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The Caribbean in the European Union-Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Partnership

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The Caribbean in the European Union-Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Partnership Bi-regional relations Annita Montoute, Andy Knight, Jacqueline Laguardia Martínez, Debbie Mohammed, Dave Seerattan The Caribbean in the European Union-Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Partnership EU-LAC FOUNDATION, DECEMBER 2017 Hagedornstraße 22 20149 Hamburg, Germany www.eulacfoundation.org AUTHORS: Annita Montoute (Lead researcher and coordinator of study) Andy Knight Jacqueline Laguardia Martínez Debbie Mohammed Dave Seerattan of The University of The West Indies (UWI) TEXT REVISION AND EDITING: EU-LAC Foundation GRAPHIC DESIGN: Tina Jochemich, Jona Diedler PRINT: Scharlau GmbH DOI: 10.12858/1217EN Note: This study was financed by the the EU-LAC Foundation through contributions offered by the European Union, The Kingdom of the Netherlands and Germany. The EU-LAC Foundation is funded by its member states and the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and cannot be necessarily considered as the point of view of the EU-LAC Foundation, its member states or the European Union. This book was published in December 2017. This publication is copyright but the text may be used free of charge for the purposes of advocacy, campaigning, education, and research, provided that the source is properly acknowledged. The copyright holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation and adaptation, permission must be secured from the Foundation. Get in touch with us via e-mail: [email protected] III INDEX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VIII LIST OF TABLES XI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. Overview 3 1.2. Conceptualising the Caribbean 3 1.3. History of Latin American-Caribbean relations: 4 From distance to warming of relations 1.4. The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 7 1.4.1 Objectives and rationale 8 1.4.2 Governance structure 8 1.5. European-Latin American and Caribbean relations 11 1.5.1 The Bi-regional Strategic Partnership 12 1.6. The African, Caribbean and Pacific group-European Union framework 13 1.6.1 Shifts in the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group-European Union 14 Relationship 1.6.2 The Cotonou Agreement 15 1.6.3 Implications of changing African, Caribbean and 16 Pacific Group-European Union relations 1.7. Comparing Latin American and Caribbean countries 20 2 CONCEPTUAL, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 29 2.1. Research questions 29 2.2. Conceptual and theoretical framework 29 2.2.1 The European Union and the Community of Latin American and 30 Caribbean states: A bi-regional relationship 2.2.2 Factors driving regional cooperation 33 2.3. Methodology 34 IV 3 PRIORITY AREAS FOR JOINT ACTION 35 3.1. Introduction 35 3.2. CELAC’s 2020 Planning Agenda Proposal and the selection 35 of priority areas for action 3.3. Overview of priority areas 37 3.3.1 Poverty and inequality 38 3.3.2 Crime and insecurity 40 3.3.3 Food security 41 3.3.4 Non-communicable diseases 44 3.3.5 Financial vulnerabilities 45 3.3.6 Good governance and transparency 48 3.3.7 Other areas for potential collaboration 51 4 FACILITATING AND ENHANCING THE CARIBBEAN’S PARTICIPATION 53 IN CELAC AND IN THE BI-REGIONAL STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP 4.1. Overview 53 4.2. Poverty and inequality 54 4.2.1 CELAC and EU-CELAC policy and institutional framework 54 4.2.2 Regional and sub-regional institutions 55 4.3. Crime and insecurity 59 4.3.1 CELAC and EU-CELAC policy and institutional framework 59 4.3.2 Regional and sub-regional institutions 60 4.4. Food security 62 4.4.1 CELAC and EU-CELAC policy and institutional framework 62 4.4.2 Regional and sub-regional institutions 63 4.5. Non-communicable diseases 64 4.5.1 Regional and sub-regional institutional frameworks 64 4.6. Financial vulnerability 65 4.6.1 Caribbean and Latin American institutional frameworks 65 4.6.2 Caribbean and the European Union institutional frameworks 68 4.7. Governance and transparency 69 4.7.1 Regional and sub-regional institutional frameworks 69 4.7.2 European-Caribbean institutional frameworks 70 V 5 THE CARIBBEAN IN CELAC AND IN THE BI-REGIONAL STRATEGIC 71 PARTNERSHIP: CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS 5.1. Overview 71 5.2. Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 71 5.2.1 CELAC 72 5.2.2 Latin American and Caribbean Relations 73 5.2.3 The Caribbean 74 5.2.4 European Union-Community of Latin American and Caribbean 76 states relations 6 CONCLUSION: OPPORTUNITIES AND THE WAY FORWARD 79 6.1. Overview 79 6.2. Opportunities: The Caribbean’s assets 79 6.3. Opportunities in CELAC and the Bi-regional Strategic Partnership 82 6.3.1 The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 82 6.3.2 The Bi-regional Strategic Partnership 84 6.4. Recommendations and the way forward 86 6.4.1 Priority Areas 86 6.4.1.1 Poverty and Inequality 87 6.4.1.2 Crime and Insecurity 89 6.4.1.3 Food Security 91 6.4.1.4 Non Communicable Diseases 92 6.4.1.5 Financial Vulnerability 94 6.4.1.6 Governance and transparency 95 6.4.2 General recommendations 96 6.4.2.1 CELAC 96 6.4.2.2 Latin American and Caribbean Relations 98 6.4.2.3 The Caribbean 101 6.4.2.4 Other Recommendations 103 6.5. Concluding theoretical reflections 103 REFERENCES 105 LIST OF INTERVIEWEES 125 VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The EU and Latin America and the Caribbean region launched a Strategic Partnership at the first Bi-regional Summit in 1999. The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) – launched in 2011 – became the EU’s counterpart for the bi-regional summit process and the strategic partnership. CELAC and the Strategic Partnership presents an opportunity for the Caribbean – being small states – to collaborate with Latin America and the EU to achieve their development objectives and to strengthen their position in international fora, yet the Caribbean’s participation in these processes has been marginal. Relying primarily on interviews, the study therefore seeks to explore ways of enhancing the sub-region’s participation in CELAC and the Bi-regional Strategic Partnership. We are deeply indebted to the interviewees for their time and the valuable insights they provided on the subject. We are also very grateful to Mr. Percival Marie, Secretary General of the Forum of the Caribbean Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States for convening a ministerial meeting at which valuable feedback on the study was provided. Special appreciation to Ambassador Colin Granderson for his generosity, kindness assistance and support. We are also very grateful to Ms. Valarie Odle for her assistance. Our deepest gratitude to the governments of Jamaica and Belize in particular, Ms. Marcia Thomas and Ambassador Dylan Vernon, respectively, as well as the Embassy of Cuba in Brussels for providing valuable comments and substantive feedback on the study. We are very thankful for the vision of the EU-LAC Foundation in commissioning and funding this study. Special thanks to the EU-LAC Foundation team, particularly, Dr. Anna Barrera, for their commitment towards bringing this project to completion. Our deepest appreciation to Professor Wayne Hunte for his unwavering assistance, support and commitment from the inception to the very end of this project. Special appreciation to our Director, Professor Jessica Byron, for her support, advice and assistance. This project would not have been completed without the invaluable research assistance, hard work and dedication of Ms. Nirmala Bridgelalsingh, the technical and IT support of Mr. Marlon Dyce, and the IT staff at the Institute of International Relations (IIR), the editorial assistance of Ms. Lynelle Clark, the administrative support of the secretariat of the IIR and the special projects unit at the St. Augustine Campus, the University of the West Indies. Our sincere thanks to everyone. VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACS Association of Caribbean States AIRCOP Airport Communication Programme ALBA The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ALBA-TCP The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America- People’s Trade Treaty AMERIPOL Police Community of the Americas AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States ASBA Association of Supervisors of Banks of the Americas AU African Union Brexit British exit from the EU CALC Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development CAN Andean Community of Nations CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFORUM Forum of the Caribbean Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States CARIRI Caribbean Industrial Research Institute CARPHA Caribbean Public Health Agency CBSI Caribbean Basin Security Initiative CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CCMF CDB Caribbean Centre for Money and Finance Caribbean Development Bank CELAC Community of Latin American and Caribbean States CEMLA Centre for Latin American Monetary Studies CGBS Caribbean Group of Bank Supervisors CLICO Colonial Life Insurance Company Limited COFOCOR CARICOM’s Council for Foreign and Community Relations COHSOD Council for Social and Human Development COPOLAD Cooperation Programme on Drugs Policies CORMS Cocaine Route Monitoring and Support COTED Council for Trade and Economic Development (CARICOM) CPI Corruption Perception Index CSME CARICOM Single Market and Economy CTA Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Communities ECCU Eastern Caribbean Currency Union ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean EDF European Development Fund
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