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Fishery-Independent Bottom Trawl Surveys for Deep-Water Fishes and Invertebrates of the U.S

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Fishery-Independent Bottom Trawl Surveys for Deep-Water Fishes and Invertebrates of the U.S Fishery-independent Bottom Trawl Surveys for Deep-water Fishes and Invertebrates of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, 2002–08 Item Type article Authors Grace, Mark A.; Noble, Brandi; Ingram, Walter; Pollack, Adam; Hamilton, Alonzo Download date 28/09/2021 00:37:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/26277 Fishery-independent Bottom Trawl Surveys for Deep-water Fishes and Invertebrates of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, 2002–08 MARK A. GRACE, BRANDI NOBLE, WALTER INGRAM, ADAM POLLACK, and ALONZO HAMILTON Introduction and production (e.g. petroleum and utilized proportional allocation based on natural gas) expanded from coastal the width of GOM continental shelf and Since before the first European set- to offshore areas as technologies kept outer continental shelf waters. tlers arrived to colonize the U.S. Gulf of pace with demands of the commercial Bottom trawl locations were random- Mexico (GOM) coast, fishery resources industry (Managi et al., 2005). The po- ly selected within 21 statistical zones played an important role for sustaining tential for further expansion of mineral- (ranging from shore to the economic indigenous peoples (Swanton, 1979; resource exploration and extraction into exclusive zone boundary) of 60° latitude Gore, 1992) and later were a vital food deep waters of the GOM is evidenced (for north to south oriented shorelines) source for nonindigenous immigrant by many active oil and gas platforms or longitude (for east to west oriented populations (Sullivan, 1985). As human already in service, and by the geographic shorelines); some statistical zones were populations expanded and protein de- range of active leases and approved irregular-sized due to irregular shore mands from the sea increased (along applications for future development of contours. In general, bottom depths with market opportunities for a broader continental shelf and outer continental for station allocations ranged from variety of consumer choices due to shelf waters (Fig. 1). 110–500 m (2002), 90–500 m (2003), diverse ethnicity), harvesting seafood Considering the possibility of GOM and 50–500 m (2004, 2006, 2007, and ranged from near-shore to coastal, then offshore fisheries gaining a more promi- 2008); however, depending on ancillary eventually further offshore. nent role for fulfilling increasing protein survey objectives (e.g. gear comparison In addition to offshore expansion of demands, and the scenario that offshore study), sea conditions, or steep bottom directed fisheries, mineral exploration GOM fisheries could eventually be depth contours some bottom trawl loca- impacted by a variety of anthropogenic tions were in bottom depths < 50 m or M. A. Grace, B. Noble, W. Ingram, A. Pollack factors (e.g. the hypoxic zone of the > 500 m. and A. Hamilton are with the Mississippi Labo- ratories, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, north-central GOM and expansion of Prior to gear deployment the sea National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, the offshore petroleum and natural gas bottom was evaluated with echosound- P.O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568- industry), Mississippi Laboratories ers to determine suitability for bottom 1207. Corresponding author is M. A. Grace ([email protected]). (MSL) of NOAA’s NMFS/SEFSC, trawling. If a bottom profile appeared initiated a baseline fishery-independent prohibitive for bottom trawling (based project to document offshore-fisheries on visual assessments of bottom-ba- dynamics for deep-water bottom fishes thymetry irregularities or steep bottom ABSTRACT—From 2002 through 2008, and invertebrates captured with bottom inclines), the preselected station was not the Mississippi Laboratories of the NMFS trawls. Potential sources of survey sampled. Sampling sites were occupied Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, bias (as related to survey design and during any time period (24-h/day sam- conducted fishery-independent bottom trawl surveys for continental shelf and outer-con- gear type), are controlled by use of a pling) and were not designated as day tinental shelf deep-water fishes and inverte- standardized-random survey design and or night sites prior to the survey, and brates of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (50–500 standardized survey gear. were occupied in the most time-efficient m bottom depths). Five-hundred and ninety manner possible. species were captured at 797 bottom trawl Materials and Methods locations. Standardized survey gear and The trawl sampling gear consisted of randomly selected survey sites have facili- Deep-water trawl surveys were con- a two-seam bottom trawl (27.4 m length tated development of a fishery-independent ducted during October and November of footrope), fished with W-style trawl time series that characterizes species diver- each survey year (in general over a 6-wk doors (682 kg each, 3.5 m2). The trawl sity, distributions, and catch per unit effort. period). The survey area spanned most opening averaged 15.5 m width by 10.0 The fishery-independent surveys provide synoptic descriptions of deep-water fauna of the GOM exclusive of prohibited m height, the codend mesh liner was 4.0 potentially impacted by various anthropo- areas and shipping lanes with significant mm, and the trawl speed was 6.3 km/h genic factors. vessel traffic (Fig. 1). The survey design (speed over sea floor). Bottom trawls 20 Marine Fisheries Review Figure 1.—Deep-water bottom trawl survey area (S); approximate area of the predicted 2008 hypoxic zone (H); offshore locations of active petroleum and natural gas platforms (O) including approved applications to drill (locations are represented by small-gray dots); Deepwater Horizon Macondo/MC252 exploration oil platform (★). were 30-min duration once the trawl 398 h 30 min total tow time) resulted Table 1.—Catch summary for finfish, noncrustacean invertebrates, and crustaceans, from deep-water bot- settled on bottom (as determined by net in the capture of 590 species (finfish, tom trawl surveys, 2002–08. mensuration systems or trawl descent noncrustacean invertebrates, and crus- Noncrustacean rate charts). taceans collectively), representing 54 Category Finfish invertebrates Crustaceans Total At termination of the 30-min trawl, orders, 192 families, and 373 genera Orders 32 14 8 54 the ship pulsed speed to 10.5 km/h for 5 (Table 1). Total catch weight for all Families 124 25 43 192 min to flush catch from the trawl through groups collectively was 74,987 kg; fin- Genera 260 34 79 373 Species 445 39 106 590 a web-constructed fish funnel and into fish were the primary catch component the trawl codend, then the trawl was (94.2%), followed by noncrustacean hauled. After hauling, the catch was invertebrates (5.2%), and crustaceans For the noncrustacean invertebrate weighed either by individual baskets (0.6%). For the finfish catch component catch component ranked by weight or, for relatively large catches, by use ranked by weight (Table 2), 22.8% was (Table 3), 73.8% were longfin squid, of a remotely-controlled electronic rough scad, Trachurus lathami, which Loligo pealeii, also the highest percent scale (dynamometer) used to weigh the was also the top ranked by number and frequency of occurrence of total trawls entire trawl codend with catch; the trawl weight for all groups collectively; fol- for all groups collectively; 21.9% were codend weight was subtracted from the lowed by gulf butterfish,Peprilus burti, southern shortfin squid, Illex coindetti, total weight. Environmental sampling 13.5%; and longspine porgy, Stenotomus and 2.7% were arrow squid, Loligo plei. was conducted at each trawl location caprinus, 10.7%. For the crustacean catch component and included profiles of sea-surface One of the most important finfish ranked by weight (Table 4), 33.0% were to sea-bottom environmental param- species of GOM management concern, brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztec- eters: temperature, salinity, dissolved the red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, us, followed by the longspine swimming oxygen, transmissivity (turbidity), and was ranked 27th by weight within the crab, Portunus spinicarpus, 12.0%, and indirect measures of chlorophyll-a via finfish group. The top-ranked elas- the rose shrimp, Parapenaeus politus, a fluorometer. mobranch by weight (finfish group) 7.3%. In addition to commercially was the Atlantic angel shark, Squatina important brown shrimp, three other Results dumeril, ranked 6th, followed by the commercially important shrimp (ranked From 2002 to 2008, six deep-water roughtail stingray, Dasyatis centroura, within the crustacean group) were royal bottom trawl surveys were conducted in ranked 13th. Of 44 finfish orders known red shrimp, Pleoticus robustus, 4.4%; the GOM; sampling did not occur during to occur in the GOM, 32 (73%) were pink shrimp, Farfantepeneaus duro- 2005. Bottom trawl effort (797 tows, represented during the surveys. raum, 1.1%; and white shrimp, Litope- 72(4) 21 Table 2.—Finfish (top 10 ranked by weight) captured during deep-water bottom trawl surveys, 2002–08. Depth, temperature, salinity, and oxygen saturation values are minimum-maximum/mean. Total Total % Frequency Depth Temp. Salinity Oxygen Taxon wt. (kg) no. of occurrence (m) (°C) (ppt) (mg/l) Trachurus lathami, rough scad 16,138 264,273 69.4 30–497/36 8.8–28.7/18.2 31.0–36.6/36.2 2.8–8.0/4.3 Peprilus burti, gulf butterfish 9,499 135,268 34.3 42–347/117 11.0–28.7/19.1 28.2–36.6/36.2 2.8–8.0/4.3 Stenotomus caprinus, longspine porgy 7,606 158,951 31.1 30–178/100 15.2–28.7/20.3 28.2–36.6/36.3 2.8–8.0/4.5 Pristipomoides aquilonaris, wenchman 4,329 68,327 64.1 48–481/136 9.1–28.7/18.0 28.2–36.6/36.1
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