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Transcriptomic Changes Throughout Post-Hatch Development in Gallus Gallus Pituitary

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Transcriptomic Changes Throughout Post-Hatch Development in Gallus Gallus Pituitary Animal Science Publications Animal Science 2017 Transcriptomic changes throughout post-hatch development in Gallus gallus pituitary Elizabeth M. Pritchett University of Delaware Susan J. Lamont Iowa State University, [email protected] Carl J. Schmidt University of Delaware Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Genetics Commons, and the Poultry or Avian Science Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ans_pubs/570. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Animal Science Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Transcriptomic changes throughout post-hatch development in Gallus gallus pituitary Abstract The pituitary gland is a neuroendocrine organ that works closely with the hypothalamus to affect multiple processes within the body including the stress response, metabolism, growth and immune function. Relative tissue expression (rEx) is a transcriptome analysis method that compares the genes expressed in a particular tissue to the genes expressed in all other tissues with available data. Using rEx, the aim of this study was to identify genes that are uniquely or more abundantly expressed in the pituitary when compared to all other collected chicken tissues. We applied rEx to define genes enriched in the chicken pituitaries at days 21, 22 and 42 post-hatch. rEx analysis identified 25 genes shared between all time points, 295 genes shared between days 21 and 22 and 407 genes unique to day 42. The 25 genes shared by all time points are involved in morphogenesis and general nervous tissue development. The 295 shared genes between days 21 and 22 are involved in neurogenesis and nervous system development and differentiation. The 407 unique day 42 genes are involved in pituitary development, endocrine system development and other hormonally related gene ontology terms. Overall, rEx analysis indicates a focus on nervous system/tissue development at days 21 and 22. By day 42, in addition to nervous tissue development, there is expression of genes involved in the endocrine system, possibly for maturation and preparation for reproduction. This study defines the transcriptome of the chicken pituitary gland and aids in understanding the expressed genes critical to its function and maturation. Keywords chicken, pituitary, gene expression, development Disciplines Agriculture | Animal Sciences | Genetics | Poultry or Avian Science Comments This article is published as Pritchett, Elizabeth M., Susan J. Lamont, and Carl J. Schmidt. "Transcriptomic changes throughout post-hatch development in Gallus gallus pituitary." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 58, no. 1 (2017): 43-55. DOI: 10.1530/JME-16-0186 Posted with permission. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs/570 58:1 E M PRITCHETT and others Chicken pituitary transcriptome 58: 1 43–55 Research Open Access Transcriptomic changes throughout post-hatch development in Gallus gallus pituitary Correspondence 1 2 1 Elizabeth M Pritchett , Susan J Lamont and Carl J Schmidt should be addressed 1Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA to E M Pritchett 2Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA Email [email protected] Abstract The pituitary gland is a neuroendocrine organ that works closely with the hypothalamus to affect multiple processes within the body including the stress response, metabolism, Key Words growth and immune function. Relative tissue expression (rEx) is a transcriptome analysis f chicken method that compares the genes expressed in a particular tissue to the genes expressed f pituitary in all other tissues with available data. Using rEx, the aim of this study was to identify f gene expression genes that are uniquely or more abundantly expressed in the pituitary when compared f development to all other collected chicken tissues. We applied rEx to define genes enriched in the chicken pituitaries at days 21, 22 and 42 post-hatch. rEx analysis identified 25 genes shared between all time points, 295 genes shared between days 21 and 22 and 407 genes unique to day 42. The 25 genes shared by all time points are involved in morphogenesis and general nervous tissue development. The 295 shared genes between days 21 and 22 are involved in neurogenesis and nervous system development and differentiation. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology The 407 unique day 42 genes are involved in pituitary development, endocrine system development and other hormonally related gene ontology terms. Overall, rEx analysis indicates a focus on nervous system/tissue development at days 21 and 22. By day 42, in addition to nervous tissue development, there is expression of genes involved in the endocrine system, possibly for maturation and preparation for reproduction. This study defines the transcriptome of the chicken pituitary gland and aids in understanding the Journal of Molecular expressed genes critical to its function and maturation. Endocrinology (2017) 58, 43–55 Introduction The avian pituitary gland is a neuroendocrine organ that (i.e. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)). The posterior works closely with the hypothalamus to regulate multiple pituitary gland, or the neurohypophysis, is composed processes within the body including the stress response, of nervous tissue and is connected to the hypothalamus reproduction, metabolism, growth and immune function. via the median eminence. Neurosecretory terminals The hypothalamus receives neuronal and endocrine within the posterior pituitary store and release arginine, signals from the brain and body and synthesizes releasing vasotocin (AVT) and mesotocin that are synthesized in hormones that are sent to the pituitary gland to either the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of inhibit or stimulate the production of several hormones the hypothalamus, respectively. Releasing hormones that will directly affect other tissues (i.e. growth hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus are transported to the (GH)) or stimulate the release of further protein products anterior pituitary gland through the hypophyseal blood http://jme.endocrinology-journals.org © 2017 The authors This work is licensed under a Creative Commons DOI: 10.1530/JME-16-0186 Published by Bioscientifica Ltd. Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Printed in Great Britain Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 10/01/2020 12:16:39AM via free access 10.1530/JME-16-0186 Research E M PRITCHETT and others Chicken pituitary transcriptome 58:1 44 portal system and regulate the production and release of Total RNA quantity was measured using a Qubit various endocrine hormones (ACTH, GH, LH, FSH and Fluorometer, and quality was assessed by fragment TSH). Relative tissue expression analysis (rEx) was used analysis. A total of 15 pituitary glands from day 21, 10 to compare the chicken pituitary gland transcriptome to from day 22 and 10 from day 42 were used for individual the transcriptome of all other tissues our laboratory has Rnaseq library preparation using the Illumina Stranded analyzed in the broiler chicken across three time points: RNAseq kit (San Diego, CA, USA). All 35 samples were days 21, 22 and 42 post-hatch. Previous work focusing on sequenced at the Delaware Biotechnology Institute (DBI) the morphometric changes of broiler chickens post-hatch Sequencing and Genotyping center using the Illumina identified two distinct growth periods: one from day of HiSeq 2500 sequencer. All libraries were sequenced to a hatch through day 14, and one from day 14 to day 42 or depth of 20–30 million reads per library. The reads were typical market age (Schmidt et al. 2009). The days discussed aligned to the Gallus gallus, ver 4 genome sequence, fall into the second growth phase. These days were also identified and counted using software packages Bowtie, chosen as part of a larger heat stress study conducted in Tophat and Cufflinks, and expression levels were reported our laboratory. The pituitary gland is a complex tissue in as fragments per kilobase of gene per million mapped reads that it contains many different cell types, and signals are (FPKM) values for further analysis (Trapnell et al. 2009, sent through neural endocrine, paracrine and autocrine Langmead & Salzberg 2012). Three biological replicates networks. The messages received by the pituitary gland for each day (day 21, 22 and 42) were used for cDNA lead to many changes within the tissue and results in synthesis using the SuperScript First-Strand Synthesis tissue plasticity. The results of this analysis identify the System for RT-PCR (Invitrogen). cDNA concentration expression levels of genes in the pituitary gland that are was determined using the Qubit Fluorometer and diluted either more abundant or are unique to this particular to 30 ng/µL for PCR. qRT-PCR was performed using Fast tissue at specific points in development. These data confer SYBR green master mix (Applied Biosystems) on the a better understanding of the genes and pathways that are Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system
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