FrederickC. Dobler,Wash ngton Depaftment of Wrd fe 600 Capto Way N Oyrnpa Washngton98501 1097

WinteringPeregrine Falcon (Falco petegrinusl Habitat Utilization NearSequim, Washington

Abstract

AsDDTresirlLresdarr:aijilltlj..ljlin)nmi]n|. insrshnrgton'Thisstatr'.spoprr1alrhasgrolrr.rnlki|lgi||hese.onllmost 1ht.len5Pe|eFriIieivinteringdreashiLeSleIn\\a tnati()nt()l'slnll'cn|Jna!j.r!rnllplune|snllheSequimrrea-aodlnh{j|sx alidUutl|('1i'n|l.Ut;lil(lloPo]stltrhobilalsig iidds sigriil.a,rtll n,or' rhrn f\pecled. The home range-.for the malc ard icnal $fni 85.69 km'?ard 65.19 lmz respectirelr. |tlrk"rrlnprisr.rl2?]'iollhecoL]eclei]LiI (,,,nbi,rrl m!il, ,,l) 129i,,

Introduction I ) daLacornpilcd by the \\ ashinplonDeperLment of Wildlife and reports from raptor crpcrts identi Prrrgrinr-' falcons /I'a1coperelfrnrzsJ have been in- licd this areaas a centel of peregrineacLiritv. and ten-sirelrsLudied sirrcc populations bcgan declin 2.|residential developmenl \ras creatingpolcnlial ing in the lale 19.10's(Ratcliile 1967. l9B0) as conflicts. A bctter under-.tandingol paLternsof trsc a rcsult of DD l residues accumulating in pler, (Nerl- rnight hclp plcscnc the peregrineshere and irr son 1969. Peakall cr al. 1976). lhe presenceof similarsitcs. org:uo pe-(ticidecontanrination, horr;crcr. is not thc 1)nlvlhrcat to pcrcgline hlcons. Lnnd develc4rmenL StudyArea is alteringthe lrabiLatswhir:h sLrppot both thc pcrc- grinc antl its plev. Betleen 1960 and 1990 Secpirn lies near lhe northeaslcr-ncorncl ol the $'ashington Slalr's human populrtion gret h,v O!-mpic Peninsulaalong tlre Strait ofJuan dc !uca i00lo.making it rrowLhe second most dcnsclv popu- (!ig. 1) on a plain betueen the foothills of thc lated ol the \reslerir staLe-r.Parts of S'cstcrn Ollmpic filountains and the sLr-ait.This icrtilc plrin S'ashinglon. l,".hcrcmuch of the recent growlh has is u mixtrue of small larms :rnd resiclenLialdcvdop- occurred. are ilnt)oftantwinLcring arcas ibr pcre- menLsand is dir.idcd bv thc f)ungenessRirer. grines. In Clallum Countv. r'hele -{equirn is lo- (lonilerousfofesLs sufround thc farmhnclson the cated. populationgrowth has outstrippr:dthc rc-tt undcrclopcd upltnds and colif;r slandsgro\\' in- of lhe stiltc$ith an 850/0inclease in the lastthree lersllefsed throughoul lhc arca. f)ungenessancl clecades.PopulaLion rJcnsitir:s in SrcstcrnS ashing- Secluimbavs forrr proLcclcdwalcr bodies but (r1 ton nov equal thoselbrurd in California.thc rnost ii'r onlv -.mallareas ol interlidal flals. Protcction clensellpopulatccl statc in thc west. Ofthe 3.760 Islancland Smith lsland lie in the strait east arrd 'lhc krn oi marine shoreiine in S'ashingLon {39o/ois pri- norlheastof Sequim respc

Al lcast thrcc rrcstcrn Washingtonareas are Betreen 2l f)ecernbcrI983 anrl 21 March 198,1. kno$n to supp.,rl winler resiclenLpcrcgrrrcs: r.rr severalfielcl assistants:ud I capturerllhfcc pcrc- Sami-qhFlats (Andcrsonand l)ctsruvn 1979. An gfines.using standard laiconn tcchnique-.(Beebe dcrson et o1. 1980). Gravs Harbc,r (Doblel ancl and \\ ebsterl9B5). An immatLrlenale (\o.5095) Spencer I9Bi) :rnclLhe Sequirn area. All alc at rre- , aptur-,1,,n I Jrrlr.rrr IOBl. one immrrtrle least sorncrrhat ilssociuled rrith marine shorelines. Iimale {No. 5049) u'as capLLrfcdon 9 Januarv ln l98ll. the ar-eanear Scquim las chosen {or 198,1. and anolher imrnaLrrreicmalc (No. 5022) stuclicsof rdntering peregrine habitats because. on 10 !cbruarl' 198,1. \\e fittecl a sir-grarn

Northr{estScienr:e. Vol. 67. \o. 4, 1993 231 O l99ii l)\ rhr \o'1h\.!l S(icntili.,\$o.irtnD. lll ,iil,G rr-,,\el z,- \ tl t '|, \""

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Fi3u|t.Vic]ni$rnapsho*llgperegrirtsightinglrl.atiorr'TlrcI)oinlsrP|.$j]l ours e lhe area shosi). and !n n,)L$.ighL(rl b\ ritr!,-.Srlrs rre rhe locarionsof righr nnL "ir,s. transmitterlo a cenLralrelfi( e l)f each bird, using vation wasgiven at leastore record! regardlcssol methods similar to those ciescribeclbv I)unstan the duratic-,nof the observation. (19713).t,sing radio-ttlcrrrctn . nc locatcclthc birds The WashingtonDepartment oi S ildlile Re, and otrscrverltheir bchavior.rccording all perch motc -qcnsing Lrboratorv determined the habitat sitcs uscd and movementsand noting the time al classificationsutilizcrJ by thc radio-tagpleclpere cach ch.drpiein actil-it1.\l'hen a peregrine rva-ssccn grincsusing LANDSA l remotesensing lechniques. \ ilh I'rc\. \.,rll.rnl'toJ to,.olle,t the rem.rirr. 1,rer I then compared habitat utiiizationwith ar.ailabil- aftcr it had finishcd fccding and departed.ln the it,vb:r-sed upon habitat r:ompositionwithin thc home course of sr:archingfor thc raclio-taggedbirds we rangcboundarics and habitatcornposition oflarger sometinles observed othcr pcrcgrincs. and areasim:luding the Lotalhomc rangcs.Simultane recorclecllheir acliviticsas long rs thcv could be ous confidcncc intenals provided the means to compare rrlilizati{}nand alailabilitr (Nlarcumand I rletcrmincclhomc rangesand core areas for T,oftsguarden1980). -A.vailablehabitat *as dcfincd the ladio-Laggcdpcrcgrincs bv using the h:rrmonit bv a houndarv enclrsing all thc obscnecl data rnean mea-sLrre(rf activitr, mcthod (l)ixon and (ihap points plus an arbitrary borrlcr about 2..5 krn u,icle- man l9B0) and the cornputerprogram algorithm developeclb;- Samuel et ol. (|983). A core area Results is defineclas the ma\irnurn arca rrhere the ob There were 342 individual obseNationsof pere- sened utilizationd;slribution significantlv diliers grines durinplthe stud;-,with a total obscnation liorn a uniforrn utilizationdistribution (Samuel et time oi 225 hours. The rddio-taEigedimmature al. I9B5).I *eighted the calculationson thc ba- malc (bird 5095) accountedfor-60 hour-sand oner sis of timc. using a rnanimurnofone record for cach immature lemale (b;d 5022) accountcrlfor 79 "observation." half hour intcn'alt'ithin an (An ob- hours. An irrjured immaturc lcmalc (bird 5049) senat;on is an unbroken period of time. If a bird accountcd for 46 hours ol observation. Non- was Lrslftrr fivc minutesthe Dexlsighling became radioed birds acrrruntti for thc rcmaincler. A mini- the start of a net' obsen'ation period.) Eadr obscr- mum of eight dilferent peregrinesused this studv

232 f)obler I

\\-_:

0123

s.a e ,n M et

HOVE RANGE AREA

Figur. 2. Horr. .rnse of;095. ar idirut,rr. nale peregrhe i!1(,',.

:rrca: three males. orrc adult and tlo imrnaLrrrc; range of 65.79 km' (!igure iJ). Thc core areas fire fcmalcs. one adull and ibur immatules. Sir cclualcd25.i34 km'?anrl 13.50 krn2 respcctivcly. r{ere s('cn rcpeatedly. oDe imrnature lemale 1r'as The injured fcm.rlc had a smaller homc ranplethan obsen'ed only lwo timcs and one irnmaturc male the othcr two birds.onlv 5.67 km'zwitha corearea but oncc. ln 2I casesperegrincs were ol)served of I .56 km'. rvhere inclividrraliclcntitl could not be vcrifictl. !'ig urc I shows locationsof pcrcgrine observations. Itach of the homc rangescontainecl a diffcrent Pcrcgrinesubspecies arc not casilv discernibL:in habitat composition. \ine habitat classesrvere used thc ficld; hot'ever. all pr:rcgrincslhich r:ould bt: for comparisons;nater. coniferousforcst, mixed carefullv obscrr.cd l'ere juclged to b F. p. peale.i. hrrest. clccicluous forest. shrub-toodland, grass- cropland. sparsr: gruss. beach bale ground. and I'crcgrine No. 50.tr9, had been shot anrl other. (lrass and cropland lepresentcd 620loof rhe wourrdedbv unknol,;npersons uith a.22 cal. ri male's homc range. and opcn \,\,atercomprised Ilc. at leasthro weeksprior to her captule 9 JanLr- 2370. Ser.enty-twopclccnt ol the female'shome arv. 1984. Hcr leg injury rvasappurcnt r,".hen she range was opcn $rater. follotcd las fir'stobscrr,ed 2B Decernbcr1983. Alier cap- bv grass and cropland with I ture she wast kcn to the WashingtonState Veteri- 5 9/oof the total. Habitat utilization was not nall (ilinic. Erarninationrevealed a shattcredleg andlvzedlbr No. 5049 since her irrjury that hacl mended nn its own, although sorncwhat might have inlluenccclthe size and shapc ol this clxrkerl. Alicr a short obsenation pcriod it *as home rangr:. rccomrnendedthat shc be returned Lo thc tild Actual habitot use signifi

Wintcring PeregrineFalcon Habitat 233 I : r:

HOME RANGE AFEA _ _ _ fTfl-t

Fislr'3. Home rangr,,1 5022. sn immlturc li,male peregrire falcon. grass-cropland habitat type significantlv more than tions nherc pcregrines rvcrc actuallv obscrled expcctcd (a :.05). and conifer forcstsand water f.,,ling. I'eregrin..*,.rc ob-err",lr,,i:rke or pLrr- sippificantlvlcss than erpertuJ. The [emaic uscd suc membersof22 dilTerentspecics. Prev remains $atcr significantlymorc than erpectcd (q :.05) l\'ere collectcd liom ili:i kills and 86 other hunts o!er the total homc range.and corriferwoodlands, were observedl,here pre'videntilv was tlctermined. mixed forest and shrub-r'oodland,less than ex- Someo[ thcsc other hunts endcclin hills but prev pectecl.tith coniler \yoodlandscomprising the rernains t'ere not collccted and therofore are not largest arr:a. Within the corc area she usecllvatcr representedin collectedpfey, but are intludcd as signilicantlvless than e\pected and used the catc- other hunts. In adclitionthree attcmpts to pirare gorics grass-cropland,sparse gpa-ssand bcach bare liom a gull rverc observed. ground rnorc than expected on thc basis of availa- Twenlv-scven bility. althoughof theseonly grass-croplandcon- percent of kills and 44 pcrcent tributed much to the total corc arca. Outsiclethc ofthe other hunts were waterforvl.W'hile exact spc- cies rvas core arca these threc categorieshad no bigher use not all avs known, 65 percent ofthe iden- -pc, than the prcdicted valuc- tifi:rblerrat.ri'ul ple\ r,tsrFfrum fire i,.: bufflehcad (Bucephoh cl6eola), mallard (Anar FeedingHabits pkrnrhvtchos). wigeonlMareca ameicoza). plreen- rvinged teal (Anas caroLinensis). and t:ommon One peregrinc. \o. ,100l. an adult male. uscd a goldercre (BucephaLachngtkl. Thrushes. Amcri sitc on Smith Islanclfor pen:hingand leeding.Wc can robin (7irrdu.r niplatoius) and varied thrush r:ollectcdall prey remainsfound at this pcrch sire- \lxoreusno,a:ius), comprisctl 36 percent ofthc kills. All othcr prcv remains camc from separ-atcloca Passcrinescombincd made up 42 percent of thc

234 Dobler Lills and 26 percentol the other hunts. Merr gulls ing pcrcgrincs spend over 75 percent of the tirne (Lorus tanus) wcrc 3 percent of the lcills but 17 perching(Anderson and I)eBluvn 1979) and be- percentofthe olher hunls.Attempts to capturecor- c,ausc hcr hunts usuallv began and ended with rnorants \{ere obserl.e(l seven timcs (80/oof thc perching, the shoreJineperching haliit biasecl the othcr hunts) and ancient murrelet (Stzrhli6oralr- core area analvsisin favor of non-t'atcr habitats. phrLt anti(luu\'J. and pigeon guillimot (C'ep,alrar Horvcvcr. if the direction of this bird's attention , ul,tnltLtt t', rr' ".rch "h-"rr"d J- l,re\ l\o lime.- could hare becn considercd in thc analysis.the while rhinocerous arrklet (Cerorhinca m.onoceratat. outcome $'ould supporl the importance of the open black trrrnstone (.ArentLia mekutor:epho.kt)1.ring- water. for rrhilc hcr-fcct mav have been on a firm necked pheasant (Phasioruts coftrlica,r) and mcr- tree branch. her gazewas nearlv always out to sea. \n (Falco columbaius) r'ere each obsened as prey The harmonic mean analysisdid not accountfor which l'ar shc was looking. ln addition iI our abil- it,v to track her over open watef had been bettcr PerchSelection and RoostLocation its importancc rtoulcl have been even more pro- nounced. We ofLen lost sight of her and lr.crc not Peregrinesin the Sequirnarca prrchcd in snags able to gain adequate triangulation lixes. although 59 pcrccnt of the time (Total \ : 6136).Douglas at times the signal bearing changcs suggesteda ir lPseruloLsugadougla.sii) ancl *cstcrn rcd ccdar mcandcring flight out o\.er the water. (rn one oc- iThuja plicata) wcrc thc most commonh' selected. casion she $as follo$,ed to Smith Island b,v boat. being used 35 percent and lj0 percent respecti,'ely. a distanceof over 22 km. and rvasobscrvecl there Coniler snags(al1 typcs combined)comprised 93 on one other occasion.The adult male. whilc not percent of the snagsselected. radio-tagged and as a rcsult sccn far less fte- We locaLeclnight roosts for thc thrcc radio- quentlv. sho$'eda sirnilarkind ol behavior in thc tagged peregrines (l'igure 1). Bird 5095 regularlv vicinity of Smith Island, indicating that use of this used a bluff near the moutlr of l\lcDonnell Creek, habitat i-. not limited to fernales. usLrall,vpclching about 5 to l0 meters from the Other peregrinesspenL much of their time fur- top in one ol ser.eral depressions formed by ero- ther inlancl near the opcn fields ancl pastures. l he sion of the r:Jaylace. This is a north facing bluff immature male (bird 5095). r'oostedon the shore- alongthe Strait ofJuan f)e l'uca. Bird 5022 used line blufi, but almost nhvavs bcgan his dav by fly- a bluff on thc nofihcastcrn corner ofProtection ls' ing inland over fielcls,and usLrallyremaincd thcrc land. also using the eroded r:lay face sirnilal to bird throughout thc day. Hc would typically perch in 5095 abole. The injureclbird,5049. roostedin tall snags near open fields. often rnoring accnrss (lravevard the area of Spit. although the eract lo- the landscapeas successivchunts failcd. His usc cation !aried somerhat. Sornetimesshe roosted of the opcn lvatcr rvasverr infrequent. A1l the pere' lrlv. pcrhaps on thc ground. At timcs shc roosted pginesin the stud,varea. both rnales and females. ,'rrc n.rrig.rti,'n aid" rr.er rl'" -hL,r.. lrcquented morshcs at least some of the time. Discussion Sequim is adjacenl to the StraiLof Juan Dc Frrca, an arca l,".hcrc diving ducks. grebes and The peregrinesal Secluim rnadc usc of scr.eral other shallo$,$'ater divers congregate in the win- different habitat t-vpcs. Although onlv h{o home ter (S'ahl er al. 19f11)- It includcs largc opcn Ian€teswere suitable lbr habitat preference analy- pastures$hcrc gulls ancl passe nes leed. There sis and represenlonly onc scasonof usc, thc data are m:rshes and 1o$,areaswhere standingwater do indicate that birds in the same general area use altracts wintering ducks. These features all com- cUstincthabitats.'l'he analvsiscan howeler over- bine to lorm a diverse associationofhabitats which statethe importanceof sornehabiLat types ancl un- together support a \.ariety of bird species.although dcntatc thc ;mportance ofothers. One bird (5022), the nurnber of anv one speciesis not particulariy used the shoreline and open water-associatcd with largc. Thc l9B3 Christmas Bird Count for the iLsignilicantlv more Lhanc].pedcd ovcr hcr cntirc Sequim-l)ungenessarea reported 2,1,15{l in- home rangc, although t'ithin her home range core diridrral.of127s1'eci.-rrith,'nJr iL,rrr sp,. i,. , ',- area. \{ater was used less than erpccted. This is cccdingone thousand:rvigeon {5.925). European somc$hat misleading.Certainly the shorelinewas starling (Sl&trar r.,&karu)(2.058). glaucouswinged !Fr\ irntx'flJnlt,, h, r. ITus,r, r. h., rrr-e sinter- gull (larus gl(n(:ey:ens) (1.925) and Amcrican

Yirrt.ring I''r, grin, F.rl,,'nH.rbitct 2.{; robin (1.024). Lrxrkingonlv at speciesof lhe sizc The shorelincis often -cleepl\b:rnkcd tith scenic peregrincsmiglrt consider frrr ftrocl.from rnecliun possiblitieslbr clercloprncnt.Holerer thc shore- sizcclgulls 1o finchr:s.thc Christm:rsBird Count lines are critical to peregrilleshunting the strait. iirl the area r-ecordcclover'90 slreciesand tt'cnty I)afti(ularh the snagsand oLJtrccs gro$,ingalong lhousarrdinclividuai-s. thc edge.Some sites along the bank afe aisoused No singlcgloup ol prev relrrescntcda majoritr rs r-oosts.Incrcascd hurnan use of thc shoreline ol the prer, selectcclbv peleg nes aLScquim. ln arcas. puticularlv anv use of molorizeclvchicles conlrast obser-\'eFin -sonreolhcr areas ol Washing- on Lhenarlorl beach belrrr thc roost sites.till in- ton lepofLed thitl pclcgrine-sprimar-ill uscd one ma- crease disLLrr-bancc. jol group ol prev slrer:ies.In fllavs Halbor. a major Peregrinestolcratc human fresencc bcttcr than sholebild contentration alea. clunljn lEnlia al- rnanvothcr rlildlile species.as erhibitcd bv manv pinai rere sclcccd 660/oo1 the tirnc (Dobler and nestingsancl rrinter sightings in metropolitan arr:as Spenccr 1987). On the Samish !'lats. a najor (ltrtclilfi t9B0). Thcv lill conLirrueto use the sj'lefl,'\11\\'rl,rire.r."r. drr,k. rel, th, rrr.r.rrI'rer Scquim area i{ kev featLrrcsof the shorelincs. (Anclclson:rnd DeBrvun l9?9. Antlerson et rzt. marshes.open ficlcls ancl snagsare rnaintainedanrl t 9fJ0). solnc areas are pfolectcd from disturbarrcc.For- Thcrc has been an inr.r-easingtl-ilnsibrmation tunaLelv.lhc ProtectionIsland National \\'ildlile of thc Scrluim ;rrea fronr small iirrms with lraslurcs RcfLrgc plotects one impotant shoreline silc. mrd h:r,-crops inlo lcsiclentialclereLrprncnts.'l'his frlana;pmenLof thc rcfugr to maiirtain and cnhilnce chargc affcctsthe suitabilitvof habitatstor pere- peregrinc habitat and careful devcloprnent of orher grineslrinler;ng thclc. Although peresrrrusocc - l.rnclslill be rerlLrircdto conservelhis spcrrrs xr sionallvpcrch ne:rrhouses. and hunt in backvards. Lhisclivcrsc habit:rl. human habitationcreate-s sorne c,onflicts. Inr:reascrJcltelling densiLv clinrinates Lrrge Acknowledgements ollen rrcas used br peregrincs duling hrrnts. I lould like to recognize Lhc participation of sonrt: therebv reslricting pursuit and lirniting capturc suc- ol the many pe.,ple r,ho pro\.icledassistencc lo this tes-s.In addition. increased hoLrsingdcnsity in- projecL.Charmane Levack. a srudcntat'l'he Ever- crcrsestire liklihoodof l irc strikes.and shootings. glccn State (iollege, voluntccred manv hours ol Some oi Lhc undcvelopedlancls arc rnarshes. field tinrc. Richard Lolell and Christopherller- f)crtloprncnt ol marshes rccluircs ditching anri ker lere dedi<'atedissistnnts and the projcct's suc- draining. u'hich climinateshabiLat lor \ratcr.fowl. cess dcpcnded on their effons. T appreciatethc an irnportantprer itern.S'hen hunranpopulaLion $ork done by JarnesEbv at the Deparlrncnt ol rlcnsitv increases. snags" lthich are imporlant Wildlife Rcmotc SensingLaboraton,. developing percheslbr pcrr:grineihlcons. ar-e removcd. either Lhehabitat assessmenL.Thc pr-ojcct\,-.as supportcd for sufctv or 1or ilretoorl. Habitat cleveloprrent in paIt lith hrrds provided bv the U.-s.lish and rlong Lhcsholcline mav be especiallvd{rstluctive. S'ilcllife ServiceEndangclcd SpeciesPrograrn.

Literature Cited D .,,, K.n.. ,rd J. \. r '-l| ,.,, l.,iiu.H1,rr., . , ...,,a..,. ur. ol rnimal a.tirit\ !r.as. EcoloF 6l:1010-10:[]. {!ddso,,- (1.Nl. un,lP. \l DeBru\r. lg;9. U,.lrulor and ecor Dol,l.r.l . (1..und R. D. SpeD.er.198;- \linreDnsperesri,,f ogr ol pcr.grire lalcon. irilt.ri,,g,)n th(.Skogil Flati. fald',. li?r! pcr,.Bnrr^. habirarurilizarion ir Grcs Har \\ lslrinHron:,\ report oD rh l9;9 lif d seuson.I,roj. b,,r- \\$l,insron. Ilapt.r's i,, rhc NlodeD Xorldr \,,. L t \!Dc PF ;9-l. \\ rchifsron State Caori l'nnl,cdinssof rheIII World Onlcrenceon Birdsol Drpartnent. 0hnp a- \\u.53 pp. t'r'r lnd 0$ls. B. 1.. u.\l,urs & R. D. Chrmtllr tits. {n,lfrson. (i. XL. l'. Nl. I),.llrrvr. T. Ltln. and ll. Caussoln. i L ;il. Liunstan.L C. l9?3. r\ tail ieadrr purk$c lor radio taggirg l()8t1.Behornr ard rr o]r,g' ol pereg ne falurs rirr raqrLorialbirds. IDlaDd Bnd,Ban,lins \ei!s.15:iJ 6. tt..i,,go,r rh. SkognFl.ls. \\'ashi,,glo,i:l n po|t on die \'lafcuDr.C. L. rnl D. 0. l.olissaardeD.l9B0- A n,rrm.]rpnrg 1980 lnkl s.a*,n. Pni. No. E I \\IX;-PI ijo L rechniqLtelor strdvinghlbiror preferen.es. Widl. (;!,,i. l. \\ eshnisron Stare I)(t,rrrnrenr. olfDrpia. $ !. 51 Munose..11:96:J-gar8. l)l) \.lson. \1. $. l9ar9.The starls ,)l rlrc poegine falconirr rhi, B.,tr. Ir. l.. a,rd H. \{ Sebst{'r. f,d\. l!18;. \orrh{me .an \orth*est. I'p. 62'72. P,.ri,srineFalcon top!larion!l ln r 0r,rr und hunrnig hark. 5rh Fil. ,l0u pp. \. Arn. Theifbioloel and .l(r lin . .t.J. Hicke!.Ed. t.rir. \{ris l.!l(,,,i.r und HuntDg Harks - l).nrcf. C0. consh Press.lfadiv,r.

2:j6 l)obler t,rakall.D. U..I . \1. R,\ r,,lds.ad(l V. C. l"ridrh. 19i6. ltl)li \\ah].1. ll..,q. \l Sp.r'b. l). A. Nlanu$al-k. \'. Ki's{h. and in r:ggsol rh.pcr.grinr hrl.o,,.Bi.,l ,{hid\ 23:l83-8a'. (1. N'lilld. l9Bl. Ulrir. hird pofulatn,rs ol rh( Stlrit H!r{lillf-D. d. 1967-I).rri!s.d.sgsh.ll $.ighr;i..rtao l,;ds ofJuar rle fuca. StranofCeorgia. ard !.lja.ert $arers ,)1fr.). NltuhilLond.r215:208-210. ir 1978 and l9;9. tr'ildlife Science Oroup. (iollege . 19{30.The peregrne fa.lcon.Buteo Books. Vermil ofForest Resources. t niversitl ofN',shinsron. Searrle. lion. SouthDukou. ,l lrr l)p. \i A. Prr1. lbr \IISA Pugrt Sounrl Prcj({. IP'\ ln Sanuel.\1. D.. D. I. Piffc,r.l'1. (1. Grrron. 1.. J. \.lsof. !nl t,ir!g, no {griln,.nL \,)- IXrli693-li\. t'rogrrrn lilr K. R. Diron. 198J. Lsr:is rrafrr lor Irosrrrn h0rrc ,f,',,1 \o. f,Hl625-{. Ollitl ol Filusr anrl rlnse. Fof. \I'ild. Rnge.E\r). St!. Trf. Rr|ort 15. I)rrlkrIrrr:rt. 0ffici, ol Ri\,,an,h anrl I)dri1,rnr:rt. X'loscor.ID pp 6,1. L .S. Fln!ir)n. Prn(! L As, no. $$liinslof D.C. Doc. Srmuel.ll. D.. D. J. Pierce.[. O. Carton.1985. lrlentilving No. Flf'A-600ri-81-l l{r. urecsolconcentrrterl use irithin lhe honre ru,ge..l. An lnrrl lil,l,,s\ 5,r:; | | tl{).

Receited 30 Januan 1990 ALr:eptetl fitr publicatiort 2(t Jttl 199.)

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