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Knowledge and Awareness of a Local Community on River Terrapins in Sungai Perak, Malaysia

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Knowledge and Awareness of a Local Community on River Terrapins in Sungai Perak, Malaysia Journal of Sustainability Science and Management ISSN: 1823-8556 Volume 14 Number 5, October 2019: 128-134 © Penerbit UMT KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF A LOCAL COMMUNITY ON RIVER TERRAPINS IN SUNGAI PERAK, MALAYSIA MUHAMMAD FARHAN ABDUL RAHMAN*, LATIFAH ABD MANAF AND MARIANI HO NYUK ONN @ ARIFFIN Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Malaysia is the largest and final bastion of wild river terrapins (Bataguraffinis), especiallyin Sungai Perak in the state of Perak. However, the lack of knowledge among the local communities about the reptiles may accelerate the decline of its population. To overcome the problem, community-based conservation is a valuable tool to educate and carry out sustainable conservation programs. In this study, the knowledge and awareness of a local community in Mukim Bota, Perak,were accessedusing a questionnaire. This study found that members of the local community in Mukim Bota werewell awareof the existence of river terrapins in their county, with 56% of 397 respondents replying in the affirmative. A total of 62% of respondents knew that sandbanks were the nesting habitats for river terrapins and 70% noticed that the landings and population were decreasing every year.This study strengthened the theory that a knowledgeable and participative community could produce better outcomein sustaining a terrapin conservation programme. Keywords: Bataguraffinis, conservation, knowledge, river terrapin, sandbanks, Mukim Bota Perak. Introduction the states of Perak, Kedah and Terengganu(Moll Freshwater turtles and tortoises are the most et al., 2015). However, the population has threatened vertebrate species, and their status declined drastically (Moll et al, 2015, Chen, is worse than birds, bony fish, mammals and 2017) and the Wildlife and National Parks other vertebrates (Hoffmann et al., 2010). Department has initiated conservation efforts They are sought after as exotic food,with high with the establishment of its first terrapin demand from China. This has fuelled the illegal Wildlife Conservation Centre (WCC) at Bota trade of the reptiles in Southeast Asia (van Djik Kanan, Perak, in 1968 (DWNP, 2010). This was et al., 2000). These speciesare also traded as followed by two more centres for river terrapins exoticpets, thus endangering their existence in in KualaBerang, Terengganu (1976), and Bukit the wild (Gong et al., 2009). River terrapins Pinang, Kedah (1982). The centre in Bota Kanan (Batagur affinis), or locally known as tuntung is currently home to 395 river terrapins and 16 sungai, are listed as critically-endangered in the painted terrapins (Batagur borneonsis).At the International Union for Conservation of Nature Bukit Pinang WCC, there are 221 river terrapins (IUCN) red list and its trade has been banned and 80 painted terrapins while Kuala Berang under the Convention on International Trade in WCC has 823 river terrapins (DWNP, 2010). Endangered Species (CITES) (IUCN, 2000). These conservation centres playa vital role in They are also among the top 25 most critically- providing protection to the turtle’s eggs until endangered freshwater turtles (Anderson et al., they hatch, giving the hatchlings a headstart in 2011). life by nursing them and reintroducing them Malaysia is known as the only countrywhere back into the wild. In 2010, this species was a large number of river terrapins may be found gazetted under the Second Schedule (Totally in the wild, mostly in riversof the peninsula in Protected Wildlife) of Malaysia’s Wildlife KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF A LOCAL COMMUNITY ON RIVER TERRAPINS 129 Conservation Act 2010, which bans the trade Material and Methods and consumption of terrapin products (meat, Study Area eggs and pets). Sungai Perak spanned 400km and is the second In 2016, a researchteam fromUniversiti longest river in Peninsular Malaysia. It is located Putra Malaysia had reported that only two in Perak, the fourth largest state in the country. adult female terrapins had landed at the Sungai Its starts from Hulu Perak and flows into the Perak nesting site near the Bota Kanan WCC estuary in Bagan Datuk, the southwestern during the egg-laying season between January most district in Perak, before emptying into the and March (Utusan Malaysia, 2017). The Straits of Malacca. This study was conducted researchers believed the incident implied that among members of the community in Mukim the sandbanks of Sungai Perak in Mukim Bota Bota within Bagan Datuk,as it is the traditional (Bota county), where the WCC and main town nesting site for river terrapins when the sandy of Bota Kananare located, could have become a riverbanks of Sungai Perak are exposed during less preferred nesting site. the dry season. Pollution due to household waste had disrupted the river’s pristine environment, which Population and Sample Size might have discouraged the terrapins from The population of Mukim Bota was 52,600 landing. Run-off from poultry and livestock people and the main town is called Bota farms, as well as those from rubber estates along Kanan (Perak Basic Data, 2016). Considering Sungai Perak havealso fouled the river. The the population size, the required sample size mass discharge contains chemicals, biohazards for this study was 397 respondents with 95% and bacteria that are capable of altering the river confidence level. The size of the sample was ecosystem (Sinar Harian, 2017).The dangerous determinedusing a simplified formula by chemicals used in agricultural activities along Yamane, (1967) as stated in Equation 1. the banks of Sungai Perak are known to progressively threaten the terrapins’ survival (Eq 1) (Star, 2016). Thus, humans appear to be the main culprits in threatening the survival of river where n is the sample size, N is the population terrapins. and e is the level of precision (0.05). The involvement of local communities in wildlife conservation is an ongoing approach Data Collection promoted by the government. The move Data for this study was collected via is initiated upon realising that community questionnaires distributed in the community knowledge may be crucial in building up new between February to July 2016. It comprised approachs and methods, which will uphold two sections — section (A) revolvingaround the sustainability of aconservation program. demographicdetails such as age, level of Community-based conservation is a valuable education and length of residency, as well as tool to educate local folk on their obligations to their monthly income, while section (B) focused the environment, in which the knowledge will on the respondents’ knowledge and awareness bring positive impact on their attitude towards on river terrapins. It contained 10 statements in conservation behaviour (Abd Mutalib et al., which respondents had to select “yes”,”no”or 2013). Therefore, this study aims to access how “not sure” as the answer. knowledgeable and aware a local community is towards the conservation of river terrapins. The statements were about the nesting season and conservation status of the terrapins. As an alternative to a verbal scale, a visual analogue scale was simply a way of asking Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Volume 14 Number 5, October 2019: 128-134 Muhammad Farhan Abdul Rahman et al. 130 respondents to indicate their choice visually or changed to “River terrapinsare protected under spatially (Mathers et al., 2009). The construction the law” (K10). The term “Act 716”had caused of section B was based on a survey by Vincenot confusion among the respondents as they were et al., (2015) and modified to suit the study on not familiar with legal terms. river terrapins. The10 statements are stated in A reliability test was conducted on section Table 1. B to identify the consistency in answering The questionnaires underwent a pilot test in it. Cronbach’s alpha was used to estimate a group of 32 individuals to assess any possible the reliability of the psychometric test. For comprehension deficiency by respondents and this study, the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.830, also to identify language syntax mistakes before suggesting that the items had relatively high being distributed to the targeted respondents. internal consistency, in which current practice Several modifications were done to the original would characterize a reliability value of 0.65 as questionnaire, and they included changing a “unacceptable”and a reliability value of 0.85 as few statements using the simplest and easily “excellent” (Bonett & Wright, 2015). understood form of Bahasa Malaysia. The The questionnaire was distributed according respondents were observed to have difficulties in to a random technique among the community understanding certain terms like “population”. members in Mukim Bota. In order to gather Hence, statements like “River terrapin enough respondents, the research survey had population is decreasing in Sungai Perak” had focused on collecting data in restaurants and been changed to “The number of river terrapins food stalls, morning markets, playgrounds as in Sungai Perak is decreasing” (K8). The word well as house visits. “population” had to be substituted with “number” as some members of the local community Data Analysis did not understand the word. Moreover, the statement “River terrapin is protected under Act Collected survey responses were analysed using 716 (Wildlife Protection Act 2010)” had been IBM SPSS Version XX (IBM Corporation, Table 1: Questionnaire design No. Level of knowledge Answers K1 River terrapins are commonly found in Sungai Perak. Yes No Not Sure K2 River terrapins can be found at Terengganu and Kedah. Yes No Not Sure K3 Presence of river terrapins canaffect fishing and agricultural activities. Yes No Not Sure K4 The nesting activity can be seen along Sungai Perak. Yes No Not Sure K5 River terrapin eggs can be eaten. Yes No Not Sure K6 River terrapin nesting season is between January to March. Yes No Not Sure K7 Riverbanksare placeswhere river terrapins lay their eggs. Yes No Not Sure K8 The number of river terrapins in Sungai Perak is decreasing.
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