DOCSLIB.ORG

Barnegat Bay—

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Barnegat Bay— Plan 9: Research Barnegat Bay— Benthic Invertebrate Community Monitoring & Year 2 Indicator Development for the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary - Barnegat Bay Diatom Nutrient Inference Model Assessment of Hard Clams as Indicators of Suspended Particulates in Barnegat Bay Stinging Sea Nettles (Jellyfishes) in Barnegat Bay Assessment of Fishes & Crabs Responses to Human Alteration of Barnegat Bay Baseline Characterization of Phytoplankton and Harmful Algal Blooms Baseline Characterization of Dr. Paul Bologna, Montclair University Zooplankton in Barnegat Bay Project Manager: Joe Bilinski, Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health Multi-Trophic Level Modeling of Barnegat Bay Thomas Belton, Barnegat Bay Research Coordinator Dr. Gary Buchanan, Director—Office of Science Tidal Freshwater & Salt Marsh Wetland Bob Martin, Commissioner, NJDEP Studies of Changing Chris Christie, Governor Ecological Function & Adaptation Strategies Ecological Evaluation of Sedge Island Marine Conservation Zone June, 2015 Impacts of Invasive Sea Nettles (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) and Ctenophores on Planktonic Community Structure and Bloom Prediction of Sea Nettles Using Molecular Techniques. Final Report 2013 Submitted to New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection by Paul Bologna, John Gaynor, Robert Meredith Department of Biology and Molecular Biology Montclair State University Research Support, Data Entry, QAQC Procedures, and Presentation Support by Christie Castellano, Dena Restaino, Idali Rios, Kevin Olsen 1 List of Abbreviations BAY-WIDE SITE ABBREVIATION Metedeconk W MW Metedeconk E ME Silver Bay W SBW Silver Bay E SBE Toms River W TRW Toms River E TRE Forked River W FRW Forked River E FRE Double Creek W DCW Double Creek E DCE Harvey Cedars W HCW Harvey Cedars E HCE Westeconk W WW Westeconk E WE Tuckerton W TW Tuckerton E TE LAGOON SITES ABBREVIATIONS Point Pleasant Lagoon PPL Kettle Creek Lagoon KCL Chadwick Isle Lagoon CIL Toms River Lagoon TRL Cedar Creek Lagoon CCL Harvey Cedars Lagoon HCL Beach Haven Lagoon BHL Tuckerton Lagoon TL List of Appendices Appendix A: CTAB/NaCl DNA Extraction Protocol Appendix B: QAPP as electronic Attachment Appendix C: Summarized Data Files, as electronic Attachment Appendix D: Blast Search Summary 2 Statement of the Problem: Gelatinous zooplankton are increasing in marine ecosystems worldwide as a result of climate change, species introductions, and a number of anthropogenic alterations to coastal food webs that favor jellyfish and ctenophores (Sullivan et al., 2001; Purcell and Decker, 2005; Hay, 2006; Kirby and Beaugrand, 2009; Kirby et al., 2009; Richardson et al., 2009). One important driver of the shift towards greater abundance of gelatinous zooplankton is the construction of hard surfaces such as bulkheads, docks, and other shoreline modifications that provide suitable habitat for scyphozoan polyps (Hoover and Purcell 2009). Another anthropogenic action that favors gelatinous zooplankton is the increase in eutrophication resulting from coastal nutrient loading, which fuels bottom hypoxia in relatively shallow systems. Jellyfish are highly tolerant of low dissolved oxygen conditions and therefore benefit from the impacts of hypoxia on their prey species which are either easier to catch in hypoxic waters or are more concentrated in the overlying normoxic waters. In either situation, jellyfish experience elevated energy intake and reproductive capacity, which ultimately contributes to population growth (Purcell et al., 2001; Grove and Breitburg, 2005; Purcell et al., 2007). Both of these drivers of gelatinous zooplankton increases are prevalent in the Barnegat Bay system. Scope of Project During this project we are evaluating the following Objectives: 1. Assess early stage Chrysaora ephyrae and planktonic larvae through molecular identification of species specific DNA in water samples. 2. Assess the distribution of gelatinous zooplankton and impacts on planktonic community structure. 3. Assess the distribution and density of settling Chrysaora polyps and development of resting podocysts. 4. Assess the diet of Chrysaora through dissection and molecular analysis. Project Methods Objective 1: Assess early stage Chrysaora ephyrae and planktonic larvae through molecular identification of species specific DNA in water samples. Our methods for this objective include sampling triplicate 20 liter water samples from sites in Barnegat Bay. Samples are field sieved through 500 µm and 100 µm filters. Samples are then identified using molecular PCR reactions to identify Chrysaora DNA. This sampling approach allows us to assess early ephyra (500 µm) and larvae and eggs (100 µm). In 2013, we collected 312 water samples (20 liters each) for DNA analysis which were split into 500 µm and 100 µm fractions using stacked filtering units. Of these 312 water samples, 240 were from bay- wide collections and 72 were from lagoonal collections. Detection and analysis of DNA occurred in the detailed methods laid out in the QAPP. Objective 2: Assess the distribution of gelatinous zooplankton and impacts on planktonic community structure. To complete Objective 2, we have divided our sampling approach into monthly bay-wide surveys, and targeted coastal development sampling (i.e., coastal lagoons developments). 3 a. Monthly assessment in Barnegat Bay We have established 16 sampling sites in Barnegat Bay which we sampled monthly between May and September 2013 (Fig. 1). This provides essential data regarding the spatial and temporal distribution throughout Barnegat Bay. A combined sampling program of lift nets and plankton tows were used to assess the distribution of adult and juvenile sea nettles, as well as other zooplankton comprising the pelagic community. These data provide the broad based distribution of organisms and were used to identify potential relationships among various zooplankton groups (e.g., food web interactions: sea nettles vs. comb jellies, copepods, fish larvae, etc…). b. Targeted coastal development sampling Sea nettle polyps are known to settle on various hard substrates, and increasing coastal development has increased the amount of available surface for settling larvae. As these polyps are the ultimate source of new adults, we sampled developed regions in Barnegat Bay to gain an understanding of the distribution within these communities. Eight sites were sampled in June, July, and August using lift nets and plankton nets to assess adult and juvenile sea nettles (Fig. 1). Water samples (Objective 1) were also collected at these locations to assess ephyra and competent larvae, which are generated and/or preparing to settle in these lagoonal communities. Our eight sampling regions from north to south included Point Pleasant, Kettle Creek, Chadwick Island, Toms River, Cedar Creek, Harvey Cedars, Beach Haven West, and Tuckerton Creek (Fig. 1). These sites cover all of Barnegat Bay and provide information about the presence of Chrysaora within these communities and potential export of ephyrae into Barnegat Bay. Objective 3: Assess the distribution and density of settling Chrysaora polyps and development of resting podocysts. As part of the Targeted Coastal Development sampling, we deployed small settling plates within these coastal developments to assess the settlement distribution patterns. Plates will be deployed in June and July and retrieved during the following sampling period (July and August) in these same communities. Since this is the likely source of sea nettle populations, this will allow us to identify and quantify polyp settlement and distribution. Additionally, a short-term broad settlement plate experiment was carried out to get a larger spatial distribution during the summer. Objective 4. Assess the diet of Chrysaora through dissection and molecular analysis. 4a. Field-Based Diet Assessment Juvenile and adult sea nettles were collected within Barnegat Bay including near shore and open water. Individuals were collected in June, July, and August to provide a temporal assessment of diet and samples were collected from several regions within the bay to provide spatial assessment of potential diet. Field collected individuals were measured and immediately preserved in ethanol to stop digestion and allow the oral cavity and oral arms to be investigated for prey items. All food items present were identified to lowest possible taxonomic level and enumerated. Prey selection from samples was then compared to available prey collected in the plankton tows to assess whether selection was occurring or whether feeding was indiscriminant. This was done in relation to month of collection and location in the Bay. Some of the dissected organisms were used for DNA sequencing, using PCR to amplify and detect the 16S rDNA gene 4 of Mnemiopsis leidyi in Chrysaora quinquecirrha guts. A sub-sample of dissected prey taxa was isolated and subsequently analyzed using the Next Generation Sequencing Protocol described below in the Metagenomic Analysis. 4b. Molecular Analysis of the Gut Contents of Chrysaora Often, gut contents of organisms can be substantially degraded due to digestion and limits the assessment of their impacts on prey species, because identification is relatively impossible using tradition techniques. Through molecular techniques, we can collect gastrovascular cavity contents via syringe and assay them against known DNA markers for specific organisms. In particular, the potential declines associated with hard clams and blue crabs may be due in part to the rise and dominance of these pelagic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service V.55
    CHAPTER VIII SPONGES, COELENTERATES, AND CTENOPHORES Blank page retained for pagination THE PORIFERA OF THE GULF OF MEXICO 1 By J. Q. TIERNEY. Marine Laboratory, University of Miami Sponges are one of the dominant sessile inverte­ groups. The. floor of the Gulf between the bars brate groups in the Gulf of Mexico: they extend is sparsely populated. The majority of the ani­ from the intertidal zone down to the deepest mals and plants are concentrated on the rocky Parts of the basin, and almost all of the firm or ledges and outcroppings. rocky sections of the bottom provide attachment The most abundant sponges on these reefs are for them. of several genera representing most of the orders Members of the class Hyalospongea. (Hexacti­ of the class Demospongea. Several species of nellidea) are, almost without exception, limited to Ircinia are quite common as are Verongia, Sphecio­ the deeper waters of the Gulf beyond the 100­ spongia, and several Axinellid and Ancorinid fathom curve. These sponges possess siliceous sponges; Cliona is very abundant, boring into spicules in which (typically) six rays radiate from molluscan shells, coral, and the rock itself. The II. central point; frequently, the spicules are fused sponge population is rich both in variety and in ~gether forming a basket-like skeleton. Spongin number of individuals; for this reason no attempt 18 never present in this group. is made to discuss it in taxonomic detail in this In contrast to the Hyalospongea, representa­ r~sum~. ti\Tes of the clasa Calcispongea are seldom, if Some of the sponges of the Gulf are of world­ ~\Ter, found in deep water.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthopleura and the Phylogeny of Actinioidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
    Org Divers Evol (2017) 17:545–564 DOI 10.1007/s13127-017-0326-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Anthopleura and the phylogeny of Actinioidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) M. Daly1 & L. M. Crowley2 & P. Larson1 & E. Rodríguez2 & E. Heestand Saucier1,3 & D. G. Fautin4 Received: 29 November 2016 /Accepted: 2 March 2017 /Published online: 27 April 2017 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2017 Abstract Members of the sea anemone genus Anthopleura by the discovery that acrorhagi and verrucae are are familiar constituents of rocky intertidal communities. pleisiomorphic for the subset of Actinioidea studied. Despite its familiarity and the number of studies that use its members to understand ecological or biological phe- Keywords Anthopleura . Actinioidea . Cnidaria . Verrucae . nomena, the diversity and phylogeny of this group are poor- Acrorhagi . Pseudoacrorhagi . Atomized coding ly understood. Many of the taxonomic and phylogenetic problems stem from problems with the documentation and interpretation of acrorhagi and verrucae, the two features Anthopleura Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860 that are used to recognize members of Anthopleura.These (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) is one of the most anatomical features have a broad distribution within the familiar and well-known genera of sea anemones. Its members superfamily Actinioidea, and their occurrence and exclu- are found in both temperate and tropical rocky intertidal hab- sivity are not clear. We use DNA sequences from the nu- itats and are abundant and species-rich when present (e.g., cleus and mitochondrion and cladistic analysis of verrucae Stephenson 1935; Stephenson and Stephenson 1972; and acrorhagi to test the monophyly of Anthopleura and to England 1992; Pearse and Francis 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Common Fishes of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary
    THE BIOLOGY OF THE HUDSON-RARITAN ESTUARY: A MARINE EDUCATION PROGRAM Produced by the Staff of the Education Program at the New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium Building 22, Fort Hancock Sandy Hook, New Jersey 07732 Funded by the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation and the New Jersey Sea Grant College Program N,J,SeaGrantProgram PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Hudson-Raritan Estuary encompasses the waters of New York Harbor and the tidally influenced portions of all of the rivers and streams that empty into it.The Estuary is an extraordinary resource and a biologically rich ecosystem. However, as the site of extensive human activity, it has experienced significant ecological stress. Presently, the Estuary is threatened by increasing pollution and overuse of its resources. Although much information has been made available in recent years about human use of the marine resources of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, it is scattered among technical and semi- technical reports, scientific journals, newsletter and magazine articles and other documents produced by federal and state agencies, private environmental organizations, and academic programs. Educational materials related to the Estuary are typically geared towards users such as commercial and recreational fishers, environmentalists, college students, or the general public. Educational materials related to the Estuary for teachers and students are lacking. To address this need, the New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium undertook a project funded by the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation and the New Jersey Sea Grant College Program to develop an interdisciplinary marine education program on the biology of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary.It is the goal of this project to enable teachers to introduce middle and high school students to the important resources of the Estuary, allowing them to understand why the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the Hudson-Raritan Estuary one of national significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Occasional Papers
    NUMBER 79, 64 pages 27 July 2004 BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS RECORDS OF THE HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 2003 PART 2: NOTES NEAL L. EVENHUIS AND LUCIUS G. ELDREDGE, EDITORS BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS HONOLULU C Printed on recycled paper Cover illustration: soldier of Coptotermes formosanus, the subterranean termite (modified from Williams, F.X., 1931, Handbook of the insects and other invertebrates of Hawaiian sugar cane fields). Bishop Museum Press has been publishing scholarly books on the natu- RESEARCH ral and cultural history of Hawai‘i and the Pacific since 1892. The Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin series (ISSN 0005-9439) was begun PUBLICATIONS OF in 1922 as a series of monographs presenting the results of research in many scientific fields throughout the Pacific. In 1987, the Bulletin series BISHOP MUSEUM was superceded by the Museum’s five current monographic series, issued irregularly: Bishop Museum Bulletins in Anthropology (ISSN 0893-3111) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Botany (ISSN 0893-3138) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Entomology (ISSN 0893-3146) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology (ISSN 0893-312X) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies (NEW) (ISSN 1548-9620) Bishop Museum Press also publishes Bishop Museum Occasional Papers (ISSN 0893-1348), a series of short papers describing original research in the natural and cultural sciences. To subscribe to any of the above series, or to purchase individual publi- cations, please write to: Bishop Museum Press, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA. Phone: (808) 848-4135. Email: press@bishopmuseum.org. Institutional libraries interested in exchang- ing publications may also contact the Bishop Museum Press for more information.
    [Show full text]
  • Delawarebayreport
    DELAWARE BAY REPORT SERIES Volume 6 THE BIOLOGY OF THE OYSTER COMMUNITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED FAUNA IN DELAWARE BAY by Don Maurer and Les Watling This series was prepared under a grant from the National Geographic Society Report Series Editor Dennis F. Polis Spring 1973 College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19711 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures and Tables. 4 Abstract. •. 5 Introduction. 7 Description of Study Area 9 Oyster Population . 15 Descriptive Biology 18 A. Porifera. • 27 B. Coelenterata. 31 C. Turbellaria . 33 D. Nemertea. 34 E. Mollusca, Pelecypoda. 35 F. Mollusca, Gastropoda. 39 G. Polychaeta. 45 H. Arthropoda. 50 1. Ectoprocta. 59 J. Tunicates and Pisces. 62 General Comparisons of the Fauna. 63 Substrate .•... 68 Salinity and Season 72 Discussion. 72 References. 80 4 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Map of Delaware Bay and Tributaries. 10 Figure 2: The relationship between the maximum salinity and species abundance on the oyster bars of Delaware Bay.•.•..• 76 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Observed Hydrographic and Substrate Characteristics of Delaware's Oyster Beds. 12 Table 2: Occurrence and Distribution of Species From Oyster Bars ...•..• 21 Table 3: Composition of Fauna by Group. 64 Table 4: Jaccard Coefficient for Fauna on Oyster Bars Fall and Spring Samples Combined 66 Table 5: Species that Occur in 20% or more of all Samples. .•..••..•.. 67 Table 6: Number of Stations with a Given Substrate in each River, Fall and Spring. •..•. 69 Table 7: Percent of All Species in Each River Occurring on a Given Substrate in the Fall and the Spring 71 5 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe the composition of the fauna of Delaware oyster beds.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawarb: Bayrepobt Series
    MARS QH 1 .045 v.5 i<"-_V~/, LAWARB: BAYREPOBT SERIES .. ----------------\\ DELAWARE BAY REPORT SERIES Volume 5 GUIDE TO THE MACROSCOPIC ESTUARINE AND MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF THE DELAWARE BAY REGION by Les Watling and Don Maurer This series was prepared under a grant from the National Geographic Society Report Series Editor Dennis F. Polis Spring 1973 College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19711 3 I CONTENTS !fj ! I Introduction to the Use of Thi.s Guide •••••• 5 I Key to the Major Groups in the Gui.de. •••• 10 I Part T. PORIFERA.......... 13 Key to the Porifera of the Delaware Bay Region 15 Bibliography for the Porifera. 18 Part II. PHYLUM CNIDARIA ••.• ••••• 19 Key to the Hydrozoa of the Delaware Bay Region •• 23 Key to the Scyphozoa of the Delaware Bay Regi.on. • 27 Key to the Anthozoa of the Delaware Bay Region • 28 Bibliography for the Cnidaria. ••••• 30 Part III. PLATYHELMINTHES AND RHYNCHOCOELA ••• 32 Key to the Platyhelminthes of the Delaware Bay Region. 34 Key to the Rhynchocoela of the Delaware Bay Region 35 Bibliography for the Platyhelminthes • 37 Bibliography for the Rhynchocoela. • 38 Part IV. ANNELIDA AND SIPUNCULIDA..• 39 Key to the Families of Polychaeta. • 43 Bibliography for the Polychaeta. • 62 Bibliography for the Sipunculida •• 66 Part V. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA • 67 Key to the Pelecypoda of the Delaware Bay Region • 75 Key to the Gastropoda of the Delaware Bay Region . 83 Key to the Cephalopoda of the Delaware Bay Region. 93 Bibliography for the Mollusca. •••.• 94 Bibliography for the Pelecypoda. •••• 95 Bibliography for Gastropoda, Cephalopoda and Scaphopoda.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhabitants of Chesapeake Bay Part 1. Animals of Jelly
    W&M ScholarWorks Reports 1960 Inhabitants of Chesapeake Bay Part 1. Animals of Jelly Robert S. Bailey Virginia Fisheries Laboratory Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Bailey, R. S. (1960) Inhabitants of Chesapeake Bay Part 1. Animals of Jelly. Educational series; no. 11. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V51N07 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu. ,I, I INHABITANTS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY PART 1.//~ tJ/ ~~ --- ?--'-.......... / LIL:rrAT?Y ' I r f){ fhr~ : yt· GIN/A lNSTrfUTf:_ \ - --""' By Robert S. Bailey VIMS VIRGINIA FISHERIES QH 91.15 .E38 no.ll c.l \{t filS !)\\; G-32. ,~..,JJ , II CONTENTS SWIMMING JELLYFISHES THAT STING 1 NON -SWIMMING JELLYFISHES THAT STING 9 PLANT-LIKE JELLYFISHES THAT STING 13 1. Hydroids 13 2. Corals 21 JELLYFISHES THAT DO NOT STING 23 APPENDIX Systematic List 27 Selected References 31 INHABITANTS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY I. ANIMALS OF JELLY by Robert S. Bailey Information Officer Virginia Fisheries Laboratory Gloucester Point, Virginia Published by VIRGINIA FISHERIES LAB ORA TORY Educational Series, No. ll 1960 FOREWORD Animals of Jelly is Part I of a series intended to introduce beginning biology students to marine organisms. The animals described here all have bodies of jelly-like material. Some are free-swimming, some are sessile; some build hard limestone structures for support, others are buoyed up by the water and have no firm structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Email: Specimens@Mbl.Edu Phone: 508 289 7375 Fax: 508 2980 7900
    Marine Resources Department Catalog of Specimens and Services For scientific research and education only Email: specimens@mbl.edu Phone: 508 289 7375 Fax: 508 2980 7900 Catalog # Name Category Unit Price 110 Aquaria Set (w/ out Seawater) Aquaria 1 Set $98.95 120 Aquaria Set (w/Seawater) Aquaria 1 Set $98.95 130 Sea Water (Filtered Natural) Services 5 gallons $25.00 140 Plankton tow ( (~1 liter)) Services 1 quart $38.60 149 Sponge collection (4 spp.) Porifera (Sponges) each $130.00 150 Leucosolenia botryoides (Organ-Pipe Sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 50 students $53.25 160 Sycon ciliatum (Little Vase Sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 50 students $53.25 170 Haliclona sp. (Finger Sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 50 students $45.75 180 Lissodendoryx isodictyalis (Garlic or stinking sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 50 students $45.75 190 Clathria (Microciona) prolifera (Red Beard Sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 1 clump $21.25 200 Mycale fibrexilis (Sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 50 students $53.25 210 Halichondria (Breadcrumb sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 50 students $50.15 220 Suberites ficus (Sea orange sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 1 clump $21.25 230 Cliona (Sulfur or Boring sponge) Porifera (Sponges) 1 clump $21.25 239 Cnidarian collection (4 spp.) Cnidaria each $140.00 240 Tubularia crocea (Pink-mouth hydroid) Hydroids 50 students $45.75 250 Pennaria (Feather Hydroid) Hydroids 50 students $37.80 260 Clava (Club Hydroid) Hydroids 1 clump $36.50 270 Cordylophora (Fresh water Hydroid) Hydroids 1 clump $45.75 280 Hydractinia echinata (Snail fur) Hydroids 1 each $6.55 290 Bougainvillia (Bougainvillia Hydroid) Hydroids 50 students $45.75 300 Eudendrium sp. (Stick Hydroids) Hydroids 1 clump $53.25 310 Campanularia (Campanularian Hydroid) Hydroids 50 students $37.80 320 Obelia dichotoma (Sea thread Hydroid ) Hydroids 50 students $45.75 MRD services and specimens are only available for research and educational purposes and not to the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhabitants of Chesapeake Bay Part
    ,I, I INHABITANTS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY PART 1.//~ tJ/ ~~ --- ?--'-.......... / LIL:rrAT?Y ' I r f){ fhr~ : yt· GIN/A lNSTrfUTf:_ \ - --""' By Robert S. Bailey VIMS VIRGINIA FISHERIES QH 91.15 .E38 no.ll c.l \{t filS !)\\; G-32. ,~..,JJ , II CONTENTS SWIMMING JELLYFISHES THAT STING 1 NON -SWIMMING JELLYFISHES THAT STING 9 PLANT-LIKE JELLYFISHES THAT STING 13 1. Hydroids 13 2. Corals 21 JELLYFISHES THAT DO NOT STING 23 APPENDIX Systematic List 27 Selected References 31 INHABITANTS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY I. ANIMALS OF JELLY by Robert S. Bailey Information Officer Virginia Fisheries Laboratory Gloucester Point, Virginia Published by VIRGINIA FISHERIES LAB ORA TORY Educational Series, No. ll 1960 FOREWORD Animals of Jelly is Part I of a series intended to introduce beginning biology students to marine organisms. The animals described here all have bodies of jelly-like material. Some are free-swimming, some are sessile; some build hard limestone structures for support, others are buoyed up by the water and have no firm structure. Some of these animals are coelenterates possessing stinging cells; some are ctenophores which have none; some are beautiful to behold and all are inter­ esting animals to observe and study. There are many coelenterates living in the Chesa­ peake area which are not mentioned in this booklet and no attempt has been made to give full description of those which have been included. The systematic list in the appendix will be helpful in locating the different species in various scien­ tific guides, where more complete description will be found. Excellent references are available in the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory library which may be used by students who have made prior arrangements through the Education Office.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bioenergetics of Symbiotic Sea Anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
    Symbiosis, 5 (1988) 103-142 103 Balaban Publishers, Philadelphia/Rehovot Review article The Bioenergetics of Symbiotic Sea Anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) R. GRANT STEEN* Division of NMR Research, Department of Radiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Tel. {301} 955-7492 Received November 19, 1987; Accepted March 17, 1988 Abstract The bioenergetics of sea anemones and the interactions between anemones and symbiotic zooxanthellae are reviewed from the standpoint of costs and benefits to the anemone. Energy input to the anemone includes phagotrophy (consumption of particulate organic material), saprotrophy (uptake of dis• solved organic material), and autotrophy (photosynthesis by zooxanthellae). Energy output includes respiration, growth and storage, reproduction, and export of carbon. Interactions between host and symbiont affect virtually all of these processes and the energetic costs of symbiosis to the host should not be ignored. Anemones appear to benefit from translocated algal photosynthate as anemones starved in light lose weight less rapidly than anemones starved in darkness. However oxygen production during algal photosynthesis may also be important in determining the balance between aerobic and anaerobic res• piration by the host. Furthermore, translocation of algal photosynthate may not equate with benefit to the host: much photosynthetic carbon is lost from the host and the remaining carbon may not contribute substantially to host bioenergetic status. The net impact of zooxanthellae on the host energy bud• get under field conditions is largely unknown. Keywords: Bioenergetics, symbiosis, sea anemone, photosynthesis "Present address: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 0334-5114/88/$03.00 © 1988 Balaban Publishers 104 R.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Using the Critical Salinity (Scrit) Concept to Predict Invasion Potential of the Anemone Diadumene Lineata in the Baltic Sea
    Mar Biol (2016) 163:227 DOI 10.1007/s00227-016-2989-5 INVASIVE SPECIES - ORIGINAL PAPER Using the critical salinity (Scrit) concept to predict invasion potential of the anemone Diadumene lineata in the Baltic Sea Imke Podbielski1,2 · Christian Bock3 · Mark Lenz1 · Frank Melzner1 Received: 3 March 2016 / Accepted: 10 September 2016 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Abstract It is widely assumed that the ability of an intro- a fivefold population growth through asexual reproduction duced species to acclimate to local environmental condi- at high salinities (34 and 24). Biomass increase under these tions determines its invasion success. The sea anemone conditions was significantly higher (69 %) than at a salin- Diadumene lineata is a cosmopolitan invader and shows ity of 14. At a salinity of 7, anemones ceased to reproduce extreme physiological tolerances. It was recently discov- asexually, their biomass decreased and metabolic depres- ered in Kiel Fjord (Western Baltic Sea), although the brack- sion was observed. Five main intracellular osmolytes were ish conditions in this area are physiologically challenging identified to be regulated in response to salinity change, for most marine organisms. This study investigated salin- with osmolyte depletion at a salinity of 7. We postulate that ity tolerance in D. lineata specimens from Kiel Fjord in depletion of intracellular osmolytes defines a critical salin- order to assess potential geographical range expansion of ity (Scrit) that determines loss of fitness. Our results indicate the species in the Baltic Sea. In laboratory growth assays, that D. lineata has the potential to invade the Kattegat and we quantified biomass change and asexual reproduction Skagerrak regions with salinity >10.
    [Show full text]
  • New Distributional Records of Actiniarian Sea Anemones from Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    Rec. zool. Surv. India: Vol. 117(1)/ 26-33, 2017 ISSN (Online) : (Applied for) DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v117/i1/2017/117280 ISSN (Print) : 0375-1511 New distributional records of Actiniarian sea anemones from Andaman and Nicobar Islands C. Raghunathan* and Smitanjali Choudhury Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair – 744102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands; raghuksc@redifmail.com Abstract Two species of actiniarian sea anemones Actinodendron arboreum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) and Diadumene leucolena (Verrill, 1866) under the families Actinodendronidae and Diadumenidae respectively were recorded as new addition of sea anemone fauna to India from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Earlier literature indicated that the occurrence of A. arboreum D. leucolena from Asia-Pacific region while known from east and west coast of North America. The diagnostic features of the presently recorded species along with distributional details are provided. Keywords: Sea anemone, Actinodendron arboreum and Diadumene leucolena, New records, Andaman Introduction against 71 species from Indian seas (Raghunathan et al., 2014; Choudhury et al., 2015; Choudhury et al., in press). The sea anemones are considered to be a lesser known The genusActinodendron de Blainville, 1830 group in India as only 6.5% of species revealed from representing five species (Fautin, 2015a) is found in littoral Indian water against their global diversity of 1109 species to infra littoral and the tropical to subtropical regions (WoRMS, 2014). Studies on sea anemones was initiated of world waters. In India, Raghunathan et al. (2014) date back the beginning of the 19th century. The first sea reported the same genus with a record of Actinodendron anemones were reported from South Africa by Lesson glomeratum Haddon, 1898 from Andaman and Nicobar (1830), who described two species from the ‘Cape of Good Islands.
    [Show full text]