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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The God of This Age: Satan in the Churches and Letters of the Apostle Paul Derek R. Brown Doctor of Philosophy University of Edinburgh 2011 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis; that the following thesis is entirely my own work; and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for another degree or qualification. Derek R. Brown ii ABSTRACT This thesis aims to elucidate the nature of the references to Satan in the undisputed Pauline corpus. Although scholarship has frequently devoted attention to the various “powers of evil” in Paul’s letters—including principalities, rulers, demons, etc.—insufficient consideration has been given to the figure of Satan as an isolated subject matter. Moreover, scholarship on the individual references to Satan has often neglected Paul’s depiction of Satan’s activity vis-à-vis his apostolic calling. This raises the question, how and why does the Apostle Paul refer to the figure of Satan in his letters? In order to address this question, the thesis commences by examining two key areas of background material. First, Chapter Two investigates the various “images” of Satan in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Jewish texts. Instead of delineating a historical sketch of the development of Satan in Jewish thought, emphasis is placed on the various roles in which Satan functions within these writings. Second, Chapters Two and Three investigate two aspects of Paul’s theology which relate to his references to Satan. First, Satan’s place within Paul’s apocalyptic theology is explicated (Chapter Three). Second, the thesis considers Paul’s self-understanding as the Apostle to the Gentiles and, critically, the importance of Paul’s churches for his apostleship (Chapter Four). Chapters Five and Six then utilize the findings of the previous chapters in their examination of the ten clear references to Satan in the undisputed Pauline letters. Chapter Five focuses on the sole reference to Satan in Romans (16:20) and the two references in 1 Thessalonians (2:18; 3:5). Chapter Six then analyzes the several references to Satan in the Corinthian correspondence (1 Cor 5:5; 7:5; 2 Cor 2:11; 4:4; 6:15; 11:14; 12:7), including their collective significance. On the basis of the examination of the Pauline references to Satan, it is argued that Paul—while sharing the Jewish and early Christian understanding of Satan as an enemy and tempter of the people of God—fundamentally characterizes Satan in his letters as the apocalyptic adversary who opposes his apostolic labor (kopos). Paul iii does so, it is argued, because he believed that his apostleship was pivotal in spreading the gospel at a crucial point in salvation history. The final chapter then anticipates the implications of the study for further research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................X LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................................XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 REASONS FOR THE PRESENT STUDY..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Examples of Satan’s Significance in Paul’s Letters ........................................................... 1 1.1.2 Relevant Scholarship on Satan and Paul............................................................................... 4 General Studies on Satan ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Satan in the Hebrew Bible ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Satan in the New Testament............................................................................................................................................. 7 Principalities and Powers.................................................................................................................................................. 9 Satan in the Pauline Letters........................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 METHOD AND SCOPE .............................................................................................................................15 1.2.1 Direction of the Study ..................................................................................................................15 1.2.2 Scope of the Study..........................................................................................................................19 1.2.3 Shape of the Study.........................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER TWO IMAGES OF SATAN IN BIBLICAL AND SECOND TEMPLE JEWISH TRADITIONS..................................................................................................................................23 2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................23 2.2 SATAN AS ACCUSER................................................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Zechariah 3:1–10...........................................................................................................................25 2.2.2 Job 1–2................................................................................................................................................27 2.2.3 The Book of Jubilees.....................................................................................................................29 2.2.4 Revelation 12:1–12 .......................................................................................................................29 2.2.5 Summary ...........................................................................................................................................30 2.3 SATAN AND THE ORIGIN OF EVIL ........................................................................................................30 2.3.1 Variations within the Enochic Literature ...........................................................................31 2.3.2 Sirach ..................................................................................................................................................32 2.3.3 Wisdom of Solomon ......................................................................................................................33 2.3.4 Summary ...........................................................................................................................................34 v 2.4 SATAN AS RULER ....................................................................................................................................34 2.4.1 Jubilees................................................................................................................................................34 2.4.1.1 Mastema’s Authority over One-tenth of the Evil Spirits..................................................................... 35 2.4.1.2 Mastema’s Rule within Israel’s History ..................................................................................................... 36 2.4.1.3 Other References to Satan’s Rule in Jubilees........................................................................................... 37 2.4.2 Qumran and the l(ylb tl#mm...........................................................................................38 2.4.2.1 The Angel of Darkness’ Dominion in Rule of the Community (1QS)............................................. 39 2.4.2.2 The Dominion of Belial in the Damascus Document (CD) ................................................................. 40 2.4.2.3 The Dominion of Belial in the War Scroll (1QM)................................................................................... 41 2.4.3 Other References
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