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Maximization of Energy Generation from Small Hydropower Plant in Sri Lanka

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Maximization of Energy Generation from Small Hydropower Plant in Sri Lanka MAXIMIZATION OF ENERGY GENERATION FROM SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANT IN SRI LANKA A dissertation submitted to the Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering By Pathiranage Guminda Sanjeewa Priyadarshana 2014 Department of Energy Technology Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden MAXIMIZATION OF ENERGY GENERATION FROM SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTIN SRI LANKA By Pathiranage Guminda Sanjeewa Priyadarshana Supervised by OUSL Supervisors: Dr. N.S. Senanayake & Mr. Ruchira Abeyweera KTH Supervisors: Prof. Mark Howells & Mr. Francesco Fuso Nerini 2 Declaration The work submitted in this thesis is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. It has not already been accepted for any other degree and is also not being concurrently submitted for any other degree. Pathiranage Guminda Sanjeewa Priyadarshana Date We/I endorse declaration by the candidate. Dr. N.S. Senanayaka Prof. Mark Howells & Mr. Ruchira Abeyweera & Mr. Francesco Fuso Nerini (OUSL Supervisors) (KTH Supervisors) 3 Abstract Sri Lanka has a number of small waterfalls and channels. Related to this there is a significant potential to develop small hydropower plants, thus to generate much needed electricity for country’s development efforts. Small hydro power plants cause less environmental effects compared to large scale hydro power generation and power generation using fossil fuel. Therefore, it is a timely requirement to explore the possibilities of utilizing small water streams to generate electricity as much as possible as well as to optimize the energy generation with the available water in those water streams. The importance of small hydro power is highlighted in the Sri Lanka’s energy generation plan, and the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) annual report states that in year 2011 total installed capacity of small hydro plant was around 200MW and it is expected to expand energy generation to around 800GWh. This study focuses on finding out optimum operating parameters to maximize the energy generation of existing small hydro power plant in the country. By selecting a few small hydro power plants, preliminary studies were performed to identify optimum values of water flow rate to maximize the efficiency of the power generation. The study revealed that the selected plants had not operated at the maximum efficiency; hence they did not optimally utilize the available water. 4 Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Torsten H. Fransson Head, Department of energy technology for expanding the DSEE Programme to Sri Lanka and pave the way for us to explore the world of sustainable energy engineering. I am really grateful to Professor Mark Howells and Mr. Francesco Fuso Nerini for their unwavering guidance, support towards successful research activity. I specially thank my local supervisors, Dr. N.S. Senanayaka and Mr. Ruchira Abeyweera for their unwavering guidance, support and advice for carrying out this research work successfully. I am also very appreciative for their extensive help in fulfillment of some publications related to this research work, in some prestigious international forums. I am indebted to my parents, wife and son for constant support and encouragement for successfully carrying out this work. My gratitude also due to all academic staff of Open University Sri Lanka, all academic staff of KTH Sweden and Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority for the support given with my studies. I have been assisted extensively by Mr. Asela, Mr. Manjula Wickramathilaka in obtaining required measurements and data for the research activity which I should greatly appreciate. Finally, my thanks go to various other personnel without whose help this work wouldn’t be a success. Understandably, their individual names cannot be mentioned here due to being large in number. 5 Table of contents Declaration ....................................................................................................................................................3 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………...…….5 Abbreviation..................................................................................................................................................7 List of figures…………………………………………………………………...........................…8 List of tables………………………………………………………………………………….…9 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..………..10 1.1 Litterature survey .......................................................................................................................10 1.2 Hydropower sector in Sri Lanka..............................................................................................15 2 Problem formulation and objectives...............................................................................................22 3 Method ................................................................................................................................................23 4 Analysis of Data………………………………………………………………………......25 4.1 Data collected from Ella Pita Ella Small hydro plant ……………………………...………..25 4.2 Data collected from Kebilladowa Small hydro plant……………………………...…………...25 4.3 Data collected from Watawala Small hydro plant ………………………...………………....26 4.4 Electrical power – flow rate curves………………………………………………………... 26 4.5 Turbine efficiency – flow rate curves…………………………………………………….... 27 4.6 Maximum energy from the available water……………………………………………….... 30 4.6.1 Kebilladowa Plant……………………………………………………….... 30 4.6.2 Watawala Plant…………………………………………………….…….. 33 5 Conclusions and future work ...........................................................................................................35 References ...................................................................................................................................................37 Annexure A: Rain fall data of Nuwara Eliya (1981-2011)……………………………………...38 Annexure B: Rain fall data of Watawala (1993-2012)…………………………………………..39 Annexure C: US 300PM Protable Ultrasonic Flow Meter Catalogue…………………………..40 AnnexureD: US 300PM Protable Ultrasonic Flow Meter – Photogrphs of Flow Measurements at Ella Pita Ella Small Hydro Power Plant……………………………...………………………50 6 Abbreviation Overall efficiency g Gravitational Constant Q Water flow Rate H Water head a Constant P Generator electric power output T Time period of operation at optimum condition CEB Ceylon Electricity Board MHPP Mini hydro power plant SHPP Small hydro power plant SLSEA Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority DMSL Department of Meteorology Sri Lanka Subscripts n nthelement 7 List of figures Figure 1.1.1 Original and Degrade Performance curves of turbine……..…………………....…12 Figure 1.1.2 Efficiency curves of typical hydro turbine……………………….…...……….…...13 Figure 1.2.1 CO2 emission data analysis in 2013…………………………...……...……………15 Figure 1.2.2 The electricity generation in CEB…………………………………...……….….…16 Figure 1.2.3 Typical layout of hydro power plant…………………………….……...……..…...17 Figure 4.4 Electrical Power Vs. Average Flow Rate…………………………….……....……....27 Figure 4.5.1 Turbine Efficiency vs. Flow Rate curve for Ella Pita Ella SHPP……………...…28 Figure 4.5.2 Turbine Efficiency vs. Flow Rate curve for Kebilladowa SHPP…………...………….…29 Figure 4.5.3 Turbine Efficiency vs. Flow Rate curve for Watawala SHPP……………..…………......29 Figure 4.6.1.1 Comparison of actual flow rate and optimum flow rate on monthly basis for Kebilladowa SHPP……………………...………………………………………………….......31 Figure 4.6.1.2 Actual generation of energy and the optimum generation on monthly basis for Kebilladowa SHPP…………………………………...……………………………………..….32 Figure 4.6.1.3 Loss of generation due to non-operation of the plant at optimum efficiency for Kebilladowa SHPP………………...……………………………………………………...……32 Figure 4.6.2.1 Comparison of actual flow rate and optimum flow rate on monthly basis for Watawala SHPP……………………...………………………...……………………………….33 Figure 4.6.2.2 Actual generation of energy and the optimum generation on monthly basis for Watawala SHPP…………………………………………...……………………...…………….34 Figure 4.6.2.3 Loss of generation due to non-operation of the plant at optimum efficiency for Watawala SHPP……………………...……………...………………………………………….34 8 List of tables Table 1.2.1Hydro Power Plant Category ……..………..……………………….………….…15 Table 1.2.2 Total Energy generation Laxapana Complex……..………..…………………….…18 Table 1.2.3 Total Energy generation Mahaweli Complex….……………………………….…...18 Table 1.2.4 Total Energy generation Other Hydro Complex……….………………………..…19 Table 1.2.5 Age analysis of hydropower stations in Sri Lanka…………………………….….…21 Table 4.1 Summary of data from Ella Pita Ella Small Hydro Plant……………...……………....25 Table 4.2 Summary of data from Kebilladowa Small Hydro Plant……………………...……..….25 Table 4.3 Summary of data from Watawala Small Hydro Plant………………...………….……26 Table 4.4 Electrical Power and Average Flow Rate data……………………………………..…26 Table 4.5.1 Summary of overall efficiency calculation for Ella Pita Ella Power Plant…………27 Table 4.5.2 Summary of overall efficiency calculation for Kebilladowa Power Plant……...……27 Table 4.5.3 Summary of overall efficiency calculation for Watawala Power Plant……………..28 Table 4.6.1.1 Details calculation results of Kebilladowa SHPP……...……………………….…31 Table 4.6.2.1 Detail calculation results of Watawala SHPP…………...……………………...…33 9 1 Introduction The government owned Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) is the main producer and
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