Detecci´On De Estrellas Extragal´Acticas Con Emisi

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Detecci´On De Estrellas Extragal´Acticas Con Emisi DETECCION´ DE ESTRELLAS EXTRAGALACTICAS´ CON EMISION´ EN Hα Juan Felipe Cabrera Garcia Universidad de los Andes Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de F´ısica Bogot´a,Colombia 2019 Detecci´onde Estrellas Extragal´acticas con Emisi´onen Hα Juan Felipe Cabrera Garcia Monograf´ıapresentada como requisito parcial para optar al t´ıtulode: F´ısico Director: Ph.D. Alejandro Garc´ıaVarela L´ıneade Investigaci´on: Astronom´ıa Universidad de los Andes Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de F´ısica Bogot´a,Colombia 2019 Ph.D. Alejandro Garc´ıaVarela Director Ph.D. Beatriz Sabogal Mart´ınez Jurado Para Gabriel & Olga Agradecimientos Este es un proyecto que me permiti´oconocer las frustraciones y alegr´ıasque vienen con hacer astronom´ıaobservacional. Durante su realizaci´onhe aprendido que tratar de comprender el universo observ´andolodesde la tierra es un gran reto lleno de obst´aculos y dificultades, pero con paciencia y dedicaci´ones posible. Por esta oportunidad debo agradecer al profesor Alejandro Garc´ıa,quien hace un a~noen su curso de c´umulos abiertos me introdujo al mundo de la fotometr´ıa,y desde en- tonces me estuvo apoyando y contagiando de su entusiasmo para realizar este proyecto. Su constante gu´ıae impulso fueron indispensables para este trabajo. Quiero mencio- nar tambi´ena los profesores Benjam´ınOostra y Beatriz Sabogal, quienes en sus cursos CBU me dieron mis primeras bases en astronom´ıa,que me permitieron llegar hasta aqu´ı. Por ´ultimodebo agradecer a mis padres, mi hermana y a toda la familia en la que Dios me puso. El infinito apoyo y amor que he recibido de ellos constituyen todo lo que soy, los quiero mucho. ix Resumen El estudio de estrellas Be y otros tipos de estrellas con emisi´onen Hα ha estado limitado principalmente a entornos en el interior de nuestra galaxia y en las Nubes de Magallanes. Im´agenesen los filtros UBVRI y Hα de otras galaxias cercanas tomadas por Massey et al. (2006), en los telescopios de 4 metros del Observatorio Nacional de Kitt Peak y el Observatorio Inter-Americano de Cerro Tololo, nos permiten implemen- tar un m´etodo fotom´etrico basado en diagramas color-color, que ya fue exitoso en las Nubes de Magallanes para identificar estrellas con emisi´onen Hα. El objetivo de este proyecto fue detectar estrellas con emisi´onen Hα en las galaxias Sextans A, Sextans B, WLM, NGC 6822 e IC 10 utilizando diagramas color-color con los ´ındicesde color R-Hα y B-V. Los resultados fueron 566 estrellas detectadas de las cuales se tiene el conocimiento de dos Variables Luminosas Azules (LBVs) que se han confirmado espectrosc´opicamente. Tambi´en se obtuvieron diagramas magnitud-color de las galaxias, donde se puede identificar que, en su mayor´ıa,las estrellas detectadas se encuentran sobre o cerca de la parte azul de la secuencia principal, convirti´endolas en candidatas a estrellas Be, Herbig Ae/Be o Wolf Rayet. Por ´ultimo,se hizo un pe- que~noan´alisissobre los posibles efectos que tiene la metalicidad sobre la ocurrencia del fen´omenode emisi´onen Hα. De este se concluye que nuestros resultados apoyan la hip´otesisde que los entornos de baja metalicidad favorecen al fen´omenode emisi´onen Hα. x Abstract The study of Be stars and other types of Hα emitting stars has been mainly limited to stars in our galaxy and in the Magellanic Clouds. Images on the UBVRI filters as well as in the Hα filter taken for other nearby galaxies by Massey et al. (2006), using the 4 meter telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory and the Cerro Tololo Inter- American Observatory, allow us to implement a two color diagram based photometric method that has already been successful on identifying Hα emitting stars in the Mage- llanic Clouds. The objective of this project was to detect Hα emitting stars in the Sextans A, Sextans B, WLM, NGC 6822 and IC 10 galaxies, using two color diagrams with the color indices R-Hα and B-V. The results were 566 stars detected, of which there are two spectroscopically previously confirmed Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs). We also obtained color-magnitude diagrams for all the galaxies where we identified that most of the stars detected are found over o near the blue part of the main sequence, making them Be, Herbig Ae/Be or Wolf Rayet candidates. Finally, we conducted a small analy- sis of the possible effect that metallicity has on the occurring of Hα emission. From this, we concluded that our results support the hypothesis stating that low metallicity environments enhance Hα emission. Contenido Agradecimientos VII Resumen IX Abstract X 1. Introducci´on 3 1.1. L´ıneasespectrales . 3 1.2. Estrellas con l´ıneasde emisi´on. 6 1.2.1. Estrellas de tipo temprano . 6 1.2.2. Estrellas de tipo tard´ıo . 11 1.2.3. Estrellas de pre-secuencia principal . 13 1.3. Detecci´onde estrellas con l´ıneasde emisi´on. 14 1.4. Galaxias del grupo local . 15 1.4.1. Sextans A . 16 1.4.2. Sextans B . 16 1.4.3. WLM . 18 1.4.4. NGC 6822 . 18 1.4.5. IC 10 . 19 1.5. Objetivos . 19 2. Fotometr´ıa 21 2.1. Conceptos de Fotometr´ıa . 21 2.1.1. Magnitudes . 22 2.1.2. Sistema fotom´etricode Johnson . 23 2.1.3. Fotometr´ıade banda angosta . 25 2.1.4. Procesos de extinci´on. 25 2.2. Fotometr´ıade ajuste de perfil (PSF) . 27 2.3. Fotometr´ıapara la detecci´onde estrellas con emisi´onen Hα . 30 2 Contenido 3. Datos 33 3.1. Survey . 33 3.2. Telescopios . 34 3.2.1. Telescopio Mayall . 34 3.2.2. Telescopio Blanco . 35 3.3. Reducci´onde datos . 37 3.4. Trabajos realizados . 37 4. Resultados 39 4.1. Sextans A . 39 4.2. Sextans B . 45 4.3. WLM . 49 4.4. NGC 6822 . 54 4.5. IC 10 . 59 4.6. Comparaci´onde Resultados . 63 4.7. Relaci´oncon Metalicidad . 65 5. Conclusiones y Trabajo Futuro 67 A. Par´ametrosde la Fotometr´ıa 69 B. Cat´alogode Estrellas con Emisi´onen Hα 70 Bibliograf´ıa 79 Cap´ıtulo1 Introducci´on Para nadie es un secreto que observar el cielo nocturno puede producir una especial variedad de sensaciones. Un negro absoluto que se cubre de luces de diversos colores, formas y brillos, que se extienden en todas las direcciones. La intriga es una de las sensaciones que pueden surgir, >qu´eson esas luces? y >por qu´eson como son? De aqu´ı surge la astronom´ıaobservacional. El cuantificar cada vez con mayor exactitud y pre- cisi´onesos colores, formas y brillos, adem´asde registrar la informaci´onpara despu´es analizar como pueda cambiar a trav´esdel tiempo. 1.1. L´ıneas espectrales Innumerables esfuerzos y avances tecnol´ogicoshan permitido que al d´ıade hoy ten- gamos una idea bastante clara sobre la naturaleza de los diferentes cuerpos celestes, aunque este comentario no se debe hacer sin antes mencionar que es mucho lo que se desconoce, y que con cada hallazgo surgen m´asinc´ognitas.Gran parte del conocimiento que se produjo antes del siglo XIX se le atribuye a las t´ecnicasobservacionales de foto- metr´ıay astrometr´ıa,desde las cuales se pod´ıandeducir propiedades sobre el brillo, el movimiento y las distancias de los objetos celestes. Un aspecto que no se hab´ıalogrado estudiar era la composici´onde la materia que constitu´ıaa estos objetos. No fue hasta 1814 que el alem´anJoseph Von Fraunhofer descubri´oque haciendo pasar la luz del sol a trav´esde un prisma para obtener su espectro (como ya lo hab´ıahecho Newton), se pod´ıanapreciar varias l´ıneasoscuras a lo largo de lo que se cre´ıaque era un espectro totalmente continuo. Midiendo las longitudes de onda de estas l´ıneas,Fraunhofer cre´o un cat´alogocon 475 l´ıneas.Posteriormente, al observar que la sal produc´ıauna l´ınea espectral amarilla con exactamente la misma longitud de onda de una de las l´ıneasm´as prominentes de su cat´alogo,concluy´oque en el sol hab´ıapresencia de Sodio. De esta manera naci´ouna nueva ciencia, la espectroscop´ıa,que permit´ıala identificaci´onde los componentes qu´ımicosde un objeto, mediante la observaci´onde su espectro. 4 1 Introducci´on Las fundaciones de la espectroscop´ıafueron realizadas por Robert Bunsen y Gustav Kirchhoff en 1860. Mediante la observaci´ondel espectro de varias substancias, intro- dujeron la idea de que cada elemento produce su propio patr´onde l´ıneasespectrales. Adicionalmente plantearon las siguientes tres leyes: Un gas denso u objeto s´olidoa temperaturas superiores a 0 K produce un espectro continuo sin l´ıneas oscuras. Un gas caliente y difuso produce l´ıneasespectrales brillantes (l´ıneasde emisi´on). Un gas fr´ıoy difuso puesto en frente de una fuente de espectro continuo, produce l´ıneasespectrales oscuras (l´ıneasde absorci´on)sobre el espectro. Las tres leyes se pueden evidenciar de manera muy clara en observaciones astron´omi- cas. Objetos calientes y compactos como las estrellas presentan un espectro continuo; sin embargo, debido a la presencia de gases en sus atm´osferasse aplica la tercera ley, y el resultado es la observaci´onde l´ıneas de absorci´oncomo las que observ´oFraunhoffer. Por otro lado, al observar nebulosas calientes, cumpliendo con la segunda ley, se obser- van las l´ıneas de emisi´on.Es as´ıcomo se establece que las estrellas presentan l´ıneasde absorci´on,mientras que las nubes de gas l´ıneasde emisi´on.Quien descubri´oeste patr´on fue el astr´onomobrit´anicoWilliam Huggins hacia 1860 tras realizar detalladas observa- ciones en estrellas y nebulosas planetarias1.
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