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Reproductive Management in Captive and Wild Canids: Contraception Challenges S

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Reproductive Management in Captive and Wild Canids: Contraception Challenges S REVIEW: CONTRACEPTION CHALLENGES IN CANIDAE 109 Int. Zoo Yb. (2010) 44: 109–120 DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2009.00107.x Reproductive management in captive and wild canids: contraception challenges S. M. BOUTELLE1 & H. J. BERTSCHINGER2 1AZA Wildlife Contraception Center at the Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Drive, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA, and 2Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Managing reproduction for Canidae species is a chal- working with them. One area of focus is lenge for zoological institutions and wildlife sanctuaries. reproductive control, which is essential for There are four basic options for contraception: separation of sexes, surgical procedures, immunological and hormo- population management in captivity. Cur- nal methods. Animal managers face potential challenges rently it is known that all temperate Canidae for each option, and advantages and disadvantages species are monoestrus and usually seasonal, should be taken into consideration when making a which can influence the management styles decision. This paper evaluates four common Canidae implemented for controlling reproduction species with results from hormonal monitoring: Gray wolves Canis lupus/Mexican gray wolves Canis lupus (Asa et al., 1990). These physiological differ- baileyi, Maned wolves Chrysocyon brachyurus, Fennec ences between Canidae and other carnivores fox Vulpes zerda and African wild dogs Lycaon pictus. make it a challenge to develop a consistent Special focus is given to individuals treated with the plan for contraception practices. Controlling gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, Supre- lorins. To date there are considerably more data for reproduction using reversible contraception African wild dogs than other canids, as extensive field is just one tool towards maintaining healthy observations are available for this species. Therefore, and well-managed groups in zoological African wild dogs are more extensively covered in this institutions. paper. GnRH agonists have been designated the safest There are four potential methods of repro- reversible method of contraception for carnivores and so continued studies are important. Results outlined below ductive control of canid species in captivity. demonstrate individual dosing differences that occur not These are separation of sexes, surgical proce- only across species but also between similar individuals. dures, immunological and hormonal meth- Although dosing and duration of efficacy still need ods. The feasibility for separation of sexes as further investigating, GnRH agonists are still considered to be the safest and most appropriate method available. a method depends on social behaviour of the As evident in this paper, contraception is a much-needed species and availability of enclosures in a tool for reproductive management. facility. Some pack animals can be separated without impacting social behaviour whereas Key-words: African wild dog; Canidae; contraception; in many Canidae species, such as the Black- fennec fox; GnRH agonists; maned wolf; Mexican gray wolf; Suprelorins. backed jackal Canis mesomelas that occurs in pairs, this would disrupt social behaviour (R. INTRODUCTION Harrison-White, pers. comm.). Separating sexes to prevent breeding is an effective The Canidae family has a wide range of method of contraception. However, there are social and physiological mechanisms that are strong arguments against this management unique to this taxonomic group (Asa et al., tool because not only are social groups dis- 1990). Managing these species in captivity rupted but also reintroducing the individuals can be a challenge and it is important that later can cause aggression in the group as these mechanisms are taken into considera- hierarchy is reestablished (H. J. Bertschinger, tion for the welfare of the animals and those unpubl. data; see also Maisch, 2010). Int. Zoo Yb. (2010) 44: 109–120. c 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation c 2010 The Zoological Society of London 110 BEARS AND CANIDS Another option for some zoological institu- again, investigations in Domestic dogs have tions may be to house ‘same-sex’ groups yielded positive results (< dogs, Jung et al., together in order to manage their collections 2005; < and , dogs, Walker et al., 2007) with and prevent unplanned births (van Heerden, a possible application to wild canids in the 1986; van Heerden et al., 1996; H. J. future. Bertschinger, unpubl. data). Reversible hormonal contraception pro- There are two surgical approaches: gona- ducts are available in a variety of delivery dectomy of both genders and vasectomy of systems including implants, injections and the < or salpingectomy of the ,. The former oral formulations. The two most commonly may disrupt social behaviour whereas the used hormonal products are synthetic proges- latter leaves the gonads and, therefore, sex tins [Depo-Proveras and melengestrol acet- steroid-related behaviours intact. Both ap- ate (MGA) implants] and GnRH agonists proaches are, for practical purposes, irrever- (Suprelorins/Suprelorin 12s and Luprons). sible; however, for individuals with little Table 1 summarizes the canid species known genetic value this may be irrelevant. Housing to have been treated with the more common surgically sterilized individuals together has contraceptive methods: progestins and GnRH been successful in many species without agonists [Association of Zoos and Aquariums behavioural complications. An example of (AZA) Wildlife Contraception Center this is the African wild dog Lycaon pictus, (WCC), Saint Louis Zoo, MO, USA, data- where ,, subjected to salpingectomy were base]. Historically progestins have been used housed with intact << (H. J. Bertschinger, on a wide range of species; however, recently unpubl. data). There is evidence that repeated they have been found to induce uterine, infertile oestrous cycles, which will occur mammary gland and hepatic pathology with after both vasectomies and salpingectomies, long-term treatment in felids and most likely may lead to the endometrial hyperplasia– other carnivore species (Asa & Porton, 2005; pyometra complex (H. J. Bertschinger, un- Munson, 2006). The recent publication by publ. data). All the pros and cons should be Moresco et al. (2009) provides evidence that considered before deciding to use such a MGA may have a role in the development of permanent method. endometrial hyperplasia in canids. According Immunocontraception for the control of to recommendations available through the reproduction in canid species has received AZA WCC (http://www.stlzoo.org/contra little attention to date. Sperm antigens as ception) the current safest method for all immunogens has been investigated in the carnivores is Suprelorins, which is a slow- Red fox Vulpes vulpes and success rates of release formulation with deslorelin as the up to 75% have been achieved (Boue´ et al., active GnRH agonist. GnRH agonists act at 2002). This level of contraception, however, the level of the adenohypophysis where they is insufficient for use in captive populations. inhibit the release of follicle stimulating hor- Porcine zona pellucida proteins have been mone and luteinizing hormone thus blocking used to induce infertility in , Domestic dogs the down-stream effects of these gonadotro- Canis lupus familiaris (Fayrer-Hosken et al., phins (Wright et al., 2001; Trigg et al., 2006). 2000). In the Domestic dog, however, the Accordingly, they are effective in both sexes humoral response is accompanied by a cell- of many species (Trigg et al., 2001; Wright mediated response with resulting destruction et al., 2001). of ovarian follicles and permanent sterility as The first deslorelin products for use in the final outcome (Fayrer-Hosken et al., wildlife became available as 3 and 6 mg 2000). The method with the most potential, a slow-release implants (Peptech Animal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Health Pty Limited). These early implants vaccine, has not been investigated for wild were not formulated by release time but canids. Besides being reversible it could rather doses made for different-sized dogs potentially be used in both genders. Once (Trigg et al., 2001; Junaidi et al., 2009). Int. Zoo Yb. (2010) 44: 109–120. c 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation c 2010 The Zoological Society of London REVIEW: CONTRACEPTION CHALLENGES IN CANIDAE 111 Accordingly, in the early wild carnivore bility. As more individuals are treated, dosing work, dose used was based on the sizes of will become more defined and reversibility the target animals. For example, 12 mg information will be available. (2 Â 6 mg) was used for African lionesses Panthera leo while one 6 mg implant was ANIMALS TREATED used to down-regulate Cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus and African wild dogs (Bertschinger The Canidae species for which significant et al., 2001, 2006, 2008). In 2005, two new information is available are Gray wolves formulations became available; known as Canis lupus/Mexican gray wolves Canis Suprelorins (4 Á 7 mg) and Suprelorins12 lupus baileyi, Maned wolves Chrysocyon (9 Á 4 mg) (Peptech Animal Health Pty Lim- brachyurus, Fennec fox Vulpes zerda and ited), and both are registered in Australia, African wild dogs. These species currently New Zealand and Europe. The 4 Á 7 mg im- have been treated most commonly with Su- plant was created to have a duration of effect prelorins, according to AZA WCC. African for at least 6 months and the 9 Á 4 mg implant
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