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Relation Between Size and Foraging Range in Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponinae) Mgl Van Nieuwstadt, Ce Ruano Iraheta

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Relation Between Size and Foraging Range in Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponinae) Mgl Van Nieuwstadt, Ce Ruano Iraheta Relation between size and foraging range in stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponinae) Mgl van Nieuwstadt, Ce Ruano Iraheta To cite this version: Mgl van Nieuwstadt, Ce Ruano Iraheta. Relation between size and foraging range in stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponinae). Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 1996, 27 (4), pp.219-228. hal-00891340 HAL Id: hal-00891340 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891340 Submitted on 1 Jan 1996 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Original article Relation between size and foraging range in stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponinae) MGL van Nieuwstadt CE Ruano Iraheta 1 Proyecto Regional de Apicultura y Meliponicultura, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Apdo Postal 475-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica; 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador (Received 20 March 1996; accepted 15 July 1996) Summary&mdash; We estimated the maximum foraging distances of four species of neotropical stingless bees using two experimental methods. In the first experiment marked bees, which were released at different distances from the nest, were recaptured. The second method consisted of training bees on an artificial nectar source which was subsequently moved away from the nest till visitation ceased. In both exper- iments we found a positive linear relationship between the head width of the different species and their foraging range. However, the maximum foraging distances estimated by the capture-recapture exper- iment were about 300 m greater than those estimated by training the bees at an artificial source. It is concluded that the distance delimiting the area in which 95% of the foraging activity occurs lies in between the distances indicated by these two methods. Apidae / Meliponinae / stingless bee / flight distance / body size INTRODUCTION ited. As a result food competition is restricted to a certain number of neighbouring colonies and The stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, (Hubbell Johnson, 1977). Meliponinae) are a pantropical group of Because of the sessile character of a eusocial insects which live in perennial colony the pollination capacity of stingless colonies. In their nests they build up bees is limited too (Free, 1993). Pollen is reserves of pollen and honey, which help not dispersed further than the foraging area them to survive dearth periods. Like all ani- of the colony. Notwithstanding the high den- mals which forage from a central place sities of stingless bees in the tropics this (Schoener, 1979), the foraging area is lim- may limit their importance as pollinators, * Present address: Department of Comparative Physiology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 086, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands especially as far as small species are con- The investigations were carried out in April cerned. and May 1995, at the end of the dry season, and consisted of two experiments. The first experi- Although the maximum foraging range ment was a modified version of the experiments and the distribution of the foragers of a nest done by Gary (1971 ) and Roubik and Aluja of stingless bees are of fundamental impor- (1983). We determined the fraction of bees that tance for our understanding of a bee com- returned after being released at various distances munity and the importance of stingless bees from the nest. Bees feeding on an artificial nectar source in front of the nest were captured and as pollinators, detailed data on this subject given a distance-specific colour mark. The cap- are scarce. Some scattered information is tured bees were fed a 50% honey water solution. available from studies that have been per- Subsequently 30 bees for each distance were formed in the neotropics, usually by train- released at different distances from the nest. The ing bees on an artificial nectar source (Kerr, ones that actually flew away were counted. We 1959; Lindauer and Kerr, 1960). More recaptured the returning workers of Ta by replac- ing the original colony by an empty nest box, detailed information has been gathered on which was provided with the entrance tube of the fasciata and Melipona Trigona (Cephalotrig- original colony and which contained some honey. ona) capitata by releasing marked foragers The released workers of the other three species at different distances from the nest (Roubik were recaptured on the nectar source in front of and Aluja, 1983). But no comparison has the nest for 2.5-3 h after the release. The exper- been made between the results obtained iment was repeated twice with Pc and four times with Nt and Tc. by the releasing of marked bees and by Ta, distances were also estimated training bees on an artificial source, nor has Foraging by training foragers on an artificial nectar source. any attempt been made to uncover the rela- The source consisted of a styrofoam platform tion between the size of the various stingless with about 40 small holes which floated on a bee species and their respective foraging clove-scented 35% sugar solution. To facilitate ranges. In this study, we investigate the for- orientation, the source was marked with coloured aging ranges of several species of sting- paper. As soon as the source was frequented by less bees and estimate the relation between at least 25 bees, it was moved away from the nest in steps of 5-10 m till visitation ceased. The the size of a species and its foraging range. number of visiting bees was counted every 10 m. Foragers of other bee species were removed from the source. The experiment was repeated MATERIALS AND METHODS three times with Nt, Ta, and Tc and four times with Pc. The research was done in Pozo Azul, a village Before fitting linear regression lines to the results of the we in the neotropical dry forest zone in Guanacaste, capture-recapture experiment Costa Rica (10°10’24"N; 85°00’24"W; altitude excluded the distances from which no bees 170 m). The village is situated in the tropical dry returned, since these might have distorted the of the between head width forest zone and is surrounded by a hilly land- analysis relationship scape with a savannah woodland vegetation. and foraging distance (Roubik and Aluja, 1983). In the source Along the rivers are small strips of secondary experiment, we estimated the area gallery forest. We studied four species of stingless in which 75, 95 and 100% of the bees foraged bees: Trigona (Trigona) corvina Cockerell, Par- cumulatively. We compared the results of the two tamona aff cupira Smith, Trigona (Tetragonisca) experiments by using two-tailed t-tests with angustula Illiger, and Nannotrigona testaceicornis repeated measurements in order to assess the of of the distribution of bees in perilampoides Cresson. Species names are degree similarity the two abbreviated as Tc, Pc, Ta and Nt, respectively. experiments. Nomenclature follows Roubik (1992). The We estimated the relation between the size colonies studied had been present at the research of the bee species and their foraging range. As an site for at least 3 months before the experiments estimate of body size we used the head width, were conducted. because this is a well-defined characteristic which can be measured unequivocally and, within the species varied from 623 to 853 m. In three tribe of stingless bees, relates well to the body cases the regression line indicates that the size. percentage of returning bees would be between 60 and 70% if the bees were released at 0 m from the nest. In the case of RESULTS Ta, where the returning bees were captured by changing the maternal nest box, the per- The percentages of returning bees released centage of recaptured bees was lower. at different distances from the nests are The distribution patterns of foragers shown in figure 1. In all cases we obtained trained at the artificial nectar source differ significant results from linear regression for the different species. The number of for- lines that were fitted through the data (table agers of Tc and Nt decreases gradually I). Maximum foraging distances of the four with increasing distance (fig 2). The num- ber of foragers of Pc and Ta decreases species, the distances predicted by the cap- more rapidly at the shorter distances, while ture-recapture experiment were significantly at the longer distances a low number of larger than the distances reached with the bees persistently visits the source. Espe- artificial nectar source (Nt: df = 5, t-value = cially some foragers of Ta were very per- 19.5, P < 0.0001; Ta : df= 5, t-value = 13.4, sistent in visiting the source. In all cases, P < 0.0001; Pc: df = 4, t-value = 8.68, P = the number of bees increased over the first 0.001; Tc: df= 5, t-value = 4.08, P= 0.0095). 10-50 m of the experiment, because at the We analysed the relationship between of the we started beginning experiment, the head width and the range within which moving the nectar source before the maxi- 95% of the bees returned cumulatively mum number of visitors had been reached. (including the results of Roubik and Aluja We compared the distances at which (1983), table II, fig 3), based on the pre- each species had attained 95% cumulative dicted values of the linear regressions. foraging activity as predicted by the two Although the distances reached by species experiments, using a two-group t-test.
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