Fish Marketing in Central Luzon, Philippines*
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li A ;-Z-Z SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CONTENTS The primary objectives of this study were to determine the Page consumption statistics of fish by species, the seasonality of SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................................................................... 2 demand and supply, the price-size relationship of fish, and the GENERAL BACKGROUND OF STUDY............................................................ 3 economic impact of rice-fish culture in Central Luzon. Previous R esearch .............................................................................. 3 The market study indicated that the quantity and quality Basic Facts About Central Luzon .................................................... 4 of fish available in the region varied widely between provinces. Fish M arketing in Central Luzon .................................................... 5 The overall quantity of fish available in 1977 was M ETHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 6 approximately 81,716 tons (metric), slightly higher than the Selection of Sample.............................................-------------------------------6 area's 1976 reported production. Annual per capita consump- Classification of Fish Types.............................................................. 6 tion was 18.9 kilograms, which approximated previous Information Obtained ............................................------------------------------ 7 estimates. D ata Analysis........................................................................................7 Fish were more readily available in areas close to sources of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................... 7 supply, and these areas had greatest sales. Bulacan and Fish Availability in Central Luzon ...................---------------------........................ 7 Pampanga provinces, regions with coastal areas and wide Price and Sales Trends--------------......................................---------------...................... 9 fishpond areas, reported the most sales. Both quantity and Projected Demand for Fish in Central Luzon ............................ 12 quality declined noticeably as fish moved inland from the coastal provinces. Fish in the inland provinces of Nueva Ecija ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF RICE-FISH CULTURE------------------..................................- 12 and Tarlac were poor in quality, yet the prices were Description of Rice-Fish Culture Methods--------------..................................- 13 comparable to those in the coastal provinces. If alternatives Labor Requirements .........................................------------------------------... 13 were available, the quality of marine fish in the inland The Enterprise Budget .........................................----------------------------... 14 provinces would be unacceptable. Economic Impact...........................................--------------------------------...15 Interprovincial shipments of fish occurred in Central LITERATURE CITED.........................................-------------------------------------------17 Luzon. However, substantial quantities of fish were imported A PPENDIX A .............................................................................................. 18 from outside the region. Bataan essentially produced all the Sam ple M arkets ................................................................................ 18 fish sold in the province. Zambales had near equality between fish production and fish availability. The present study APPENDIX B..................................--------------------------------------- 18 identified an inflow of low quality marine fish into the region APPENDIX C........................................--------------------------------------...20 and an outflow of high quality marine and freshwater fish to Estimation Procedure ...................................-----------------------------.... 20 the greater Manila area. APPENDIX D ..................................................--------------------------------------..... 20 Although supply variations were obvious, it was difficult to Questionnaire Used in Study .......................................................... 20 determine which species of fish were low or high in supply at different times of the year. Within-month variations in some species appeared to be greater than seasonal variations. PUBLISHED 3/79-1M Insufficient supply of fish was most noticeable during December, January, and February. More than 50 percent of the fish sold weighed 100 grams or less, the size range postulated for rice-fish culture. While price differentials existed between species of fish, there was more variation in prices between different sizes of fish of the same type. Study of the economic feasibility of rice-fish culture in the region indicated that net returns of P2,870.00 ($283.00) per hectare can be expected. Rice production is the main source of COVER PHOTO. Fish vendors in small markets sometimes operate income of farmers in Central Luzon, and there is not a outside of the physical market structure. sufficient incentive to shift rice production. Therefore, fish production would be secondary to rice production in a rice-fish culture system. Fish grown simultaneously with rice do not decrease rice yield. Thus, fish will serve as an additional source of income. Nevertheless, the present marketing system Information contained herein is available to all without regard will create impediments for the sale of fish from rice paddies. to race, color, or nationalorigin. Fish Marketing in Central Luzon, Philippines* R. C. SEVILLEJA and E. W. McCOY** ONE OF THE IMPORTANT problems facing the Philip- relationship, and to determine the economic impact of pines is the need for increased food production to meet rice-fish culture in Central Luzon. Secondary objectives demands of the country's fast-growing population. Consump- included determination of seller's perception of price and tion of food exceeds the total annual supply from domestic quantity change over time and size composition of the existing sources. In terms of per capita consumption, Filipinos eat fish supply in the region. food at a rate below the standard nutritional requirement (25). Filipinos are generally rice- and fish-eating people. The GENERAL.BACKGROUND OF STUDY government, in efforts to increase domestic food supply, has instituted several programs to boost production in the rice and The Philippine Government has instituted a long-range fish industries. One of these is the Masagana 99 program, program to accelerate the integrated development of the which was launched to help the many small rice farmers who fisheries industry. According to the Expanded Fish Production dominate the industry. Coupled with this was a massive Program of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, the infrastructure development program that included road target for fish production increases is set at a yearly increment building and construction of irrigation facilities. The recently of 6.6 percent (27). completed Pantabangan Dam is expected to provide One problem that besets Philippine fisheries is the year-round irrigation service to 500,000 hectares of rice farms inadequate marketing system of the industry (14). Included in in Central Luzon by 1985 (30). the developmental strategy of the Integrated Fisheries The government also launched positive measures geared Developmental Plan is the improvement of the marketing and towards the further development and exploitation of its distribution system and development of local and foreign fishery and aquatic resources. Among the measures taken were markets (8). development of deep-sea fishing, fishpond expansion, technical Any attempt to improve the industry must be viewed from assistance to fishermen, development of fishery resource-based a total production-marketing context which calls for an cottage industries, fish-stocking programs to replenish the in-depth examination of the present marketing system, its stock of depleted lakes and rivers, and a vigorous campaign capacity to handle increased volume of production, i.e. its against illegal fishing, over-exploitation, and pollution conduct and performance, or, in short, its efficiency (23). (8,14,20). In general, food production in the Philippines is steadily Renewed interest in freshwater fish production has been increasing. Domestic production provided most of the food generated with the resurrection of an ancient fish culture consumed in 1974 (16). However, fish importations still technique. A method of culturing fish in rice paddies has been comprise some 12 percent of the total fish consumption (25). developed by researchers at the Central Luzon State Projected demand for fish products is expected to reach about University. Field trials have shown that substantial quantities 2 million tons by 1982 (8). of fish can be produced without significantly reducing rice yield. Initial results show that a fish harvest of 200 to 300 Previous Research kilograms per hectare can be attained (1,6,9). This publication is a report of attempts to determine the Several studies have been conducted regarding fish fish consumption statistics for fish by species, to look into the marketing in the Philippines in general. Guerrero and Darrah seasonality of demand and supply, to examine price-size (11) prepared a comprehensive nationwide marketing report on milkfish, including detailed descriptions