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Crucibles of Virtue and Vice: the Acculturation of Transatlantic Army Officers, 1815-1945
CRUCIBLES OF VIRTUE AND VICE: THE ACCULTURATION OF TRANSATLANTIC ARMY OFFICERS, 1815-1945 John F. Morris Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 John F. Morris All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Crucibles of Virtue and Vice: The Acculturation of Transatlantic Army Officers, 1815-1945 John F. Morris Throughout the long nineteenth century, the European Great Powers and, after 1865, the United States competed for global dominance, and they regularly used their armies to do so. While many historians have commented on the culture of these armies’ officer corps, few have looked to the acculturation process itself that occurred at secondary schools and academies for future officers, and even fewer have compared different formative systems. In this study, I home in on three distinct models of officer acculturation—the British public schools, the monarchical cadet schools in Imperial Germany, Austria, and Russia, and the US Military Academy—which instilled the shared and recursive sets of values and behaviors that constituted European and American officer cultures. Specifically, I examine not the curricula, policies, and structures of the schools but the subterranean practices, rituals, and codes therein. What were they, how and why did they develop and change over time, which values did they transmit and which behaviors did they perpetuate, how do these relate to nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century social and cultural phenomena, and what sort of ethos did they produce among transatlantic army officers? Drawing on a wide array of sources in three languages, including archival material, official publications, letters and memoirs, and contemporary nonfiction and fiction, I have painted a highly detailed picture of subterranean life at the institutions in this study. -
Underserved: a Case Study of Rotc in New York City
UNDERSERVED A CASE STUDY OF ROTC in New York City CHERYL MILLER FOREWORD BY GENERAL JOHN M. KEANE, USA (RET.) A REPORT OF THE AEI PROGRAM ON AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP MAY 2011 UNDERSERVED A CASE STUDY OF ROTC in New York City Cheryl Miller Foreword by General John M. Keane, USA (Ret.) A Report of the AEI Program on American Citizenship May 2011 Contents Foreword 1 Executive Summary 3 Introduction 7 ROTC in New York City Today 11 Why New York City? 15 A History of the ROTC in New York City 17 Missed Opportunities 27 Conclusion 34 Recommendations 35 Appendix 39 Notes 45 Acknowledgments 53 About the Author 55 Cover image: Getty Images/AFP/Dom Emmert iii Foreword Cheryl Miller from the American Enterprise Institute makes a compelling case that the nation’s military is ill served by the dramatic decrease in ROTC oppor- tunities offered in the Northeast, particularly New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston. For forty years now, the ROTC program has shifted its priorities to the South and Midwest and from urban to rural and suburban areas because it is less costly, perceived as easier for recruiting, and also perceived as drawing on a more supportive population in general. As such, the ROTC program is less representative of the population as a whole now than at any time in its history. Moreover, this is occurring at a time when the American people as a whole are more disconnected from the military because it has been a volunteer force since 1973; therefore, few Americans are touched by someone who serves in the mili- tary. -
War in History
War in History http://wih.sagepub.com Junior Officership in the German Army during the Great War, 19141918 Alexander Watson War In History 2007; 14; 428 DOI: 10.1177/0968344507081555 The online version of this article can be found at: http://wih.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/428 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for War in History can be found at: Email Alerts: http://wih.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://wih.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from http://wih.sagepub.com by on November 19, 2009 429-453_WIH_081555.qxd 9/10/07 11:59 AM Page 429 Junior Officership in the German Army during the Great War, 1914–1918 Alexander Watson This article reassesses German junior officers’ performance in the First World War. Contrary to current historiography, it argues that the peacetime corps’s social elitism was successful in ensuring a militarily effective, nat- urally paternalistic and conscientious leadership. The infamous wartime Offiziersha (‘officer hate’) did not derive from social segregation between ranks but was rather a form of the ‘front–rear’ tension common to all bel- ligerent armies, aggravated by material shortage. Despite training and organ- izational difficulties, the successful dissemination of the corps’s aristocratic values to wartime-recruited officers maintained good inter-rank relations within combat units, enabling the army to endure four years of gruelling warfare. I. Introduction The German army performed remarkably well in the vicious fighting on the Western Front during the First World War.1 For four years it success- fully repelled materially and numerically superior enemies, suffering minimal disciplinary problems despite the tremendous strain. -
The Important Family of Saxon Artillery Officers, the Rouvroys
Summerfield (Aug 2010) Smoothbore Artillery Journal, 1 (07) The Important Family of Saxon Artillery Officers, the Rouvroys By Dr. Stephen Summerfield Loughborough University 16 July 2010 The Rouvroys were a very influential family of Saxon Artillerymen from at 18th Century to at least the mid 19th Century. Johann Georg Karl Rouvroy (1744-1820) was the younger brother of Joseph Theodor Rouvroy (1728-1789) who joined Austrian service in 1753. Reference as: Summerfield, Stephen (Aug 2010) “The Important Family of Saxon Artillery Officers, the Rouvroys,” Smoothbore Artillery Journal, 1 (07) 1-4. Contents Johann Georg Karl Rouvroy (1744-1820) 2 Friedrich Gustav Rouvroy (1771-1839) 2 Georg Wilhelm Theodor Rouvroy II (1772-1849) 3 Karl Heinrich Rouvroy (1774-16 Dec 1843) 3 Wilhelm Heinrich von Rouvroy (1799- 1882), 4 Karl Heinrich Rouvroy (1801-1865) 4 www.napoleon-series.org Page 1 of 5 Summerfield (Aug 2010) Smoothbore Artillery Journal, 1 (07) Johann Georg Karl Rouvroy (1744-1820) Oberst and Commander of the Saxon Artillery Corps. Father of three sons that also served in the Saxon Artillery. His wife, Aster, died in 1802. He was the younger brother of Joseph Theodor Rouvroy (1728-1789) who joined Austrian service in 1753. Friedrich Gustav Rouvroy (1771-1839) He was born on 26 June 1771 in Dresden to Oberst Johann Georg Karl (1744-1820) of the Saxon Artillery. Eldest brother to Georg Wilhelm Theodor (1772-1849) and Karl Heinrich (1774-1843). He was put down on the lists with the Saxon artillery in 1783 and by 1787 rose to the rank of NCO. In 1791, he was a cadet in the Military Academy. -
VMI Catalogue 2006-2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS Institute Calendar 2006-2007 ....................................................................................................................... 3 The Institute ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Admissions ...................................................................................................................................................9 Costs And Payment Schedule ................................................................................................................... 15 Financial Aid..............................................................................................................................................17 The Academic Program ............................................................................................................................. 19 The Co-curricular Program.........................................................................................................................25 Reserve Officers Training Corps ................................................................................................................ 35 The Curricula..............................................................................................................................................39 Applied Mathematics Curriculum ........................................................................................................40 Biology Curricula ................................................................................................................................ -
Armed Forces Week Tasty Dwight Eisenhower Worst of the Worst
Military Despatches Vol 22 April 2019 Armed Forces Week The SANDF demonstrates its capability Forged in battle The Roman Legion Tasty Rat packs from around the world Dwight Eisenhower Five-star general, Supreme Commander, President of the United States, Ike did it all Worst of the worst Top Ten notorious Nazis For the military enthusiast CONTENTS April 2019 Page 62 Click on any video below to view How much do you know about movie theme songs? Take our quiz and find out. Hipe’s Wouter de The old South African Goede interviews former Defence Force used 28’s gang boss David a mixture of English, Williams. Afrikaans, slang and Forged in battle techno-speak that few The Roman Legion outside the military could hope to under- 38 stand. Some of the terms Features were humorous, some Rank Structure 6 This month we look at the Ar- were clever, while others gentinian Army. were downright crude. Top Ten notorious Nazis The worst of the worst. 44 A matter of survival Part of Hipe’s “On the 12 This month we’re looking at couch” series, this is an Special Forces - Australia deadfall traps. interview with one of Part Two of a series that takes 26 a look at Special Forces units author Herman Charles Change of Command Quiz Bosman’s most famous around the world. Sea Cadet Training Ship Knys- characters, Oom Schalk 18 na changes command 37 Lourens. A taxi driver was shot Hipe spent time in Perils of the German general 28 Jets Hanover Park, an area During World War II one of the Since first introduced in World dead in an ongoing Sandblasted and blown away war between rival taxi plagued with gang most dangerous jobs was being War II, jets have ruled the sky. -
Napoleon's Marshalate and the Defeat of 1813
A PRE-PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTION: NAPOLEON’S MARSHALATE AND THE DEFEAT OF 1813 Eric C. Smith, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2014 APPROVED: Michael V. Leggiere, Major Professor Richard G. Lowe, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of History Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Smith, Eric C. A Pre-Professional Institution: Napoleon’s Marshalate and the Defeat of 1813. Master of Arts (History), August 2014, 195 pp., 13 tables, 8 figures, bibliography, 155 titles. Napoleon’s defeat in 1813 generates a number of explanations from historians regarding why he lost this epic campaign which ultimately resulted in France losing control over the German states. Scholars discussing the French marshalate of the Napoleonic era frequently assert that these generals could not win battles without the emperor present. Accustomed to assuming a subordinate role under Bonaparte’s direct supervision, these commanders faltered when deprived of the strong hand of the master. This thesis contributes to this historiographical argument by positing that the pre-professional nature of Napoleon’s marshalate precluded them from adapting to the evolving nature of warfare during the First French Empire. Emerging from non-military backgrounds and deriving their capabilities solely from practical experience, the marshals failed to succeed at endeavors outside of their capacity. An examination of the military administration of the Old Regime, the effects of the French Revolution on the French generalate, and the circumstances under which Bonaparte labored when creating the imperial marshalate demonstrates that issues systemic to the French high command contributed to French defeat in 1813. -
CURRICULUM on MILITARY SUBJECTS Strand 1: Military Courtesy
CALIFORNIA CADET CORPS Military Courtesy CURRICULUM ON MILITARY SUBJECTS Strand 1: Military Courtesy Level 11 This Strand is composed of the following components: A. Daily Cadet Courtesies B. Courtesy to Impress C. Special Event Courtesies 1 CALIFORNIA CADET CORPS Military Courtesy TABLE OF CONTENTS B. Courtesy to impress .......................................................................................................................... 3 B1. Job Interview Courtesies ................................................................................................................. 4 B2. Making Introductions ...................................................................................................................... 7 B3. Formal Introductions ...................................................................................................................... 8 B4. Informal Introductions .................................................................................................................. 10 B5. Shaking Hands ............................................................................................................................... 11 B6. Dining Courtesies .......................................................................................................................... 13 B7. Table Talk ...................................................................................................................................... 16 B8. Invitations and RSVP .................................................................................................................... -
In the Service of Kaiser and King: State Sovereignty, Nation-Building
In the Service of Kaiser and King: State Sovereignty, Nation-Building, and the German Army, 1866-1918 By Gavin Wiens A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Gavin Wiens, 2019 In the Service of Kaiser and King: State Sovereignty, Nation-Building, and the German Army, 1866-1918 Gavin Wiens Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2019 Abstract From its creation during the Wars of Unification (1864-71) until its defeat at the end of the First World War, the German army remained a federal institution. To be sure, the imperial constitution recognized the Kaiser as commander-in-chief of Germany’s land forces. Under the Kaiser’s direction, the Prussian war ministry prepared the military budget and the Prussian General Staff drafted operational plans for future wars. A patchwork of military agreements nevertheless limited the authority of the Kaiser and Prussia’s military leaders over nearly one- quarter of the German army. According to these agreements, separate war ministries, cadet schools, and general staffs oversaw the arming, clothing, feeding, housing, and training of Bavarians, Saxons, and Württembergers, while the monarchs of Germany’s three smaller kingdoms determined personnel appointments, the deployment of units, and even the design of insignia and uniforms. The army’s contingent-based structure ensured that Prussians and non-Prussians served alongside, but only rarely with, one another after 1871. Based on research in archives and libraries in Germany, Austria, England, and the United States, this dissertation explores the means by which the smaller armies of Bavaria, ii Saxony, and Württemberg were integrated into Prussia’s much larger military structure after 1871 and seeks to understand why the German army, burdened by numerous loyalties and overlapping spheres of control, did not simply fall apart during the First World War. -
Once a Cadet Always a Cadet Letter from 2017 Reunion Adjutant Page 4
SPRING 2017 COURAGE O LOYALTY O HONOR ONCE A CADET ALWAYS A CADET LETTER FROM 2017 REUNION ADJUTANT PAGE 4 A NEWSLETTER FOR ALUMNI OF THE OKLAHOMA MILITARY ACADEMY LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT I would like to dedicate this President’s Alumni Association. Unfortunately, that is the fact and reality. Message to the word TIME. Webster’s That is the problem with TIME…we really don’t know. dictionary defines TIME as: the measured or measurable period during which an action, Let’s all make the most of the TIME we have left. Enjoy process, or condition exists or continues, a yourself, travel while you can, be happy, stay healthy, meet and nonspatial continuum that is measured in greet some old friends, stroll down memory lane with the Grand terms of events which succeed one another March, and play the “remember when” game at the reunion. from past through present to future. For those of you who can “Return to the Hill,” your Board of Directors thanks you. For those of you who have never been As I look back on the history of Oklahoma back, you could be missing one of the best events of your older Military Academy, I realize how quickly the years. Bring your spouse. Bring your children and grandchildren. 52 years that OMA existed passed. I can I guarantee there will be someone to talk with and sit by. Check also think back and remember the TIME that out the OMA Museum, see the OMA KIA Memorial, play a round I spent at OMA and how it made me into of golf, engage in all the activities we have planned for you. -
Organ Ization of Tue German Army
ORGAN IZATION OF TUE GERMAN ARMY. OIIAPTSER I. MILITARY SERVICE.~ LIABILITY TO MILITARY SERVIcE.-Under the law of the Empire every male German, unless he be a lfelfber of a reigning or mediatized house, is liable to enrollment in the military service. This liability, which cannot be satisfied by a substitute, and from which persons convicted of crime are excluded, begins with the comp-leted 20th and ends with the com- pleted 4 5 th year. It is divided into the liability to service in ([) the army or navy and (2) the landsturiu. The former, embracing, as a rule, the period from the completed 20th year of the subject to March 3' of the year in which he completes his 3 9th year, is again divided into liability to serve as follows: (i) The~ activeCeev ary:rmy. ?Service in the standing army. (3) Landwehr. (4) Ersatz reserve.* Persons belongingto either of the three last-mentioned classes, except such as form the landwehr of the second levy, constitute, when not with the colors, the so-called "furloughed state " (Beurla~ubten Stand). During peace they are assembled once or twice a year for muster, and are required to report each change in their address to the commanding officer of the district in which they reside. SERVICE IN 'I'HE STANDING ARMY occupies seven years, of which three years (mostly from the completed 20th to the completed 23d year) are generally spent with the colors, and four years (mostly to the completed 27th year) in the reserve. MLenof the reserve may be subjected to two trainings of eight weeks each, and required to join their companies for this purpose. -
2019 Cadet Handbook
NORWICH UNIVERSITY The Military College of Vermont Founded 1819 I WILL TRY CADET HANDBOOK UNIT INFORMATION NORWICH UNIVERSITY NAME_______________________________________ SQD_______PLT________CO_______BN__________ ROOM__________________PHONE________________ CADET HANDBOOK MAILBOX#____________________________________ COMMANDANT_________________________________ ASSISTANT CMDT________________________________ A GUIDE FOR CADETS CO MENTOR___________________________________ REG CDR_____________________________________ * * * * * * * REG CSM_____________________________________ BN CDR______________________________________ BN CSM______________________________________ Published by The Office of the Commandant CO CDR______________________________________ Norwich University CO lSG______________________________________ Northfield, Vermont PLT LDR_________________PSGT_________________ 2019 SQD LDR_________________ASST_________________ ACADEMIC ADVISOR______________________________ ROOMMATE__________________________________ ROOMMATE__________________________________ i VISION STATEMENT Norwich University will be a learning community, American in character yet global in perspective, engaged in personal and intellectual transformation and dedicated to knowledge, mutual respect, creativity and service. MISSION STATEMENT, 1843 CATALOGUE To give our youth an education that shall be American in its character - to enable them to act as well as to think - to execute as well as to conceive - “to tolerate all opinions when reason is left free to combat them” - to