DOCSLIB.ORG

Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Elsevier US Job Code:CAPA Chapter:0capaappC 22-12-2006 5:31p.m. Page:827 Trimsize:8.5in×11in Appendix C PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES TABLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND C-18 Solubility of Naphthenes in Water GASES C-19 Solubility of Nitrogen Compounds in Water C-20 Henry’s Law Constant for Nitrogen Compounds in C-1 Density of Liquids Water C-2 Viscosity of Gas C-21 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquids C-3 Viscosity of Liquids C-22 Adsorption Capacity of Activated Carbon C-4 Heat Capacity of Gas C-5 Heat Capacity of Liquid C-6 Thermal Conductivity of Gas C-7 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Solids FURTHER READING C-8 Surface Tension of Organic Liquids C-9 Vapor Pressure 1. Yaws, C.L., Chemical Properties Handbook: Physical, Thermo- C-10 Enthalpy of Vaporization dynamic, Environmental, Transport, Safety, and Health Related C-11 Enthalpy of Formation Properties for Organic and Inorganic Chemicals, McGraw-Hill, C-12 Gibbs Energy of Formation 1995. C-13 Solubility in Salt Water 2. Yaws, C.L., J.R. Hopper, and R.W. Pike, “Calculating Solubility and C-14 Solubility of Organic Compounds in Water as a Henry’s Law Constants for Gases in Water”, Chem. Eng., Jun 1999, Function of Temperature p. 102. C-15 Henry’s Law Constant for Gases in Water as a Function 3. Yaws, C.L., J.R. Hopper, Sunil R. Mishra, and R.W. Pike, “Solubility of Temperature and Henry’s Law Constants for Amines in Water”, Chem. Eng., Aug C-16 Solubility of Selected Gases in Water as a Function of 2001, p. 84. Temperature 4. Yaws, C.L., P. Bajaj, H. Singh, and R.W. Pike, “Solubility and Henry’s C-17 Solubility of Sulfur Compounds in Water as a Function Law Constants for Sulfur Compounds in Water”, Chem. Eng., Aug 2003, of Boiling Point for Mercaptans and Aromatics p. 60. 827 Fonts used:Times & Universal 55 family Margins:Top:3p6 Gutter:4p6 Font Size:9/10pt Text Width:41p6 Depth:65 Lines Elsevier US Job Code:CAPA Chapter:0capaappC 22-12-2006 5:31p.m. Page:828 Trimsize:8.5in×11in 828 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES TABLE C-1 Density of Liquids –(1 – T/T )n ρ ρ L = A B c ( L – g/ml, T – K) ρ ° No. Formula Substance AB nTc Tmin Tmax L at 25 C 1 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.47476 0.27258 0.29333 545.00 242.75 545.00 1.330 2 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.47455 0.25475 0.31000 602.00 236.50 602.00 1.435 3 C2H4Cl2 1,1-Dichloroethane 0.41231 0.26533 0.28700 523.00 176.19 523.00 1.168 4 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.46501 0.28742 0.31041 561.00 237.49 561.00 1.246 5 C4H6 1,3-Butadiene 0.24597 0.27227 0.29074 425.37 164.25 425.37 0.615 6 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 0.37018 0.28130 0.30470 587.00 284.95 587.00 1.029 7 C4H10O 1-Butanol (n-Butanol) 0.26891 0.26674 0.24570 562.93 183.85 562.93 0.806 8 C4H8 1-Butene 0.23224 0.26630 0.28530 419.59 87.80 419.59 0.588 9 C10H20 1-Decene 0.23981 0.25776 0.28562 617.05 206.89 617.05 0.737 10 C9H20 1-Nonane (n-Nonane) 0.23364 0.25556 0.28571 595.65 219.63 595.65 0.715 11 C8H16 1-Octene 0.23682 0.25649 0.28571 566.60 171.45 566.60 0.711 12 C3H8O 1-Propanol (n-Propanol) 0.27684 0.27200 0.24940 536.71 146.95 536.71 0.802 13 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 0.28207 0.26004 0.27760 461.00 150.15 461.00 0.774 14 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 0.35182 0.26954 0.26843 592.71 289.81 592.71 1.043 15 C4H6O3 Acetic anhydride 0.33578 0.24080 0.26990 569.15 200.15 569.15 1.077 16 C3H6O Acetone 0.27728 0.25760 0.29903 508.20 178.45 508.20 0.786 17 C3H4O2 Acrylic acid 0.34645 0.25822 0.30701 615.00 286.65 615.00 1.046 18 NH3 Ammonia 0.23689 0.25471 0.28870 405.65 195.41 405.65 0.602 19 C6H7N Aniline 0.31190 0.25000 0.28571 699.00 267.13 699.00 1.018 20 C6H6 Benzene 0.30090 0.26770 0.28180 562.16 278.68 562.16 0.873 21 C4H8O2 Butyric acid 0.31132 0.26192 0.27997 628.00 267.95 628.00 0.953 22 CS2 Carbon disulfide 0.47589 0.28749 0.32260 552.00 161.58 552.00 1.256 23 CO2 Carbon dioxide 0.46382 0.26160 0.29030 304.19 216.58 304.19 0.713 24 CO Carbon monoxide 0.29818 0.27655 0.29053 132.92 68.15 132.92 – 25 CC14 Carbon tetrachloride 0.56607 0.27663 0.29000 556.35 250.33 556.35 1.583 26 Cl2 Chlorine 0.56600 0.27315 0.28830 417.15 172.12 417.15 1.398 27 CHC13 Chloroform 0.49807 0.25274 0.28766 536.40 209.63 536.40 1.480 28 C6H12 Cyclohexane 0.27376 0.27408 0.28511 553.54 279.69 553.54 0.773 29 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 0.29681 0.24340 0.28570 625.15 296.60 625.15 0.960 30 C3H6 Cyclopropane 0.25880 0.27400 0.28571 397.91 145.73 397.91 0.619 31 CH2C12 Dichloromethane 0.45965 0.25678 0.29020 510.00 178.01 510.00 1.318 32 C4H10O Diethyl ether 0.27267 0.27608 0.29358 466.70 156.85 466.70 0.708 33 C5H10O Diethyl ketone 0.25635 0.24291 0.27364 560.95 234.18 560.95 0.810 34 C2H7N Dimethylamine 0.24110 0.26785 0.24800 437.65 180.96 437.65 0.650 35 C2H6 Ethane 0.20087 0.27330 0.28330 305.42 90.35 305.42 0.315 36 C2H6O Ethanol 0.26570 0.26395 0.23670 516.25 159.05 516.25 0.787 37 C4H8O2 Ethyl acetate 0.30654 0.25856 0.27800 523.30 189.60 523.30 0.894 38 C2H5Cl Ethyl chloride 0.32259 0.27464 0.23140 460.35 136.75 460.35 0.890 39 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 0.28889 0.26438 0.29210 617.17 178.20 617.17 0.865 40 C2H4 Ethylene 0.21428 0.28061 0.28571 282.36 104.01 282.36 – 41 C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol 0.32503 0.25499 0.17200 645.00 260.15 645.00 1.110 42 C2H4O Ethylene oxide 0.31402 0.26089 0.28253 469.15 161.45 469.15 0.862 43 F2 Fluorine 0.57092 0.28518 0.29000 144.31 53.48 144.31 – 44 C3H8O3 Glycerol 0.34908 0.24902 0.15410 723.00 291.33 723.00 1.257 45 H2 Hydrogen 0.03125 0.34730 0.27560 33.18 13.95 33.18 – 46 HCl Hydrogen chloride 0.44134 0.26957 0.31870 324.65 159.97 324.65 0.796 47 CHN Hydrogen cyanide 0.19501 0.18589 0.28206 456.65 259.91 465.65 0.680 48 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 0.43776 0.24982 0.28770 730.15 272.74 730.15 1.443 49 C4H10 i-Butane (iso-Butane) 0.22281 0.27294 0.27301 408.14 113.54 408.14 0.552 50 CH4 Methane 0.15998 0.28810 0.27700 190.58 90.67 190.58 – 51 CH4O Methanol 0.27197 0.27192 0.23310 512.58 175.47 512.58 0.787 Fonts used:Times & Universal 55 family Margins:Top:3p6 Gutter:4p6 Font Size:9/10pt Text Width:41p6 Depth:65 Lines Elsevier US Job Code:CAPA Chapter:0capaappC 22-12-2006 5:31p.m. Page:829 Trimsize:8.5in×11in APPENDIX C 829 TABLE C-1—(continued) –(1 – T/ T )n ρ ρ L = A B c ( L– g/ml, T – K) ρ ° No. Formula Substance AnB Tc Tmin Tmax L at 25 C 52 CH3Br Methyl bromide 0.60859 0.26292 0.28030 467.00 179.55 467.00 1.662 53 CH3Cl Methyl chloride 0.35821 0.26109 0.28690 416.25 175.45 416.25 0.913 54 C6H12O Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.26654 0.25887 0.28571 571.40 189.15 571.40 0.796 55 CH5N Methylamine 0.20168 0.21405 0.22750 430.05 179.69 430.05 0.655 56 C8H10 m-Xylene 0.27866 0.25925 0.27243 617.05 225.30 617.05 0.861 57 C10H8 Naphthalene 0.30619 0.25037 0.28300 748.35 353.43 748.35 – 58 C4H10 n-Butane 0.22827 0.27240 0.28630 425.18 134.86 425.18 0.573 59 C10H22 n-Decane 0.23276 0.25240 0.28570 618.45 243.49 618.45 0.728 60 C7H16 n-Heptane 0.23237 0.26020 0.27910 540.26 182.57 540.26 0.682 61 C6H14 n-Hexane 0.23242 0.26500 0.27810 507.43 177.84 507.43 0.656 62 C6H5NO2 Nitrobenzene 0.36140 0.24731 0.28570 719.00 278.91 719.00 1.199 63 N2 Nitrogen 0.31205 0.28479 0.29250 126.10 63.15 126.10 – 64 C9H20 n-Nonane 0.23364 0.25556 0.28571 595.65 219.63 595.65 0.715 65 C8H18 n-Octane 0.22807 0.25476 0.26940 568.83 216.38 568.83 0.699 66 C5H12 n-Pentane 0.23143 0.26923 0.28215 469.65 143.42 469.65 0.621 67 O2 Oxygen 0.43533 0.28772 0.29240 154.58 54.35 154.58 – 68 C8H10 o-Xylene 0.28381 0.26083 0.27410 630.37 247.98 630.37 0.876 69 C6H6O Phenol 0.41476 0.32162 0.32120 694.25 314.06 694.25 – 70 C8H10 p-Xylene 0.27984 0.26003 0.27900 616.26 286.41 616.26 0.858 71 C5H5N Pyridine 0.30752 0.24333 0.30450 619.95 231.53 619.95 0.979 72 C8H8 Styrene 0.29383 0.26315 0.28570 648.00 242.54 648.00 0.900 73 C7H8 Toluene 0.29999 0.27108 0.29889 591.79 178.18 591.79 0.865 74 C4H6O2 Vinyl acetate 0.31843 0.25803 0.28270 524.00 180.35 524.00 0.926 75 H2O Water 0.34710 0.27400 0.28571 647.13 273.16 647.13 1.027 ρ L – density of liquid, g/ml A, B, n, and Tc – regression coefficients of chemical compound T – temperature, K Tmin – minimum temperature, K Tmax – maximum temperature, K Fonts used:Times & Universal 55 family Margins:Top:3p6 Gutter:4p6 Font Size:9/10pt Text Width:41p6 Depth:65 Lines Elsevier US Job Code:CAPA Chapter:0capaappC 22-12-2006 5:31p.m.
Recommended publications
  • Toxicological Profile for Ethylbenzene

    Toxicological Profile for Ethylbenzene

    ETHYLBENZENE 221 9. REFERENCES Abraham MH, Ibrahim A, Acree WE. 2005. Air to blood distribution of volatile organic compounds: A linear free energy analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 18(5):904-911. ACGIH. 1992. 1992-1993 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 21. ACGIH. 2002. Ethylbenzene. Documentation of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. 7th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. ACGIH. 2006. Ethylbenzene. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 29, 104. Acton DW, Barker JF. 1992. In situ biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic groundwaters. J Contam Hydrol 9:325-352. Adinolfi M. 1985. The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. Dev Med Child Neurol 27(4):532-537. Adlercreutz H. 1995. Phytoestrogens: Epidemiology and a possible role in cancer protection. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 103(7):103-112. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1989. Decision guide for identifying substance- specific data needs related to toxicological profiles; Notice. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology. Fed Regist 54(174):37618-37634. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1990. Biomarkers of organ damage or dysfunction for the renal, hepatobiliary and immune systems. Subcommittee on Biomarkers of Organ Damage and Dysfunction. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1992. Toxicological profile for styrene.
  • Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes for the Production of Liquid Fuels for Engines

    Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes for the Production of Liquid Fuels for Engines

    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Supporting information for: Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic wastes for the production of liquid fuels for engines Supattra Budsaereechaia, Andrew J. Huntb and Yuvarat Ngernyen*a aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. E-mail:[email protected] bMaterials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand Fig. S1 The process for pelletization of catalyst PS PS+bentonite PP ) t e PP+bentonite s f f o % ( LDPE e c n a t t LDPE+bentonite s i m s n HDPE a r T HDPE+bentonite Gasohol 91 Diesel 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Wavenumber (cm-1) Fig. S2 FTIR spectra of oil from pyrolysis of plastic waste type. Table S1 Compounds in oils (%Area) from the pyrolysis of plastic wastes as detected by GCMS analysis PS PP LDPE HDPE Gasohol 91 Diesel Compound NC C Compound NC C Compound NC C Compound NC C 1- 0 0.15 Pentane 1.13 1.29 n-Hexane 0.71 0.73 n-Hexane 0.65 0.64 Butane, 2- Octane : 0.32 Tetradecene methyl- : 2.60 Toluene 7.93 7.56 Cyclohexane 2.28 2.51 1-Hexene 1.05 1.10 1-Hexene 1.15 1.16 Pentane : 1.95 Nonane : 0.83 Ethylbenzen 15.07 11.29 Heptane, 4- 1.81 1.68 Heptane 1.26 1.35 Heptane 1.22 1.23 Butane, 2,2- Decane : 1.34 e methyl- dimethyl- : 0.47 1-Tridecene 0 0.14 2,2-Dimethyl- 0.63 0 1-Heptene 1.37 1.46 1-Heptene 1.32 1.35 Pentane,
  • Title Crystallization of Stereospecific Olefin Copolymers (Special Issue on Physical Chemistry) Author(S) Sakaguchi, Fumio; Kita

    Title Crystallization of Stereospecific Olefin Copolymers (Special Issue on Physical Chemistry) Author(S) Sakaguchi, Fumio; Kita

    Crystallization of Stereospecific Olefin Copolymers (Special Title Issue on Physical Chemistry) Author(s) Sakaguchi, Fumio; Kitamaru, Ryozo; Tsuji, Waichiro Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto Citation University (1966), 44(4): 295-315 Issue Date 1966-10-31 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/76134 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Crystallization of Stereospecifie Olefin Copolymers Fumio SAKAGUCHI,Ryozo KITAMARU and Waichiro TSUJI* (Tsuji Laboratory) Received August 13, 1966 The stereoregularity of isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) was characterized and isomorphism phenomena were examined for the copolymeric systems of 4-methyl-1-pentene with several olefins in order to study the crystallization phenomena in these olefin copoly- mers polymerized with stereospecific catalysts. The structural heterogeneity or the fine crystalline structure of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) could be correlated with its molecular structure by viewing this stereoregular homopolymer as if it were a copolymer. Cocrystallization or isomorphism phenomenon was recognized for the copolymeric systems of 4-methyl-1-pentene with butene-1, pentene-1, decene-1 and 3-methyl-1-butene, while no evidence of the phenomenon was obtained for the copolymeric systems with styrene and propylene. The degree of the isomorphism of those copolymers was discussed with the informations on the crystalline phases obtained from the X-ray study, on the constitution of the copolymeric chains in the amorphous phases obtained from the viscoelastic studies and on the other thermodynamical properties of these systems. INTRODUCTION Many works have been made with regard to the homopolymerization of olefins with stereospecific catalysts, i. e. complex catalysts composed of the combination of organometallic compound and transitional metallic compound.
  • Highly Efficient Olefin Isomerization Catalyzed by Metal Hydrides Derives from Dirhodium(Ii) Carboxylates and Catecholborane

    Highly Efficient Olefin Isomerization Catalyzed by Metal Hydrides Derives from Dirhodium(Ii) Carboxylates and Catecholborane

    HIGHLY EFFICIENT OLEFIN ISOMERIZATION CATALYZED BY METAL HYDRIDES DERIVES FROM DIRHODIUM(II) CARBOXYLATES AND CATECHOLBORANE Gene A. Devora and Michael P. DoyleL' * Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA Abstract. Dirhodium(ll) tetraacetate in combination with catecholborane catalyzes the iso- merization of alkenes and dienes. Effective isomerization occurs at 80-135°C with the use of only 0.1 mol % rhodium acetate. With 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene the disubstituted double bond is prefer- entially isomerized. In addition, hydrogen transfer hydrogenation occurs with 1,4-cyclohexadienes. The mechanism of these reactions is proposed to involve organoborane addition across a Rh-0 bond which activates the catalyst for isomerization and hydrogenation. INTRODUCTION Catalytic isomerization of alkenes is a characteristic transformation of transition metal hy- drides that often accompanies hydrogenation1 and is one of the most thoroughly studied catalytic reactions.2"4 Compounds of cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium are effective,2 but other transition metal compounds have also been employed for catalytic isomeriza- tions.2"4 Although the nature of this transformation is dependent on the catalyst, selectivity for alkene isomerization generally favors reactions with monosubstituted ethylenes over di- and tri-sub- stituted ethylenes. In the course of our investigations of the catalytic effectiveness of dirhodium(ll) tetrakis(carboxylates) we have uncovered a useful methodology for the generation of rhodium hydride species that, as we now report, are surprisingly effective for the isomerization of alkenes as well as for hydrogen transfer hydrogenation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reactions were performed in a round bottom flask equipped with a screw cap that was fitted with a septum for convenient withdrawal of aliquots.
  • Ethylbenzene- Toxfaqs™ CAS # 100-41-4

    Ethylbenzene- Toxfaqs™ CAS # 100-41-4

    Ethylbenzene- ToxFAQs™ CAS # 100-41-4 This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about ethylbenzene. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. HIGHLIGHTS: Ethylbenzene is a colorless liquid found in a number of products including gasoline and paints. Breathing very high levels can cause dizziness and throat and eye irritation. Breathing lower levels has resulted in hearing effects and kidney damage in animals. Ethylbenzene has been found in at least 829 of 1,699 National Priorities List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What is ethylbenzene? • Releases of ethylbenzene into the air occur from burning oil, gas, and coal and from industries Ethylbenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid that smells using ethylbenzene. like gasoline. • Ethylbenzene is not often found in drinking water. It is naturally found in coal tar and petroleum and is also Higher levels may be found in residential drinking found in manufactured products such as inks, pesticides, water wells near landfills, waste sites, or leaking and paints. underground fuel storage tanks. Ethylbenzene is used primarily to make another chemical, • Exposure can occur if you work in an industry where styrene. Other uses include as a solvent, in fuels, and to ethylbenzene is used or made.
  • September 17, 2007

    September 17, 2007

    Pre-Feasibility Report M/s. Neogen Chemicals Ltd. 1 1. Introduction M/s. Neogen Chemicals Ltd. is a new unit located at Plot No. Z/96/B SEZ Dahej, District: Bharuch, Gujarat. Now, the unit proposes to manufacture different type of synthetic organic dyes and pesticide products at above sited address. 2. Cost of Project Cost of existing project is 55 crore &, out of which 5 crore will be used for Environment Management System. 3. Production Capacity Production capacity is prescribe below: List of Products Sr. Name of Products Quantity No. (MT/Year) (MT/month) 1 Bromination and Chlorination of Alcohols 1.1. Ethyl Bromide 3500 291.67 1.2. n-Propyl Bromide 1.3. Iso Propyl Bromide 1.4. n-Butyl Bromide 1.5. Iso Butyl Bromide 1.6. Sec-Butyl Bromide 1.7. n-Hexyl Bromide 1.8. n-Heptyl Bromide 1.9. n-Octyl Bromide 1.10. n-Decyl Bromide 1.11. Lauryl Bromide 1.12. Cetyl Bromide 1.13. Myristyl Bromide 1.14. Stearyl Bromide 1.15. 1,2 Dibromo Ethane 1.16. 1,3 Dibromo Propane 1.17. 1,4 Dibromo Butane 1.18. 1,5 Dibromo pentane M/s. Neogen Chemicals Ltd. 2 Sr. Name of Products Quantity No. (MT/Year) (MT/month) 1.19. 1,6 Dibromo Hexane 1.20. 1 Chloro 2 Ethyl Hexane 1.21. 6 Chloro 1 Hexanol 1.22. 3 Chloro Propanol 1.23. 1,6 Dichloro Hexane 1.24. Cyclo Propyl Methyl Bromide 1.25. Cyclo Pentyl Bromide 1.26. Cyclo Pentyl Chloride 2. Bromination of Organic Acids and Esterification thereof 2.1.
  • BUTADIENE AS a CHEMICAL RAW MATERIAL (September 1998)

    BUTADIENE AS a CHEMICAL RAW MATERIAL (September 1998)

    Abstract Process Economics Program Report 35D BUTADIENE AS A CHEMICAL RAW MATERIAL (September 1998) The dominant technology for producing butadiene (BD) is the cracking of naphtha to pro- duce ethylene. BD is obtained as a coproduct. As the growth of ethylene production outpaced the growth of BD demand, an oversupply of BD has been created. This situation provides the incen- tive for developing technologies with BD as the starting material. The objective of this report is to evaluate the economics of BD-based routes and to compare the economics with those of cur- rently commercial technologies. In addition, this report addresses commercial aspects of the butadiene industry such as supply/demand, BD surplus, price projections, pricing history, and BD value in nonchemical applications. We present process economics for two technologies: • Cyclodimerization of BD leading to ethylbenzene (DSM-Chiyoda) • Hydrocyanation of BD leading to caprolactam (BASF). Furthermore, we present updated economics for technologies evaluated earlier by PEP: • Cyclodimerization of BD leading to styrene (Dow) • Carboalkoxylation of BD leading to caprolactam and to adipic acid • Hydrocyanation of BD leading to hexamethylenediamine. We also present a comparison of the DSM-Chiyoda and Dow technologies for producing sty- rene. The Dow technology produces styrene directly and is limited in terms of capacity by the BD available from a world-scale naphtha cracker. The 250 million lb/yr (113,000 t/yr) capacity se- lected for the Dow technology requires the BD output of two world-scale naphtha crackers. The DSM-Chiyoda technology produces ethylbenzene. In our evaluations, we assumed a scheme whereby ethylbenzene from a 266 million lb/yr (121,000 t/yr) DSM-Chiyoda unit is combined with 798 million lb/yr (362,000 t/yr) of ethylbenzene produced by conventional alkylation of benzene with ethylene.
  • Ethylbenzene Environmental Hazard Summary

    Ethylbenzene Environmental Hazard Summary

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS ENCYCLOPEDIA ETHYLBENZENE ENTRY July 1, 1997 COMPILERS/EDITORS: ROY J. IRWIN, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WITH ASSISTANCE FROM COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT ASSISTANT CONTAMINANTS SPECIALISTS: MARK VAN MOUWERIK LYNETTE STEVENS MARION DUBLER SEESE WENDY BASHAM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS, WATER OPERATIONS BRANCH 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 250 FORT COLLINS, COLORADO 80525 WARNING/DISCLAIMERS: Where specific products, books, or laboratories are mentioned, no official U.S. government endorsement is implied. Digital format users: No software was independently developed for this project. Technical questions related to software should be directed to the manufacturer of whatever software is being used to read the files. Adobe Acrobat PDF files are supplied to allow use of this product with a wide variety of software and hardware (DOS, Windows, MAC, and UNIX). This document was put together by human beings, mostly by compiling or summarizing what other human beings have written. Therefore, it most likely contains some mistakes and/or potential misinterpretations and should be used primarily as a way to search quickly for basic information and information sources. It should not be viewed as an exhaustive, "last-word" source for critical applications (such as those requiring legally defensible information). For critical applications (such as litigation applications), it is best to use this document to find sources, and then to obtain the original documents and/or talk to the authors before depending too heavily on a particular piece of information. Like a library or most large databases (such as EPA's national STORET water quality database), this document contains information of variable quality from very diverse sources.
  • ' United "States Patent Office

    ' United "States Patent Office

    Patented on. 20, 1.942 I . 2,299,411 ' UNITED "STATES PATENT OFFICE CATALYZED HYDROBROMINATION OF UN SATURATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Fredericlr Rust and William E. Vaughan, ' Berkeley, Calif., assignors. to Shell Develop ment Company, San Francisco, Calif., a corpo ration of Delaware No Drawing. 4 Application August 25, 1941, Serial No. 408,212 - 9'Claims. (01. 260-663) ' This invention relates to an improved process for the hydrobromination of unsaturated organic hydes and metal alkyls which tend to initiate I compounds, and more particularly to improve the reaction chains. v ments in the method of controlling the addition It is known that the presence of peroxide: orv of hydrogen bromide to unsymmetrical organic of peroxide-forming compounds in unsaturated compounds containing at least one ole?nic or organic compounds, e. g. unsaturated hydrocar acetylenic linkage to produce addition products bons, is undesirable. For example, organic per of a predetermined character. oxides, when present even in relatively small con It is known that hydrogen halides may be centrations, tend to catalyze the polymerization of a large number of unsaturated hydrocarbons, . added to unsaturated hydrocarbons and to var 10 ious unsaturated derivatives thereof. In fact, and particularly diole?ns. As to the “abnormal” in 1870 Markowniko? stated that “if an addition ofhydrogen bromide to unsaturates by metrical hydrocarbon combines with a halogen effecting the reaction under the deliberate in acid, the halogen adds to the carbon atom with ?uence, of light, and particularly of ultra-violet fewer hydrogen atoms, i. e. to the carbon atom radiations having wave-lengths of below about which is more'under the in?uence of other car' 2900 to 3000 Angstrom units, such processes ne bon atoms.” The same investigator further de cessitate the use of special equipment, such as termined that when a hydrogen halide is added reaction vessels provided with or containing to a halogenated unsaturated compound such as lamps made of quartz Or other suitable mate rials, e.
  • A New Perspective on Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene: the Influence of Side-Reactions on Catalytic Performance

    A New Perspective on Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene: the Influence of Side-Reactions on Catalytic Performance

    Catalysis Science & Technology A new perspective on catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene: the influence of side-reactions on catalytic performance Journal: Catalysis Science & Technology Manuscript ID: CY-ART-03-2015-000457.R1 Article Type: Paper Date Submitted by the Author: 18-May-2015 Complete List of Authors: Gomez Sanz, Sara; University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology McMillan, Liam; University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology McGregor, James; University of Sheffield, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zeitler, J.; University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering; Al-Yassir, Nabil; King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Center of Research Excellence in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Khattaf, Sulaiman; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Center of Research Excellence in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Gladden, Lynn; University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Page 1 of 44 Catalysis Science & Technology The direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene over CrO x/Al 2O3 proceeds via a partially oxidative mechanism due to the formation of CO 2 in situ during reaction. Other side reactions, including coke formation, also play a key role in dictating catalytic performance. Catalysis Science & Technology Page 2 of 44 A new perspective on catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene: the influence of side-reactions on catalytic performance Sara Gomez a, Liam McMillan a, James
  • Chemical Compatibility Chart X

    Chemical Compatibility Chart X

    Chemical Compatibility Chart Below is a chart adapted from the CRC Laboratory Handbook, which groups various chemicals in to 23 groups with examples and incompatible chemical groups. This chart is by no means complete but it will aid in making decisions about storage. For more complete information please refer to the MSDS for the specific chemical. Examples of each group can be found on the next pages. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Monomers Polymerizable Esters Alcohols, Glycols, Glycol Ether Amines and Alkanolamines Halogenated Compounds Aldehydes Acetaldehyde Saturated Hydrocar Aromatic Hydrocarbons Acid Anhydrides Alkylene Oxides Inorganic Acids Petrolium Oils Organic Acids Cyanohydrins Phosphorus Ammonia Group Halogens Ketones Caustics Phenols Nitriles Olefins Ethers Number/Chemical Esters Type bons Inorganic 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Acids 2 Organic Acids x x x x x x x x x x 3 Caustics x x x x x x x x x x x x x Amines and 4 x x x x x x x x x x x x Alkanolamines Halogenated 5 x x x x x x Compounds Alcohols, 6 Glycols, Glycol x x x x x x Ether Aldehydes 7 x x x x x x x x x x x x Acetaldehyde 8 Ketones x x x x x x Saturated 9 x Hydrocarbons Aromatic 10 x x Hydrocarbons 11 Olefins x x x 12 Petrolium Oils x 13 Esters x x x x x Monomers 14 Polymerizable x x x x x x x x x x x x Esters 15 Phenols x x x x x x x Alkylene 16 x x x x x x x x x x x x Oxides 17 Cyanohydrins x x x x x x x x x 18 Nitriles x x x x x x 19 Ammonia x x x x x x x x x x x 20 Halogens x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 21 Ethers x x x 22 Phosphorus x x x x Acid 23 x x x x x x x x x x Anhydrides X - Indicates chemicals that are incompatible and should not be stored together.
  • Supporting Information for Modeling the Formation and Composition Of

    Supporting Information for Modeling the Formation and Composition Of

    Supporting Information for Modeling the Formation and Composition of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Diesel Exhaust Using Parameterized and Semi-explicit Chemistry and Thermodynamic Models Sailaja Eluri1, Christopher D. Cappa2, Beth Friedman3, Delphine K. Farmer3, and Shantanu H. Jathar1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 80523 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA, 95616 3 Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 80523 Correspondence to: Shantanu H. Jathar ([email protected]) Table S1: Mass speciation and kOH for VOC emissions profile #3161 3 -1 - Species Name kOH (cm molecules s Mass Percent (%) 1) (1-methylpropyl) benzene 8.50×10'() 0.023 (2-methylpropyl) benzene 8.71×10'() 0.060 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 3.27×10'(( 0.056 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 3.25×10'(( 0.246 1,2-diethylbenzene 8.11×10'() 0.042 1,2-propadiene 9.82×10'() 0.218 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 5.67×10'(( 0.088 1,3-butadiene 6.66×10'(( 0.088 1-butene 3.14×10'(( 0.311 1-methyl-2-ethylbenzene 7.44×10'() 0.065 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene 1.39×10'(( 0.116 1-pentene 3.14×10'(( 0.148 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 3.34×10'() 0.139 2,2-dimethylbutane 2.23×10'() 0.028 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 6.60×10'() 0.009 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene 5.38×10'(( 0.014 2,3-dimethylhexane 8.55×10'() 0.005 2,3-dimethylpentane 7.14×10'() 0.032 2,4-dimethylhexane 8.55×10'() 0.019 2,4-dimethylpentane 4.77×10'() 0.009 2-methylheptane 8.28×10'() 0.028 2-methylhexane 6.86×10'()