5 5.0 " Potatoes 5.0 7.0 " Banana and Plantain 3.5 5.0 Bunches Vegetables and Others 4.0-5.0 6.0-7.0 Fresh Arabica Coffee 0.18-0.21 0.28 Green Coffee
1/ On pure crop basis. 2/ First figure for PY 0, second for PY 7 and on. 3/ First figure for PY 2-5, second for PY 6 and on.
78. Production. Total and incremental production projections, supported by yield and area figures for the four soil types over the nine project years are given in Table 6. The table below shows the summary of incremental pro- duction of the main crops. ANNEX 3 Page 21
Incremental Production (t)
Crop PY I PY 2 PY 3 PY 4 PY 7 PY 9
Maize - 3,250 7,980 17,380 41,810 54,210 Beans - 380 560 930 2,040 2,640 Groundnuts - 250 750 1,000 1,870 2,710 Macabo and Taro - 11,250 18,730 29,980 62,650 73,620 Yam and Cassava - 3,750 5,700 9,450 21,860 27,230 Potatoes - 1,000 1,480 2,480 4,640 5,940 Banana and Plantain - 2,820 4,120 7,000 14,050 16,960 Vegetables and Others - 260 430 640 1,430 2,120 Arabica Coffee - 1,070 2,090 3,160 5,860 6,540
G. Field Services and Training
79. Extension services. The project's extension services would be headed by a qualified and experienced Chief Extension Officer (CEO), who would report to UCCAO's Director of Production Services. Organization and staffing are detailed at Annex 2.
80. The existing structure and numbers of extension officers in the project area are evident from the table below. Officers-in-charge COIC) of main agricultural stations (poste agricole principal - PAP) are usually TA (Technicien d'Agriculture) or experienced ATA (Agent Technique Adjoint d'Agriculture) level. OIC of agricultural stations (poste agricole - PA) are normally ATA level. The lowest level are extension agents (EA).
Haut Department Mifi Menoua Bamboutos Nde Nkam Bamoun Total
OIC - PAP (No) 1/ 5 3 3 1 1 2 15 OIC - PA (No) 1/ 8 6 6 6 1 8 35 EA (No) 2/ 26 24 20 5 3 14 92 Farmers (No) 3/ 20,200 26,000 12,000 760 650 18,000 77,600 Farmers per EA (No) 780 1,080 600 150 220 1,290 850
1/ Only those PAP and PA were counted that are wholly or partly active in project area.
2/ Numbers of EAs adjusted according to proportion of activities in project area.
3/ Members of UCCAO.
81. It is proposed that under the project, the extension field service structure be organized into five sectors, in line with the geographical area ANNEX 3 Page 22
of administrative departments (Nde and H.Nkam combined into one sector). Each sector would be headed by an experienced officer (Chef Secteur) at ITA (Ingenieur des Travaux Agricoles) level, who would report to the CEO. The ITA would have a field staff of TA, ATA and EA level officers at the following proposed ratios: one TA to about 5,200 farmers, one ATA to 2,200 farmers and one EA to 400 farmers. Thus, under the project the following numbers of extension officers would be required (cumulative):
PY2 PY 3 PY 4 PY 5 PY 6 PY 7 PY 8 PY 9
Project farmers (in '000) 10 20 30 40 51 62 73 81 ITA (No.) 1 2 3 4 5 - - - TA (No.) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 ATA (No.) 5 9 14 18 23 28 33 37 EA (No.) 25 50 75 100 128 155 183 200
A comparison of available and required staff shows a shortage of EAs. This would be remedied by annually recruiting and training about 30 primary school leavers from farm families. Each year about 14 of these new agents would be allocated to the project. The sixteen trainees surplus to the needs of the project would be absorbed by the Provincial Delegation for work outside the project area.
82. The training and visit (T and V) system. Project management would or- ganize the extension services along the line of the T and V system, with cer- tain modifications made to respect the local conditions. Most of the prin- ciples of the T and V system would be introduced:
- general extension services would be unified. Specialist agents would exist on a limited scale only for selected specialized activities, such as field trials and demonstrations, refores- tation, and bottomland development. The general extension services would have a single line of command, from the UCCAO Director of Production Services down to the EA;
- extension personnel would devote all their time exclusively to agricultural extension work;
- a systematic time-bound program of training and visits would be introduced, clearly specified and closely supervised at all levels. Frequent fortnightly one-day training sessions for field-level extension staff would be an integral part of the system. In these sessions, EAs would be intensively instructed in the three or four most important recommenda- tions for the forthcoming two weeks of the crop season; (such as rates, methods, times of fertilizer application; rates and methods of planting improved varieties of foodcrops; coffee pest control, harvesting, processing; grain storage); ANNEX 3 Page 23
- efforts would be concentrated to achieve a visible umpact and continued progress. EAs would concentrate mainly on the most important crops and on those few practices which bring the best economic results. In their approach EAs would concentrate on selected contact farmers;
- selected contact farmers would have to be of good standing in their community, so that their views on new practices could be respected by other farmers. These contact farmers should not be the community's most progressive farmers; these are usually regarded as exceptional and their neighbors do not tend to follow them. Contact farmers should be selected in consulta- tion with village leaders;
- at the initial stage, it would be very important to achieve an immediate impact through the EA's recommendations. This would give the farmers confidence in the EAs and the EAs confidence in themselves. To achieve this, the ideal items in the project would be higher fertilizer rates, improved pest control, and improved seed;
- EAs should always concentrate on the kind of advice needed by the majority. Nevertheless, they should also spend some time with the most advanced farmers, because these should provide an example of what a major part of farmers would do a few seasons later;
- the extension service would cooperate closely with research and try to close the existing gap between viable research recommendations and farmers' practices. To remain effective, extension must be linked to a vigorous research program, which has to be well tuned to the needs of the farmers (Annex 5);
- a close link would be maintained between extension, and supply of inputs and credit managed by UCCAO. Activities of exten- sion services would create a larger demand for inputs among farmers, would provide farmers with technical information on the use of inputs, and would provide UCCAO with rough estimates on next season's demands;
- extension services would undergo continuous improvement and training, in order to keep up with more advanced research re- commendations and farmers' demand for higher level advice.
83. These basic criteria of the T and V system would have to be adjusted to local conditions. Several conditions come into mind immediately, in which the Western Highlands differ from other areas, in which the T and V system has been so successful. Firstly, it is the macroecology and the complex multiple intercropping system of cultivation, secondly the high standard of ANNEX 3 Page 24 agriculture and production, which indicates that extension would have to work with an increased use of inputs and high technology (fertilizer, seed, pest control, coffee pruning, harvesting, processing, grain storage); and thirdly, the fortnightly training session of EAs would have to respect the project areas microecology, difference in crop compositions and crop growing cycles.
84. To enable a thorough familiarization of the project's leading ex- tension personnel with the T and V system, the project would finance a visit of two people for a one-month study trip to one of the countries where this system is working well (most likely India).
85. Training. The project would create a multipurpose agricultural training center (TC) situated in Bafoussam. The center would consist of train- ing and communal facilities, including a multipurpose demonstration cum classroom, library and reading room, boarding and dining facilities for thirty trainees. The center would be headed by a Senior Training Officer (STO), aided by two Training Officers. Actual training would be done by the two assistants with supplementary support given by staff of research stations and the Agricultural Technical Institute at Dschang.
86. The TC would fall under UCCAO's Director of Production Services, and institutionally under the Directorate of Agricultural Education within the Ministry of Agriculture.
87. The TC would have a multiple function. Firstly, it would organize and provide basic training for thirty newly recruited EAs annually. The basic training would be presented in a four-month cycle and would include principles of extension work, including a familiarization with the T and V system, principles of the area related ecology, crop husbandry, and Government and UCCAO administration. Further, the training center would provide I to 3 week refresher courses for extension officers up to the TO level and would also be available for short-term training of credit officers, cooperative staff and local leaders. The TC would also participate in the fortnightly T and V training.
88. It has been assumed that the TC would provide about 150 trainee- months in PY 2, and about 200 trainee-months as from PY 3 onwards. The table below gives a breakdown on the utilization of the training facility (in trainee-months): ANNEX 3 Page 25
Type of Training PY 2 PY 3 PY 4
Newly recruited EAs (30 x 4 months) 120 120 120
Refresher courses EAs (PY2 30 x 0.5 months) (PY3-4 60 x 0.5 months) 15 30 30
Refresher ATA, TA (30 x 0.5 months) 15 15 15
Credit training (30 x 0.5 months) - 15 15
Cooperative training (30 x 0.5 months) 15 15
Local leaders (30 x 0.2 months) - 5 5
Total 150 200 200
The estimated cost of the training center over the four project years is CFAF 166.3 million (US$680,000). Table I CAMEltOON
'WST-,RN HIC&LANDS RUtLAL DEVEWLP-ENT PROJXCT
AVERAGE FAR.' CRO0 COt5OSITCTR ACCORDITC TO SOL 2YPE
SOIL TYPE Red Ferralitic Slack Depoaitian Srotu eworked FTrralitic TOTAL
Pr*dowin.ntty 0 rwrs n o artwencs MifU Nifi Baiboucoa ?iSfi Nbouds )Saun Monau 5^oun tNd. sa.boutas H.1fkw
CulcOvac#d (ha) 59750 16900 8000 12350 97000
Avem.qe rrnaC.o) (7) t78 Crnr Conoosiclon-] Yo S No. No. No. us te 37000 65 78000 55 30K00 60 20000 40
Beans 9000 t5 6600 11 11000 IS 1800 3 cround7-lcs n v0000 10 50000 25 ZOO0 10 70000 35
Ms-aoo + Tsro 6000 60 600 6 4000 40 6000 60
Yamr Cassav 7700 70 1100 11 3000 30 600 6
Pocacoes 7000 4 1000 2 700 1 500 1
3nana Plancain 730 15 50 3 100 7 120 8
Vegecabtas + ochers 600 1 1000 7 600 1 600 1
Arahi', 1500 95 1250 80 1500 95 1500 95 crowno'r'g sIr (S) ,f A'rual Crop- 175 117 160 146
( ') 3lsad on phystr1 -raip ounts dose by htAT on the ebave sail types in che 5tl zaka*ed 5oun area. (7) "o: ; overagesv numw,berof plants per ha, "T' gives the corresponding perefntAge of recomended pure stand plant populs or. '' NaY-. a r.' t ourm'ucg-re aonvffers' a. *esor rovp, rubers end been. Ps xeeo season rops. Poe.'ees cnt vege taces '#r olrtto. t-ouqhouc taa roiry *eqpo" AmETX
wttSIiJ 91081.008 RUua" 58Y51.08!01 P8JCT
UICD11W2L-0C7lLj oIv)T 7l1TRC S
With ProJet
PTO19tt 1 Z 3 ' ' 5 9 1Y 0 PT 9
Age. Phed4 into ProJ et (ha) toarO t.1tl (1) - - - 12500 12000 12500 12500 U700 13800 13700 9500
- '' - (he) local LaTor moLcal C (T1) . _ _ 12100 25300 37800 50300 68000 77800 i1SOO l1o0o0
Feeders PhFud tnto Project (No.) - (1) - _ 10000 10200 10000 10000 11000 11000 11000 8000
(No.)U (SI) . - 10000 20200 30200 40200 51200 S2200 73200 81200
FtVfIlL (1) .*2 C. - (- . .2340 U90 22S0 2290 2310 2.90 Z 70 1110
(t) . _ (T) . 2340 4730 7020 8310 11320 14310 16780 18490
b) S oblot of Aeta - (1) - - 1160 1190 1150 llSO 1260 1240 1230 5S0
-- - - (TX3) . . 1160 2350 3500 4650 5910 7150 S 380 9260
Totl - (I) 3500 3580 3WAO 3 40 3770 3710 3700 2570
(TX) 100o0 13000 * 3500 7080 10520 1390 17730 2140 25160 27730
P-tCeid1.a( ) .8 ca.t#l. Cocrol. (1) - 13.0 U5.0 13.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0
(l3o 13 (TI) . . . uo.0 z.O ]l.a 43.0 52.0 59.0 86.0 71.0
l) ntheadde. Control (S) 18.4 18.0 15.0 11.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 9.0
(c3 . (TX) . . . 18.0 3.0 5.0 85.0 77.0 59.0 101.0 110.0
) otr. . (1) - - - 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 15.0
(c) - (TX) _ _ 20.0 80.0 S0.0 80.0 102.0 124.0 126.0 151.0
Iodal (t) - (U) _ . . 51.0 51.0 51.0 37.0 1.1.0 '1.0 61.0 29.0
- (T) 200 300 . 51.0 102.0 153.0 S90.0 231.J 272.0 301.0 332.0
1 .LL. (3) (IW _ . 13.0 13.0 13.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0
('000 1) (TX) 1-3.0 24.0 3S.0 45.0 52.0 59.0 6e.0 71.0
speaTwo ' . ( 1 -. 1500 1540 1500 3000 ") 3180 3160 60 4320
" OT7) Iw1ho 2000 - 1500 3004 i540 45t00 10100
Doploears(6) . (2) . 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
* (TI) 9000 900 1000 2000 3000 8000 5000 6000 7000 5000
Crtb. -(I) . 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 2000
(2X) . 3000 8000 9000 12000 15000 10m00 21000 28000
(1) Reommendd lertilisar idea md.r proJect AM00 k6. 4 the ratio crespo s olphact of LO 3tl. tatt t.d _ea 3 0 forliltsr m rtthoct pro)Jct 100 ltSiba It MlO .d 130 k8Jha in P1. (im1d3 120 gI/ba; n1.4121 6./bA; P1t-9 130 kg1ha.) Prie. ct lamwar cAt /o, of m.chat4 et mt .oelod CFA1 3/614 of d.-ad. (2) As .01t dt 501 ot cftfa. .ra .o ha treactd lloWilly tor A.t.a.cla . 301 for A.Chracao... The doo tt h t project oo otofp clclda aiatet Ct 2 %4/ba In MO ned 3 kgiha to tY9 (2 IqJha n10o ; 3 k6/ha PT5-9t. Proportle atof Act.scla . A hrco p-etlctid .tthtu.. projet 41ltfLc,c La *ooc6li.k. I1tth pr-jcc a. uaild Laeowee to _ sbera 1 a of 4.4 6;Jha for gted treatamet tc 1.6 USihe tar oth_r* (-c.?horer. oocrel. O." 4ra.la.. grain storage). Pri.t for 60tacla c_tral Lnecti:cide ClAP 300J1I Aotkraeo.o CatU 1720/k.. others CtAU 10001k;. (3) Ctle-ater ae.dfor opraetLig .tic./ ear^apr0 tot Aace.cu uotrol. Prtce CtAP 7011. (4) A_oc 3000 f.wr. *aac.rtd to - teapeck ahrayra but oml y h-ltt eft theeClathaec t be in oparatlt. ItWz.01t1 . Pitt of r.ear C7Al 15000. ealadl; poyaro emtirgod .tchomx Project. in 11 mea sprayer na1ld Ibe satI-ble orw tbOt 7.5 h. of sofe., or seone 10 h.01 atal apreyteo for Antrlleane cotrol. (5) Am tfro ?T5 an..rd r.pLeadent apr41w? leluded into proj.te1lo. (6) A*4. 9000 4 eul"gre eiCeWC* to be _.m fer.re -a prvjact or. . rati. oft m depuLper to * out 10 ha at coftf. It La dawed that this reels _14d bo ko1t C1.81 ttho-L pr.j-- Prelec -i1d preotd. - dtioni - M0M00L d'lor. by P*9 thu- 4 r.atg the *-r . t I dplepr - 5.5 ha.tt. D.t par lt. eati_ca ac .0 7ners. (7) ToaL 9datLities. CAMEROJON
WESTERNNIGHLANIiS RURAL DEVELOPMW PROIAECT
NU1i1ERSOF FARMS IN PROJECTAREA AND TIIEIR AREA iIISTRIMUI'IOtl
AtCORDINtI TO ADMINISTRATIVE DEFPARINEmnSAl'D HAIN SOIL TYPES( )
In Pr..iet Are& Ferte Area Total (lie) For. Arka Cultivated Approi.t..tive Proportion of C.Itivated Area ot Main Soil Type.. (hs) Mes,bersof UCCAO (No) _ Red Ferr'r ,ll blak Deposition Browte Rewc,rkld Fr,ralltir py 0 py 9 py o py 9 py 0 py 9 py O . py I PY 0 - PY 9 PY 0 PY 9 PY O - PY 9
MiIi 20200 20700 76750 26250 25300 15300 14450 5000 -- -- 50
26010 26000 341)110 34000 32500 32500 275011 __-- 50(
12000 15600 17000 20000 15200 19200 7200 -- 8'J00 12000 --
Nd,r I50 50 1000 1000 1100 o00o -u -- -- - h hot,,l 11,,.. 650 650 850 850 700 700 ------700
18000 18000 23401l 23400 22500 22500 10600 11900 ------
loTis 77600 81?00 102500 IOS0O0 91000 101000 59750 16900 8000 12000 17350
II,.. ol 11aula,, .o SOj i Iype:. Iel,i*,nbe,) 77600 817io - -- -- 47R100 13500 6400 10000 94110
.I S;.i I lyprs (PY 0) ------100 - 67 17 -- 113
Iii ti.. .Ir.q;v (lbH- hese pa .l etors are experted tq aoke plIa c a rea,to of proJet act4Iv tIesI iditLer.iIor. i ItaC loll wi 1-.00t p oject - vwLI prpoje-t CAHMRDO(N
WESTERNIIICIIIANDS KItRAI. DEV6LOVEIOtH1ENT1OEIT
PIIASINRI OIF FAKMISAND) AREAS RItf( PKBtlC1JC
PY
0 1 2 1 4 5 6 7 8 9
WIIlitlIlt p8131~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~880 10 Fr.~ti' lotel 1 .1io)) 77600 78000 78400 7B800 19200 79600 80000 80400 80800 81700 F e,ts Ar.. lorlc Lie.1 101000 101500 102000 102500 101000 101500 104000 104500 105000 105500 1,,,. Aret- " I vIlem (/b) 97000 97500 98000 98500 99000 99400 99800 100200 100600 101000
WiliB PRO IECT
Pl.o(e.t aramm(No,) 1Inrealental -- 10 10200 10200 10000 11000 11000 11000 8300 As-es (1 -. ) -^_- 12500 12800 12500 12500 13800 13800 13800 10500 PI o le. (stoats (No.) Total -- -- 10000 20200 30200 42200 51200 62200 13?00 81200 Ass- (ha.) -~ -- 12500 25300 37800 50300 64000 71800 91500 101000
For S (tto 2 ~~~~Dc.artlaent
4.) PIsasIujl a.^ sto Ad.lnistratlve HIFI -- 10000 20200 20200 20700 20200 20200 20200 70200 IittpartoteOIO (- Nemmimma - -eljol 10000 20000 26000 26000 26000 26000 fmmmmlative) ) -".n 5000 14000 15000 15600
tile - -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~50- 10750 11 Ntsa ------650 650 650 BHa.ooo -- - - - 600 10600 18000
Total -- 10000 20200 10200 40200 51200 62200 73200 81200
(1t) pi.aS lI Cc to HM.In Soil Rf -- 10000 11540 21540 31540 33560 39860 39860 47800 I'yplm (~~~~mmmxmm lative)80 ~~~~~~~--- ~ 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 11500 13500 BR - 4960 8880 10000 10000 RtF _ 4660 4660 4660 8680 9480 9900 9900
Total -- 10000 20200 30200 40200 51200 62200 73200 81200
A!I. ^ L.-A
Phl..tmtttlI to Heist Soil RP( ) 12500 14450 26950 39450 41950 49850 49850 59750 1YI's-~m(ttttt latixe) 831 -- 5000 5000 5000 5DI0 5000 16900 16900 ItN - - - . .... 00 11100 12000 12000 RWF -. 5850 5850 5850 10850 11850 12350 12350
Tota -- 17500s 25300 3)800 50300 6411o10 77800 91500 101000
(ii R,ral popt.lalioa grs-tthestia'acd at 2.27 pa. AbOnL half of Itt ela.otrIttttal p.mp11latiomt Xetmjel- tO Clt m fllimlmItV blatttin leac pop.mlaEd parts of Ihe pro le. sare, .e.c bommt3601) ddtit iu(nal tarts-Sto abxo,l 4000 h. laInd by pY 9i e 17) hese i frarms are expelted it he t I [i e .1al. area of theDepr. of B-atmute. hlere p opnltation i, i 1 40/Rkn7 (br.-m sl*Ot)It, Phasing in of t-V fai-t-s lO tie prol tl vowmid I art itt 1Y t. vheu project i,tivities reath tle depmrtrtt. - w (1) ll - ri.l Ihrralil; Ri) - It.I1,li JBp- tIItit - browt: RWF - ,eswrk.d f1rk.lit-l. CAMEROON
WESTERNHIGHLAND RURAL DEVELOPMENTPROJECT
YIELD PROJECTIONS (T/HA)
SOIL TYI'E RED FERRALITIC BLACK DEPOSITION BROWN REWORKEDFERRALITIC TYPE OF PRODUCE 1/ Stage WO W WO W WO W WO W
CROP: 2/ Maize 1.3-1.6 2.2-2,5 1.3-1.6 2.2-2.5 1.4-1,7 2.5-2.8 1.2-1.5 1.8-2.1 Shelled (1.7) Beans 0.3-0.4 o.5-o.6 0.3-0.4 0.5-0.6 o.4-o.5 o.6-0.7 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 Shelled
Groundiiuts o.4-o.5 o.6-o.7 0.4-0.5 O.6-o.7 0.5-0.6 0.7-0.8 0.4-0.5 0.5-0.6 Unshelled
Macabo + Taro 4.5 6.o 4.5 6.o 5.5 7.0 3.5 5.0 Tubers
Yani + Cassava 3.5 5.0 3.5 5.0 4.0 5.5 2.0 3.5
Potatoes 5.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 9.0 4.0 6.o
Banana + Plantain 3.5 5.0 3.5 5.0 4.0 5.5 3.0 4.5 Bunches
Vegetables + Others 4.0-5.0 6.o-7.0 4.0-5.0 6.0-7.0 5.5-6.5 6.5-7.5 3.5-1,.0 4.5-5.0 Fresh
Arabica Coffee 0.18-0.21 0.28 0.18-0.21 0.28 0.20-0.23 0.30 0.16-0.19 0.26 Clean Coffee
1/ WO = without project (first figure for PY 0, second for PY 7 and on), W = with project (first figure PY 2-5, second PY 6 and on). 2/ Maize yield of 1.7 t/ha refers to local variety. 2.2-2.5 t/ha to improved variety. This distinction refers only to red ferralitic soils in PY 2 and part of PY 3. When farms on other soil types are phased into project, improved seed would be already available.
(I'D O) 3 4 5 i I
a n 9 0 WU- 9 . 0 n I "x.)I'll, (...)Ar- Total__-EM.0) W A0.) .. m (0 M (h.) (1) (I) fhl) (I) -7h (11.) 0) (I) L, . "o-am .,u OI71. .-.- d)