Liberia August 2016 Livelihood Zones

The present document has been produced with the funding from the European Union. The contents of the document are the responsibility of its author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / BACKGROUND ...... 3

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... 4

INTRODUCTION...... 5

ZONE 01: Gold and Diamond Mining Livelihood Zone ...... 13

Zone 02: Coastal Fishing Livelihood Zone ...... 15

ZONE 03: Northern Border Cocoa and Coffee Livelihood Zone ...... 17

ZONE 04: Rubber, Palm Oil and Iron Ore Concession Livelihood Zone ...... 19

ZONE 05: North and Northeast Rice Farming and Wild Palm Livelihood Zone ...... 20

ZONE 06: River Cess Rice and Cassava Farming Livelihood Zone ...... 21

ZONE 07: Southeast Rice and Cassava Farming Livelihood Zone ...... 23

ZONE 08: Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and Inland Fishing Livelihood Zone ..... 25

ZONE 09: Vegetable Gardening and Rice Farming Livelihood Zone ...... 27

ZONE 10: Charcoal Livelihood Zone ...... 29

ZONE 11: Sugarcane and Food Crop Farming Livelihood Zone ...... 31

ZONE 12: Hunting and Farming Livelihood Zone ...... 33

ZONE 13: Peri-Urban Livelihood Zone ...... 35

ANNEX 1 – LIST OF ZONING WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS ...... 37

ANNEX 2 – LIST OF COUNTIES / DISTRICTS / CLANS BY LIVELIHOOD ZONE ...... 39

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / BACKGROUND

This exercise was conducted under the aegis of the Regional Centre for Training and Applications in Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology (AGRHYMET), a specialized institution of CILSS (the Permanent Inter-State Committee for the Drought Control in the Sahel), and the Ministry of Agriculture of Liberia. The exercise is part of the ECOWAS programme to strengthen information systems in the sub-region as part of the operationalization of the Regional Food Security Reserve with financial support from the European Union.

This exercise did not start from scratch as a previous national zoning workshop was organised by FEWS NET in 2011. This report draws heavily from the report produced by FEWS NET, although there are some differences in the map that has been produced this time.

Mr. Patrick Worzie, Assistant Minister for Planning and Development in the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is to be thanked for his cooperation, especially in the organization of the workshop and his identification of participants. A special thank you goes to the participants themselves, for taking a very active and enthusiastic role in the workshop and for engaging in meaningful discussions, providing quality information for a coherent outcome.

The zoning exercise was facilitated by Ms Alexandra King of The Food Economy Group (FEG Consulting), consultant specialising in Household Economy Analysis (HEA).

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AGRHYMET Regional Centre for Training and Applications in Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology) ECOWAS Economic Community Of West African States

CILSS Comité permanent Inter-Etats de Luttecontre la Sécheressedans le Sahel (Permanent Inter-State Committee for the Fight against Drought in the Sahel) ECOAGRIS ECOWAS Agricultural Regional Information System EDF European Development Fund ETC ECOAGRIS Technical Committee FEG The Food Economy Group ha Hectare HEA Household Economy Analysis mm Millimetre MoA Ministry of Agriculture

4 INTRODUCTION

Since 2014, the Regional Centre for Training and Applications in Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology (AGRHYMET), a specialized agency of the Permanent Interstate Committee of the Drought control in the Sahel (CILSS), has implemented the extension phase (2014-2019) of the ECOWAS Integrated Regional Agricultural Information System named "ECOAGRIS". This program, which is an initiative of ECOWAS and its partner institutions, is financed by the European Union within the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF) regional programme for the operationalization of the Regional Food Security Reserve.

The ECOAGRIS project's overall objective is to ‘strengthen information systems at local, national and regional level to meet the information requirements for monitoring food and nutrition and for vulnerability analyses in order to support decision making and to anticipate food crises and better target intervention areas’. The project has two specific objectives: . To strengthen national and regional information systems on food and nutrition security; . To improve the quality of information to help decision making for a better response to food and nutrition crises in CILSS and ECOWAS member countries.

The ECOAGRIS component has a strategic focus on the implementation and strengthening of national information systems on food and nutrition security through the implementation of the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) tool. In doing so, ECOAGRIS wishes to continue to strengthen the progress made by the regional HEA project led by Save the Children International since 2008.

It is within this context that a national workshop for the mapping of livelihood zones in Liberia was held from 1-5 August 2016 in Monrovia, under the aegis of the Ministry of Agriculture. This exercise did not start from scratch as a previous national zoning workshop was organised by FEWS NET in 2011. This report draws heavily from the report produced by FEWS NET, although there are some differences in the map that has been produced this time.

The activity aims to improve the understanding of rural livelihoods and to identify vulnerabilities to shocks according to geographical locations, thereby constituting a sampling frame for future analyses based on livelihoods. The present report presents the findings of the zoning workshop, including both the national zoning map and brief descriptions of each zone, and an account of the mapping process followed during the workshop.

THE METHODOLOGY

The Household Economy Approach defines a ‘livelihood zone’ as a geographical area where households rely on the same means – production systems and access to markets – to meet their life and livelihood needs, particularly their food and cash income. The mapping of livelihood zones is the first step of the HEA analytical framework. This step includes a division of homogeneous ‘access areas’ (access to food and income-generating activities) and the description of said zones. The descriptions offer preliminary information on the geographical characteristics of each zone and the main sources of food and income, with some distinction between poorer and wealthier households. Seasonal calendars present the timing of production and market activities by zone, and separate food and income access calendars focus on the livelihoods of the poorer households. A list of the

5 most common food risks affecting each zone and the common coping strategies used by local households are also included in the descriptions.

In the following steps of the HEA analytical framework, these ‘access areas’ form the sampling frame for subsequent baseline field studies that include (a) a socio-economic breakdown of the population within the zone and (b) a quantification of the typical sources of food and income, as well as the main expenses, for each wealth group. These baselines then constitute reference databases to which food security seasonal assessments (at national and regional levels) can refer. Analysts have access to the tools needed to make predicative analyses of food security for the year to come (the HEA Outcome Analysis tools)1.

Livelihood zoning offers a particular view of economic geography associated with Household Economy Analysis (HEA), a widely used methodology for the assessment of food security with reference to whole livelihoods in their various geographical contexts. The boundaries of different rural economies do not generally coincide with administrative boundaries, but government and agency activities generally do. Therefore the livelihood zones map is usually seen with administrative units superimposed, so that populations can be identified both by livelihood zone and by their administrative location.

The livelihood maps and descriptions form part of the knowledge base for food security assessment on a national level. In themselves they do not provide a complete system for food security monitoring or analysis, but they establish a geographical, livelihoods framework for assessing periodic shocks, so that monitoring data on production, prices and other indicators can be considered in a logical and informed manner to allow some estimates of effects and to plan responses. When associated with full HEA baseline information and scenario modelling they are part of a more complete system of analysis. But in the meantime, rapid assessment teams and others may consider the advantages of using livelihood zones as the sampling base for their surveys.

In any country it would be possible to find a plethora of livelihood zones based on localized economic differences. For NGOs working in specific territories or smaller geographical units, a more localized resolution can be beneficial to refine their understanding of lifestyles at the local level, providing a localized geographical framework for nutritional analysis or other type of investigations. However, national information systems (including early warning systems) must analyse the whole country and, therefore, require a lower level of resolution that represents the basic geography of livelihoods in the country and offers a manageable number of zones that can be studied and monitored regularly with limited human and financial resources.

The essential resources necessary for livelihood zoning are people with substantial knowledge of geographic conditions and local livelihoods who can offer and compare their own knowledge and reason together to map out national livelihoods. The workshop participants were mainly government actors, with the participation of national NGOs (see Annex 1). It must be noted that available statistical data on a country’s resources are almost never at a level of disaggregation, reliability and comparability to allow a statistical calculation of livelihood zones. A major problem with national data is that they are based on administrative units rather than according to economic

1For a detailed description of the HEA methodology please visit the resource pages at www.foodeocnomy.com/resources and the livelihoods based information on available on FEWS NET’s website (especially the Guidance Application of Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles).

6 geography; thus, analyses based on this information often merge two (or more) ecological or agro- economic zones greatly diluting the disaggregated view of livelihoods.

The process for developing the livelihood map and the descriptions included the following steps:

1. Before the mapping exercise took place, a literature review was undertaken to gather available secondary information which would support the development of the livelihood zones map. The information sought included agricultural and ecological maps and data on population, rainfall, production, etc, as well as thematic reports and briefs from partners. A base map was printed in large format, showing the administrative units down the clan level, the main roads, villages and towns. These were used during the workshop to help participants identify the livelihood zones. 2. The zoning workshop in Monrovia began with an introductory presentation on the HEA methodology and its uses, followed by a session on the livelihood zoning process. 3. The participants brainstormed a list of livelihood zones in the country and then started sketching the livelihood zones in a plenary session with comments from other participants and colleagues, making additions and progressive changes to the map (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Part of first sketch of the livelihood zone map

T h r e e

Three main criteria are taken into account for the livelihood zoning exercise. These are: • Geography: climate and physical factors (precipitation, temperature, altitude, seasonal calendar, soil types, vegetation, infrastructure, etc.). These factors determine what households can produce and the markets they can access. • Production system: This determines what households actually produce in a given geographical area. • Market access: Physical access to markets and marketing networks available to households to sell their production and their labour and to access goods and services.

4. Once the initial sketch was completed in plenary, participants were divided into working groups to examine the different regions in more depth and to revise the exact location and boundaries

7 of the livelihood zones. Every clan in the country was assigned to a livelihood zone during group work.

5. Participants were next asked to fill in a description form for each of the livelihood zones with the following information: a) Characteristics of the geography of the zone; b) Preliminary information on the main sources of food and income (including the distinction between ‘poor’ households and ‘better-off’ households); c) Information on the major markets and the trade flows of the most important goods; d) Most common hazards that affect the zone and the common coping strategies used by poor households; e) Timing of productive activities; f) Food and income access calendars for poor households; g) Preliminary list of districts included in the livelihood zone.

6. Summary descriptions were presented by each group for validation. Finally, the names of the zones were reviewed and agreed upon in plenary.

7. FEG digitised the livelihood zone map on the basis of photographs and the list of administrative units (clans) by zone prepared during the workshop. The description formats were used to draft the present report. An initial draft was circulated among the various national partner organizations and the workshop participants. The final version includes all the comments and amendments received. A full size version of the map is included on the next page.

LIMITATIONS OF THE EXERCISE

This mapping exercise did not include verification on the ground and included limited participation of people currently working at county level. Future verification will take place in two steps. First, during the next national MoA meeting with participants from county level, the map will be reviewed. Second, during field work to develop full HEA baselines for each of the livelihood zones, the zone boundaries will be reviewed and more detailed descriptions of the zones will be developed. It is possible that corrections to the livelihood zone map and/or descriptions may follow, once primary data is collected during the next steps of the analysis framework.

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LIVELIHOODS IN LIBERIA2

Rice and cassava are grown throughout rural Liberia. However, the two geographically prominent kinds of livelihood zone in Liberia – rice dominant and cassava dominant – reflect a fundamental ecological divide in the country. This is between the coastal plain and the elevation of the interior up to the borders with Guinea and Ivory Coast. Apart from a couple of high ridges, the elevation is mostly below 500 meters above sea level, but it is enough to tip Liberia into a general slope across which the major drainage of the country runs. Many of the major rivers originate in the highlands of southern Guinea and finally flow into the Atlantic at points along the Liberian coast.

Cassava is grown in greatest volume on the coastal plain, whilst rice (virtually all rain‐fed or in swampland rather than irrigated) dominates the higher hinterland. However, there are sufficient differences in farming practices and seasonality to warrant a division of the main rice areas into three zones. And despite the dominance of rice in some livelihood zones, Liberia is a heavy net importer of staple rice and the consumption of imported rice is part of the diet of both urban and rural people across the country.

Other zones have been split off from the rice and cassava dominant zones by emphasizing certain special features (e.g. concessions, mining and specific cash crops). These zones nevertheless all sit squarely on the base economy of rice‐with‐cassava or cassava‐with‐rice.

Apart from climatic or ecological differences, a major element in distinguishing economic areas is their relative access to the Monrovia market, which among other things encourages local rice sales in the northern half of the country. That market, for farm produce, fish, goods and even labour, represents the demand of as much as one‐third of the national population. No county town comes close to competing economically, and so Monrovia’s influence penetrates deep into the county.

The Peri-Urban Zone comprises a sizeable population who live in areas of Montserrado and Margibi Counties outside Monrovia city proper. Despite some access to land, the economy in this zone is more or less completely defined by the city: people sell vegetables and chickens to it, they perform casual or formal employment in it, and they are part of the chain of petty trade in farm/garden produce, fish, charcoal and many other items. The Concession (rubber, palm, iron ore) Zone exists because concessions were situated in areas with access to the major ports of Liberia. The Charcoal Zone exists because the nearby city demand for charcoal particularly favours the road‐oriented population who have access to abandoned rubber trees.

Given that some combination of rice and cassava cultivation is ubiquitous, it is sometimes secondary products that distinguish a livelihood zone. In the Hunting Zone, the people are actually essentially farmers by vocation, even often nearly self‐sufficient in food. But income from bush‐meat is considered important enough and distinctive enough to justify making this a separate zone, and once again Monrovia is an important market for this product at least in dried form.

If we have not defined an inland fishing zone on the same basis, it is not because inland fishing is insignificant but because it is widespread across the rivers and creeks of the entire coastal plain and

2 This section has been adapted from the FEWS NET report entitled Livelihood Zoning ‘Plus’ Activity in Liberia, 2011. beyond. There is no particular area of any size with an intensive inland fishing economy. Hunting is also widespread around the country, but in the areas that are combined as the hunting zone, the resource and its profits are far above average. By the same token, sea‐fish earnings by people on and near the coast are far more fundamental to the livelihoods of coastal villages than inland fishing is to the villages of the main Cassava Zone, and so the Coastal Fishing Zone has been separated.

It is not always an easy matter to decide whether a certain form of production or income should generate a separate zone and this will eventually require field verification. The basic geography of Cocoa and Coffee Zone Zone is the same as the main Northern Rice Farming and Wild Palm Zone, with the major difference that cocoa and coffee trees have been planted and provide the main source of income to farmers. In the Sugarcane Zone, sugarcane is the dominant crop, at least in terms of cash income, although rice and cassava and other crops are also grown.

Surface gold mining, and to a lesser extent diamond mining, are found in many localities across the country. But there are certain areas of concentration, and two large areas are proposed as a Mining (plus farming) Zone separate from the rice‐dominant or cassava-dominant zones. Field verification is required to determine the importance of mining to ordinary rural households as opposed to a minority who may invest most of their available labour to mining work, joining numerous in‐migrants at mining camps.

NATIONAL SEASONAL CALENDAR

Most of the livelihood zones in Liberia have a similar seasonal calendar. The exception is for the livelihood zones in the southeast, where the rice harvest starts earlier in the year.

The lean season is always in relation to rice production, even in areas where cassava production is more important than rice production. It occurs in most livelihood zones in Liberia from July through September, in advance of the mid‐October rice harvest. The exception to this picture is in the southeast of the country, where the lean season runs from April through July, in advance of the late July rice harvest.

The period of peak rainfall, from April through September, is the main crop production period. But it is also of concern because of the risk of flooding and road access problems. This period of higher risk also coincides with the lean season and its corresponding risk of staple food price rises, as well as the peak malaria period.

Most land preparation work occurs in the months before the start of the rains. Brushing (clearing the bush beneath the trees) usually starts in December and can continue through to February, followed by felling of trees and burning. Depending on the success of the burning, the fields are cleared before planting. Most crops are planted just before, or at the start of, the rainy season. In the following months, weeding, fencing, and scaring birds are the main activities. Agricultural work is available throughout the year.

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Upland rice is available for green consumption from about September and is harvested in October and November in most parts of the country outside the southeast. Lowland or swamp rice is usually harvested a little later, from December. Depending on the variety, fresh cassava can be harvested after three or six months. The variety of cassava that is planted to produce fufu is usually harvested one year after planting. Cassava can be left in the ground and harvested year-round.

Off-farm activities that peak during the dry season include hunting, wild palm collection, inland fishing, coastal fishing, charcoal production and gold mining. In contrast, employment in the concession areas is year-round.

The timing of some key hazards has been included in the calendar above. Rainfall delays at the start of the normal rainy season can cause problems for farmers, as can excessive rainfall leading to flooding towards the end of the season. The rainy season can be a period of inaccessibility for some parts of the country, when roads and bridges are damaged and not passable. The rainy season can also bring storms and rough seas, which make coastal fishing more difficult.

The periods of peak expenditure are similar in most livelihood zones. These are the months when school fees are due; festival periods when additional expenditure on clothing and food occurs; and the lean season when many rural households are required to purchase food from the market rather than relying on their own crop production.

12 ZONE DESCRIPTIONS

ZONE 01: Gold and Diamond Mining Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets Surface gold mining, and to a lesser extent diamond Poor households Better-off households mining, are found in many localities across the country. Small farms; Large farms; But there are certain areas of concentration, and two Locally produced Water pumps, machines to large areas were separated in the zoning workshop as a tools for mining extract gold, metal mining‐plus‐farming livelihood zone separate from the detectors, weighing scales; farming‐dominant zones. Hire labour

Access to staple foods – poor households One large area of concentration covers contiguous parts Market purchase Own production of Gbarpolu and Grand Cape Mount Counties, while the other large area covers contiguous parts of Sinoe, Grand Main sources of income Kru and River Gee Counties. Small areas of gold and/or Poor households Better-off households diamond mining are also present in Bong and Nimba Gold/diamond Gold/diamond mining Counties. mining Crop sales Mining labour Trade In this zone, mining is important to ordinary rural Crop sales households who are resident in the area, in addition to Main markets for the zone being the main livelihood for the numerous in‐migrants at Main county markets; main mining camp mining camps from elsewhere in Liberia or from outside markets the country. Hazards and seasonality

Landslides Rainy season Crops grown in the zone include rice, cassava and Coping strategies – poor households vegetables, while secondary activities include petty trade,  Increase casual labour small-scale livestock rearing, hunting, inland fishing, and  Increase borrowing casual labour. Most of the casual labour performed in the  Switch to consumption of less preferred zone is related to mining rather than farming. foods

 Reduce purchase of non-essential items

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14 Zone 02: Coastal Fishing Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets This zone comprises the strip of land all along the Liberian coast behind the beach or the mangroves, from some Poor households Better-off households half‐a‐kilometer to two kilometers inland. Villages show Small lines and nets Larger canoes/boats Some own small with outboard engines all the economic elements noted for the wider canoes Large nets cassava‐dominated area (Zone 4), except that land tends Land and hand tools Land and hand tools to be less fertile and unsuitable for vegetables. However, for cultivation for cultivation for most households, especially poorer ones, farming of Hire labourers for food crops is secondary to fishing activities. Most fishing households still manage to consume their own cassava Access to staple foods – poor households (and may sell some fresh and processed), but they buy Market purchase (especially rice) most of the rice they consume from the market. Much, if Own crop production (cassava) not most, household work‐time, capital and cash earnings Own fish are involved with sea‐fishing. This activity occurs Main sources of income year‐round, but reduces somewhat in the rainy season, Poor households Better-off households Fishing and fishing Fishing and especially in the peak rains of August and September labour Trade due to the danger of high winds and storms. Crop sales Transport Petty trade Poorer households obtain cash income from fishing, Coconut and oil sales fishing labour, cassava sales, petty trade, coconut and oil Agricultural labour sales and other activities. Wealthier households obtain Main markets for the zone cash income from fishing, trading, and transport whilst Main coastal towns; fish traders tend to still farming for home consumption. Amongst the very purchase directly from fishermen wealthiest are boat owners who do not farm at all, but sell Hazards and seasonality and trade fish. Poorer fishers own lines, hooks and small Sea erosion Rainy season hand‐held nets and a few own a paddle‐canoes. Wealthier High winds and August/September households own these items but also canoes, sometimes storms with motors, large casting nets and fish‐smoking drums if Coping strategies – poor households not full smoking houses. As a result, poorer men tend to  Increase casual labour (fishing and other)  Increase coconut sales work extensively for wealthier boat‐owners, whilst still  Switch to consumption of less preferred doing some minor fishing on their own account. foods  Reduce purchase of non-essential items Payment of fishing workers is usually in fish, which are then sold or processed. Fish smoking is important in allowing fish to be preserved to reach a wide market, whether urban or far into the hinterland. Drying fish also allows catches to earn cash even if they are not sold fresh the day they are caught, though the value of dried fish is significantly lower than of fresh.

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ZONE 03: Northern Border Cocoa and Coffee Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets The Northern Border Cocoa and Coffee Livelihood zone is Poor households Better-off households located along the border and in some inland areas of Lofa, 1.5 ha 5+ ha Bong, Nimba and Grand Gedeh Counties. The basic Traditional farm tools More modern farm geography of this livelihood zone is the same as the North tools and Northeast Rice Farming and Wild Palm Livelihood Access to staple foods – poor households Zone, with the major difference that cocoa and coffee  Own crop production (rice, cassava) trees have been planted and provide the main source of  Market purchase (especially during lean income to farmers. Cocoa and coffee are widely season) cultivated in the neaby areas of Guinea and Ivory Coast Main sources of income Poor households Better-off households and Liberian production is often marketed through these Crop sales Crop sales neighbouring countries. Agricultural labour Main markets for the zone Apart from cocoa and coffee, the other crops grown in Main county and district markets within the this livelihood zone are similar to the North and Northeast zone; for export of cocoa/coffee, either Rice Farming and Wild Palm Livelihood Zone. Rice and through Monrovia port or through cassava are important food crops and vegetables are also neighbouring countries grown. Hazards and seasonality Staple food price Rainy season Small-scale livestock rearing of poultry, goats, sheep and hikes pigs occurs in the zone and other income-generating Flooding September activities include casual labour, petty trade and cross- Delays in rainfall April – May border trade. Most casual labour is local agricultural Coping strategies – poor households labour, performed inside the livelihood zone.  Increase casual labour

 Switch to consumption of less preferred foods  Reduce purchase of non-essential items

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ZONE 04: Rubber, Palm Oil and Iron Ore Concession Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets This livelihood zone includes concession areas of various Poor households Better-off households types: rubber, palm oil and iron ore. These seemingly Unskilled labour Skilled labour different types of concession have been combined into one livelihood zone because of the similar livelihoods of

Access to staple foods – poor households the resident populations, which are mostly based on Ration from concession formal employment and supplemented by petty trade. Market purchase Rubber concessions are found in parts of Margibi, Main sources of income Montserrado, Maryland, Grand Bassa and River Gee Poor households Better-off households Counties. Palm oil concessions are found in parts of Unskilled employment Skilled employment Sinoe, Grand Cape Mount, Bomi, Grand Bassa, Grand Kru Petty trade Small businesses and Maryland Counties. Iron ore concessions are found in Vegetable production parts of Bong and Nimba Counties. Charcoal

Main markets for the zone In return for guaranteed employment, households in Market centre constructed by concession concession areas give up their land. They are provided

with a monthly rice ration, housing, health care, Hazards and seasonality education, water supplies and security. The majority of Price hikes due to Rainy season staple food is purchased. poor roads

Coping strategies – poor households Most concession workers live in small ‘towns’ (essentially  Very limited strategies villages) within the concessions, where a minority (mainly  Switch to consumption of less preferred women) run cook‐shops or engage in petty trade. foods Other secondary income sources include handicrafts,  Reduce purchase of non-essential items motorcycle taxis, brick making, charcoal and small-scale vegetable production.

19 ZONE 05: North and Northeast Rice Farming and Wild Palm Livelihood Zone

This is the main rice-dominant livelihood zone in the Main productive assets country. It encompasses parts of Lofa, Grand Cape Mount, Poor households Better-off households Gparpolu, Bong and Nimba Counties in the north and 1-2.5 ha cultivated 5ha + cultivated land; northeast of the country. It partly borders Sierra Leone in land; traditional farm more modern farm the west and Guinea to the north. However, most border tools tools (power tillers, areas have been allocated to other livelihood zones, which rice thresher, tractors) are described below. Access to staple foods – poor households

 Own crop production (rice, cassava)  Market purchase (especially during lean This fertille zone contains some of the highest elevations season) in the country in the Wologizi and Wonegizi Ranges, which  Wild collection (palm oil) are a southern spur of the Guinea highlands in which also originate the Lofa, Lawa, St. Paul and St. John rivers that Main sources of income run through the zone. As with most of the country north Poor households Better-off households of the coastal plain, this zone has rainfall volumes which Casual labour Crop sales are high by West Africa region standards at 1500-2500 Wild palm oil sales Livestock sales mm per annum, but lower than for the Liberian coastal Crop sales Business / trade areas. Main markets for the zone Main county and district markets within the Upland rice is the main type of rice and it is sown zone; Monrovia broadcast on rain‐fed fields. It is the major staple, but is Hazards and seasonality backed up by cassava as the second staple. Although Delay in rainfall April – May larger farmers are able to market rice in response Heavy storms April – May especially to the Monrovia demand, this is not a major Pest infestation October – January surplus area (there is currently no such area in the Poor road access June – September country) and the lesser farmers commonly run out of rice Coping strategies – poor households stocks long before the next harvest and then buy (mostly  Increase casual labour imported) rice on the market. During the ‘hunger’ period  Increase palm oil collection between July and September the less‐preferred cassava,  Increase other income generating dug up as required, becomes particularly important. Other activities – hunting, inland fishing  Switch to consumption of less preferred crops grown in the zone include vegetables, groundnuts, foods bananas, plantain, eddo, sweet potato, maize and fruit.  Reduce purchase of non-essential items Cultivated palm trees are rare, and the marketed palm oil comes from wild trees, which are prevalent throughout the zone. The zone is a net exporter of palm oil to other parts of the country, especially to Monrovia, and to neighbouring countries.

Other income generating activities include casual labour, small-scale livestock rearing, petty trade, hunting, inland fishing, handicrafts, snail collection and sale. Most casual labour is local agricultural labour, performed inside the livelihood zone.

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ZONE 06: River Cess Rice and Cassava Farming Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets Although this zone geographically sits in the coastal plain, Poor households Better-off households the zoning workshop participants concluded that rice is Small fields of Larger fields of more important than cassava in this livelihood zone which cultivated land; cultivated land; more makes up most of River Cess County. traditional farm tools modern farm tools (power tillers, rice Cultivated land areas are smaller here than in Zone 1. The thresher, tractors) seasonal calendar is more similar to Zone 1 than to Zone Access to staple foods – poor households 3, with the hunger season falling in June to September.  Own crop production (rice, cassava)  Market purchase (especially during lean season) Apart from crop production, other income generating Main sources of income activities include casual labour, small-scale livestock Poor households Better-off households rearing, petty trade, hunting, inland fishing and Casual labour Crop sales handicrafts. Most casual labour is local agricultural Crop sales Livestock sales labour, performed inside the livelihood zone. Business / trade

Main markets for the zone Main county and district markets within the zone Hazards and seasonality Delay in rainfall April – May Heavy storms April – May Pest infestation October – January Poor road access Rainy season

21 Coping strategies – poor households  Increase casual labour  Increase other income generating activities – hunting, inland fishing  Switch to consumption of less preferred foods  Reduce purchase of non-essential items

22 ZONE 07: Southeast Rice and Cassava Farming Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets This zone falls in Maryland and River Gee Counties. It is Poor households Better-off households mostly at lower elevations than Zone 1. Households Small fields of Larger fields of primarily produce rice for home consumption, but cassava cultivated land; cultivated land; more is also important. By comparison with the north of the traditional farm tools modern farm tools country, rice production here suffers from a tendency for (power tillers, rice rainfall to be erratic, especially early in the season when thresher, tractors) the timing of land clearing, preparation and sowing is Access to staple foods – poor households critical. In addition, cultivated land areas are smaller here  Own crop production (rice, cassava)  Market purchase (especially during lean than in the other two rice-dominant livelihood zones. season) Main sources of income The zone is isolated by distance and a very poor road Poor households Better-off households network from the main commercial demand of Monrovia Casual labour Crop sales and the more northerly motor routes that lead to it. Crop sales Livestock sales Market isolation discourages rice and vegetable Business / trade cultivation. On the other hand, palm oil, palm nuts and

Main markets for the zone coconuts are marketed, inland fishing contributes both to Main county and district markets within the diets and incomes, and widespread relatively forested zone areas also offer hunting and timber resources. Poorer Hazards and seasonality people make a large part of their cash income from paid Delay in rainfall April – May agricultural laboring or casual off‐farm work. Heavy storms April – May Pest infestation October – January Rice is harvested earlier in this zone (from late July) than Poor road access June – September in other parts of the country (from October). This means Coping strategies – poor households that the lean season also occurs earlier in this zone (from  Increase casual labour April to early July).  Increase other income generating activities – hunting, inland fishing  Switch to consumption of less preferred foods  Reduce purchase of non-essential items

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24 ZONE 08: Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and Inland Fishing Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets This extensive zone represents the typical livelihoods situation of the coastal plain, which runs the length of the Poor households Better-off households country between Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. Just as <1 ha 2-3 ha cassava is an important second staple in the dominant rice cultivation zones, so here it is rice which is the important Chickens Chickens, goats, sheep second staple after cassava. It is a question of the

emphasis on one or other staple induced by two general Hand tools Hand tools and some ecologies: the coastal plain is lower‐lying and receives power tillers Rely on kuu more rainfall than the hinterland. High rainfall also adds to Hire agricultural the drainage network through smaller rivers and streams communal agricultural labour which complement or join the main, cross‐country rivers. labour Irrigation other than for vegetable patches is uncommon; Access to staple foods – poor households on the other hand, inland fishing is a significant dietary  Own crop production (rice, cassava) and cash resource, although rarely a primary occupation.  Market purchase (especially during lean season) Cassava is both an annual and a perennial crop, in that it  Wild collection (palm oil) can be harvested a few months after planting or it can be

left in the ground for one or more years. Tubers can be Main sources of income dug up at any time to be boiled and pounded for fufu as Poor households Better-off households the staple for domestic consumption, or to be sold. It can Agricultural labour Crop sales be sold in its raw, fresh state, or considerable value can be Inland fishing, Trade / business added to the price by one or other form of processing, charcoal and coconut including gari or dipa. Whole cassava sales rise in the peak sales Livestock sales rains of July to September, processed cassava sales from Crop sales January through March. But processing requires considerable labour. unless people have the capital for Main markets for the zone mechanized equipment, and this is a limiting factor in the Main county and district markets within the profitability of cassava. zone; Monrovia Hazards and seasonality A homestead in this zone is most likely to grow both Damaged roads Rainy season cassava and some rice; but a great variety of other Erratic rainfall Rainy season planted or wild items will typically be found on a Cassava mosaic Any time of year micro‐scale, including citrus, rubber, plantain, bananas, disease eddoes, sweet potatoes and garden vegetables. Palm oil is Coping strategies – poor households commonly got from wild palms on a modest scale and  Increase casual labour collected bush‐yams and coconuts are other wild  Increase other income generating activities – inland fishing, petty trade, resources. Charcoal is widely made and sold from wood handicrafts, charcoal from land brushing or from forest. In addition, households  Switch to consumption of less preferred may maintain ‘hunger farms’ – a piece of land devoted to foods short‐maturing rice or cassava that helps bridge the  Reduce purchase of non-essential items hunger season before the main harvest. Livestock rearing of poultry, goats and sheep is on a very small scale and other income generating activities include casual labour, petty trade and handicrafts. Most casual labour is local

25 agricultural labour, performed inside the livelihood zone.

26 ZONE 09: Vegetable Gardening and Rice Farming Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets Although vegetables are grown for home consumption Poor households Better-off households and on a small-scale throughout Liberia, a few specific <0.5 ha cultivated 1-2 ha cultivated land; clans are well known for large-scale vegetable production: land; Power tillers, water Panta and Wrunah in Panta-Kpa District of Bong County; Hand tools pumps. Bain and Gbein in Sanniquelleh-Mahn of Nimba County; Hire agricultural Twabo in Konobo District of Grand Gedeh County; and labour Rankollie in Foya District of Lofa County. These supply

the main urban markets in Liberia with vegetables, along Access to staple foods – poor households Own crop production with vegetables imported from neighbouring countries Market purchase (Guinea and Ivory Coast, especially during the dry season). Other crops grown include rice and cassava. Main sources of income Poor households Better-off households There are two seasons for growing vegetables: during the Casual labour Vegetable sales dry season, Liberian vegetable farmers produce a small Vegetable sales Crop sales volume and receive high prices, while during the rainy Crop sales Trade season, farmers produce a large volume but sell at low Main markets for the zone prices. Main county markets Hazards and seasonality Better off vegetables farmers purchase pesticide to Delays in rainfall May control insect pests and hire labour during the production Flooding September seasons. These are not possible options for poorer Coping strategies – poor households farmers.  Migration to towns for casual work  Increase local agricultural labour Other income generating activities in the zone include  Switch to consumption of less preferred small-scale livestock rearing, inland fishing, petty trade foods and casual labour. Most casual labour is local agricultural  Reduce purchase of non-essential items labour, performed inside the livelihood zone.

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28 ZONE 10: Charcoal Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets Charcoal is made throughout Liberia for domestic use and Poor households Better-off households for sale, using wood gathered from field brushing as well <1 ha cultivated land; 2-3 ha cultivated land; as forest wood. But the Charcoal Livelihood Zone is Hand tools for Hire labourers for characterized by nearby demand from the Monrovia cultivation and farming and charcoal market, relatively good road access, and old, abandoned charcoal production; production; Power rubber trees that are available for charcoal production. Poor storage facilities saws and other tools;

Better storage The charcoal zone is located in parts of Montserrado, facilities Access to staple foods – poor households Bomi, Margibi and Grand Bassa Counties. The Market purchase road‐oriented population put the greater part of their Own crop production labor into charcoal, whether on their own production or Payment in kind working for better‐off neighbors. Wild food (palm oil) Main sources of income Charcoal producers are also smallholders and farm in a Poor households Better-off households reduced way, growing cassava, vegetables and enough Charcoal Charcoal sales rice for at least a few months’ consumption before going Casual labour Crop sales to the market to purchase imported rice. In terms of Crop sales Trade farming potential, they call into the same zone as the Main markets for the zone Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and Inland Fishing Main county towns and Monrovia Livelihood Zone. Hazards and seasonality

Excessive rain / Livestock rearing of poultry, goats and sheep is on a very flooding / lack of Rainy season storage small scale and other income generating activities include Crop pests Cultivation season casual labour, petty trade and handicrafts. Although Coping strategies – poor households there is some local agricultural labour, most casual labour  Increase casual labour is related to charcoal production and performed inside the  Increase charcoal production livelihood zone. There are various types of work involved  Switch to consumption of less preferred with charcoal production, starting with the collection of foods wood and ending with the bagging of coal.  Reduce purchase of non-essential items

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30 ZONE 11: Sugarcane and Food Crop Farming Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets Sugarcane is the dominant crop, at least in terms of cash Poor households Better-off households income, in a few areas of Maryland, Bong, Grand Bassa Sharecropping or Own land; Hand tools; and Nimba Counties. Rice and cassava are also grown in small own land; Hand Some power tillers this livelihood zone, as are vegetables. Cassava is more tools; Chickens and equipment to important in areas in the coastal plain, while rice is more process/distil cane important in higher altitude inland areas. into alcohol

Access to staple foods – poor households Sugarcane is usually harvested in December – February Market purchase and can be sold intact or converted into sugarcane syrup Own crop production or alcohol. To successfully grow sugarcane, it helps to be Main sources of income near a processing facility. Poor households Better-off households Labour Crop sales Some poor households in this livelihood zone do not have Crop sales (including Alcohol sales their own land and instead enter sharecropping sugarcane) Livestock sales arrangements with better off landowners. Inland fishing

Wild palm oil sales Small-scale livestock rearing of poultry, goats, and sheep Main markets for the zone Main county markets occurs in the zone and other income-generating activities Hazards and seasonality include casual labour, inland fishing and wild palm oil sales. Most casual labour is local agricultural labour, Wild animals Year-round Caterpillars Rainy season performed inside the livelihood zone. Coping strategies – poor households  Migrate for casual labour  Increase wild palm oil sales  Switch to consumption of less preferred foods  Reduce purchase of non-essential items

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32 ZONE 12: Hunting and Farming Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets The Hunting and Farming Livelihood Zone covers parts of Poor households Better-off households Gparpolu, Nimba, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru and Sinoe 0.5 – 1 ha cultivated 5+ ha cultivated land Counties. Residents of this sparsely‐populated zone are land Capacity to hire primarily farmers of upland rice, cassava and vegetables, Hand tools for labourers for farming sharing many of the features of the neighboring cultivation rice‐dominant zones. However, the factor that Single barrel guns for Locally made guns, hunting distinguishes this zone is that the greater part of wire and sticks for household cash income comes from traded bush‐meat Power saws traditional traps, bow from the exceptional hunting resources in the and arrow, dog environment. This is true of wealthier and poorer hunting households alike. Access to staple foods – poor households  Own crop production (rice, cassava) Wealthier households tend to be more or less  Market purchase (especially during lean self‐sufficient in rice, but poorer households fall far short season) of this. It is therefore only wealthier farmers who tend to  Wild collection (palm oil) sell rice, whilst poorer farmers depend on hunting and paid casual work, on and off‐farm, partly to pay for the Main sources of income rice they must buy. Apart from rice and cassava, Poor households Better-off households households also grow eddo, banana, plantain, sweet Hunting Hunting potato, vegetables and fruit. Casual labour Crop sales

Crop sales Livestock sales Hunting occurs throughout the year, but peaks during the Main markets for the zone dry season. The animals hunted include antelope, Main county and district markets within the bushhog, groundhog, possum, bushcow, elephants and zone monkeys. The forests also offer timber resources. Traders purchase at village level Hazards and seasonality Other income generating activities include casual labour, Delay in rainfall April – May small-scale livestock rearing, petty trade, inland fishing, Wild animals All year and handicrafts. Most casual labour is local agricultural Poor road access June – September labour, performed inside the livelihood zone. Coping strategies – poor households

 Increase casual labour  Increase hunting  Switch to consumption of less preferred foods  Reduce purchase of non-essential items

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34 ZONE 13: Peri-Urban Livelihood Zone

Main productive assets This zone comprises a sizeable population who live in Poor households Better-off households areas of Montserrado and Margibi Counties outside Own casual labour Skilled labour Monrovia city proper. They are not simply spread in a neat Capital for businesses and measurable radius around the city hinterland, because their residence is particularly extended along and Access to staple foods – poor households near main roads. They are semi‐rural in that they have Mostly market purchase land on which they produce at least vegetables if not also Small own production a little cassava, and they commonly keep poultry. But

Main sources of income their economy is more or less completely defined by the Poor households Better-off households city: they sell vegetables and chickens to it, they perform Casual labour Skilled formal casual or formal employment in it, and they are part of Unskilled formal employment the chain of petty trade in farm/garden produce, fish, employment Larger businesses charcoal and many other items. Above all, by far the Petty trade Remittances greater part of the staples they eat, especially rice, are Vegetable production purchased. Charcoal production Inland fishing Residents are particularly highly constrained from keeping Petty trade bigger livestock than poultry because of the frequency of Motorcycle taxis thefts around the city – also suffered by people who bring (rented) Remittances in livestock from far away and keep them temporarily in Main markets for the zone this vicinity. Monrovia markets Hazards and seasonality The population includes a minority of rich neighbours who Flooding Rainy season have considerable houses built for one reason or another Pest infestation outside the city but whose earnings are from salaried (affecting vegetable Dry season work or commerce or plantations – and who may be their production employers as domestic staff. Coping strategies – poor households  Increase casual labour This livelihood zone is distinguished from more remote  Switch to consumption of less preferred zones by its relatively good access to markets and basic foods social services. Livelihoods in the peri-urban area are  Reduce purchase of non-essential items based on skills and capital, not on access to land.

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36 ANNEX 1 – LIST OF ZONING WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

Name Organisation and position Email address ROBERT FORD MOE/MONITOR [email protected]

WONDANEH Y. LYMAS MICAT/ADM. ASST. [email protected]

TROKON DAVIS ORE LIBERIA/FIELD SUP. [email protected]

RAYMOND B.ZIAMA MFDP./ASST. DIRCTOR [email protected]

MARON B. WEAH CCI/SUPERVISOR [email protected]

EMMANUEL G. BALLAH

MOHAMMEH V. KAMARA FUN/ COORDINATOR [email protected]

TARNUE D. KOIWOU MOA/ FSN PROG. OFFICER [email protected]

J. ROOSEVELT W. KPOTO CWG/CONSULTANT [email protected]

Alex Gborlee Compassion Fund Liberia - [email protected], Executive Director [email protected]

Melvin Vowel Public Health Worker/Worker [email protected]

Milton O. Bass Ministry of Transport mobass40050gmail.com

Arezoe D. Selegajallah Field Agent (0776733931) [email protected]

James Hookes Liberia National Student Union [email protected]

Kunue Massally MOA-Statistician [email protected]

Eddie C. Dilah Director-MIA [email protected]

Alaric N. Mienwipia Agronomist-MOA [email protected]

Dopoe G. Menkarzon Estates Superintendent-Cocopa 0886520785

Francilia N. Marah M & E Officer-MOA [email protected]

Aagon N. Yoko Agricultural Economist [email protected]

Doris N Devine Handicap Group [email protected]

Nathan C Mellish Compassion Fund [email protected]

Marie W Murray Sisters Keepers [email protected]

Musu B Flomo MOA [email protected]

Gracia Reeves MOA [email protected]

37 NASI T. BROH MOA/BNF [email protected]

PETER W. KUN LISGIS [email protected]

ALFRED BENBIAH MOA [email protected]

AUGUSTINE DWEH MOA [email protected]

REGINA N. MOORE MOH [email protected]

BLAMO CHEA CHAP [email protected]

ALPHONSUS D. KAMMA CITIZEN FOR PRODUCTIVITY [email protected]

38 ANNEX 2 – LIST OF COUNTIES / DISTRICTS / CLANS BY LIVELIHOOD ZONE

Zone no. Zone name 1 Gold and Diamond Mining Livelihood Zone 2 Coastal Fishing Livelihood Zone 3 Northern Border Cocoa and Coffee Livelihood Zone 4 Rubber, Palm Oil and Iron Ore Concession Livelihood Zone 5 North and Northeast Rice Farming and Wild Palm Livelihood Zone 6 River Cess Rice and Cassava Farming Livelihood Zone 7 Southeast Rice and Cassava Farming Livelihood Zone 8 Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and Inland Fishing Livelihood Zone 9 Vegetable Gardening and Rice Farming Livelihood Zone 10 Charcoal Livelihood Zone 11 Sugarcane and Food Crop Farming Livelihood Zone 12 Hunting and Farming Livelihood Zone 13 Peri-Urban Livelihood Zone

Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone no. zone no. zone no. Bomi Klay Blugban 8 2 Bomi Klay Dey-Gbo 2 13 Bomi Klay Gbarvon 8 Bomi Klay Gbojey 8 Bomi Klay Gbor 8 Bomi Klay Gorblah 8 Bomi Klay Kpo 8 Bomi Klay Lower Zor 8 Bomi Klay Manna 8 Bomi Klay Senjeh 4 Bomi Klay Tehr 8 Bomi Klay Upper Zor 8 Bomi Mecca Lower Mecca 10 Bomi Mecca Upper Mecca 10 Bong Fuamah Bubli 10 Bong Fuamah Lorlah 5 Bong Fuamah Yarbayon 5 Bong Fuamah Zarwakuma 4 Bong Fuamah Zuluzaryea 5 Bong Jorquelleh Bellequelleh 3 Bong Jorquelleh Gbarnshay 3 Bong Jorquelleh Jorpoo 5 Bong Jorquelleh Jorquelleh 5 Bong Jorquelleh Sheansuie 3 Bong Kokoyah Bonwein 1 Bong Kokoyah Kokoyah 5 Bong Kokoyah Senwein 5 Bong Kokoyah Tukpablee 1

39 Bong Panta-Kpa Panta 9 Bong Panta-Kpa Waytua 3 Bong Panta-Kpa Wolota 3 Bong Panta-Kpa Wrunah 9 Bong Salala Konowulala 11 Bong Salala Konoyea 11 Bong Salala Kpartolor 11 Bong Salala Nyanforquelleh 11 Bong Sanayea Bonkomu 5 Bong Sanayea Boryermah 5 Bong Sanayea Deingmah 5 Bong Sanayea Menquelleh 3 Bong Sanayea Sanoyea 5 Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone zone zone Bong Sanayea Wallahun 5 Bong Suakoko Garyea 3 Bong Suakoko Kpatawee 3 Bong Suakoko Kpoyorquelleh 3 Bong Suakoko Myeinbedewein 3 Bong Suakoko Suakoko 3 Bong Suakoko Togbeyah 3 Bong Suakoko Zeansue 3 Bong Zota Gwilapolu 3 Bong Zota Lower Kpaquelleh 3 Bong Zota Upper Kpaquelleh 3 Bong Zota Zota 3 Gbapolu Belleh Bartee 12 Gbapolu Belleh Lobaizue 5 Gbapolu Bokomu Gbarlin 5 Gbapolu Bokomu Goe 1 Gbapolu Bokomu Lower Bokomu 1 Gbapolu Bokomu Upper Bokomu 5 Gbapolu Bopolu Bondi-Mandingo 1 Gbapolu Bopolu Gungbeyah 5 Gbapolu Bopolu Tawalata 1 Gbapolu Gbarma Gbarma 1 Gbapolu Gbarma Yangayah 1 Gbapolu Kongba Jawejeh 12 Gbapolu Kongba Zuie 12 Grand Bassa District #1 Doe 8 Grand Bassa District #1 Mehn 8 Grand Bassa District #1 Mehwein 8 Grand Bassa District #1 Nyanniwein 8 Grand Bassa District #1 Quetroyah 8 Grand Bassa District #1 Saywhien 8 Grand Bassa District #1 Sonniwein 8 Grand Bassa District #1 Whenzohn 8 Grand Bassa District #2 Boeglahn 8

40 Grand Bassa District #2 Chan 8 Grand Bassa District #2 Ediana 8 Grand Bassa District #2 Gbor 8 Grand Bassa District #2 Gogowein 8 Grand Bassa District #2 Hoegban 8 Grand Bassa District #2 Karblee 8 Grand Bassa District #2 Marblee 8 Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone zone zone Grand Bassa District #3 Buchanan City 2 Grand Bassa District #3 Dorzohn 10 Grand Bassa District #3 Gborngbo 10 Grand Bassa District #3 Gorblee 4 Harlandsville Grand Bassa District #3 Township 8 Grand Bassa District #3 Harmonville 8 Grand Bassa District #3 Hoegbahn 8 Grand Bassa District #3 Manlai 8 Grand Bassa District #3 Neekree 8 Grand Bassa District #3 Peter Harris 8 Grand Bassa District #3 Tubmanvilletship 8 Grand Bassa District #3 Vambo 11 Grand Bassa District #3 Zeewein 11 Grand Bassa District #4 Gainda/Ganna 4 Grand Bassa District #4 Grand cola 11 2 Grand Bassa District #4 Little Cola 11 2 Grand Bassa District #4 Neepu/Doe-Gbahn 11 Grand Bassa District #4 Newcess 11 2 Grand Bassa District #4 Trade Town 2 Grand Bassa Owensgrove Bassa point 2 Grand Bassa Owensgrove Doewein 11 Grand Bassa Owensgrove Giah 11 Yannah/Owensgro Grand Bassa Owensgrove ve 11 Grand Bassa St John River Gboraw/Rayawein 10 Grand Bassa St John River Gborwein 10 Grand Bassa St John River Seeyah 10 Grand Bassa St John River Whengbakon 10 Grand Bassa St John River Whrogbah 10 Grand Cape Mount Commnwealth Robertsport 2 Grand Cape Mount Garwula Lower Garwula 4 2 Grand Cape Mount Garwula Upper Garwula 8 4 2 Grand Cape Mount Gola Konneh Darblo 5 Grand Cape Mount Gola Konneh Laa 1 Grand Cape Mount Gola Konneh Manna 5

41 Grand Cape Mount Porkpa Kposo 5 Grand Cape Mount Porkpa Seimavolah 5 Grand Cape Mount Porkpa Sokpa 5 Grand Cape Mount Tewor Fahnbulleh 8 2 Grand Cape Mount Tewor Paasawee 8 Grand Cape Mount Tewor Sambola 8 2 Grand Gedeh Gbarzon Bhai 3 Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone zone zone Grand Gedeh Gbarzon Gbarbo 3 Grand Gedeh Gbarzon Gboe 12 Grand Gedeh Gbarzon Krazon 3 Grand Gedeh Gbarzon Neezoe 12 Grand Gedeh Gbarzon Ploe 12 Grand Gedeh Konobo Gbarlu 3 Grand Gedeh Konobo Gbaybo 12 Grand Gedeh Konobo Gbilibo 3 Grand Gedeh Konobo Gedebo 12 Grand Gedeh Konobo Glio 3 Grand Gedeh Konobo Twabo 9 Grand Gedeh Tchien Gbrbo/Niabo 3 12 Tchien Menson Grand Gedeh Tchien Gorbo 12 Tchien Menyan Grand Gedeh Tchien Kanna 3 Grand Kru Buah Forpoh 8 Grand Kru Buah Lower Buah 8 Grand Kru Buah Perluken 1 Grand Kru Buah Upper Buah 8 Grand Kru Lower Kru Coast Garaway/Nemia 2 8 Grand Kru Lower Kru Coast Tienpo 4 2 Grand Kru Sasstown Bolloh 12 Grand Kru Sasstown Jloh 2 Grand Kru Sasstown Sasstown 2 Grand Kru Upper Kru Coast Flenekpo 8 Grand Kru Upper Kru Coast Gbalakpo 8 Grand Kru Upper Kru Coast Grand Cess 2 Grand Kru Upper Kru Coast Picinicess 2 Grand Kru Upper Kru Coast Zolokengban 2 Lofa Foya Rankollie 9 Lofa Foya Tengia 3 Lofa Foya Waum 5 Lofa Kolahun Hassala 3 Lofa Kolahun Hembeh 5 Lofa Kolahun Lucasu 5

42 Lofa Kolahun Tahamba 3 Lofa Kolahun Wawoma 3 Lofa Kolahun Wulu-Kola 3 Lofa Salayea Gbarlien 5 Lofa Salayea Palama 5 Lofa Salayea Vavala 5 Lofa Vahun Guma/Mende 3 Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone zone zone Lofa Voinjama Bondi 5 Lofa Voinjama Lower Worker 3 Lofa Voinjama Upper Worker 3 Lofa Voinjama Wy-Wonnegomia 3 Lofa Zorzor Buluyeama 5 Lofa Zorzor Gizzima 5 Lofa Zorzor Ziama 3 5 Margibi Firestone Firestone 4 Margibi Gibi Gbareehn 8 Margibi Gibi Gbarjorkor 8 Margibi Kakata Benda/Borola 8 Margibi Kakata Dinning-Ta/Borlola 8 Margibi Kakata Giamusu/Larkay 10 Margibi Kakata Gorlorhun/Larkay 10 Margibi Kakata Konoquelleh/Kinta 8 Weamaquelleh/La Margibi Kakata rkay 10 Margibi Kakata Wiah/Cinta 4 Margibi Mambah-Kaba Garneo 13 Margibi Mambah-Kaba Gia 13 Margibi Mambah-Kaba Kaffia 13 2 Margibi Mambah-Kaba Kpay 13 Margibi Mambah-Kaba Loncay 13 2 Margibi Mambah-Kaba Zoeduah 13 Maryland Barrobo Brooksville 7 Maryland Barrobo David Toe 7 Maryland Barrobo Dugba Big Jaye 7 Maryland Barrobo Dugba Jaffa 7 Maryland Barrobo Dugba Robert Goe 7 Maryland Barrobo Nyanken 7 Maryland Barrobo Tugbaville 7 Maryland Pleebo/Sodeken Gedebo 7 Maryland Pleebo/Sodeken Pleebo 4 Maryland Pleebo/Sodeken Tuobo 7 Maryland Pleebo/Sodeken Twansiebo 2 11 Maryland Pleebo/Sodeken Yederobo 11 Montserrado Careysburg Bensonville 13 Montserrado Careysburg Careyburg 13 Montserrado Careysburg Crozierville 13 Montserrado Careysburg Harris-Burg 13

43 Montserrado Careysburg Kingsville 13 Montserrado Careysburg Mount Coffee 13 Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone zone zone Montserrado Careysburg White Plains 13 Montserrado Greater Monrovia Monrovia URBAN Montserrado St Paul River Arthington 13 Montserrado St Paul River Brewerville 13 Montserrado St Paul River Cheesemanburg 13 Montserrado St Paul River Clayashland 13 Montserrado St Paul River Louisana 13 Montserrado St Paul River Millsburg 13 Montserrado St Paul River Virginia 13 Montserrado Todee D'Ing 10 Montserrado Todee Fahnsen 4 Montserrado Todee Kpo 10 Montserrado Todee Markoi 10 Montserrado Todee Mein 10 Montserrado Todee Nyen 10 Montserrado Todee Pleemu 10 Nimba Gbehlageh Gbehlay 3 Nimba Gbehlageh Gborplay 3 Nimba Gbehlageh Sallay 3 Nimba Gbehlageh Srolay 3 Nimba Gbehlageh Zor 3 Nimba Saclepea Gbannah 11 Nimba Saclepea Gbehyee 3 Nimba Saclepea Lao 3 Nimba Saclepea Lessonoh 11 Nimba Saclepea Wee 3 Nimba Saclepea Zahn 3 Sanniquelleh- Nimba Mahn Bain 9 Sanniquelleh- Nimba Mahn Garr 11 Sanniquelleh- Nimba Mahn Gbein 9 Sanniquelleh- Nimba Mahn Goah 1 Sanniquelleh- Nimba Mahn Sehyi 5 Sanniquelleh- Nimba Mahn Yarmein 4 Nimba Tappita Boe 11 Nimba Tappita Doe 5 Nimba Tappita Doru 12 Nimba Tappita Gbear 5 Nimba Tappita Gbi 12 Nimba Tappita Gblor 12 Nimba Tappita Kpaiplay 12 Nimba Tappita Quella 5

44 Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone zone zone Nimba Tappita Yourpea 12 Yarwein- Nimba Mehnsohnneh Bleenon 5 Yarwein- Yarwein- Nimba Mehnsohnneh Mehnsonneh 5 Yarwein- Nimba Mehnsohnneh Zehnla 5 Nimba Zoegeh Butulu 3 Nimba Zoegeh Gbao 3 Nimba Zoegeh Gbor 3 Nimba Zoegeh Yaolay 3 Nimba Zoegeh Zoe 3 River Cess Morweh Joewein Gbuizon 6 River Cess Morweh Morweh Doedian 6 River Cess Timbo Farh 2 6 River Cess Timbo Fenwehn 6 River Cess Timbo Kploh 6 River Cess Timbo Kpowein 2 6 River Gee Gbeapo Duwraken 1 River Gee Gbeapo Gbeapo 7 River Gee Gbeapo Kaytuken/Killipo 7 River Gee Gbeapo Lower Tienpo 1 River Gee Gbeapo Upper Tienpo 1 River Gee Webbo Kitteabo/Glarro 3 River Gee Webbo Sarbo/Palrpo 7 River Gee Webbo Tiabo 3 River Gee Webbo Tubbo 7 River Gee Webbo Webbo 4 Sinoe Butaw Butaw 4 Sinoe Butaw Geetrah 4 Sinoe Butaw Murrayville 6 Sinoe Butaw Seedor 4 Sinoe Butaw Tarsue 4 Sinoe Dugbe River Cholobo 1 Sinoe Dugbe River Draoh 1 Sinoe Dugbe River Lower Two 1 Sinoe Dugbe River Nana Kru 2 Sinoe Dugbe River Nua Point 2 Sinoe Dugbe River Nyanpo/Kwiata 1 Sinoe Dugbe River Petay 1 Sinoe Dugbe River Settra Kru 2 Sinoe Greenville Bluntsville 8 Sinoe Greenville Farmersville 8 Sinoe Greenville Lexington 8 Primary Secondary Tertiary County District Clan zone zone zone Sinoe Greenville Louisina 2

45 Sinoe Jaedae Jaedepo Central Jaedpo 1 Sinoe Jaedae Jaedepo Dweh Jaedpo 1 Lower Bonkon Sinoe Jaedae Jaedepo Jaedepo 1 Sinoe Jaedae Jaedepo Lower Jaedpo 1 Upper Bonkon Sinoe Jaedae Jaedepo Jaedepo 1 Sinoe Jaedae Jaedepo Upper Jaedpo 1 Sinoe Juarzon Belabokre 12 Sinoe Juarzon Juarzon 12 Sinoe Juarzon Kulushawboe 12 Sinoe Juarzon Plahnnyarn 12 Sinoe Juarzon Seekon 12 Sinoe Kpayan Numopoh 4 Sinoe Kpayan Petu 4 Tarweh, Dropo Sinoe Kpayan and Putu 4 Sinoe Kpayan Worteh 4 Sinoe Pynes town Karbadee 12 Sinoe Pynes town Wedjah 12

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