M/S Ganesh Benzoplast Limited

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

FOR THE PROPOSED EXPANSION OF STORAGE

WITH 4 ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS OF COMBINED CAPACITY 18000 m3 FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS OF CLASS A, B AND C, PETROCHEMICALS AND OTHER NON-CLASSIFIED LIQUIDS

AT THE LIQUID CHEMICAL STORAGE TERMINAL PLOT No. A1, A2, A3, SOUTH END, WILLINGDON ISLAND, KOCHI, KERALA, 682029

BY M/S GANESH BENZOPLAST LIMITED

PREPARED BY

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANCY AND LABORATORY NABET Accredited EIA Consulting Organization Door No 27/2957 A1, First Floor, Vaniampilly, K P Vallon Road Kadavanthra, Kochi, 682020 Tel: 0484 4011173 , Email: [email protected] Website: www.ultratech.in

May 2018

Table of Contents CHAPTER 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Project Description ...... 1 1.3 Technology and Process Description ...... 2 1.3.1. TLF Sheds ...... 3 1.3.2. Pump House ...... 3 1.3.3. Fire fighting facilities ...... 4 1.3.4. Dyke Wall facility ...... 4 1.3.5. Land use and Land ownership ...... 5 1.3.6. Manpower requirement ...... 5 1.3.7. Water requirement ...... 5 1.3.8. Power requirement...... 5 1.3.9. Wastewater Management ...... 5 1.4 Description of Environment ...... 5 1.4.1. Land Use/Land Cover of the Study Area ...... 6 1.4.2. Meteorology ...... 6 1.4.3. Baseline monitoring ...... 6 1.5 Anticipated Environment Impacts and Environment Management Plan ...... 8 1.6 Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 9 1.7 Additional Studies ...... 9 1.8 Project Benefits ...... 9 1.9 Schedule of the Project ...... 10 1.10 Capital Investment...... 10 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION ...... 11 2.1. Background ...... 11 2.2. Identification of the Project Proponent and the Project ...... 11 2.3. Scope of the Study...... 15 2.4. Applicable Environmental Regulations ...... 15 2.5. Objectives of the EIA Study...... 16 2.6. Structure of EIA Report ...... 16 CHAPTER 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 18 3.1. Need and Justification of the Project...... 18 3.2. Site Details and Location ...... 18 3.3. Size or Magnitude of Operations ...... 22

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 3.4. Salient Features of the Project ...... 23 3.5. Electrical Systems ...... 27 3.6. Safety Measures ...... 27 3.7. Other facilities at Kochi LST ...... 28 3.8. Pipeline Works ...... 28 3.9. Painting...... 28 3.10. Security ...... 28 3.11. Communication System ...... 28 3.12. Basic Requirements ...... 29 3.13. Water and Wastewater Management ...... 29 3.14. Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal System ...... 31 3.15. Rainwater Harvesting ...... 31 CHAPTER 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 32 4.1. General ...... 32 4.2. Methodology ...... 32 4.3. Study Area ...... 32 4.4. Land Use/Land Cover of the Study Area ...... 33 4.4.1. Contour Pattern of the Study Area...... 36 4.4.2. Drainage Map of the Study Area ...... 36 4.5. Air Environment ...... 37 4.5.1. Meteorology ...... 37 4.5.2. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ...... 42 4.6. Ambient Noise Levels ...... 46 4.7. Water Environment ...... 47 4.7.1. Ground Water and Surface Water Monitoring ...... 48 4.7.2. Marine Water Monitoring ...... 49 4.8. Land Environment ...... 51 4.9. Biological Environment ...... 53 4.9.1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 53 4.9.2. Marine Ecology ...... 57 4.10. Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary ...... 60 4.11. Vembanad Lake system ...... 61 4.12. Socio economic Environment ...... 62 4.12.1. Demographic Profile ...... 63 4.12.2. Caste Profile ...... 65

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 4.12.3. Literacy Profile ...... 66 4.12.4. Occupational Profile ...... 68 4.13. Archaeologically Important Sites ...... 70 CHAPTER 5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 71 5.1 Introduction ...... 71 5.2 Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase...... 71 5.2.1 Land Environment ...... 71 5.2.2 Air Environment ...... 72 5.2.3 Noise Levels ...... 72 5.2.4 Water Environment ...... 72 5.2.5 Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 72 5.2.6 Socio Economic Environment ...... 72 5.3 Impact Assessment during the Operation Phase ...... 73 5.3.1 Land Environment ...... 73 5.3.2 Air Environment ...... 73 5.3.3 Noise Levels ...... 73 5.3.4 Water Environment ...... 73 5.3.5 Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 74 5.3.6 Socio Economic Environment ...... 74 5.4 Environmental Impact Matrix ...... 74 5.5 Mitigation Measures for Impacts in the Construction Phase ...... 80 5.5.1 Land/Soil Environment ...... 80 5.5.2 Air Environment ...... 80 5.5.3 Noise Environment ...... 80 5.5.4 Water Environment ...... 81 5.5.5 Ecological Environment...... 81 5.5.6 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 81 5.6 Mitigation measures for impacts in the operation phase ...... 81 5.6.1 Land/Soil Environment ...... 81 5.6.2 Air Environment ...... 82 5.6.3 Noise Environment ...... 82 5.6.4 Water Environment ...... 82 5.6.5 Ecological Environment...... 82 5.6.6 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 83 5.7 Conclusion ...... 83 Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory CHAPTER 6. PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 84 6.1. Project Benefits ...... 84 6.2. Supply of important liquid chemicals/raw materials for the industry ...... 84 6.3. Employment Potential ...... 84 6.4. CSR and Socio Economic Development ...... 84 6.5. Direct Revenue Earning to the National and State Exchequer ...... 85 6.6. Other tangible benefits ...... 85 CHAPTER 7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 86 7.1. Introduction ...... 86 7.2. EMP during Construction Phase ...... 86 7.2.1 Land/Soil Environment ...... 86 7.2.2 Air Environment ...... 87 7.2.3 Noise Environment ...... 87 7.2.4 Water Environment ...... 87 7.2.5 Biological Environment ...... 88 7.2.6 Socio-economic Environment ...... 88 7.2.7 Health and Safety ...... 88 7.3. EMP during Operation Phase ...... 88 7.3.1 Land/Soil Environment ...... 88 7.3.2 Air Environment ...... 89 7.3.3 Noise Environment ...... 89 7.3.4 Water Environment ...... 90 7.3.5 Biological Environment ...... 90 7.3.6 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 90 7.4. Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 90 7.5. Environmental Management Cell...... 91 7.6. Budgetary Allocation for Environmental Protection Measures ...... 92 CHAPTER 8. ADDITIONAL STUDIES...... 93 8.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment and ERDMP ...... 93 8.2 Traffic Study for ‘GANESH BENZOPLAST LTD’ at Willingdon Island ...... 93 8.2.1 Location of the study area ...... 93 8.2.2 Traffic Data Collection ...... 94 8.2.3 Analysis of Traffic Data...... 99 8.2.4 Photographs of Conducting Traffic Survey ...... 102 8.2.5 Different Categories of Vehicles Plying in NH 966B and Old NH 47 ...... 103

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 8.2.6 Level of Service (LOS) ...... 105 8.2.7 Recommended Design Service Volumes ...... 106 8.2.8 Result of Traffic Studies ...... 109 8.3 Public Hearing ...... 109 CHAPTER 9. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED ...... 110 9.1 Consultants Engaged ...... 110 9.2 Laboratory for Analysis ...... 111

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory List of Tables

Table 1.1: Schedule of existing tanks at Kochi LST ...... 1 Table 1.2: Schedule of tanks for the proposed expansion at Kochi LST ...... 2 Table 1.3: Schedule of Existing Pumps ...... 3 Table 1.4: Schedule of pumps for the proposed expansion ...... 3 Table 1.5: Details of Fire Water Tanks ...... 4 Table 1.6: Schedule of Fire Pumps ...... 4 Table 1.7: Dyke Wall Details ...... 4 Table 1.8: Cost of Environmental Protection Measures ...... 10 Table 2.1: Existing facilities at Kochi LST ...... 12 Table 2.2: Features of the proposed expansion ...... 13 Table 2.3: Schedule of tanks for the proposed expansion ...... 14 Table 3.1: Location overview of Kochi LST...... 18 Table 3.2: Environmental Setting of Kochi LST ...... 19 Table 3.3: Area statement of Kochi LST (existing and proposed) ...... 22 Table 3.4: Schedule of Existing Pumps ...... 25 Table 3.5: Schedule of pumps for the proposed expansion ...... 25 Table 3.6: Details of Fire Water Tanks ...... 26 Table 3.7: Schedule of Fire Pumps ...... 26 Table 3.8: Dyke Wall Details ...... 26 Table 3.9: Non Hazardous solid waste ...... 31 Table 3.10: Hazardous waste generation ...... 31 Table 4.1: Land Use and Land Cover Statistics of Area within 10km radius ...... 35 Table 4.2: Meteorological Data of Kochi (1960-1990) ...... 38 Table 4.3: Meteorological Data during the Study (Feb’17 – Sep’17)...... 38 Table 4.4: Techniques used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ...... 42 Table 4.5: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 43 Table 4.6: Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Parameters in comparison with NAAQ Standards ...... 44 Table 4.7: Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 46 Table 4.8: Results of Ambient Noise Level Monitoring ...... 47 Table 4.9: Ambient Noise Quality Standards ...... 47 Table 4.10: Water Monitoring Locations ...... 48 Table 4.11: Water Quality Monitoring Results ...... 49 Table 4.12: Marine Water Monitoring Locations ...... 50 Table 4.13 Marine Water Quality Monitoring Results ...... 50 Table 4.14: Soil Quality Monitoring Locations...... 51 Table 4.15: Surface Soil Analysis Results ...... 52 Table 4.16: Flora Observed within the Study area ...... 53 Table 4.17: Fauna Observed within the Study area ...... 55 Table 4.18: Percentage Composition of Algal; Groups found around Coastal Water within the Study Area ...... 59 Table 4.19: Major Phytoplankton genera observed ...... 59 Table 4.20: Percentage Composition of Zooplankton found around Coastal Waters within the Study Area ...... 59 Table 4.21: Major Zooplankton genera observed ...... 60 Table 4.22: Benthic Fauna recorded within the Study Area ...... 60 Table 4.23: Demographic Attributes of Ernakulam District ...... 63 Table 4.24: Demographic Profile of the Study Area ...... 63 Table 4.25 Caste Profile of the Study Area ...... 65

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory Table 4.26: Details of the Population Literate in the Study Area ...... 66 Table 4.27: Details of the Population Illiterate in the Study Area ...... 67 Table 4-28: Occupational Profile of the Study Area ...... 68 Table 4.29: Archaeologically Important Sites within the 10km Study Area ...... 70 Table 5.1: Impact Matrix ...... 75 Table 7.1: Post Study Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 91 Table 7.2: Cost of Environmental Protection Measures ...... 92 Table 8.1: Traffic counting form (South-East to North-West) ...... 95 Table 8.2: Traffic counting form (North-West to South-East) ...... 96 Table 8.3: Traffic counting form (South-West to North-East) ...... 97 Table 8.4: Traffic counting form (North-East to South-West) ...... 98 Table 8.5: PCU Values for Different Types of Vehicles ...... 99 Table 8.6: Hourly traffic pattern in PCU of NH 966 B ...... 99 Table 8.7: Hourly traffic pattern in PCU of Old NH 47 ...... 100 Table 8.8: Characteristics of the various Level of Service in Indian Roads as per IRC ...... 105 Table 8.9: Fringe Conditions for Roads as per IRC ...... 106 Table 8.10: Design Service Volumes for Different Categories of Roads ...... 107 Table 8.11: Levels of Service in NH 966B for hourly traffic flow pattern ...... 107 Table 8.12: Levels of Service in Old NH 47 for hourly traffic flow pattern...... 108 Table 9.1: EIA Team ...... 110 Table 9.2: Functional Area Experts Involved in the EIA ...... 111 Table 9.3: Details of Laboratory for Analysis and Monitoring of Environmental Parameters ...... 111

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory List of Figures Figure 1.1: Flow chart of operations at Kochi LST ...... 3 Figure 3.1: Location of Kochi LST...... 21 Figure 3.2: Google Image of Kochi LST ...... 22 Figure 3.3: Flow chart of Operations ...... 24 Figure 3.4: Layout Plan of Kochi LST ...... 24 Figure 3.5: Typical Oil Water Separator...... 30 Figure 4.1: Study Area within 10km radius ...... 33 Figure 4.2: Satellite Map of Study area ...... 34 Figure 4.3: Land Use/Land Cover of 10 Km Study Area ...... 35 Figure 4.4: Contour Pattern of 10 Km Study Area ...... 36 Figure4.5: Drainage Pattern of 10 Km Study Area...... 37 Figure 4.6: Graph showing Temperature Variation ...... 39 Figure 4.7: Graph showing Precipitation ...... 39 Figure 4.8: Graph showing Average Relative Humidity ...... 40 Figure 4.9: Wind rose for February 2017 ...... 40 Figure 4.10: Wind rose for March 2017 ...... 41 Figure 4.11: Wind rose of April 2017 ...... 41 Figure 4.12: Wind rose for Study Period ...... 42 Figure 4.13: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 43 Figure 4.14: Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Locations...... 46 Figure 4.15: Surface and Ground Water Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 48 Figure 4.16: Marine Water Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 50 Figure 4.17: Soil Quality Monitoring Locations...... 52 Figure 4.18: Map showing Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary ...... 61 Figure 4.19: Vembanad Kol Lake System ...... 62 Figure 4.20: Demographic Profile of the Study Area ...... 65 Figure 4.21: Caste Profile in the Study Area ...... 66 Figure 4.22: Literacy Profile in the Study Area ...... 68 Figure 4.23: Occupational Profile in the Study Area ...... 69 Figure 8.1 Points of Traffic Study areas ...... 93 Figure 8.2 Traffic flow directions in NH 966B (SE-NW/NW-SE and Old NH 47 (NE- SW/SW-NE) ...... 94 Figure 8.3 Hourly pattern of traffic at NH966B (Kundanoor-Willingdon Island) ...... 100 Figure 8.4 Hourly pattern of traffic at Old NH 47 (Thevara-Thoppumpady) ...... 101 Figure 8.5 Photographs of manual traffic counting ...... 102 Figure 8.6 Old NH 47- Frequency of Vehicles (NE-SW) ...... 103 Figure 8.7 Old NH 47- Frequency of Vehicles (SW-NE) ...... 103 Figure 8.8 NH 966B- Frequency of Vehicles (SW-NE) ...... 104 Figure 8.9 NH 966B- Frequency of Vehicles (SW-NE) ...... 104

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CHAPTER 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Introduction

Ganesh Benzoplast Limited (GBL), established in the year 1986 at Tarapur, Maharashtra, India, is one of the leading Manufacturer & Exporter of Food Preservatives & Lubricant Additives. GBL has an Infrastructure Division which provides bulk liquid storage facilities to industries in JNPT, Cochin, and Goa Port.

The first merchant Liquid Chemical Storage Terminal (LST) of GBL was set up at the JNPT and it presently stores A, B and C class liquids. The second LST of GBL, the Kochi LST, was established at the Cochin Port in May 2000, for providing storage for Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C, Petrochemicals, edible oils and non-classified liquid products. Kochi LST caters to the needs of bulk importers and exporters of liquid chemicals in India.The total plot area is 14000m² and it belongs to Cochin Port Trust and is leased out to GBL for development of the Kochi LST. Kochi LST has three dedicated pipelines for transporting liquids directly from ship to tank for imported items. The pipelines have a length of 3.2 km and transfers the liquid chemicals from the Q4 Jetty in the Mattanchery Wharf at the Cochin Port to the LST. The LST commenced operations with an initial capacity of 16,750 m3 (five Aboveground Storage Tanks) and was utilised by BPCL for storage and marketing of Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS) furnace oil which is a Class C Petroleum Product. Kochi LST also has three Aboveground Storage Tanks of capacity 13500 m3 which is currently used for the storage of Class ‘A’ Petroleum Products in bulk. Accordingly, the current storage capacity of the LST is 30250 m3.

1.2 Project Description

GBL is proposing to augment the storage capacity of Kochi LST by the addition of 4 aboveground storage tanks of total capacity 18,000 m3, which can be used for storage of Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C, Petrochemicals, Edible oils and Non-classified liquid products. The proposed tanks shall fully comply with Chief Controller of Explosives (CCOE) and other statutory requirements and will be constructed with the associated pipelines, Valves, Accessories and fire- fighting facilities. No Inter linked and interdependent projects are involved.The total capacity of Kochi LST after the proposed expansion will be 48250 m3. The schedule of the existing tanks is given in Table 1.1 and the schedule of tanks for the proposed expansion is given in Table 1.2. Table 1.1: Schedule of existing tanks at Kochi LST

Tank Dimensions Petroleum Safe Storage Filling Petroleum Tank No (diameter in m x Product Capacity in m3 Product height in m) Class T-101 11 x 10.7 1000 Furnace Oil C

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Tank Dimensions Petroleum Safe Storage Filling Petroleum Tank No (diameter in m x Product Capacity in m3 Product height in m) Class T-102 10 x 10 750 Furnace Oil C T-103 20 x 16.5 5000 Furnace Oil C T-104 20 x 16.5 5000 Furnace Oil C T-105 20 x 16.5 5000 Furnace Oil C T-201 18 x 18 4500 Methanol A T-202 18 x 18 4500 Methanol A T-203 18 x 18 4500 Methanol A Total 30250

Table 1.2: Schedule of tanks for the proposed expansion at Kochi LST

Tank Dimensions (diameter in Tank No Safe Storage Filling Capacity in m3 m x height in m) T-204 5000 18 x 20 T-205 5000 18 x 20 T-206 4000 16 x 20 T-207 4000 16 x 20 Total 18000

1.3 Technology and Process Description

There is no manufacturing process involved in the operations of Kochi LST. The main activities at the Kochi LST are RECEIPT, STORAGE and DISPATCH. The LST will receive, store and distribute Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C, Petrochemicals and non-classified liquid products. No by-products / additional products are generated / manufactured during the operations. The brief description of operations at Kochi LST is as follows:

 Receiving the liquid chemicals through pipelines

o The liquid chemicals at Kochi LST are received in bulk through three dedicated conduit pipelines having approximate lengths of 3.2 km from the Q4 Jetty in the Mattanchery Wharf and the SCB Jetty at the Cochin Port to the LST and vice versa.

 Storing the liquid chemicals, maintaining the quality in line with IS specifications.

 Dispatching the liquid chemicals through Tank Trucks to Customers.

The entire operation of RECEIPT, STORAGE AND DISPATCH of liquid chemicals is carried out in a closed system thereby eliminating the risk of spillage of products and to achieve enhanced safety. The flow chart of operations is as shown in Figure 1.1

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 2

Figure 1.1: Flow chart of operations at Kochi LST 1.3.1. TLF Sheds

There are two existing TLF sheds with eight (8) nos. of TLF bays for Tank Trucks loading. The loading facilities are bottom loading. There will not be any modification to the TLF sheds due to the proposed expansion.

1.3.2. Pump House

The Kochi LST has 2 TLF Pump Houses of dimensions 10 m x6.3 m and 12 m x 6 m. The firewater pump house has a dimension of 5m x 5m. The details of the existing pumps are as shown in Table 1.3 and the schedule of the pumps for the proposed expansion is given in Table 1.4.

Table 1.3: Schedule of Existing Pumps

Capacity SN Product Types of Pumps Working + Standby (m3/h) 1 Methanol 80 Centrifugal 2+1 2 Methanol 60 Centrifugal 1+1 3 Furnace Oil 80 Positive Displacement 1+1 4 Furnace Oil 100 Positive Displacement 1+1

Table 1.4: Schedule of pumps for the proposed expansion

Capacity SN Product Types of Pumps Working + Standby (m3/h) 1 Liquid Chemicals 40 Centrifugal 1+1 2 Liquid Chemicals 40 Centrifugal 1+1

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 3

1.3.3. Fire fighting facilities Fire protection facilities conforming to latest Petroleum Rules are to be provided as stated below:  Full-fledged auto-pressurized Fire Hydrant System to cover all facilities in the LST including Tank Truck Parking Area, as per latest Safety Norms.  Fire Fighting Pumps with diesel engines including stand by units.  Fire Hydrant network system with monitors & hydrant valves.  Jockey Pumps.  Fixed Foam discharge and sprinkler systems for the storage tanks.  Medium Expansion Foam Generators for Dyke Area.  Foam compound storage and delivery system.  Firewater tank and pumping facilities.  Two slop tanks of 12 m3 and 20 m3 capacity are provided for collecting the spillage. The Fire Water tanks have been provided as shown in Table 1.5 and Schedule of Fire Pumps have been provided in Table 1.6. Fire Pump House of 5 m x 5 m is provided. Table 1.5: Details of Fire Water Tanks

Total Tankages Diameter Height SN Product Proposed Tanks m3 (m) (m) 1 Fire Tank Water T-208 1800 14 12

Table 1.6: Schedule of Fire Pumps

Capacity SN Product Types of Pumps Working + Standby (m3/h) 1 Fire Pump 60 Centrifugal 1 2 Fire Pump 80 Centrifugal 1 3 Main Engine: 125 kW 415 Centrifugal 1 diesel engine coupled with: 4 Jockey Pump 14 Centrifugal 1

1.3.4. Dyke Wall facility

Dyke walls are provided surrounding the tanks .The dimension of the dyke walls are given in Table 1.7.

Table 1.7: Dyke Wall Details

Sr. No. Overall Dimension Dyke – I (for 5 tanks, concrete dyke) 188 m x 3 m x 0.15 m Dyke – II (for 3 tanks, brick dyke) 196 m x 2.3 m x 0.5 m Dyke – III 126 m x 2.3 m x 0.15 m (for the proposed expansion, concrete dyke)

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Dykes are provided with adequate wall height as per norms. Tank foundations are also provided with impervious membrane to avoid seepage of product if any in to ground in case of leakage from bottom plates. The tank farm flooring and dyke wall also are made impervious to prevent oil from seeping into ground.

1.3.5. Land use and Land ownership The total plot area is 14000m² and it belongs to Cochin Port Trust and is leased out to GBL for a period of 30 years from the year 1999 onwards, for the development of Kochi LST. The proposed expansion is within the licensed area of the existing LST and hence no additional land is required for the proposed project.

1.3.6. Manpower requirement The manpower currently deployed at the existing facility is 12 persons. The additional manpower requirement for the operation phase is 3 persons. The additional manpower deployed will be local people; hence no major influx of people to the site is envisaged.

1.3.7. Water requirement Process water will not be required for operation of the facilities since no processing/ production is involved. The storage facility for oil and liquid chemicals does not require any water. The water required for the facility is confined to cleaning of floors, fire-fighting and drinking and sanitation purpose for the staff. A fully fledged firewater storage tank of 2750 m3 capacity is present at the project site. The main source of water for the existing facility is the water supply from Cochin Port Trust. This amounts to 12 kL/month. Rainwater harvesting facility is also available at the project site, which is used to feed the firewater storage tank of capacity 2750 m3. The additional water requirement is estimated to be 3 kL/month (i.e. 100 L/day) for the proposed expansion. Hence the total water requirement of the facility after the proposed expansion will be 0.5kLD (i.e. 15kL/month)

1.3.8. Power requirement Existing energy requirement for the terminal is 60 kW. Due to the proposed storage capacity expansion, the additional power requirement is 30 kW. Hence after expansion, the total power requirement will be 90 kW. The source of electricity is Cochin Port Trust. Backup power arrangement by providing 1x 160 kVA standby capacity of DG set is ensured.

1.3.9. Wastewater Management There will be no industrial effluent being generated from this project. Sewage generated from domestic sources is treated in septic tank followed by soak pit. In case any open spillage of oil from tank shall lead to Oil Water Separator (OWS) where separated oil send back to storage tank after ensuring quality of product. The water from OWS will be reused for gardening and dust suppression in the gantry areas during truck movement.

1.4 Description of Environment

The proposed expansion is classified under Schedule 6(b) & Category ‘B’ according to EIA Notification 2006 & subsequent amendments. GBL has appointed M/s. ULTRA-TECH

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 5

Environmental Consultancy & Laboratory to carry out the study of the impacts of the project on local environment and for obtaining Environmental Clearance. ULTRA-TECH is an established consultant firm in the field of Environmental Services which is giving services in this field for the past 30 years.

The area around Kochi LST has been surveyed for physical features and existing environmental scenario. The field survey has been done for 12 weeks from February 11th to 29th April 2017.

1.4.1. Land Use/Land Cover of the Study Area

The study area is considered to be area within a radius of 10 km of the Project boundary which includes Vegetation, Paddy Field, Open Scrub, Culturable Waste Land, Built-up Land, Water body, Mangroves and Sandy/Beaches. Detailed LULC is given in the respective section of the EIA Report.

1.4.2. Meteorology

The climate of Ernakulam district is mainly governed by the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. During the study period maximum temperature observed is 35°C and the minimum temperature observed is 24°C. Plentiful rainfall was received during the study. The relative humidity was observed to be high during the monsoon months. The wind speed ranges from 5 to 6 km/hour with mean speed of 5.5 km/hour.

1.4.3. Baseline monitoring

Baseline monitoring was carried out within the 10 km radius around the site of project to know the existing environmental background.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

The baseline status of the ambient air quality on PM10, PM2.5, Sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon monoxide (CO) was monitored. The average concentration of PM2.5 at various stations monitored ranged from 16-20.75μg/m3 within the permissible limit of 60μg/m3 3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The permissible limit of 100μg/m for PM10 at 3 various stations ranged from 57.79-65.04μg/m .The average concentration of SO2 at various stations monitored ranged from 9.5-11.95μg/m3,which is below detectable limit in all the locations. The average concentration of NOx at various stations in the study area was observed to be well below the prescribed limit of 80μg/m3 specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas (11.5-12.75μg/m3).The average concentration of CO at various stations monitored ranged from 1.11-1.22 mg/m3 well below the limit of 4 mg/m3.

Ambient Noise Levels

It is observed that the day time equivalent noise level ranged from 44.3dB (A) to 59.6 dB (A). The night time equivalent noise level ranged from 38.2 dB (A) to 45.6 dB (A). The proposed study area is located within the industrial area. Permissible noise limits for industrial area prescribed by CPCB are 75 dB (A) during day time and 70 dB (A) during night time. Recorded noise levels were observed to be within the required limits.

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Ground and Surface Water Environment Monitoring

The pH, Odour and Colour of water samples are under the permissible limit of BIS standard for drinking water standards. The turbidity of the water samples ranged from 0.7 to 6.8 NTU. The Total Hardness of the samples found in between 55.45 to 544.50 mg/L. Alkalinity ranged from 58.6 to 226.60 mg/L. The Total Hardness of the samples found in between 55.45 to 544.50 mg/L. Alkalinity ranged from 58.6 to 226.60 mg/L.

Marine Water Monitoring

Water temperature was found around 32.0°C in entire Channel. pH values were stable and did not show much variations. The salinity of the water varied from 12.97 ppt to 17.65 ppt which is considerably lower than that of the typical seawater (35.5 ppt) and suggests considerable freshwater influence. The dissolved oxygen varied in 3.9 to 5 mg/L range indicating well mixing of water, the low BOD (1.9 – 4.4 mg/l) suggests that the anthropogenic organic matter entering the waters is effectively oxidized.

Soil Monitoring

Different Physio-chemical Parameters like Colour, pH, Electrical Conductivity; Organic Matter etc. were analyzed during the monitoring. Soil Type found to be mostly Sandy Clay. pH values observed ranged from 6.8 to 7.7.Moisture Content was very high ranged from 6.9% to 8.9%. Major nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sodium were found.

Biological Environment

Terrestrial Ecology - Notable planted trees located in the project area include Cassia fistula, Delonix regia, Albizia saman, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Areca catechu, Mangifera indica, Terminalia catappa and Cocos nucifera.About 19 species of trees, 6 species of shrubs, 6 species of herbs and 6 species of climbers were identified within the study area. The project area is predominantly built up area and does not form habitat for wildlife. 14 species of Mammals, 11 species of Reptiles, 5 Species of Amphibians 36 species of Birds and about 30 species of Insects were observed within the Study area.

Marine Ecology

Marine ecology is an important constituent in the study of Ecosystem. Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Benthos concentrations were counted. Total phytoplankton population varied between 445 and 550 algal cells/ml. The phytoplankton population comprised of fifteen genera with four major groups. A total seven genera of zooplankton were recorded. The zooplankton population varied between 250 and 800 No/m3. A total of three macro benthic groups were obtained from the sediment samples.

Socio-Economic Environment

Socio-economic assessment of the study area within 10km radius has been prepared based on secondary data extracted from Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2011. For that the demographic pattern, economic activity, education and literacy profile, etc. were analyzed. The

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 7 socio-economic assessment attempts to predict and evaluate the future impacts of the proposed project upon people, their physical and psychological health and well-being, their economic status, cultural heritage, lifestyle and other value system.

1.5 Anticipated Environment Impacts and Environment Management Plan

Impact on Air Environment

Fugitive dust emission is envisaged during the construction phase; however, no emission is envisaged during the operation phase of Kochi LST with the proposed additional storage. The air environment may have minimal impact due to the truck movement for dispatch of the liquid chemicals.

Impact on Noise Environment

The project site is likely to have increased noise level up to 80-90 dB (A) due to the construction activity but it is likely to be insignificant, reversible and localized in nature and mainly confined to the day hours. There may be minimal impact due to the truck movement for dispatch impact on the noise environment in the operation phase.

Impact on Water Environment

The water requirement of Kochi LST is met through supply from Cochin Port Trust and rainwater harvesting. The overall impact on water environment due to construction of proposed additional aboveground storage tanks is likely to be temporary, short term and insignificant.

Impact on Land Environment

The project area is in possession of GBL and hence, there are no settlements and hence the question of rehabilitation and resettlement does not arise. As the complete system shall be closed loop, no impact is envisaged on the topography during operation phase.

Impact on Biological Environment

The probability and consequences of significant ecological impacts occurring as a result of the operation of the proposed four additional storage aboveground tanks are considered to be almost negligible. The risk of any leakage is almost negligible owing to stringent leak prevention technologies.

Spent lube oil from D.G. set (0.25 L/day) will be sold to CPCB authorized recyclers. Hence no impact on flora and fauna is envisaged. Moreover there are no reserve forest and protected areas within 10 km radius. A greenbelt already exists around the project site periphery. There will be no effluent discharge in to the water bodies. Thus there is no impact on the aquatic biota present in vicinity of proposed project.

Impact on Socio-economic Environment

The construction of the proposed project is expected to provide temporary indirect employment to a good number of skilled and unskilled workers. The project will contribute to the socio-economic

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1.6 Environmental Monitoring Programme

It is imperative that GBL should set up regular monitoring locations to assess the environmental health in the post construction period. A post study monitoring programme is important as it provides useful information on the following aspects.

 It helps to verify the predictions on environmental impacts presented in this study.  It helps to indicate warnings of the development of any alarming environmental situations, and thus, provides opportunities for adopting appropriate control measures in advance

GBL has proposed a recurring cost of INR 1,80,000/- per annum for environmental protection measures.

1.7 Additional Studies

Quantitative Risk Assessment

Quantitative Risk Study has been done to determine the potential risks of major disasters having damage potential to life and property and provide a scientific basis using PHASTRISK (Version 6.7) software developed by DNV GL. Disaster Management Plan is prepared for identification of various hazards addressed qualitatively and included in onsite- emergency plan. Details of risk assessment are given in the EIA report in Chapter 8.

Public Hearing

Public Hearing was conducted on 30th April 2018 at Collectorate Conference Hall, Kakkanad which was presided over by the Additional District Magistrate & Deputy Collector (General). The details of the Public Hearing are given in Chapter 8 of this EIA report.

1.8 Project Benefits

 The project will improve supply of the petroleum products and other important liquid chemicals required for the industry, in Kochi region and overall benefit the state of Kerala which is vital for economic growth as well as improving the quality of life.

 This project will contribute additional revenue to the Central and State exchequer

 The project shall provide employment potential under unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled categories. The employment potential shall increase with the start of construction activities, reach a peak during construction phase and then reduce with completion of construction activities. During operation phase also there will be employment opportunities, although its magnitude will be much less.

 The direct employment opportunities with GBL are limited and the opportunities exist mainly with the contractors and sub-contractors. These agencies will be persuaded to provide the jobs to local persons on a preferential basis wherever feasible.

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1.9 Schedule of the Project

Construction of three of the four proposed Aboveground Storage Vessels has been started as the initial products planned for storage was edible oil, for which prior Environmental Clearance is not required. The proponent now wishes to provide storage for Petroleum Class A, B and C products as well in the proposed four aboveground storage tanks. Hence all the construction works have been stopped and the proponent has applied for Environmental Clearance (EC) to SEIAA, Kerala. The construction works will be resumed only after obtaining the EC.

1.10 Capital Investment

The total project cost for the proposed expansion is around Rs.1.5 crores. This includes the cost of site preparation, construction of aboveground tanks, and storm water drains, mechanical, electrical, instrumentation works and also the up gradation of the existing fire detection and protection facilities for ensuring safety of the additional tanks constructed. GBL has proposed a recurring cost of Rs. 1.8 lakhs per annum for environmental protection measures. The details of annual recurring cost are given in Table 1.8.

Table 1.8: Cost of Environmental Protection Measures

S. No. Particulars Proposed Cost (Rs. Lakhs) 1 Dust suppression 0.5 2 Water quality monitoring & management 0.4 3 Air quality and Noise monitoring 0.4 4 Greenbelt / Plantation 0.5 Total 1.8

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CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Background

Ganesh Benzoplast Limited (GBL), established in the year 1986 is one of the leading Manufacturer & Exporter of Food Preservatives & Lubricant Additives in Tarapur, Maharashtra, India, which also provides bulk liquid storage infrastructure to the industries in JNPT, Goa and Kochi Port. It is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company and is processing and exporting a quality range of food preservatives, lubricants and API drugs. Its product range encompasses Sodium Benzoate, Benzoic Acid and Benzaldehyde, Food Preservatives, Petroleum Sulphonate, Lubricant Additives, Lubricant Components, API/Bulk Drugs etc. which are extensively used in food, automobile and pharmaceutical industries. The clientele of GBL include various industries such as Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd (BPCL), HLL, Parle Agro, Coca Cola, Jubliant, Fenner, Castrol, Barmer Lawrie, Polartech, Jupiter Dye chem Pvt Ltd, B K Sales Corporation etc. GBL is having two Divisions viz Manufacturing Division and Infrastructure Division. The Infrastructure Division of GBL has installed Liquid Chemical Storage Terminals at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), Goa and Kochi. A liquid chemical storage terminal (LST) is an industrial facility for the storage of oil and/or petrochemical products and from which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities. It typically has tankage, either aboveground or underground, and gantries (framework) for the discharge of products into road tankers or other vehicles (such as barges) or pipelines. The first merchant Liquid Chemical Storage Terminal (LST) of GBL was set up at the JNPT and it presently stores Petroleum Class A, B and C liquids such as methanol, kerosene, chemicals, vegetable oils and molasses. The infrastructure division of the GBL set up its second LST (Kochi LST) at the Cochin Port in May 2000, for providing storage for Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C, Petrochemicals, Edible oils and Non-classified liquid products.

Kochi LST is envisaged for catering to the needs of bulk importers and exporters of liquid chemicals in India. The current capacity of Kochi LST is 30250 m3. The Infrastructure division of GBL is proposing to augment the storage capacity of Kochi LST by the addition of 4 aboveground storage tanks, which can be used for storage of Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C and edible oils and non-classified liquid products.

2.2. Identification of the Project Proponent and the Project

2.2.1 Project Proponent

GBL provides conditioned storage facilities for bulk liquids and chemicals at various ports in India. It provides storage tanks which are leased on rent for storing liquid chemicals, oil products, petrochemicals, molasses and edible oils, among others at JNPT, Goa Port and Kochi Port. Its liquid storage terminal at Kochi Port caters to big players in the industry such as Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Jupiter Dye chem Pvt Ltd, and B K Sales Corporation etc. for the storage of

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Petroleum Class A, B and C products and other non-classified liquids. There is no processing or other transformation of the liquid chemicals at the LST. Hence at Kochi LST, the liquid chemicals/products are only stored and transported.

2.2.2 Project Description

The Kochi LST is located at Sy No. 2578/4 in Plot A1, A2, A3 at Willingdon Island, in Thoppumpady Village, Kochi Taluk, Ernakulam District. The total plot area is 14000m² and it belongs to Cochin Port Trust and is leased out to GBL for development of the LST. Three conduit pipelines having lengths of approximately 3.2 km and transfers the liquid chemicals from the Q4 Jetty in the Mattanchery Wharf and the SCB Jetty at the Cochin Port to the LST and vice versa. The LST commenced operations with an initial capacity of 16,750 m3 (five Aboveground Storage Tanks) and was utilised by BPCL for storage and marketing of Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS) furnace oil which is a Class C Petroleum Product. This LST also has three Aboveground Storage Tanks of capacity 13500 m3 which is currently used for the storage of Class ‘A’ Petroleum Products in bulk. Accordingly, the current storage capacity of the LST is 30250 m3. The details of the existing storage tanks at Kochi LST are given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Existing facilities at Kochi LST Tank Dimensions Petroleum Safe Storage Filling Petroleum Tank No (diameter in m x Product Capacity in m3 Product height in m) Class T-101 11 x 10.7 1000 Furnace Oil C T-102 10 x 10 750 Furnace Oil C T-103 20 x 16.5 5000 Furnace Oil C T-104 20 x 16.5 5000 Furnace Oil C T-105 20 x 16.5 5000 Furnace Oil C T-201 18 x 18 4500 Methanol A T-202 18 x 18 4500 Methanol A T-203 18 x 18 4500 Methanol A

2.2.3 The proposed expansion

The Infrastructure Division of GBL has proposed to expand the storage capacity of Kochi LST with the addition of four Aboveground Storage tanks of combined capacity 18000 m3 which are intended for the storage of Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C, Petrochemicals, Edible oils and other Non-classified liquid products. This will enable the clientele of GBL to have multiple options and the flexibility to plan their logistics for import or export of bulk liquids like petroleum products, edible oils or other non-classified liquids. The proposed expansion shall fully comply with PESO guidelines and Local Statutory requirements. No inter linked and interdependent projects are involved. Proponents have proposed to construct within the area of 14,000 m2 (1.4 ha/ 3.2 acres) already under the possession of GBL

The important features of the project are given in Table 2.2.

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Table 2.2: Features of the proposed expansion S. No. Reference to Proposed Site Description a. Land Area 14000 m2 owned by Cochin Port Trust and is leased out to GBL for a period of 30 years starting from the year 1999. b. Nature of Proposed Project Expansion of the storage capacity of the existing Liquid Chemical Storage Facility c. Existing storage capacity 30250 m3 d. Proposed additional storage 18000m3. Hence after expansion, the storage capacity would become 48250 m3 e. Material Transportation Three dedicated conduit pipelines having Facilities approximate lengths of 3.2 km transfers the liquid chemicals from the Q4 Jetty in the Mattanchery Wharf and the SCB Jetty at the Cochin Port to the LST and vice versa. NH 966 B is at a distance of 35 m from the project site. f. Project Capital Cost INR 1.5 Cr g. Cost of Environmental INR 1.8 lakhs per year management plan h. Manpower For the existing facility: 12 Nos Construction Phase for the proposed expansion : 15 Nos Operational Phase after expansion : 15 Nos (3 additional staff will be employed) i. Project completion time 8 months upon approval of Statutory Clearances. Construction of three of the four proposed Aboveground Storage Tanks has been started as the initial products planned for storage was edible oil, for which prior Environmental Clearance is not required. The proponent now wishes to provide storage for Petroleum Class A, B and C products as well in the proposed four Aboveground storage tanks. Hence all the construction works have been stopped and the proponent has applied for Environmental Clearance to SEIAA, Kerala j. Additional Land requirement Nil for the proposed expansion k. Additional Power 30 kW requirement for the proposed expansion in the operation phase l. Additional water 3 kL/month (100 L/day) requirement for the proposed

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S. No. Reference to Proposed Site Description expansion in the operation phase

The schedule of tanks for the proposed expansion is given in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3: Schedule of tanks for the proposed expansion

Tank Dimensions (diameter in Tank No Safe Storage Filling Capacity in m3 m x height in m) T-204 5000 18 x 20 T-205 5000 18 x 20 T-206 4000 16 x 20 T-207 4000 16 x 20

2.2.4 Nature of the project

As per EIA Notification, published in Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part-II, Section-3, sub- section (ii) of Ministry of Environment & Forest dated 14.09.2006 & subsequent amendments, the proposed project falls in the Schedule of “List of Projects or Activities Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance”. In the said schedule, it falls under “Activity 6(b)”, which is “Isolated Storage and Handling of Hazardous Chemicals (as per threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 and 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended in 2000)”. As per the above notification, the proposed project falls under Category-B1 which requires Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for its appraisal prior to the grant of environmental clearance by State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC).

This EIA Report addresses the environmental impacts of the proposed expansion and proposes the mitigation measures for the same. The report is prepared, based on the Standard Terms of Reference (ToR) for EIA/EMP Report for Projects requiring Environmental Clearance (EC) for Isolated Storage &and Handling of Hazardous Chemicals project issued by Ministry of Environment, Forests Climate Change (MoEF&CC) in April 2015.

2.2.5 Justification of the Project

The maritime gateway to peninsular India, Kochi Port is the fastest growing logistic centre emerging in to a major International transhipment terminal. An all-weather natural Port, and located strategically close to the busiest international sea routes the Kochi Port is promoting a major liquid terminal, bulk terminal and maritime industries in its port based SEZs. Total Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants (POL) handled in 2016-17 is 15.79 MMT against 13.77 MMT in 2015-16, which shows a 14% increase. The sharp increase in the POL handling at Kochi Port indicates the necessity of bulk storage for various fuels to meet the stocking requirements of various oil companies.

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The augmentation in storage capacity of Kochi LST will not only improve the fuel/industrial chemicals supply in Kerala, but will also generate opportunities for indirect employment by way of handling, loading, and unloading personnel and transport crew.

2.3. Scope of the Study

EIA integrates the environmental concerns in the developmental activities so that it can enable the integration of environmental concerns and mitigation measures in project development. The study includes detailed characterization of existing status of environment in an area of 10 km radius around project site. In order to get an idea about the existing state of the environment, various environmental attributes such as meteorology, air quality, water quality, soil quality, noise level, ecology and socio-economic environment are studied /monitored. Environmental baseline monitoring has been carried out during February 2017 to April 2017 and used to identify potential significant impacts. The report is prepared as per the Standard ToR issued by MoEF&CC in April 2015.

The scope of the study broadly includes:-

 To describe the project and associated works together with the requirements for carrying out the proposed development  To establish the baseline environmental and social scenario of the project site and its surroundings  To identify and describe the elements of the community and environment likely to be affected by the project  To identify, predict and evaluate environmental and social impacts during the construction and operation phase of the project  To study the existing traffic load, predict the increment in traffic due the project and to suggest the management plan for the same  Details about conservation of resources  To design and specify the monitoring and audit requirements necessary to ensure the implementation and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures adopted  To access risk during construction and operation phase and formulate the disaster management plan onsite and offsite  To evaluate proposed pollution control measures and delineate Environmental Management Plan (EMP)  To delineate post-project environmental quality monitoring program to be pursued by GBL

2.4. Applicable Environmental Regulations

With respect to prevention and control of environmental pollution, the following Acts and Rules of Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India govern the proposed project:

 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended in 1988  Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 as amended in 1987

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 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 amended in 1991 and Environment (Protection) rules, 1986 and amendments thereafter  The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000  The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules,2009 as amended  The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989  E-waste Management (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011  The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and as amended  EIA Notification dated 14.09.2006 as amended

2.5. Objectives of the EIA Study

The study included detailed characterization of existing status of environment in an area of 10 km radius around project site. In order to get an idea about the existing state of the environment, various environmental attributes such as meteorology, air quality, water quality, soil quality, noise level, ecology and socio-economic environment are studied /monitored by an accredited Functional Area Expert.

Environmental baseline monitoring has been carried out during February 2017 to April, 2017 and used to identify potential significant impacts.

2.6. Structure of EIA Report

EIA report contains baseline data, project description and assessment of impacts and preparation of Environmental Management Plan and Disaster Management Plan. The report is organized in following ten chapters:

Chapter 1: Executive Summary

This chapter gives the Executive Summary of the EIA report.

Chapter 2: Introduction

This chapter describes objectives and methodology for EIA.

Chapter 3: Project Description

This chapter gives a brief description of the location, approachability, amenities, layout and utilities of the proposed project. This chapter also gives outline of status of completion of construction activities as this is an expansion project

Chapter 4: Description of the Environment

This chapter presents details of the baseline environmental status for microclimate, air quality, noise, traffic, water quality, soil quality, flora, fauna and socio-economic status etc.

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Chapter 5: Anticipated Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures

This chapter discusses the possible sources of pollution and environmental impacts due to the project during construction and operation phases and suggests the mitigation measures.

Chapter 6: Project Benefits

This chapter presents the benefits from this project.

Chapter 7: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

This chapter deals with the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed Project and indicates measures proposed to minimize the likely impacts on the environment during construction and operation phases and budgetary allocation for the same.

This chapter also discusses the details about the environmental monitoring program during construction and operation phases.

Chapter 8: Additional Studies

This chapter covers Risk Assessment Studies for the construction and operation phase, the safety precautions that are taken during construction phase and the Disaster Management Plan and Emergency Preparedness Plan onsite and offsite.

Chapter 9: Disclosure of Consultants

This chapter deals with the details of consultants engaged and the NABET accreditation details of environmental consultants.

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CHAPTER 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. Need and Justification of the Project

GBL is one of the major private companies in Kochi involved in providing safe storage solutions for liquid chemicals in bulk for industries. The Infrastructure division of GBL oriented towards delivering better and fast services to its customers. The POL handling at Kochi Port has marked sharp increase in the past few years indicating the necessity of bulk storage for various fuels to meet the stocking requirements of various oil companies. Augmentation in storage capacity of Kochi LST will not only improve the fuel/industrial chemicals supply in Kerala, but will also generate opportunities for indirect employment by way of handling, loading, and unloading personnel and transport crew.

3.2. Site Details and Location

The total plot area is 14000m² and it belongs to Cochin Port Trust and is leased out to GBL for a period of 30 years from the year 1999 onwards, for the development of Kochi LST. The total built up area including the proposed expansion is 3585 m2.

The site is located at Sy No. 2578/4 at Willingdon Island in Thoppumpady Village, Kochi Taluk, Ernakulam District, Kerala State. The National Highway NH 966B is at a distance of 27m from the project site. A part of the Vembanad Lake is on the south west side of the project site. The ATS Willingdon Hotel is on the north side of the project site. IOC Petrol pumps occupy the west side as well as the east side of the project site.

The location overview of Kochi LST is given in Table 3.1. The environmental setting of the Kochi LST is given in

Table 3.2.

Table 3.1: Location overview of Kochi LST

Location of the Project Willingdon Island, Ernakulam District, Kerala Village : Thoppumpady Taluk : Kochi District: Ernakulam State: Kerala Geographical Coordinates :9o56’13.01” N and 76o16’16.70” E Plot Survey Nos. Sy No. 2578/4 in Plot A1, A2, A3 at Willingdon Island

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Table 3.2: Environmental Setting of Kochi LST

Sl. No. Particulars Details Climatic conditions at Cochin (Annual, 30 years IMD data)  Annual Mean Maximum 36.0° C temperature  Annual Mean Minimum 16.3° C temperature 1.  Annual rainfall (total) 2978 mm Maximum – 91%  Relative humidity Minimum – 60%  Predominant wind West, South-West directions 2. Plant site topography Plain Present land use is industrial. The land is already under possession of GBL through the lease 3. Present land use at the site agreement executed between Cochin Port Trust and GBL NH-966B (Kundannoor – Willingdon Island, 4. Nearest highway Kochi, Kerala) at a distance of 35 m. Cochin Harbour Terminus at 2.7 km in North 5. Nearest railway station direction 6. Nearest Airport INS Venduruthy at 3.3 km in Southeast direction 7. Nearest major water bodies Vembanad Lake at 0.075 km, South West 8. Nearest town/City Cochin City Sl. Aerial Distance Name No (in km) Mattancherry 1 2.1. 2.8 Palace St. George Orthodox 2 - 3.5 9. Archaeologically important places Koonankurish Old Syrian Church Indo - Portuguese 3 - 4.5 Museum St. Francis CSI 4 - 4.7 Church Bastion Bungalow - 4.8

Protected areas as per Wildlife Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary is at an aerial Protection Act, 1972 (Tiger distance of 5.8 km from the project site. The 10. reserve, Elephant reserve, proposed project is the expansion of the existing Biospheres, National parks, project in the Port Area and hence it will not affect Wildlife sanctuaries, community the bird sanctuary

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Sl. No. Particulars Details reserves and conservation reserves) 11. Reserved / Protected Forests Nil Sl. Aerial Distance Name No (in km) 1 Naval Base - 0.3 12. Defense Installations 2 INS Venduruthy - 2.1 Coast Guard 3 District Head - 4.4 Quarters

Sl. Name of the Aerial Distance No. industry (in km) Konkan Storage 1 - 0.8 Systems 2 Cochin Port - 2.1 3 Cochin Shipyard - 2.9 List of major Industries in 10 km Indian Rare Earth 13. 4 - 3.2 radius Ltd International Container 5 - 5.3 Transshipment Terminal Petronet LNG 6 - 7.1 Terminal

Zone III – Moderate Risk Zone as per as per 14. Seismicity IS1893 (Part1) : 2002. and all designs will be as per IS Codes.

The project location is shown in Figure 3.1.The Google image of site is shown (Figure 3.2) with existing tanks and the proposed tanks marked.

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Figure 3.1: Location of Kochi LST

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Figure 3.2: Google Image of Kochi LST 3.3. Size or Magnitude of Operations

The proposed expansion of Kochi LST is Schedule under 6(b) of the EIA notification 2006. The total cost of the project is approximately 1.5 Crores. The area statement for Kochi LST is given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3: Area statement of Kochi LST (existing and proposed)

Size (L x B) Total area in S No Description No.s m m2 1. Main Security Cabin/WB Cabin 3 x3 1 9 2. Weigh Bridge 16 x 4 2 128 3. Meter Room 4 x 4 1 16 4. D G Room/ Compressor room 10 x 7 1 70 5. PCC Room 10 x 5 1 50 6. OWS 8 x 1.5 1 12 7. Admin Building 15 x 4 1 60 8. Tanker Loading Gantry (4 Bay-1) 14 x 9 1 126 9. Tanker Loading Gantry (4 – Bay 2) 10 x 20 1 200 10. Tanker Loading Pump House 10 x 6.3 1 63 11. Firewater Pump house 5 x 5 1 25 12. PIG Receiver Area 7 x 5 LG 1 35

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Size (L x B) Total area in S No Description No.s m m2 13. Area Occupied by Class C Tanks 5 1116 14. Area Occupied by Class A Tanks 3 764 (Existing) 15. Area to be occupied by Proposed Tanks 4 911 Total Proposed Area 3585 Total Plot Area 14000 Balance 10415

3.4. Salient Features of the Project

3.4.1. Description of Operations

There is no manufacturing process involved in the operations of Kochi LST. The main activities at the Kochi LST are RECEIPT, STORAGE and DISPATCH. The LST will receive, store and distribute Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C and non-classified liquid products. No by-products / additional products are generated / manufactured during the operations. The brief description of operations at Kochi LST is as follows:

 Receiving the liquid chemicals through pipelines

 Storing the liquid chemicals, maintaining the quality in line with IS specifications.

 Dispatching the liquid chemicals through Tank Trucks to Customers.

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Figure 3.3: Flow chart of Operations

Figure 3.4: Layout Plan of Kochi LST

3.4.2. Receipt of Liquid Chemicals

The liquid chemicals at Kochi LST are received in bulk through three dedicated conduit pipelines having approximate lengths of 3.2 km from the Q4 Jetty in the Mattanchery Wharf and the SCB Jetty at the Cochin Port to the LST and vice versa.

3.4.3. Existing facilities for Storage of Liquid Chemicals

The liquid chemicals are stored in existing 8 tanks at Kochi LST. The LST commenced operations with an initial capacity of 16,750 m3 (five Aboveground Storage Tanks) and was utilised by BPCL for storage and marketing of Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS) furnace oil which is a Class C Petroleum Product. This LST also has three Aboveground Storage Tanks of capacity 13500 m3 which is currently used for the storage of Class ‘A’ Petroleum Products in bulk. Accordingly, the current storage capacity of the LST is 30250 m3.

3.4.4. The proposed expansion of storage facilities at Kochi LST

The Infrastructure Division of GBL has proposed to expand the storage capacity of Kochi LST with the addition of four Aboveground Storage tanks of combined capacity 18000 m3 which are

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intended for the storage of Petroleum Products of Class A, B and C, edible oils and other non- classified liquid products. This will enable the clientele of GBL to have multiple options and the flexibility to plan their logistics for import or export of bulk liquids like petroleum products, edible oils or other non-classified liquids. The proposed expansion shall fully comply with PESO guidelines and Local Statutory requirements. No inter linked and interdependent projects are involved. Proponents have proposed to construct within the area of 14,000 m2 (1.4 ha/ 3.2 acres) already under the possession of GBL. After the proposed expansion, the total storage capacity of Kochi LST will be 48250 m3.

3.4.5. Dispatch of Liquid Chemicals

The liquid chemicals stored at the LST shall be distributed to various industries through tank trucks of capacity 9000 litres to 24,000 litres. Two4 bay TLF sheds with bottom loading facilities for liquid chemicals is available at Kochi LST. No addition is proposed to the TLF shed for the proposed storage capacity expansion. Tank Truck (TT) decantation facility with suitable capacity of Under Ground (U/G) tanks are provided.

3.4.6. Truck Loading Facility (TLF) sheds

3.4.7. Liquid Chemicals Pump House

The Kochi LST has2 TLF Pump Houses of dimensions10 m x6.3 m and 12 m x 6 m. The firewater pump house has a dimension of 5m x 5m. The details of the existing pumps are as shown inTable 3.4 and the schedule of the pumps for the proposed expansion is given in Table 3.5 .

Table 3.4: Schedule of Existing Pumps

Table 3.5: Schedule of pumps for the proposed expansion

Capacity SN Product Types of Pumps Working + Standby (m3/h) 1 Liquid Chemicals 40 Centrifugal 1+1 2 Liquid Chemicals 40 Centrifugal 1+1

3.4.8. Fire fighting facilities

Fire protection facilities conforming to latest Petroleum Rules are to be provided as stated below:

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 Full-fledged auto-pressurized Fire Hydrant System to cover all facilities in the LST including Tank Truck Parking Area, as per latest Safety Norms.  Fire Fighting Pumps with diesel engines including stand by units.  Fire Hydrant network system with monitors & hydrant valves.  Jockey Pumps.  Fixed Foam discharge and sprinkler systems for the storage tanks.  Medium Expansion Foam Generators for Dyke Area.  Foam compound storage and delivery system.  Firewater tank and pumping facilities.  Two slop tanks of 12 m3 and 20 m3 capacity are provided for collecting the spillage. The Fire Water tanks have been provided as shown in Table 3.6 and Schedule of Fire Pumps have been provided in Table 3.7. Fire Pump House of 5 m x 5 m is provided. Table 3.6: Details of Fire Water Tanks

Total Tankages Diameter Height SN Product Proposed Tanks m3 (m) (m) 1 Fire Tank Water T-208 1800 14 12

Table 3.7: Schedule of Fire Pumps

3.4.9. Dyke wall facilities

Dyke walls are provided surrounding the tanks .The dimension of the dyke walls are given in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8: Dyke Wall Details

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3.5. Electrical Systems

Electrical works include providing all facilities required as per codes, standards and IE rules, petroleum rules, which include the following, as applicable:  LT Supply  Cabling  MCC and LT panels  DG set for power and lighting (100% stand by capacity)  Earthing and Bonding systems  UPS system of adequate capacity for office  Air-conditioning system  All electrical facility as per requirement of the LST  Earthing at all the facilities and structures including tanks as per IS 3043 and complying to statutory norms All Power and control cables shall be laid either underground or over GI cable trays with proper segregation between Power and control/instrumentation cables. Cable route markers and identification tags to be provided

3.6. Safety Measures

 GBL shall obtain all requisite clearances from Chief Control of Explosives and other statutory authorities.  The proposed expansion shall comply with the provisions made in Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, as amended in 2000 and the Public Liability Insurance Act for handling of hazardous chemicals etc. All the hazardous waste shall be properly treated and disposed off in accordance with the Hazardous Waste Rules 2008 and its subsequent amendments  Adequate buffer zone around the LST is provided, as required by statutory requirements.  The storm water drains are connected to the oil water separator to avoid any contamination of surface or ground water.  Offsite disaster management plan prepared in accordance with the District Authority is being implemented.  Occupational health surveillance of workers are done on a regular basis and records maintained as per the Factory Act.  Dedicated parking facility for loading and unloading is provided in Kochi LST. GBL has developed and implemented good traffic management system for their incoming and outgoing vehicles to avoid congestion on the public road.  Necessary approvals and licenses from Chief Controller of Explosives shall be obtained before commissioning of the proposed expansion.

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3.7. Other facilities at Kochi LST

 Compound wall around TT parking area.  Retaining walls.  Segregation fencing and internal fencing.  Main approach road (from site boundary)  Internal Roads.  Approach road to site from nearest existing road.  Pump house manifold.  Storm water drainage system.  Septic tank soak pit etc.  Rain water harvesting facilities.  Landscaping and horticulture works.

3.8. Pipeline Works

 Adequate number of pumps including standby pumps will be provided for the LST  Design provision shall be kept for augmentation for additional product flow.  Bottom Loading Facilities are proposed for all products. If required, as per statutory norms Vapour Recovery System is to be provided for MS Tank Truck Loading.  All connected works such as pipeline flanges, gaskets, valves, pipeline trestles, pipe bridges, pipe culverts, pipeline pedestals, saddle plates, PRV’s/TSV’s, paving in pipeline corridor etc. including material procurement as per required specification and installation are included in the scope.  Pipeline manifolds at TLF pump house, TWD pump house valves, catwalks, operating platforms, jet nozzles for MS and HSD etc. are required  Suitable pumps with standby units are to be provided for TT loading along with ancillaries such as strainers, NRV’s and necessary electrification system.

3.9. Painting

All equipment, structures, pipelines, buildings, sheds, compound wall etc. are painted as per IS- Code and as per standard engineering practices.

3.10. Security

 Green Belt around the project site  Compound Wall Covering entire land; 2 m masonry as per latest security norms/practices.  Two Gates – 12 m wide  Entry Gate at licensed area – 6 m wide for each.  Common TT inspection platform at entry and exit point.

3.11. Communication System

One landline connection, Walkie-Talkie with one base station and 4 handsets and 4 Mobile phones forms the communication system at Kochi LST.

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3.12. Basic Requirements

3.12.1. Land use and Land ownership

The total plot area is 14000m² and it belongs to Cochin Port Trust and is leased out to GBL for a period of 30 years from the year 1999 onwards, for the development of Kochi LST. The proposed expansion is within the licensed area of the existing LST and hence no additional land is required for the proposed project. 3.12.2. Water Requirement

Process water will not be required for operation of the facilities since no processing/ production is involved. The storage facility for oil and liquid chemicals does not require any water. The water required for the facility is confined to cleaning of floors, fire-fighting and drinking and sanitation purpose for the staff. . A fully fledged firewater storage tank of 2750 m3 capacity is present at the project site. The main source of water for the existing facility is the water supply from Cochin Port Trust. This amounts to 12 kL/month. Rainwater harvesting facility is also available at the project site, which is used to feed the firewater storage tank of capacity 2750 m3. The additional water requirement is estimated to be 3 kL/month (i.e. 100 L/day) for the proposed expansion. Hence the total water requirement of the facility after the proposed expansion will be 0.5kLD (i.e. 15kL/month) 3.12.3. Power Requirement

Existing energy requirement for the terminal is 60 kW. Due to the proposed storage capacity expansion, the additional power requirement is 30 kW. Hence after expansion, the total power requirement will be 90 kW. The source of electricity is Cochin Port Trust. Backup power arrangement by providing 1x 160 kVA standby capacity of DG set is ensured

3.12.4. Manpower requirement

The manpower currently deployed at the existing facility is 12 persons. The additional manpower requirement for the operation phase is 3 persons. The additional manpower deployed will be local people; hence no major influx of people to the site is envisaged.

3.13. Water and Wastewater Management

3.13.1 Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation Details

There will be no industrial effluent being generated from this project. Sewage generated from domestic sources is treated in septic tank followed by soak pit. The quantity of sewage generated is estimated to be around 0.18 kLD in the existing facility. The sewage generation will become 0.225 kLD after the proposed expansion, as there is an increase of 3 persons in the manpower requirement of the LST after the proposed expansion.

In case any open spillage of oil from tank shall lead to Oil Water Separator (OWS) where separated oil send back to storage tank after ensuring quality of product. The water from OWS will be reused for gardening and dust suppression in the gantry areas during truck movement. The

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capacity of the existing OWS is 8 kL. A new OWS is proposed to be constructed for the proposed storage capacity expansion. The capacity of the proposed OWS will be 12 kL.

3.13.2 Oil Water Separator

Under normal circumstances, there will not be any floating oil in wastewater (only domestic). However, in unlikely event of oil spillage in any of the dykes or TLF, it will be flushed with water and drained to Oil Water Separator. OWS will have baffle arrangements so that oil will come to surface and collected separately. A typical OWS is shown in. The under flow water will move to other section equipped with rope oil collector to ensure oil content less than. The oil free water shall be used for landscaping.

Figure 3.5: Typical Oil Water Separator

3.13.3 Waste Generated from Spillage and Leakages

 The installation has the dyke wall surrounding the liquid cargo storage area with proper PCC/RCC floor and the size of dyke wall depends on the storage tank capacity.  Kochi LST has proper PCC/RCC flooring in the tanker loading and unloading area with proper dyke or barricaded wall so in case of any leakage during loading / unloading it will not spread on ground.  The collection pit(s) are provided to collect all the spilled and leaked material during loading/ unloading or any heavy leakage in storage area.  If there is any leakage during the tanker movement, shifting, the leaked material will be diluted and collected in drums and it will be sent to hazardous waste storage area.  All the roads and approach roads to the plant are bituminous and there will be no any chemical handling or shifting on ground.  All the tanker movement will be carried out on proper bituminous area.

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3.14. Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal System

Details of the solid waste generation with their category and its quantity, disposal system are mentioned in Table 3.9and Table 3.10.

Table 3.9: Non Hazardous solid waste

Solid Waste Type of Total SN Management Generation waste (approx.) Existing facility From the Dry 0.7 Kg/day Handed over to the authorized Workers/staff garbage recyclers Wet 1.7 Kg/day Composting and manure usage to garbage gardening After the Proposed Expansion Dry 1.3 Kg/day Handed over to the authorized garbage recyclers From the Workers/staff Wet 2.1 Kg/day Composting and manure usage to garbage gardening

Table 3.10: Hazardous waste generation

Schedule I Qty Method of Disposal Category No. Type Category No. 34.3 Oil Water Sludge – 50 kg Authorized hazardous waste generated from cleaning of storage tanks once (approx.) dealers approved by KPCB in 5 years

3.15. Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting within the project site has been worked out based on IMD’s Climatological data for Kochi (nearest IMD station at Naval Base Kochi) and 30 years’ monthly normal rainfall has been considered. As per these tables, Kochi receives an annual average rainfall of 3041.6 mm and maximum rainfall recorded in 24 hours is 250 mm (September 1962).

Rainwater harvesting facility is available at the project site, which is used to feed the firewater storage tank of capacity 2750 m3.

The total plot area is 14000 m2 and assuming an average runoff co-efficient of 0.55, the rainwater harvesting potential for the site is 23415.7 m3. However, some part of this rain will be naturally percolated.

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CHAPTER 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1. General

This chapter provides the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the environmental attributes like air, water, noise, soil, land use, ecology, socio economics, etc. The study area covers 10 km radius around the project site. The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline conditions which are described with respect to climate, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, ecology, socioeconomic profile, land use and places of archaeological importance.

4.2. Methodology

The methodology for conducting the baseline environmental survey obtained from the guidelines given in the EIA Manual of the MoEF&CC. Baseline information with respect to air, noise, water and land quality in the study area were collected by primary sampling/field studies during the period of February 2017 to April 2017.

The meteorological parameters play a vital role in transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The collection and analyses of meteorological data, therefore, is an essential component of environmental impact assessment studies. The long term and short term impact assessment could be made through utilization and interpretation of meteorological data collected over long and short periods. Since the meteorological parameters exhibit significant variation in time and space, meaningful interpretation can only be done through a careful analysis of reliable data collected very close to the site.

4.3. Study Area

The Study Area considered is within 10 km radius, keeping the project site at the centre. The Study Area Map is enclosed as Figure 4.1.

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Figure 4.1: Study Area within 10km radius 4.4. Land Use/Land Cover of the Study Area

Land Use/Land Cover data refers to data that is a result of classifying raw satellite data into "land use and land cover" (lulc) categories based on the return value of the satellite image. Land cover is a fundamental parameter describing the Earth’s surface whereas land use documents how people are using the land.

The study area is considered to be area within a radius of 10 km of the Project boundary at Willingdon Island, Ernakulam. Land Use Land Cover studies are conducted using satellite imagery. The details of satellite image are as follows:

Satellite Data - Landsat 8 cloud free data has been used for Landuse / landcover analysis and Aster GDEM data for analysing topographic features.

Satellite Sensor - OLI_TIRS

Path and Row - Path 144, Row 53

Spatial Resolution - 30 m

Date of Pass - 4th March 2017

Ancillary Data - GIS and image-processing software are used to classify the image and for delineating drainage and other features in the study area.

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Figure 4.2: Satellite Map of Study area

Figure 4.2 shows the color composite satellite map of 10 km radius area from the proposed project site. Band combination was done from the collected satellite data to create the satellite map of the study area.

Satellite data was classified using supervised classification technique. Maximum likelihood algorithm classifier was used for the analysis. Eight land use/ land cover classes were identified in ten sq. km area around the Project boundary. Area under each class has been calculated Table 4.1and presented in Figure 4.3.

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Figure 4.3: Land Use/Land Cover of 10 Km Study Area

Table 4.1: Land Use and Land Cover Statistics of Area within 10km radius

LULC Class Area(Ha) Area (%) Vegetation 4417.15 13.86 Paddy Field 1001.75 3.14 Open Scrub 1329.93 4.17 Culturable Waste Land 167.31 0.54 Built-up Land 6494.55 20.39 Water body 18259.49 57.31

Mangroves 147.51 0.46 Sandy/Beaches 42.03 0.13 Total 31859.72 100.00

Water body (57.31%) dominates in the present land use pattern covering 10 km surrounding the project boundary. Ernakulam is one of the major cities in Kerala State, so the Built up area covers around 20.39% of the total land use. Another major land use in the study area is Vegetation, which covers up 13.86%. Other Land uses in the study area were Open Scrub (4.17%), Paddy field (3.14%), Culturable waste Land (0.54%), Mangroves (0.46%) and Sandy/ Beaches (0.13%). The proposed expansion of plant doesn’t change any existing land use pattern within the study area.

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4.4.1. Contour Pattern of the Study Area Contouring is the standard method of representing relief on topographic maps. Contour lines are lines joining points of equal elevation on the surface of the ground. For a given map the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines or the contour interval is fixed i.e.15m Figure 4.4.Contour map of 10 km radius around project site predominantly shows a flat terrain. The highest contour in the present study area is 90 m.

Figure 4.4: Contour Pattern of 10 Km Study Area

4.4.2. Drainage Map of the Study Area A drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Drainage basin can be described by the order of streams within them. Streams that have no tributaries (or streams flowing into it) are termed first order streams. When the first order streams join together, they become second order steam. Two second order streams join to form third order stream and so on for forth and further orders. However, a stream may have a tributary with a lower order without becoming a higher order stream. Strahler method of ordering was used for giving order to drainage.

Drainage map Figure4.5of a study area shows highest order of drainage as 5th order. Drainage pattern within 10 km radius around project site shows both parallel and dendritic type of drainage pattern.

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Figure4.5: Drainage Pattern of 10 Km Study Area

4.5. Air Environment

4.5.1. Meteorology The climate of Ernakulam district is mainly governed by the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats, which acts as a shield and protects the State from the dry winds blowing from North to South. Also, the Ghats play a significant role in the onset of the monsoon. The calendar year in the project area can be divided into four main seasons. The winter season lasts from December to February followed by pre-monsoon season from March to May. The monsoon season begins in June and continues up to mid-September. The period from mid-October to November constitutes the post- monsoon season.

The meteorological data table is prepared by using the data published by IMD for 30 years (1961- 1990). The nearest observatory/station of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD station) is located at Kochi (Cochin).The average meteorological conditions of the Kochi as per observation of IMD from 1961-1990 are summarized given in Table 4.2 and during the study are given in Table 4.3.

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Table 4.2: Meteorological Data of Kochi (1960-1990)

Source: IMD, Kochi o MeanWind Temperature ( C) Rainfall Relative Humidity (%) Month Speed (mm) Minimum Maximum 08.30 hrs 12.30 hrs (kmph) January 16.9 36.0 25.0 73 60 5.7 February 16.3 35.7 19.6 76 63 6.1 March 21.6 36.0 31.5 76 67 6.9 April 21.3 35.5 98.4 76 70 7.1 May 21.1 34.7 315.5 82 74 6.9 June 21.0 34.2 680.4 89 82 5.7 July 20.5 33.1 679.2 91 83 5.3 August 20.6 32.5 396.1 89 82 5.8 September 21.1 32.5 296.4 86 79 5.6 October 19.2 34.1 278.0 84 76 5.4 November 19.2 35.6 170.1 81 71 5.1 December 17.7 34.8 51.4 75 64 4.9 Total 3041.6 Average 16.3 36.0 82 73 5.9

Table 4.3: Meteorological Data during the Study (Feb’17 – Sep’17)

Temperature (oC) Rainfall Relative Humidity Mean Wind Month (mm) (%) Speed (kmph) Minimum Maximum February 24 34 24.9 65.8 5 March 26 35 197.3 72.80 5 April 27 34 66.3 72.5 6 May 26 33 412.9 77.7 6 June 25 28 832.6 85.6 5 July 25 31 519.2 82.35 5 August 25 30 238.7 83.45 6 September 25 31 85.7 91 6 Total 2377.6 Average 25.3 32 78.9 5.5

Temperature

The state has hot and humid climate during April-May and pleasant, cold climate in December- January. Marginal variations in the daily maximum and minimum temperatures are observed throughout the year. Summer extends from the month of April to June. The month of March is the hottest month of the year with mean daily maximum temperature rising up to 35oC. The months of December-February are the coldest months of the year.

The month wise Temperature variation in the project area is given in Figure 4.6.

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Figure 4.6: Graph showing Temperature Variation Rainfall

Summer is followed by South West Monsoon that starts pouring in the month of June and continues till September. Majority of the rainfall is received in the months from June to September due to the influence of South - West monsoon. The existence of the Western Ghats on the eastern side of the state of Kerala creates a barrier across the path of the southwest monsoon. This resulted in the creation of a significant climatic variation with abundant rainfall on the windward side and a dry belt on the lee eastern side. The North East Monsoon begins in the month of October and stops at the end of November. February is generally the driest month of the year.

The month wise Rainfall received in Kochi is depicted in Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.7: Graph showing Precipitation Relative Humidity

The relative humidity was observed to be high during the monsoon months from June to September. The relative humidity was lower in other months of the year, with the lowest being recorded in the months of December-February.

The month wise variation in Relative Humidity is given in Figure 4.8.

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Figure 4.8: Graph showing Average Relative Humidity

Winds

The hourly wind speed along with its direction was monitored throughout the study period (twice in a week for 12 weeks). The wind rose diagrams were plotted with this wind data and are presented inFigure 4.9, Figure 4.10 and Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.9: Wind rose for February 2017

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Figure 4.10: Wind rose for March 2017

Figure 4.11: Wind rose of April 2017

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Figure 4.12: Wind rose for Study Period

4.5.2. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out within the 10 km radius around the site of project to know the existing background ambient air quality. The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been established through field monitoring data on PM10, PM2.5, Sulphur dioxide

(SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon monoxide (CO) at 10 locations within the study area. The techniques used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring is given in theTable 4.4. For monitoring the 24 hourly samples were collected twice a week from 11 February 2017 to 29 April 2017.

Table 4.4: Techniques used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Minimum Parameters Technique Technical Protocol Detectable Limit Respirable Dust Sampler IS 5182 (Part PM 5.0 µg/m3 10 (Gravimetric method) XXIII) Respirable Dust Sampler PM CPCB Guidelines 3.0 µg/ m3 2.5 (Gravimetric method) Sulphur Dioxide Improved West and Gaeke IS-5182 (Part-II) 5.0 µg/ m3 (SO2) Nitrogen Dioxide Modified Jacob & IS-5182 (Part-VI) 5.0 µg/ m3 (NOx) Hochheiser

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Minimum Parameters Technique Technical Protocol Detectable Limit Carbon Monoxide Non Dispersive Infra-red IS 5182 (Part – X) 0.1 mg/ m3 (CO) (8 hrs) Spectroscopy

The location of the monitoring stations with reference to the project site is given in Table 4.5and shown inFigure 4.13. Summary of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring is given in Table 4.6.

Table 4.5: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

Sl. Station Code Location Latitude Longitude No. 1. AAQ 1 Near 9°58'11.06" N 76°15'30.93" E 2. AAQ 2 Near Coast Guard Office 9°58'07.59" N 76°1453.41" E 3. AAQ 3 Fort Kochi Beach 9°57'32.69" N 76°14'15.48" E 4. AAQ 4 Near Indian Maritime 9°55'42.51" N 76°17'11.11" E University 5. AAQ 5 Sri Bhavaneeswara Temple, 9°55'08.48" N 76°16'25.19" E Palluruthy 6. AAQ 6 Near Kandakadavu Church 9°51'26.43" N 76°16'0.85" E 7. AAQ 7 St Joseph College 9°56'03.07" N 76°15'43.40" E 8. AAQ 8 Near KUFOS, Panangad 9°54'33.52" N 76°19'0.82" E 9. AAQ 9 Subash Park 9°58'15.66" N 76°16'47.91" E 10. AAQ 10 SH School Ground, Thevara 9°56'19.46" N 76°17'48.13" E

Figure 4.13: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

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Table 4.6: Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Parameters in comparison with NAAQ Standards Monitoring Stations National Parameters Ambient Air 3 3 (μg/m ; mg/m ) AAQ 1 AAQ 2 AAQ 3 AAQ 4 AAQ 5 AAQ 6 AAQ 7 AAQ 8 AAQ 9 AAQ 10 Quality Standards Minimum 17 13 15 14 17 16 15 12 11 13 3 PM2.5 Maximum 26 21 26 22 27 21 22 23 24 25 60 μg/m Mean 20.54 17.91 20.75 16 22 18.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 19 Minimum 55 47 50 48 50 52 49 53 56 48 3 PM10 Maximum 74 72 75 73 72 71 70 73 74 75 100μg/m Mean 65.04 57.79 64.75 60.5 61 61.5 59.5 63 65 61.5 Minimum 10 9 9 8 7 6 9.5 8.9 7.5 9 3 SO 2 Maximum 13 13 14 14 15 13 12 15 14 13 80 μg/m Mean 11 10.87 10.75 11 11 9.5 10.75 11.95 10.75 11 Minimum 10 9 10 11 10 12 10 11 10 11 3 NO x Maximum 14 15 14 14 16 13 14 15 13 13 80 μg/m Mean 12.33 12.75 12.20 12.5 12.5 12.5 12 13 11.5 12 Minimum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.9 1 1 CO Maximum 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 4 mg/m3 Mean 1.21 1.18 1.13 1.15 1.22 1.14 1.21 1.20 1.11 1.19

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Observations on PM2.5 levels

3 The average concentration of PM2.5 at various stations monitored ranged from 16-20.75μg/m . 3 The highest PM2.5 value was recorded as 20.75μg/m near Fort Kochi Beach and lowest value of 3 16μg/m was recorded near Indian Maritime University. The PM2.5 values monitored during the field survey were within the permissible limit of 60μg/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas.

Observations on PM10 levels

It is observed that average concentration of PM10 at various stations ranged from 57.79- 3 3 65.04μg/m . The highest PM10 value was recorded as 65.04μg/m near Near Cochin Port Trust 3 Office and lowest values of 57.79μg/m were recorded near Coast Guard Office. The average PM10 values monitored during the field survey were generally within the permissible limit of 100μg/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas.

Observations on SO2 levels

From ambient SO2 level as monitored during field studies the average concentration of SO2 at various stations in the study area was well below the prescribed limit of 80μg/m3 specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The average concentration of SO2 at various stations 3 3 monitored ranged from 9.5-11.95μg/m . The highest SO2 value was recorded as 11.95μg/m near 3 KUFOS, Panangad and lowest SO2 value recorded as 9.5μg/m near Kandakadavu Church is below detectable limit in all the locations.

Observations on NOx levels

It is observed that during the study period, average NOx concentration at various sampling stations 3 3 ranged from 11.5-12.75μg/m . The highest NOx value was recorded as 12.75μg/m near Coast Guard Office and lowest value of 11.5μg/m3 was recorded near Subash Park. The average concentration of NOx at various stations in the study area was observed to be well below the prescribed limit of 80μg/m3 specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas.

Observations on CO levels

The average concentration of CO at various stations monitored ranged from 1.11-1.22 mg/m3. The highest CO value was recorded as 1.22 mg/m3 near Sri Bhavaneeswara Temple, Palluruthy and lowest value of 1.11mg/m3 were recorded from near Subash Park. The CO values monitored during the field survey were below permissible limit of 4 mg/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas.

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4.6. Ambient Noise Levels

The noise monitoring was conducted at ten locations in the study area during monitoring period. The noise monitoring locations are given in Table 4.7andFigure 4.14. A digital noise level meter of Lutron make was used to record the noise levels. Leq day and Leq night noise levels were derived and reported accordingly. Day time was considered as 1000 hrs to 2200 hrs and night time as 2200 hrs to 0600 hrs.

Table 4.7: Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring Locations

Sl. Station Code Location Latitude Longitude No. 1. ANQ 1 Near Cochin Port Trust 9°58'11.06" N 76°15'30.93" E Office 2. ANQ 2 Near Coast Guard Office 9°58'07.59" N 76°1453.41" E 3. ANQ 3 Fort Kochi Beach 9°57'32.69" N 76°14'15.48" E 4. ANQ 4 Near Indian Maritime 9°55'42.51" N 76°17'11.11" E University 5. ANQ 5 Sri Bhavaneeswara Temple, 9°55'08.48" N 76°16'25.19" E Palluruthy 6. ANQ 6 Near Kandakadavu Church 9°51'26.43" N 76°16'0.85" E 7. ANQ 7 St Joseph College 9°56'03.07" N 76°15'43.40" E 8. ANQ 8 Near KUFOS, Panangad 9°54'33.52" N 76°19'0.82" E 9. AAQ 9 Subash Park 9°58'15.66" N 76°16'47.91" E 10. ANQ 10 SH School Ground, Thevara 9°56'19.46" N 76°17'48.13" E

Figure 4.14: Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Locations

The values of noise level parameters like Leq (day), and Leq (night), were monitored during study period and are presented inTable 4.8.

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Table 4.8: Results of Ambient Noise Level Monitoring

Equivalent Noise Levels Monitoring Sl. No. [dB (A)] Permissible Limits Stations Leq (day) Leq (night) 1. ANQ 1 51.2 40.3 2. ANQ 2 52.4 42.1 3. ANQ 3 53.4 44.1 4. ANQ 4 48.5 41.3 5. ANQ 5 52.5 42.6 Day – 75 6. ANQ 6 44.3 45.6 Night – 70 7. ANQ 7 55.3 38.2 8. ANQ 8 57.9 41.5 9. ANQ 9 56.8 42.3 10. ANQ 10 59.6 39.1

Noise Standards Ambient air quality standard in respect of noise have been stipulated by Govt. of India vide Gazette notification dated. 14.2.2000 and subsequently amended under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.). Table 4.9describes Ambient Noise standards.

Table 4.9: Ambient Noise Quality Standards

Limits in dB(A), Leq Area Code Category of Area * Day time **Night time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Zone # 50 40

* Day Time: 6.00a.m to 10.00p.m., ** Night Time: 10.00p.m to 6.00a.m

# Silence zone is defined as an area up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the competent authority; Use of horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.

4.7. Water Environment

The study area is in close proximity with Vembanad Lake system and Arabian Sea. Periyar and Chitrapuzha are the important rivers in the study area. Other water bodies include Chirakkal River, Kumbalam, Nettoor, Kundanoor, Champakkara Canal, Kaniampuzha lakes and Anthakara Canal.

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4.7.1. Ground Water and Surface Water Monitoring The assessment of present status of water quality within the study area was conducted by collecting water from surface water sources and ground water sources during Monitoring Period. Three surface water samples and two ground water samples were collected during monitoring period. It is then analyzed for relevant physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. Collection and analysis of the samples was carried out as per established standard methods and procedures, prescribed by CPCB, relevant IS Codes and Standard Methods of Examination of Water. (IS 3025 and APHA 22nd Ed.).

The locations of sampling stations for surface water and ground water are shown in Table 4.10 and Figure 4.15.

Table 4.10: Water Monitoring Locations

Sl.No. Station Code Location Latitude Longitude 1. SW1 Mattancherry Palace Pond 9°57'29.31"N 76°15'32.21"E 2. SW2 TD Temple Pond 9°57'23.34"N 76°15'5.13"E 3. SW3 RWH at the site 9°56'13.73"N 76°16'17.91"E 4. GW1 Near Cochin Port Trust 9°57'35.39"N 76°16'17.62"E 5. GW2 Near Mattancherry 9°57'0.62"N 76°14'45.14"E

Figure 4.15: Surface and Ground Water Quality Monitoring Locations

Summary of Marine Water Monitoring is given in Table 4.11.

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Table 4.11: Water Quality Monitoring Results

Sl. Ground Water and Surface Water Monitoring Locations Parameters Unit No SW1 SW2 SW3 GW1 GW2 1. Colour Hazen 4 12 5 7 8 2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 3. Turbidity NTU 0.7 6.8 3.2 1.80 6.20 4. pH - 8.24 7.5 7.1 7.52 8.38 5. Total mg/L Dissolved 183 224 230 2554 307

Solids 6. Total Hardness as mg/L 91.08 67.32 55.45 544.50 205.92 CaCO3 7. Total Alkalinity mg/L 103 63.86 58.36 82.40 226.60 as CaCO3 8. Sulphates as 2 - mg/L 8.53 8.72 7.84 60.03 18.29 SO4 9. Chlorides as mg/L 39.53 84.85 24.15 1301.72 28.93 Cl- 10. Calcium as mg/L 27.78 18.25 12.35 99.20 68.25 Ca 11. Iron as Fe mg/L 0.09 0.17 0.05 0.26 0.88 12. Magnesium mg/L 5.29 5.29 3.24 72.17 8.66 as Mg 13. Faecal MPN/ Present Present Absent Absent Present coliform 100ml

The pH, Odour and Colour of three water samples are under the permissible limit of BIS standard for drinking water standards. The turbidity of the water samples ranged from 0.7 to 6.8 NTU. Presence algae and suspended sediment particles in results in the high turbidity of the water. TDS is a measure of the amount of material dissolved in water of which monitored samples ranged from 183 to 2554 mg/L. The ground water sample collected from Cochin Port Trust has TDS of 2554 mg/L because of the presence of calcareous debris and urban runoff. The Total Hardness of the samples found in between 55.45 to 544.50 mg/L. Alkalinity ranged from 58.6 to 226.60 mg/L due to the presence of bicarbonates. The concentrations of Sulphates, Chlorides, Calcium and Magnesium where found to be under permissible limit except for ground water sample collected from Cochin Port Trust for Chloride and Magnesium ion concentration. The concentration of heavy metal was observed in between 0.05 to 0.88 mg/L. For the ground water sample collected from Mattancherry concentration of iron is more than the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/L.

4.7.2. Marine Water Monitoring Marine monitoring was conducted in May 2017 to establish the existing status of seawater around the proposed project site. The study covered sample collection and analysis of physicochemical and biological characteristics of seawater samples. Marine water was collected from three

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 49 representative locations. Details of sampling locations are given below in Table 4.12 and Figure 4.16.

Table 4.12: Marine Water Monitoring Locations

Sl. No. Station Code Location Latitude Longitude 1. MW1 Near Project Site 9°56'8.72" N 76°16'9.81" E 2. MW2 Near Cochin Shipyard 9°56'44.47" N 76°17'16.83" E 3. MW3 Near CoPT Office 9°58'1613" N 76°15'24.72" E

Figure 4.16: Marine Water Quality Monitoring Locations

Summary of Marine Water Monitoring is given in Table 4.13

Table 4.13 Marine Water Quality Monitoring Results

MW1 MW2 MW3 Sl.No. Parameters Unit Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 1. Temperature °C 32 32 32 32 32 32 2. pH - 7.56 7.66 7.66 7.73 7.22 7.32 3. TSS mg/L 13 9 17 8 18 6 4. Phospahtes mg/L 3- BDL 0.18 BDL BDL 0.10 0.14 as PO4 5. Salinity ppt 12.97 13.33 13.69 14.41 17.48 17.65 6. Nitrate as mg/L - 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.13 2.09 1.78 NO3 7. Dissolved mg/L 4.8 4.6 5 4.9 4.7 3.9 Oxygen 8. Oil and mg/L 1 0.8 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.8 Greese 9. BOD (27°C, mg/L 2.2 3.1 1.9 2.2 4.2 4.4

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MW1 MW2 MW3 Sl.No. Parameters Unit Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 3 days)

There was no significant difference in the water temperature which was around 32.0°C in entire Channel. pH values were stable and did not show much variations. pH ranged from 7.22 to 7.73. The salinity of the water varied from 12.97 ppt to 17.65 ppt which is considerably lower than that of the typical seawater (35.5 ppt) and suggests considerable freshwater influence. The dissolved oxygen, the most important parameter that influences the health and diversity of biota, varied in 3.9 to 5 mg/L range indicating well mixing of water. However, the low BOD (1.9 – 4.4 mg/L) suggests that the anthropogenic organic matter entering the waters is effectively oxidized. The presence of the nutrients is significant for the primary productivity in the area. The main source of these nutrients is the rivers draining in the Cochin Backwaters. The nutrients enter the river water from the land through the runoff mainly from the agricultural runoff. The rivers thereafter transport these nutrients to the sea. The presence of these nutrients stimulates the biological productivity of an area.

4.8. Land Environment

Soil is a vital natural resource, the proper use of which greatly determines the capability of life supporting system and the socio economic development of the people by providing food, fiber, fodder & fuel formatting the basic needs of human & animals. The soil characteristics of the district is predominantly laterite and alluvial with presence of china clay and graphite, enriched with mineral deposits in some pockets.

To understand the status of soil quality within the study area, surface soil samples were collected from 5 locations. Different Physio-chemical Parameters like Colour, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Organic Matter etc. were analyzed during the monitoring. Surface soil monitoring locations are given Table 4.14 and Figure 4.17.

Table 4.14: Soil Quality Monitoring Locations Sl. Station Code Location Latitude Longitude No. 1. Near Cochin Port Trust S1 9°58'12.34" N 76°15'32.49" E Office, Willington Island 2. Near Kendriya Vidhyalaya, S2 9°57'19.83" N 76°16'19.68" E Willington Island 3. Near Indian Coast Guard S3 9°58'7.44" N 76°14'53.52" E Office, Fort Kochi 4. Near Kumbalam North S4 9°55'0.99" N 76°18'29.41" E Railway Bridge 5. S5 Near Project Site 9°56'9.26" N 76°16'15.56" E

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Figure 4.17: Soil Quality Monitoring Locations

Summary of Surface Soil Monitoring is given in Table 4.15.

Table 4.15: Surface Soil Analysis Results Sl. Soil Quality Monitoring Locations Parameters Unit No S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 1. Soil Type Sandy Silty Sandy Sandy Clayey - Clay Sand Clay Clay Sand 2. Colour Reddish Greyish Reddish Greyish Greyish - brown Black brown Black Black 3. Moisture Content % 6.9 8.3 7.3 8.9 7.4 4. Conductivity at μS/cm 66.5 118.1 71.2 68.9 54.3 25°C 5. pH at 32°C - 6.8 6.9 7.3 7.6 7.7 6. Organic Carbon g/100gm 329 60.3 274 348 45.8 7. Total Nitrogen as mg/100gm 115 34 102 148 28 N 8. Phosphorus mg/100gm 1.18 0.6 1.04 1.25 0.2 9. Chlorides mg/100gm 94.2 77.5 106.3 79.8 69.4 10. Sodium - 1.4 1.8 1.34 1.6 1.9 Absorption Ratio 11. Cation Exchange meq/100g 1.23 1.3 1.2 1.25 1.19 Capacity

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4.9. Biological Environment

4.9.1. Terrestrial Ecology Biological environment describes the flora, fauna and protected areas in the project area. The information presented here is based on the field survey, public consultation and secondary data review. Field survey for terrestrial ecology was conducted within 5 km radius of project site.

 Flora

The flora of the area constitutes of predominately urban plantation as avenue/ homestead vegetation. Notable planted trees located in the project area include Cassia fistula, Delonix regia, Albizia saman, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Areca catechu, Mangifera indica, Terminalia catappa and Cocos nucifera.

Patches of mangroves are located in Vypin, Vallarpadam, Malippuram, and Mangalavanam in the north zone and Kumbalam, Panangad, Chellanam and Kumbalangi in the south. The mangrove species recorded in these areas are Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Exocaeria agallocha, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera sexangula, Acrostichum aureum and Derris trifoliata. However, mangroves are absent at the project site as well as in the close vicinity. Table 4.16 shows list of flora observed near the project site.

Table 4.16: Flora Observed within the Study area

Sl.No. Botanical Name Common Name Family Exotic/Native Trees 1. Albizia saman Rain Tree Mimosea Exotic 2. Areca catechu Areca nut Arecaceae Native 3. Artocarpus Plavu/ Jack fruit Moraceae Native heterophyllus 4. Borassus flabellifer Tadi/ Karimpana Araceae Exotic 5. Cassia fistula Kanikkonna Caesalpinae Native 6. Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina Casuarinaceae Exotic 7. Cocos nucifera Coconut Arecaceae Native 8. Delonix regia Gulmohar Caesalpinae Exotic 9. Ficus religiosa Peepal Moraceae Exotic 10. Leucaena leucocephala Subabool Mimosea Exotic 11. Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae Native 12. Morinda pubescens Mannappavitta Rutaceae Native 13. Moringa pterygosperma Drumstick Moringaceae Native 14. Plumera rubra Champa Apocynaceae Exotic 15. Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae Exotic 16. Spondias pinnata Ambazam Anacardiaceae Native 17. Syzygium cumini Jamun Myrtaceae Native 18. Tectona grandis Teak Verbenaceae Native 19. Terminalia catappa Indian Badam Combretaceae Exotic Shrubs 1. Calotropis gigantea Aak Asclepidiaceae Native 2. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Chembarathi Malvaceae Exotic 3. Ixora coccinea Thetti Rubiaceae Native

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Sl.No. Botanical Name Common Name Family Exotic/Native 4. Lantana camara Lantana Verbenaceae Exotic 5. Manihot esculenta Tapioca Euphorbiaceae Exotic 6. Urena lobata Oorpam Malvaceae Native Herbs 1. Colocasia esculenta Chembu Araceae Native 2. Crotalaria retusa Rattlepod Fabaceae Native 3. Musa paradisiaca Banana Museaceae Native 4. Parthenium Congress grass Asteraceae Exotic hysterophorus 5. Phyllanthus amarus Keezhar Nelli Solanaceae Native 6. Tridax procumbens Thalapokki Asteraceae Exotic Climbers 1. Clitoria ternatea Sankpushpa Fabaceae Exotic 2. Coccinia grandis Koval Cucurbitaceae Native 3. Eichornia crassipes Eichornia Eichorniaceae Exotic 4. Epipremnum pinnatum Money Plant Araceae Exotic 5. Ipomea nil Taliyari Convolvulaceae Native 6. Ipomea sps Ipomea Convolvulaceae Native

Coconut plantation is the dominant vegetation. Other crops grown in the area are banana, papaya, cashew nuts, red gram, groundnut, maize, millets, tapioca and cereals. About 19 species of trees, 6 species of shrubs, 6 species of herbs and 6 species of climbers were identified within the study area.

No threatened category of flora species as per International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) occur at the project site. All species of plants are commonly found in the region and other similar areas of the State.

 Fauna

The project area is predominantly built up area and does not form habitat for wildlife. The greater part of the region is mainland. The abundant backwater system favours a large and varied fish population and wading and water birds. The avian fauna are rich and varied and the commonly birds seen are the Crow, Drongo, Bulbul, Magpie, Robin, Tailorbird etc. Weaverbird, Parakeet, and Larks are also commonly seen. Egrets, Terns, Pond Heron, Wagtail, Lapwing and Black Bittern are noticed along the lakes and the backwaters. Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus), Chestnut-tailed Starling (Sturnus malabaricus), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis) are seasonal visitors to the area.

The reptiles are represented by the house lizard, monitor lizard, chameleon and garden lizard. Common snakes are python, rat snake, wolf snake, and freshwater snakes locally called Neerkoli, Pulavan etc. List of fauna recorded within the Study Area is given in the

Table 4.17.

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Table 4.17: Fauna Observed within the Study area

Sl.No. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status WPA Status Mammals 1. Bandicota indica Large bandicoot Rat Least concern Schedule V 2. Short-Nosed Fruit Cynopterus sphinx Least concern Schedule V Bat 3. Three striped Funambulus palmarum Least concern Schedule IV squirrel 4. Golunda ellioti Indian bush rat Least concern Schedule V 5. Herpestes edwardsii Grey Mongoose Lower risk Schedule II 6. Common Indian Mus booduga Least concern Schedule V mouse 7. Mus musculus Mouse Least concern Schedule V homeurus 8. Mus musculus tytleri Home mouse Least concern Schedule V 9. Nesokia indica Bandicoot rat Least concern Schedule V 10. Rattus gangutrianus Common Indian rat Least concern Schedule V 11. Rattus refescens Common Indian rat Least concern Schedule V 12. Lesser Mouse Tailed Rhinopoma hardwickii Least concern Schedule V Bat 13. Suncus murinus House shrew Least concern - 14. Long tailed tree Vandeleuria oleraua Lower risk Schedule V mouse Reptiles 1. Common Indian Bungarus caeruleus Least Concern Schedule IV Krait 2. Common Garden Calotes versicolor Least Concern Schedule II Lizard 3. Chamaeleo zeylanicus Chameleon Least Concern Schedule II 4. Cnemaspis littoralis Coastal Day Gecko Lower Risk 5. Enhydris Smooth Water Snake Least Concern Schedule IV 6. Hemidactylus brooki Brook’s Gecko Least Concern - 7. Common Wolf Lycodon aulicus Least Concern Schedule IV Snake 8. Mabuya carinata Common Skink Least Concern Schedule IV 9. Ptyas mucosus Common rat snake Least Concern Schedule II 10. Typhlops hypomethes Coastal blind snake Lower Risk Schedule IV 11. Vipera russelli Russels viper Least Concern Schedule II Amphibians 1. Common Indian Bufo melanostictus Least Concern Schedule IV Toad 2. Euphlyctis Skittering Frog Least Concern Schedule IV cyanophlyctis 3. Euphlyctis Indian Pond Frog Least Concern Schedule IV hexadactylus 4. Hoplobatrachus Indian Bull Frog Least Concern Schedule IV tigerinus 5. Polypedates maculates Common Tree Frog Least Concern Schedule IV Avifauna

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Sl.No. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status WPA Status 1. Acridotheres tristis Common myna Least concern Schedule-IV 2. Alcedo athis Common Kingfisher Least concern Schedule-IV 3. Arachnotehra Little spider hunter Least concern Schedule-IV longisirostris 4. Ardea grayli grayii Paddy bird Least concern Schedule-V 5. Ardea purpurea Eastern purple Least concern Schedule-IV 6. Ardeo grayeli Pond heron Least concern Schedule-IV 7. Ardes alba large egret Least concern Schedule-IV 8. Athene brama Spotted owl Least concern Schedule-IV 9. Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Least concern Schedule-IV 10. Caprimulgus indfcus Indian night jar Least concern Schedule-IV 11. Copsychus saularis Southern magpie Least concern Schedule-IV 12. Coracias benghalensis Indian roller Least concern Schedule-V 13. Southern Indian Coracias benghalensis Least concern Schedule-IV heron 14. Cosvus splendens House crow Least concern Schedule-IV 15. Dicrus adsimilis Macrocerulus Least concern Schedule-IV 16. Dinopium Malabar golden Least concern Schedule-IV bebghalensis backed woodpecker 17. Dupetor flavicolis Black bittern Least concern Schedule-IV 18. Egretta garzetta Little Egret Least concern - 19. Elanus caerulus Black winged Kite Least concern Schedule-IV 20. Eudynamis Koel Least concern - scolopaceus 21. Gelochelidon nilotica Gullibilled tern Least concern - 22. Halcyonfusca Indian white brested Least concern Schedule-V sumyrnessis Kingfisher 23. Haliacetus Pallas fishing Eagle Least concern Schedule-IV leucoryphus 24. Haliastur Indus Brahmny kite Least concern Schedule-IV 25. Lesser Black Beak Laras fuscus Least concern Schedule-IV Gull 26. Lobvanella indicus Redwattled lapwing Least concern - 27. Lonchura malabarlca Common silver bill Least concern Schedule-IV 28. Blue tailed bee- Meops philipipines Least concern Schedule-IV eater 29. Microptemus Rufous woodpecker Least concern Schedule-IV brachyurus 30. Milvus migrans Pariah kite Least concern Schedule-IV 31. Nicticorax nycticorax Night heron Least concern Schedule-IV 32. Nyctinrinia minima Small suribird Least concern Schedule-IV 33. Nyctinrinia Indian purple Least concern Schedule-IV zeylonalinca sola sunbird 34. Orthotomus sutorius Tailor bird Least concern Schedule-IV 35. Passer domesticus House sparrow Least concern Schedule-IV 36. Phalacrocorax niger Little coramont Least concern Schedule-V Insects 1. Aethriamanta Scarlet Marsh Hawk Least Concern Schedule IV brevipennis

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Sl.No. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status WPA Status 2. Agriocnemis pieris White Dartlet Least Concern Schedule IV 3. Amalata phegea The nine spotted Not Evaluated Schedule IV moth 4. Anthene emolus Common Ciliate Not Evaluated Schedule IV Blue 5. Ariadne merione Common Castor Not Evaluated Schedule IV 6. Bradinopyga geminata Granite Ghost Least Concern Schedule IV 7. Catopsilia pomona Common Emigrant Not Evaluated Schedule IV 8. Ceriagrion Orange Tailed Marsh Least Concern Schedule IV cerinorubellum Dart 9. Chorthippus brunneus Common field Not Evaluated Schedule IV grasshopper 10. Copera marginipes Yellow bush dart Least Concern Schedule IV 11. Danaus genutia Common Tiger Not Evaluated Schedule IV 12. Euploea core Common Indian Least Concern Schedule IV Crow 13. Euploea klugii King Crow Not Evaluated Schedule IV 14. Foricula auricularia Common earwig Not Evaluated Schedule IV 15. Gerris lacustris Common water Not Evaluated Schedule IV strider 16. Gryllus assimilis Common black field Not Evaluated Schedule IV cricket 17. Jamides bochus Dark Cerulean Not Evaluated Schedule IV 18. Jamides celeno Common Cerulean Not Evaluated Schedule IV 19. Junonia iphita Chocolate Pansy Not Evaluated Schedule IV 20. Nepa scorpion Water scorpion Not Evaluated Schedule IV 21. Neurothemis tullia Pied Paddy Skimmer Least Concern Schedule IV 22. Papilio polymnestor Blue Mormon Not Evaluated Schedule IV 23. Papilio polytes Common Mormon Not Evaluated Schedule IV 24. Plantela flavens Globe skimmer Least Concern Schedule IV 25. Rhyparochromus True bug Not Evaluated Schedule IV vulgaris 26. Tetrathemis platyptera Pigmy Skimmer Least Concern Schedule IV 27. Tirumala limniace Blue Tiger Not Evaluated Schedule IV 28. Tirumala septentrionis Dark Blue Tiger Not Evaluated Schedule IV 29. Trithemis aurora Crimson Marsh Least Concern Schedule IV Glider 30. Ypthima baldus Common five ring Not Evaluated Schedule IV

4.9.2. Marine Ecology In view of the need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity, study of biological environment is one of the most important components for ecological assessment. Ecological system shows inter relationship between biotic and abiotic components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic component comprises of both plant and animal communities, which interact not only within and between them but also with the abiotic components viz., physical and chemical components of the environment.

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Generally biological communities are the indicators of climatic conditions, dependent on environmental condition and resource of its distribution and survival. It may change if there is alteration in the environmental variables like temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil characteristics, topography etc., which are responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the environment. The species of flora and fauna in the environment are organized into natural communities with mutual dependencies and show various responses and sensitive to anthropogenic influences. The changes in biotic community are studied in the pattern of distribution, abundance and diversity.

The group plankton is an important component of ecosystem, which responds to ecosystem alterations rather rapidly. It is due to the fact that planktonic organisms, which react to different types of water pollution, play a key role in turnover of organic matter and energy through the ecosystem. This reaction is very rapid because of relatively short lifetime and high reproduction rates of the organisms. Since the phytoplankton plays a key role of primary producer in aquatic environment, it is the first component in the tropic tier to be affected by pollution. Phytoplankton can grow rapidly and form massive blooms that can be regulated by environmental factors such as nutrients, availability of light and biotic interaction with grazers. Phytoplanktons are passive drifters with the currents. Diatoms are a highly diverse and abundant group of phytoplankton in the aquatic environment. They are responsible for about 25% of global primary productivity and play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of important nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and silica. Most of the N is bound in organic compounds and its importance to phytoplankton bloom formation is well-known. If bloom formations take place and then it could significantly harm these water bodies. Phytoplankton blooms decrease light penetration through the water column and can depress primary productivity. It may have diminished ecosystem integrity and the abundance and sustainability of living resources (e.g. fish and shrimp). Moreover, the bloom when dies at the end of the lifecycle of phytoplankton, they exert considerable demand on dissolved oxygen for the oxidation of organic matter and thereby deplete dissolved oxygen particularly during night time when photosynthesis is stopped.

Similarly zooplanktons, also a very important group in the aquatic ecosystem, act as the primary consumer and ultimately serve as the natural food source for many aquatic organisms, including fishes. Freshwater zooplankton show considerable variety comprising of members of almost every group from protozoa to chordate. Depending on seasons and environmental conditions, the plankton community shows pronounced variation in its character and composition. The inhabitants of a particular ecosystem serve as biological indices and reflect the environmental conditions that are required for their optimum growth and survival. In view of this, studies were carried out on distribution, diversity and other ecological aspects of phytoplankton and zooplankton from three different sampling locations. While phytoplanktons were enumerated from unfiltered water samples, desired volumes of the waters were filtered through plankton net to represent all the available groups of zooplankton. The samples were fixed immediately with 5% buffered formalin. The parameters studied were numerical count of individual species, groups and indices, as described hereunder.

 Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton counts recorded at different sampling stations are presented in Table 4.18. Total algal population varied between 445 and 550 algal cells/ml. Samples collected at stations

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Mattanchery Channel (near Project Site) and Shipyard showed highest and lowest counts respectively. In general counts were less at bottom waters. This might be attributed to less penetration of sunlight at depths. The phytoplankton population comprised of fifteen genera with four major groups, namely Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Dinophyceae. Dominance of Bacillariophyceae, followed by Chlorophyceae was observed. The most common genera found were Rhizosolenia, Leptocylindrus, Chaetoceros, Odontella etc. which are enumerated in Table 4.19.

Table 4.18: Percentage Composition of Algal; Groups found around Coastal Water within the Study Area

Phyto-plankton Percent Composition of algal groups Station (no/ml) Bacillariophyceae Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae Dinophyceae M 1 450 65 15 10 10 M 2 550 45 35 10 10 M 3 445 45 25 20 10

Table 4.19: Major Phytoplankton genera observed

Sl.No. Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Cyanophyceae Dinophyceae 1. Ankistrodesmus sp. Gyrosigma sp. Oscillatoria sp. Ceratium sp. 2. Closterium sp. Navicula sp. Anabaena sp. - 3. Clostridium sp. Nitzschia sp. Phormidium sp. - 4. Cosmarium sp. Rhizosolenia sp. - - 5. - Leptocylindrus sp. - - 6. - Chaetoceros sp. - - 7. - Odontella sp. - -

 Zooplankton

Zooplankton counts, recorded at different sampling stations, are shown inTable 4.20. Total seven genera of zooplankton were recorded. The zooplankton population varied between 250 and 800 No/m3. Such variations in a water body are common and attributed to the patchy distribution of organisms and their movement with tidal currents. Copepoda followed by Cladocera was dominant, while Foraminifera was rare. Major Zooplanktons observed are given in the

Table 4.21.

Table 4.20: Percentage Composition of Zooplankton found around Coastal Waters within the Study Area

Zooplankton Percent Composition of Zooplankton groups Stations (no/m3 ) Cladocera Copepoda Rotifera Foraminifera M 1 650 25 45 25 5 M 2 800 40 60 - - M 3 250 25 55 10 10

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Table 4.21: Major Zooplankton genera observed

Sl. No Copepoda Rotifera Cladocera Foraminifera 1. Cyclops sp. Brachionus sp. Daphnia sp. Rotalia sp. 2. Diaptomus sp. Keratella sp. Moina sp. -

 Benthos

The organisms which inhabit the bottom of aquatic body are called benthos. Many of them are sessile; some creep over or burrow in mud and base of water body. The quality and quantity of animals found at the bottom is not only related to the nature of substrata but also to depth, the kind and the quality of aquatic plants present in such environment. Their number and distribution also depend upon physico-chemical properties of water and biological complexes, such as food and other factors.

The bottom sand sediment was collected from various sampling points near the project site and sediment was sieved through 500 µ mesh sieve and the organisms retained the sieve were preserved immediately with 5% buffered formalin. Subsequently, all the macrobenthic specimens were identiﬁed to the lowest possible level under a stereoscopic microscope.

A total of three macrobenthic groups were obtained from the sediment samples. Foraminifer was the most diverse group followed by Polychaeta and Gastropoda. Forams are abundant all over the coastal regions. The highest count was 182 No/m2 at Station M3. Benthos counts, recorded at different sampling stations, are shown in Table 4.22.

Table 4.22: Benthic Fauna recorded within the Study Area

Macro benthos Percent Composition of Macro benthos Station (no/m2) Foraminifera Gastropods Polychaeta M 1 68 80 - 20 M 2 127 25 35 40 M 3 182 20 30 50

4.10. Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary

Mangalavanam is a small tidal wetland located between latitudes 9°59'13.4''N; longitudes 76°16'26.1''E and nearly 3.3 km on Northeast of proposed project site. It was declared as a Bird Sanctuary on 31st August, 2004 and is the smallest protected area in Kerala having an area of 2.74 ha. A shallow tidal pond occupies part of the sanctuary with periphery covered by dense growth of mangrove vegetation. It is connected with Cochin backwaters by a feeder canal. Location of Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary is given Figure 4.18.

A large number of birds and other faunal elements have been reported from the Mangalavanam Sanctuary. It is a nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds. Kerala Forest Department has reported 103 species of birds from the sanctuary out of which 87 are resident and 16 migratory species. Mangalavanam support 30 species of butterflies, 4 species of dragonflies, 2 species of

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 60 damselflies, 2 species of amphibians, 6 species of mammals and 2 species of reptiles. The mammals reported are; Indian flying fox - Pteropus giganteus, painted bat - Kerivoula picta, three striped palm squirrel – Funnambulus sublineatus, house rat - Rattus, bandicoot rat- Bandicota indica, and otter – Lutra sp.

Figure 4.18: Map showing Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary

The execution of the project will not pose any significant impact on the Mangalavanam bird sanctuary and the associated fauna of the area.

4.11. Vembanad Lake system

The Vembanad Lake system is the largest estuarine-lagoon system in Kerala situated between latitude 9°30'46''–10°11'11''N and longitude 76°09'48''–76°25'45''E. It is unique in terms of physiography, geology, climate, hydrology, land use and flora and fauna. It covers about 2.5% geographical area of Kerala state. The Vembanad Lake is bordered by Alappuzha, Kottayam and Ernakulam districts of Kerala covering an area of about 200 sq. km and extending 80 km in a NW- SE direction from Munambam in the north to Alleppey in the south (Figure 4.19). The width of the lake varies from 500 m to 4 km and the depth from <1m to12m. It is the second largest Wetland system in India. This lake is also a lucrative fishing ground and it also serves as an extensive

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 61 nursery ground for many marine animals. It is largest tropical wetland ecosystem on the country’s south western coast.

It is recognized as a Ramsar site – a wetland of global importance as defined by the Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, and joined by India in 1981.The Vembanad Lake was declared as a Ramsar Site in November 2002. It is also classified as an Ecologically Sensitive Zone as per the Environmental Protection Act 1985 (29 of 1986), by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. Like many other permanent backwaters, its environmental condition is in a state of precipitous decline, representing a looming ecosystem crisis.

The Vembanad Lake is important from the point of view of its flora and fauna; there are about 161 species of Fish, 6 species of shrimp, 5 species of Figure 4.19: Vembanad Kol Lake Palaemonads, 3 species of crabs. It also supports a System population of over 20,000 water-fowls in India during winter months. A total of 233 species of birds has been reported from Kol wetlands. It is renowned for its live clam resources and sub- fossil. The soft organically rich sedimentary substratum of the in shore region is an ideal habitat for shrimps. Vembanad serves as a habitat for a variety of fin and shell fish, and a nursery of several species of aquatic life. The major commercial and economic activities in the lake include agriculture, fisheries, lime shell mining, backwater tourism, etc. It is reported that there are over 1000 house boats crisscross the lake carrying the tourists into the lake. There are a number of tourist resorts nestling on its banks. The Vembanad Lake System is situated 0.075km away from the project site. The proposed expansion doesn’t have any effect on the aquatic habitat.

4.12. Socio economic Environment

This section discusses the baseline scenario of the socio-economic environment in the study area and anticipated impacts of the proposed project on the socio-economic environment. Socio- economic assessment of the study area within 10km radius has been prepared based on secondary data extracted from Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2011. The issues under focus in this topic are demographic pattern, economic activity, education and literacy profile, etc. The assessment attempts to predict and evaluate the future impacts of the proposed project upon people, their physical and psychological health and well-being, their economic status, cultural heritage, lifestyle and other value system.

Ernakulam district is the one of the largest district of Kerala and geographically spread over an area of 3063 sq. km. and is administratively divided into seven Taluks (Paravur, Aluva, Kochi, Kanayannoor, Muvattupuzha, Kunnathunadu, and Kothamangalam). The district consists of the mainland Ernakulam; the man-made Willington Island, Mattanchery, Fort Kochi, world’s most populous area of Vypeen Island, Bolghatty Palace etc. The district borders Arabian Sea in the west, Thrissur District in the north, Idukki District in the east and Alappuzha and Kottayam

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District in the south. Owing to the international airport, water ways, railways, and road ways, Ernakulam is one of the most strategically connected district in the state.

According to the 2011 census Ernakulam district has a population of 32.8 lakhs representing 12 percent of the state population. The district has a population density of 1072 persons per sq. km. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 5.69%. Ernakulam district has a positive sex ratio of 1027 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 95.89%. The district has 14 blocks and 124 villages. The demographic attributes of Ernakulam district is given in the Table 4.23.

Table 4.23: Demographic Attributes of Ernakulam District

Sl. No. Demographic Profile 1. Area 3,063 sq.km 2. Population 32,82,388 3. Decadal Growth rate 5.69% 4. Male population 5,18,510 5. Female population 5,29,515 6. Density of population (persons per sq. km.) 1,072 7. Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males) 1,027 8. Literacy 95.89% 9. Male literacy 97.36% 10. Female literacy 94.46% 11. Urban Population 68.07% Source – Census of India, 2011

4.12.1. Demographic Profile The Project Influence Area or study area, within 10km radius comprises of taluks of Kanayannur and Kochi in Ernakulam district and Cherthala Taluk of Alappuzha District. Study area comprises of about 11 villages from the selected talukas. The distribution of population and demographic profile in the study area villages is outlined in Table 4.24andFigure 4.20.

The total population in the study area villages is of the order of 9,15,155 persons as per Census of India 2011, of which, about 9.11% comprises of children below the age of 6 years. Male and female population comprises of about 49.3% and 50.69% respectively of the total population in the study area. The overall sex ratio, i.e. number of females per 1000 males is 1024. The average family size in the study area is about 4.

Table 4.24: Demographic Profile of the Study Area

Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Popula Averag Name of Total Total Total Total N tion < 6 e Sex Settlements Household Population Male Female o years Ratio District: ERNAKULAM I. Kanayannur Taluk

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Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Popula Averag Name of Total Total Total Total N tion < 6 e Sex Settlements Household Population Male Female o years Ratio 1. Kochi (M.Corp)(Part 87,252 336,048 164,795 171,253 29,447 1039 ) 2. Kumbalam 7214 29193 14406 14787 2518 1026 3. Marad 11065 44704 22176 22528 3983 1016 4. Mulavukad 5315 21833 10633 11200 1944 1053 5. Tripunitura 18,096 69,390 33,918 35,472 5,674 1046 Sub Total 1,28,942 5,01,168 2,45,928 2,55,240 43,566 1036 II. Kochi Taluk 6. Chellanam 3,446 14,928 7,434 7,494 1,572 1008 7. Kochi M (Corp + OG) 65,469 274,350 136,262 138,088 26,459 1013 (Part) 8. Kumbalangy 10034 42367 20968 21399 3851 1021 9. Puthuvype 5677 23717 11593 12124 2213 1046 Sub Total 84,626 3,55,362 1,76,257 1,79,105 34,095 1022 District: ALAPPUZHA III. Cherthala Taluk 10. Aroor 9449 39214 19431 19783 3617 1018 11. Arookutty 4414 19,411 9650 9761 2,119 1012 Sub Total 13863 58625 29081 29544 5736 1015 Total 2,27,431 9,15,155 4,51,266 4,63,889 83,397 1024

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Cherthala Taluk Kochi Taluk Kanayannur Taluk 100% 6.10% 6.44% 6.37% 6.88% 90% 80% 37.21% 39.06% 38.61% 70% 40.88% 60% 50% 40% 30% 56.69% 54.50% 55.02% 52.24% 20% 10% 0% Total Household Total Male Total Female Population < 6 years

Total Households- Total Male Total Female Total Population < 24.85% Population - 49.3% Population-50.69% 6 years - 9.11% Figure 4.20: Demographic Profile of the Study Area 4.12.2. Caste Profile The distribution of population in the study area on the basis of caste is summarized in Table 4.25and Figure 4.21.The General Caste is the dominant caste in the study area accounting for about 94.38% of the total population followed by Schedule Castes (5.28%). Schedule Tribes accounts for about 0.35% of the total population in the study area villages.

Table 4.25 Caste Profile of the Study Area Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Name of Total Population Population General No Settlements Population Schedule Caste Schedule Tribe Population District: ERNAKULAM I. Kanayannur Taluk 1. Kochi 3,36,048 13,172 1,437 (M.Corp)(Part) 3,21,439 2. Kumbalam 29,193 3,740 101 25,352 3. Maradu 44,704 3,939 261 40504 4. Mulavukad 21,833 2,681 27 19125 5. Tripunitura 69,390 6,547 166 62,677 Sub Total 5,01,168 30,079 1,992 4,69,097 II. Kochi Taluk 6. Chellanam 14,928 1,018 32 13,878 7. Kochi M (Corp 2,74,350 6,903 788 2,66,659 +OG) (Part) 8. Kumbalangy 42,367 2,550 41 39,776 9. Puthuvype 23,717 1,697 100 21,920

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Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Name of Total Population Population General No Settlements Population Schedule Caste Schedule Tribe Population Sub Total 3,55,362 12,168 961 3,42,233 District: ALAPPUZHA III. Cherthala Taluk 10. Aroor 39,214 4,378 184 3,4652 11. Arookutty 19,411 1,665 48 17,698 Sub Total 58,625 6,043 232 52,350 Total 9,15,155 48,290 3,185 8,63,680

Cherthala Taluk Kochi Taluk Kanayannur Taluk 100% 7.28% 6.06% 12.51% 90%

80% 30.17% 25.20% 39.62% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 62.29% 62.54% 54.31% 20% 10% 0% Schedule Caste Schedule Tribe General Population Total SC Total ST Total General Population - 5.28% Population - 0.35% Population-94.38%

Figure 4.21: Caste Profile in the Study Area

4.12.3. Literacy Profile It is observed that about 88.21% of the total population in the study area is literate. The literacy rate among male and female population is 43.80% and 44.41% respectively. The details of literate population amongst the total population of study area villages are shown inTable 4.26.

Table 4.26: Details of the Population Literate in the Study Area Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Name of Total Population Female Male Literate No Settlements Population Literate Literate District: ERNAKULAM I. Kanayannur Taluk 1. Kochi 3,36,048 2,99,888 1,47,556 1,52,332 (M.Corp) (Part) 2. Kumbalam 29,193 25,648 12,884 12,764 3. Maradu 44,704 39,565 19,835 19,730

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Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Name of Total Population Female Male Literate No Settlements Population Literate Literate 4. Mulavukad 21,833 19,466 9,514 9,952 5. Tripunitura 69,390 62,255 30,548 31,707 Sub Total 5,01,168 4,46,822 2,20,337 2,26,485 II. Kochi Taluk 6. Chellanam 14,928 12,557 6,242 6,315 7. Kochi M (Corp 2,74,350 2,39,950 1,20,118 1,19,832 + OG) (Part) 8. Kumbalangy 42,367 36,930 18,498 18,432 9. Puthuvype 23,717 20,791 10,187 10,604 Sub Total 3,55,362 3,10,228 1,55,045 1,55,183 District: ALAPPUZHA III. Cherthala Taluk 10. Aroor 39,214 34,104 17,203 16,901 11. Arookutty 19,411 16,132 8,295 7,837 Sub Total 58,625 50,236 25,498 24,738 Total 9,15,155 8,07,286 4,00,880 4,06,406

It is observed that about 11.79% of the total population in the study area is illiterate. The illiteracy rate among male and female population is 5.51% and 6.28% respectively. The details of illiterate population amongst the total population of study area villages are shown inTable 4.27. The literacy profile of the study area is given in Figure 4.22.

Table 4.27: Details of the Population Illiterate in the Study Area Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Name of Total Population Male Illiterate Female Illiterate No Settlements Population Illiterate District: ERNAKULAM I. Kanayannur Taluk 1. Kochi 3,36,048 36,160 17,239 18,921 (M.Corp)(Part) 2. Kumbalam 29,193 3,545 1,522 2,023 3. Maradu 44,704 5,139 2,341 2,798 4. Mulavukad 21,833 2,367 1,119 1,248 5. Tripunitura 69,390 7,135 3,370 3,765 Sub Total 5,01,168 54,346 25,591 28,755 II. Kochi Taluk 6. Chellanam 14,928 2,371 1,192 1,179 7. Kochi M (Corp + 2,74,350 34,400 16,144 18,256 OG) (Part) 8. Kumbalangy 42,367 5,437 2,470 2,967 9. Puthuvype 23,717 2,926 1,406 1,520 Sub Total 3,55,362 45,134 21,212 23,922

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Source – Census of India, 2011 Sl. Name of Total Population Male Illiterate Female Illiterate No Settlements Population Illiterate District: ALAPPUZHA III. Cherthala Taluk 10. Aroor 39,214 5,110 2,228 2,882 11. Arookutty 19,411 3,279 1,355 1,924 Sub Total 58,625 8,389 3,583 4,806 Total 9,15,155 1,07,869 50,386 57,483

Cherthala Taluk Kochi Taluk Kanayannur Taluk 100% 7.11% 8.36% 6.36% 6.09% 90% 80% 38.68% 38.18% 70% 42.10% 41.62% 60% 50% 40%

30% 55.73% 50.79% 50.02% 54.96% 20% 10% 0% Male Illiterate Female Illiterate Male Literate Female Literate

Total Population Total Population Illiterate - 11.79% Literate - 88.21% Figure 4.22: Literacy Profile in the Study Area 4.12.4. Occupational Profile The details on occupational profile in the study area villages are given in Table 4-28andFigure 4.23. It is observed that 38.41% of the total population is engaged in some form of economically productive activity or vocational activity, and have been designated as Total Working population. On the other hand, Non-workers or persons who are dependent on the population, which is engaged in economically productive work accounts for about 61.59% of the total population. Among the population that is working about 37.41% has been designated as Main workers while the remaining 3.71% has been designated as Marginal workers.

Table 4-28: Occupational Profile of the Study Area Source – Census of India, 2011 Name of Total Total Main Marginal Sl. No. Non Workers Settlements Population Workers Workers Workers District: ERNAKULAM I. Kanayannur Taluk 1. Kochi (M.Corp) 3,36,048 1,28,564 1,19,083 9,481 2,07,484 (Part)

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Source – Census of India, 2011 Name of Total Total Main Marginal Sl. No. Non Workers Settlements Population Workers Workers Workers 2. Kumbalam 29,193 11,317 10,305 1,012 17,876 3. Maradu 44,704 16,903 15,335 1,568 27,801 4. Mulavukad 21,833 7,830 6,218 1,612 14,003 5. Tripunitura 69,390 27,700 25,103 2,687 41,690 Sub Total 5,01,168 1,92,314 1,76,044 16,360 3,08,854 II. Kochi Taluk 6. Chellanam 14,928 5,804 5,148 656 9,124 7. Kochi M (Corp 2,74,350 1,03,772 94,130 9,642 170,578 + OG) (Part) 8. Kumbalangy 42,367 17,112 15,086 2,026 25,255 9. Puthuvype 23,717 8,543 7,675 868 15,174 Sub Total 3,55,362 1,35,231 1,22,039 13,192 2,20,131 District: ALAPPUZHA III. Cherthala Taluk 10. Aroor 39214 16337 13445 2892 22877 11. Arookutty 19,411 7589 6115 1474 11822 Sub Total 58625 23926 19560 4366 34699 Total 9,15,155 3,51,471 3,17,643 33,918 5,63,684

Cherthala Taluk Kochi Taluk Kanayannur Taluk 100% 6.81% 5.57% 6.16% 1.24% 90% 80% 38.48% 34.72% 39.05% 70% 3.75% 60% 50% 40% 30% 54.72% 50.09% 54.79% 4.65% 20% 10% 0% Total Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers

Total Worker Population - 38.41% Total Non-worker (Main workers - 37.41% ; Marginal workers - 3.71%) Population - 61.59% Figure 4.23: Occupational Profile in the Study Area

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4.13. Archaeologically Important Sites

During the field visit structures which were having archaeological importance as per Archaeological Survey of India list observed within the 10 km Study Area and is given in the Table 4.29.

Table 4.29: Archaeologically Important Sites within the 10km Study Area

Sl. No Name Aerial Distance (in km) 1. Mattancherry Palace - 2.8 St. George Orthodox Koonankurish 2. - 3.5 Old Syrian Church 3. Indo - Portuguese Museum - 4.5 4. St. Francis CSI Church - 4.7 5. Bastion Bungalow - 4.8

4.13.1. Mattancherry Palace

Mattancherry palace is one of the oldest examples of the Portuguese architecture with oriental influence and is unique from the historical and architectural point of view. It is located at a distance of 12 km from Ernakulam City at Lat: 9°57'N; Long: 76°15'. The palace was built around 1545 AD by the Portuguese and presented to Veera Kerala Varma in order to pacify him and to compensate for having plundered a temple in the vicinity of the place. It underwent major repairs at the hands of Dutch and hence the palace is also known as "Dutch Palace." The glory of the palace lies in its mural paintings covering an area of nearly 300 sq.m executed in three phases. The themes depict scenes from Ramayana.

4.13.2. St. George Orthodox Koonankurish Old Syrian Church

Koonan Kurishu Church at Mattancherry is a revered pilgrim center where Coonan Cross Oath took place and holy relics of St. George was installed. It is one of the oldest churches in India has played a significant role in the historic event that shaped the leadership of the Malankara Church. This Church was built on the land where the historical Koonan Kurishu Sathyam (Coonan Cross Oath) took place in AD 1653. Koonan Kurishu Sathyam took place at Mattancherry Church is the first attempt to resist colonialism and western invasion in India. Koonan Kurishu Church is also known as “Mattancherry Muri” or “Erimeghapally”.

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CHAPTER 5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

5.1 Introduction This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts due to proposed expansion. Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts are those which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities by the proposed action. In the present study, baseline environmental scenario was established through environmental monitoring data generated during the period 11thFebruary 2017 to 29thApril 2017 by M/s Envirodesign Ecolabs. The impacts of the existing Kochi LST and other industrial projects located in the close vicinity are reflected in the baseline environmental scenario monitored for proposed expansion of Kochi LST. The construction and operational phase of the proposed four additional aboveground tanks comprises of various activities, all of which may have either positive or negative impact on some or other environmental attributes. The proposed project activities would impart impact on the environment in two distinct phases: • During construction phase, which may be regarded as temporary or short term and mostly reversible effect; and • During operational phase which may have long term effects. The evaluation of environmental impacts due to the proposed expansion considering the baseline status within a radius of 10 km around the Kochi LST and the mitigation measures are as under: 5.2 Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase

5.2.1 Land Environment During site preparation, excavation was done at places in the project site where the aboveground tanks are constructed. This is required to provide solid base/foundations for tanks and allied structures. Hence the important impacts are the following:  Improper disposal of the excavated earth may result into temporary loss of topsoil productivity of that particular area.  Storage of construction material/chemicals (if any) if not done at designated place can cause nuisance and hazards  Accidental spillage of Hazardous chemicals/oil during handling may lead to soil contamination  Improper segregation and disposal of solid waste generated during construction phase by workers working at site  Filth generation if dry waste/garbage generated during construction period is not handled efficiently

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5.2.2 Air Environment The impacts on the environment generated during construction phase will be limited to the construction tenure and will be local and are the following:  The emission anticipated during construction period will include fugitive dust due to excavation of soil, leveling of soil, use of DG sets, movement of heavy construction equipment/vehicles, site clearing and other activities  This type of fugitive dust is expected to result in change in the baseline air quality specifically during the construction phase  If burning of solid wastes is required it may cause air pollution

5.2.3 Noise Levels Following activities would result in increase in noise level;

 Noise generated from operation of heavy machinery equipment, pumps and blowers  Noise generated from vehicular movement  Noise generated from DG Set

5.2.4 Water Environment

The impacts on water environment are:

 Increased water demand during construction phase for site preparation, water sprinkling for reducing the fugitive dust emissions, construction activities, domestic and other water requirements for labour and staff onsite  Increase in site runoff and sedimentation  Stagnant water and unsanitary conditions may cause mosquito breeding at site

5.2.5 Ecology and Biodiversity  During construction activities vegetation may be disturbed which can be considered insignificant.  Earth enabling work involving excavation and filling up operations may result in fugitive dust emission. Deposition of fugitive dust on pubescent leaves of nearby vegetation may lead to temporary reduction of photosynthesis.  The runoff from construction area may lead to a short-term increase in suspended solids and decrease in dissolved oxygen near the discharge point in receiving water body. This may lead to a temporary decrease in the photosynthetic activity of phyto-planktons, rise in anaerobic conditions and food chain modification

5.2.6 Socio Economic Environment The impacts on construction phase can be summarized as below:

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 The proposed project does not involve any displacement of inhabitants for the construction of the aboveground storage tanks as the construction is limited to the existing licensed area of GBL’s Kochi LST.  Construction phase leads to creation of employment and procurement opportunities.  A multiplier effect will be felt on the creation of indirect employment through the local community establishing small shops like tea stalls, supply of intermediate raw materials, repair outlets, hardware stores etc.  Self- employment options for individuals possessing vocational or technical training skills like electricians, welders, fitters etc, which are likely to be sourced locally;  There would be influx of workers during construction phase which could lead to pressure on key local infrastructure such as water, healthcare, electricity. But since the number of labours expected is around an average of 12 persons/day, this will be insignificant  The construction activity could lead to increased nuisance level from air emissions and noise due to transportation of material and equipment as well as labourers.  The construction activity could also lead to water logging in mud pockets leading to breeding of mosquito and related health impacts.

5.3 Impact Assessment during the Operation Phase

5.3.1 Land Environment  Soil quality may be affected by accidental leakage and spillage of hazardous chemicals/oils during handling  Improper segregation and disposal of solid waste generated during operation of the proposed project

5.3.2 Air Environment  No emission is envisaged during the storage and handling of liquid chemicals  No fugitive emission during loading and unloading of the liquid chemicals in and from aboveground tanks is envisaged  Impacts on ambient air during operation phase would be due to emissions from operation of DG sets only during power outages.

5.3.3 Noise Levels  Impact of noise due to vehicular traffic  Noise generated due to DG sets

5.3.4 Water Environment  Generation of wastewater and sewage.  Increased run off from site.

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5.3.5 Ecology and Biodiversity  The probability and consequences of significant ecological impacts occurring as a result of the operation phase of the proposed expansion are considered to be almost negligible, as it is within the existing licensed area. The risk of any leakage is almost negligible owing to stringent leak prevention technologies.  In normal condition, no waste water is discharged outside the bottling plant. During monthly mock-drill and in monsoon, the waste/rain water will be discharged through properly designed storm water drain after passing through vapour trap.

5.3.6 Socio Economic Environment  The proposed expansion will not create any additional job opportunities in the operation phase.

5.4 Environmental Impact Matrix The impacts and environmental issues discussed above are summarized in the Table 5.1. From the Environmental Impact Matrix, it can be observed that there are no significant harmful impacts on the surrounding environment, due to the proposed project, if the recommended mitigation measures are adopted meticulously.

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Table 5.1: Impact Matrix Environmenta Impact Type (Siting and Construction Phase) Operation Phase Mitigation l Parameter Positive Negative Positive Negative

Significant significant Not Significant significant Not TermShort TermLong Irreversible Cumulative Significant significant Not Significant significant Not TermShort TermLong Irreversible Cumulative Mitigation not required Minor Mitigation required Major Mitigation required Land Environment

 Change in √ √ √ √ Land use

 Loss of √ √ √ Vegetation

 Erosion of √ √ √ cleared areas

 Constructio √ √ √ n material storage

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Environmenta Impact Type (Siting and Construction Phase) Operation Phase Mitigation l Parameter Positive Negative Positive Negative

 Particulate √ √ √ √ √ Matter (PM10 and PM2.5)

 SO2 √ √ √

 NOx √ √ √

 CO √ √ √

Noise and Vibration

 Ambient √ √ √ √ Noise Level

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Environmenta Impact Type (Siting and Construction Phase) Operation Phase Mitigation l Parameter Positive Negative Positive Negative

Water Environment

 Drainage √ √ √ √ Pattern

 Fresh √ √ √ √ water Quality

 Fresh water √ √ √ Availability

Ecology

 Terrestrial √ √ √ √ √

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Environmenta Impact Type (Siting and Construction Phase) Operation Phase Mitigation l Parameter Positive Negative Positive Negative

 Economic √ √ √ √ √ √ Output

 Employme √ √ √ √ √ nt Opportunit y

 Occupatio √ √ √ √ nal Health

Aesthetics √ √ √ √ (Landscaping)

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Environmenta Impact Type (Siting and Construction Phase) Operation Phase Mitigation l Parameter Positive Negative Positive Negative

Liquid Waste √ √

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5.5 Mitigation Measures for Impacts in the Construction Phase 5.5.1 Land/Soil Environment  Top soil will be stored carefully and will be used again after construction/installation phase is over so as to restore the fertility of project site  Bituminous materials/paints/any other chemicals shall not be allowed to leach into the soil  Methods to reuse earth material generated during excavation will be followed  Waste oil generated from D. G. sets will be handed over to authorized recyclers approved by CPCB  Usage of appropriate monitoring and control facilities for construction equipment’s deployed  All hazardous wastes shall be securely stored, under a shed for eventual transportation and disposal to the authorized TSDF (treatment, storage and disposal facility)  All the chemicals used during construction phase will be stored safely and shall have proper bund wall for the maximum volume of chemicals stored 5.5.2 Air Environment  Checking of vehicles and construction machinery to ensure compliance to emission standards prescribed by CPCB  Transportation vehicles, DG sets and machineries to be properly and timely maintained and serviced regularly to control the emission of air pollutants in order to maintain the emissions of NOX and SOX within the limits established by CPCB  Minimize idling time for vehicles and adequate parking provision and proper traffic arrangement for smooth traffic flow  Use of good quality fuel and lubricants will be promoted. Moreover, low sulphur content

diesel shall be used as fuel for DG sets to control emission of SO2  Water sprinkling shall be carried out to suppress fugitive dust during earthworks and along unpaved sections of access roads  Appropriate spill control measures and labeling / handling procedures shall be maintained  Attenuation of pollution/ protection of receptor through strengthening of existing greenbelt/ green cover  However, the construction activities will be for temporary period and hence, its impact on the existing ambient air quality as well as vegetation will be reversible. Dust emissions are likely to be confined within the limited area. 5.5.3 Noise Environment  No noise polluting work in night shifts  Acoustic enclosures for DG sets per CPCB guidelines  Provision of ear plugs for labour in high noise area  Provision of barricades along the periphery of the site

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 All contractors and subcontractors involved in the construction phase should comply with the CPCB noise standards  Activities that take place near sensitive receptors to be carefully planned (restricted to daytime, taking into account weather conditions etc.)  Vehicles and generator sets to be serviced regularly and maintained properly to avoid any unwanted generation of noise or vibration from them  Use of suitable muffler systems/ enclosures/ sound proof glass paneling on heavy equipment/ pumps/ blowers  Pumps and blowers may be mounted on rubber pads or any other noise absorbing materials  Strengthening of greenbelt for noise attenuation may be taken up, etc. 5.5.4 Water Environment  Use of tanker water for construction activity.  Provision of toilets for labour 5.5.5 Ecological Environment  All the transportation trucks shall be leak proof and the driver of goods carriage is trained in handling the dangers posed during transport of such goods and is aware of safety rules for transportation of hazardous materials so that the chances of tanker over turning and leakage are very less.  Installation of systems to discourage nesting or perching of birds in dangerous environments 5.5.6 Socio-Economic Environment  Employing local people for construction work to the maximum extent possible.  Providing proper facilities for sanitation, transportation etc. for the construction workers.  Barricades, fences and necessary personnel protective equipment such as safety helmet, hoes, goggles, harness etc. will be provided to the workers and employees.  Constructional and occupational safety measures to be adopted during construction phase.  The health of workers will be checked for general illness; first time upon employment and thereafter at periodic intervals, as per the local laws and regulations.  The workers will be diagnosed for respiratory functions at periodic intervals and during specific complaints etc. Health centre and ambulance facility will be provided to the workers.  Job rotation schemes will be practiced for over-exposed persons. Insignificant impact is expected on the worker’s health and safety during the operation phase stage 5.6 Mitigation measures for impacts in the operation phase 5.6.1 Land/Soil Environment  Drainage is provided at project site to prevent erosion  All hazardous wastes shall be securely stored, under a shed for eventual transportation and disposal to the authorized TSDF(treatment, storage and disposal facility)

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 The solid domestic waste shall be segregated and the recyclable solid waste is stored within the premises temporarily and then sold to authorized recyclers. 5.6.2 Air Environment  Checking of vehicles and construction machinery to ensure compliance to emission standards prescribed by CPCB  Transportation vehicles, generators and machineries to be properly and timely maintained and serviced regularly to control the emission of air pollutants in order to maintain the emissions of NOX and SOX within the limits established by CPCB  Stack height of DG sets shall be as per norms of CPCB to allow effective dispersion of pollutants  Minimize idling time for vehicles and adequate parking provision and proper traffic arrangement for smooth traffic flow  Attenuation of pollution/ protection of receptor through strengthening of existing greenbelt/ green cover 5.6.3 Noise Environment  Provision of proper parking arrangement, traffic management plan for smooth flow of vehicles help to abate noise pollution due to vehicular traffic.  Green belts and landscaping acts as noise buffer

5.6.4 Water Environment  Any sewage generated is treated in septic tank followed by soak pit  Rain water harvesting is done and used to feed the firewater tank  Provision of storm water drainage system with adequate capacity and proper maintenance of storm water drainage system shall be carried out  In case any open spillage of oil from tank shall lead to Oil Water Separator (OWS) where separated oil send back to storage tank after ensuring quality of product. The water from OWS will be reused for gardening and dust suppression in the gantry areas during truck movement and hence there is no adverse impact on receiving water body

5.6.5 Ecological Environment  The proponent has a plan of extensive green belt programme. The area, varieties of plants, density etc. have been mentioned in this EIA report in the Chapter 4: Description of Environment  In normal condition, no wastewater shall be discharged outside the LST. During rainy season, the runoff is discharged through properly designed storm water drain after passing through OWS. Hence, no impact is envisaged on aquatic ecology from the operation of the LST or the proposed expansion.  The probability and consequences of significant ecological impacts occurring as a result of the operation of the facility are considered to be almost negligible. The risk of any leakage is almost negligible owing to stringent leak prevention technologies.

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5.6.6 Socio-Economic Environment  Both skilled and unskilled local person should be given preference for the jobs in the operation and maintenance of the Kochi LST.

5.7 Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that proposed expansion at Kochi LST at Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala shall not create any significant negative impact on physical features, water, noise and air environment. The proposed project shall generate additional indirect employment and indirect service sector enhancement in the region and would help in the socio-economic uplift of the local area as well as the state.This project will contribute additional revenue to the Central and State exchequer as well.

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CHAPTER 6. PROJECT BENEFITS

6.1. Project Benefits The proposed expansion project will have indirect positive impact on surrounding area which is as mentioned below:  Land is available at Kochi LST for provision of proposed additional tankage  The proposed expansion is within the existing licensed area; hence no displacement of people is required.  Substantial Socio-economic benefits.  Good Techno-commercial viability.  Around the project site semi-skilled and unskilled workmen are expected to be available from local population in these areas to meet the manpower requirement during construction and Operational phase.  There will be employment opportunity for local people during construction and operation phase.

6.2. Supply of important liquid chemicals/raw materials for the industry The proposed expansion will improve supply position of the POL products and other non- classified liquid chemicals in Kerala, which is vital for the industrial and economic growth.

6.3. Employment Potential The project shall provide employment potential under unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled categories. The employment potential shall increase with the start of construction activities, reach a peak during construction phase and then reduce with completion of construction activities. During operation phase also there will be employment opportunities, mainly in service sector, although its magnitude will be much less. The direct employment opportunities with GBL are extremely limited and the opportunities exist mainly with the contractors and sub-contractors. These agencies will be persuaded to provide the jobs to local persons on a preferential basis wherever feasible. The total employment potential of plant is 12 persons/day on an average during the construction phase which will include contract labour’s and even security personnel. In the operation phase, the employment generation is 3 persons/day.

6.4. CSR and Socio Economic Development GBL not only carries out business but also understands the obligations towards the society. It is aware of the obligations towards the society and to fulfill the social obligations unit will employ semi-skilled and unskilled labor from the nearby locality for the proposed project as

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 84 far as possible. It will also try to generate maximum indirect employment in the nearby locality by appointing local contractors during construction phase as well as during operation phase. GBL will contribute reasonably as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and will carry out various activities in nearby villages. Moreover, GBL has planned to carry out various activities for the up-liftment of poor people, welfare of women and labors, education of poor students as part of CSR in the nearby villages and therefore , during and after proposed project, unit will spent more than that required by statutory norms every year towards CSR activities. The various CSR activates planned at present by the unit is described below;  Plantation along the road side and development of garden/greenbelt on government barren land/common plots  Education aids and scholarship to poor students  Organize medical camp and providing support for the development and maintenance of the health facilities  Organize various types of awareness program for the community like awareness on the child labor, educational promotion etc. The activities listed above are not limited and GBL will plan and perform other activities according to the need of local community in future. The utilization of this fund in various areas with time bound action plan will be decided based on the requirement of the local community. 6.5. Direct Revenue Earning to the National and State Exchequer

This project will contribute additional revenue to the Central and State exchequer

6.6. Other tangible benefits Both tangible and non-tangible benefits will result from this activity and many of those are described above. Apart from direct employment, many other benefits will accrue like  Flood control by rain-water arresting, and harvesting  Aesthetics improvement by general greening with emphasis on biodiversity  Symbiosis and sustainable development will be the ultimate objective

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CHAPTER 7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

7.1. Introduction The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides an essential link between predicted impacts and mitigation measures during construction and operational activities. EMP outlines the mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during project construction and operation phases to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts, and the actions needed to implement these measures. The likely impacts on various components of environment due to the project during developmental activities have been identified and measures for their mitigation are suggested. The EMP lists all the requirements to ensure effective mitigation of every potential biophysical and socio-economic impact identified in the EIA. For each attribute, or operation, which could otherwise give rise to impact, the following information is presented:  A comprehensive listing of the mitigation measures  Parameters that will be monitored to ensure effective implementation of the action  Timing for implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of mitigation are fully met The EMP comprises a series of components covering direct mitigation and environmental monitoring and outline waste management. Therefore, environmental management plan has been prepared for each of the above developmental activities.

7.2. EMP during Construction Phase Environmental pollution during construction stage will be limited and for a temporary period during the construction activity. Construction should be planned in such a way that excavated material should be disposed safely. The manpower required for these activities should preferably be employed from nearby villages so that avenues of employment will be open to local people.

Directly or indirectly all the environmental components get affected due to the construction activity. The following environmental protection and enhancement measures are suggested for implementation by the contractor or the authority during the construction as applicable.

7.2.1 Land/Soil Environment  On completion of construction works all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes should be completely removed. Dumping of construction waste on agricultural land should be prohibited and stockpiles should be provided with gentle slopes.  The solid wastes such as paints, lubricants, oil, diesel containers or any other non- biodegradable wastes that have leachable constituents should be disposed to authorized recyclers.

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 A waste management plan should be prepared or integrated with existing plan before the commissioning and shall be implemented and monitored. In areas, where soil quality for natural vegetation is of critical concern, loosening of soil in such areas will be done to mitigate soil compaction caused due to operation of heavy machinery.

7.2.2 Air Environment During the construction phase, gaseous emissions are expected from the heavy machineries deployed for construction. All other emission sources are intermittent. Though the gaseous emissions are not expected to impact significantly the ambient air quality, some generic measures to reduce fugitive and gaseous pollutants emissions during construction phase from point area and line sources shall include the following:

 All equipment used during construction should have valid PUC certificate.  The storage and handling of soil, sub-soils, top-soils and materials will be carefully managed to minimize the risk of windblown material and dust  To avoid generation of air borne dust, water sprinkling shall be done.  There will be no on-site burning of any waste arising from any construction activities  All vehicles delivering construction materials or removing soil shall be covered to prevent escape of dust  Engines and exhaust systems of all vehicle and equipment will be maintained so that exhaust emissions do not exceed statutory limits and that all vehicles and equipment are maintained in accordance with manufactures’ manuals. Periodic monitoring of this shall be undertaken to ensure compliance  Exhausts of other equipment used for construction (e.g. generators) will be positioned at a sufficient height to ensure dispersal of exhaust emissions and meet the standards set by CPCB. 7.2.3 Noise Environment The following environmental management measures are recommended to mitigate adverse impacts on noise environment during construction phase:  Earth movers and construction machinery with low noise levels should be used  Periodic maintenance of construction machinery and transportation vehicles should be undertaken  Onsite workers should be provided with noise protection devices such as ear plugs/ muffs wherever necessary  Periodic monitoring for the noise levels within the project site and along the outside project boundary shall be undertaken to ensure compliance per CPCB set standards

7.2.4 Water Environment  Construction labourers should be provided with adequate quantity of drinking water of potable quality.  Sufficient and appropriate sanitary facilities should be provided in order to maintain hygienic conditions in the camps of construction labourers.  The sewage shall be treated in septic tanks followed by soak pits.

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 The solid waste generated should be collected and disposed in an appropriate manner either at a landfill site or used as compost for agricultural uses. Area for maintenance of vehicles should be so located that contamination of groundwater by accidental spillage of oil can be prevented.

7.2.5 Biological Environment The region does not have dense vegetation. Following environmental management measures are recommended to mitigate adverse impacts on biological environment during construction phase:  Plantation should commence at the time site clearing is being undertaken  Number of trees replanted should be at least two times of trees removed  Native species must be planted

7.2.6 Socio-economic Environment Given that the project will not be dependent on local resources (power, water), during both construction and operations, the only likely impact on infrastructure would be on the roads, during the construction phase. Considering the high traffic emanating during construction phase an effective traffic management scheme should be developed to avoid congestion on the nearby and local roads. Local persons will get employment during construction phase.

7.2.7 Health and Safety  The movement of heavy equipment should be done with proper precaution to prevent any accidents on the road. Occupational risk should be minimized at the project site through implementation of a full proof safety system.  Safety training should be provided to all construction workers on operation of equipment. Security should also be extended during non-working hours to ensure there is controlled access to the machinery and equipment. The contractors should also be vigilant to detect workers showing symptoms of communicable diseases. All illness and incidents shall be reported and recorded

7.3. EMP during Operation Phase In order to mitigate the impacts due to capacity expansion of facility on various environmental components, the following environmental management measures are recommended

7.3.1 Land/Soil Environment  Every precaution should be taken to avoid spillage of oils and other petroleum products or liquid chemicals on soils to protect groundwater and to avoid any danger to other soil microbial groups.  Oil is a potential hazardous substance present in wastes generated from the LST. Special care has to be taken in all oil removal operations. OWS Sludge shall be sent to authorized TSDF.

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 Greenbelt in and around the facility may be strengthened/maintained  A record with respect to quantity, quality and treatment/management of solid/hazardous waste shall be maintained at environmental monitoring cell Plan of green belt development

 The greenbelt along the periphery of the Kochi LST shall be strengthened.  Water requirement in the greenbelt and horticulture area will be met from treated effluent of OWS. Solid/Hazardous Waste Management

 Oily sludge generated from the OWS system shall be disposed of to TSDF.  In addition variety of wastes specially used oil containers will be generated from operations. This will be sent for recycling to the approved parties as per the approval of PCB.

7.3.2 Air Environment

 Ambient air quality with respect to SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx, H2S, CO and HC monitoring shall be continued at appropriate locations in the impact zone  To minimize occupational exposure/hazards, the present practice of using personal protective facilities like helmets, safety (gas) mask/safety dress, shoes etc. be ensured for all workers, engaged in operation of process units within the facility complex  Stacks of adequate height (CPCB norms) for DG Sets to ensure adequate dispersal of pollutants will be provided.  Waste oil will not be incinerated and will be sold to authorized waste oil recyclers  All access roads (internal as well as external) to be used by the project authorities are paved with bitumen to suppress the dust generation along the roads

7.3.3 Noise Environment Similar measures as proposed in the construction phase for noise making machinery, to ensure practicably low noise levels within the work environment.  The major areas of concern for noise generation will be adequately addressed by considering it during procurement of the machinery from vendors, project implementation stage. Further feedback from the monitored noise levels at sensitive locations will be taken to ensure that the impact due to high noise levels is practically minimized  Monitor job and location specific noise levels for compliance with HSE regulations by verifying acceptability of noise levels caused by the project activities and comparison with noise criteria  Conduct periodic audiometric tests for employees working close to high noise levels, such as compressors, DG sets, etc.  Provision of PPE’s will be done and their proper usage will be ensured for eardrum protection of the workers as well as visitors  Acoustic barriers and silencers should be used in equipment wherever necessary

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 Sound proofing/ glass paneling should be provided at critical operating stations/ control rooms, etc.  Monitoring of ambient noise levels should also be carried out regularly both inside the facility area as well as outside the peripheral greenbelt

7.3.4 Water Environment

Oil Water Separator (OWS) System

There is an existing OWS of capacity 8 kL. An OWS of capacity 12kL is proposed to be constructed to cater to the proposed augmentation of storage capacity. The OWS is provided to receive following streams:  Storm water streams potentially contaminated by oil  Tank Cleaning  Wastewater generated periodically from fire drills (mock drills are conducted once in a month) and fire fighting in case of accident. There will be no disposal of untreated water on land.

7.3.5 Biological Environment Development of green belt with carefully selected plant species is of prime importance due to their capacity to reduce noise and air pollution impacts by attenuation/assimilation and for providing food and habitat for local micro fauna.

7.3.6 Socio-Economic Environment In order to mitigate the impacts likely to arise out of the proposed expansion and also to maintain good will of local people, it is necessary to take steps for improving the social environment. Necessary social welfare measures by the industry shall be useful in gaining public confidence and meet local area development requirement. GBL shall continue to undertake social welfare programs in collaboration with the local bodies.

7.4. Environmental Monitoring Programme A post study monitoring programme is important as it provides useful information on the following aspects.

The monitoring programmes in different areas of environment, outlined in the next few sections, have been based on the findings of the impact assessment studies described in Chapter 4. Post study monitoring programme have been summed up in Table 7.1.

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Table 7.1: Post Study Environmental Monitoring Program

Area of Number and Frequency of Parameters to be Analyzed Monitoring Sampling locations Sampling Ambient Air 1 station within Once in three PM10, PM2.5,SO2, NOx and Quality premises. months. CO Stack monitoring of Once in three PM10, PM2.5,SO2, NOx and DG Set months CO Water 1 water sample within Twice in a year  Physical and Chemical the LST parameters  Bacteriological parameters  Heavy metals and toxic constituents Inlet and Outlet at Daily when in OWS operation Noise Within 2 location , 1 Twice a year Sound Pressure Levels (Leq) within the premises during day and night times. and 1 in nearby village Solid Waste Records of generation Daily -- of used drums, bags and records of their dispatch to suppliers for refilling Records of generation Daily -- of waste oils and their treatment Records of generation, Daily -- handling, storage, transportation and disposal of other solid, aqueous and organic hazardous wastes as required by hazardous waste authorization

7.5. Environmental Management Cell The persons-in-charge of the Kochi LST with the assistance of operation and maintenance personnel presently look after environmental management.

Technical officers of Kochi LST shall regularly carry out the following:  Sampling and analysis of noise and water samples.  Systematic and routine housekeeping at the LST.

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7.6. Budgetary Allocation for Environmental Protection Measures GBL has proposed a recurring cost of Rs. 1.8 lakhs per annum for environmental protection measures. The details of annual recurring cost are given in Table 7.2. Table 7.2: Cost of Environmental Protection Measures

Sr. No. Particulars Proposed Cost (Rs. Lakhs) 1 Dust suppression 0.5 2 Water quality monitoring & management 0.4 3 Air quality and Noise monitoring 0.4 4 Greenbelt / Plantation 0.5 Total 1.8

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 92

CHAPTER 8. ADDITIONAL STUDIES 8.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment and ERDMP Quantitative Risk Assessment as well as Emergency Response and Disaster Management Plan (ERDMP) for the storage capacity expansion at Kochi LST has been done and the report is attached as Annexure

8.2 Traffic Study for ‘GANESH BENZOPLAST LTD’ at Willingdon Island The current truck flow to the Kochi LST is around 25 per day. With the proposed expansion, it is anticipated that the truck flow per day will increase by 10-15 per day.

8.2.1 Location of the study area

The NH 966B (Kundanoor-Willingdon Island) road and Old NH47 (Thevara-Thoppumpady) road are very near to the site. Hence the traffic study was conducted on these roads. The point of study was selected considering with uninterrupted traffic flow. The said roads have two lanes with two way traffic. The pictorial representation of the point of study is shown in Figure 8.1

Figure 8.1 Points of Traffic Study areas

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8.2.2 Traffic Data Collection Manual method (assigning a person to record traffic as it passes) was adopted for data collection. It is of paramount importance that traffic on roads with more than one lane are counted and classified by direction of traffic flow. NH 966B (Kundanoor-Willingdon Island Road) is a two lane road from South-East to North-West and North-West to South-East. Old NH 47 (Thevara-Thoppumpady Road) is a two lane road from South-West respectively; as shown in Figure 8.2. The Traffic flows were collected by two teams in both roads and they were managed and supervised to ensure efficient and proper collection of data.

Figure 8.2 Traffic flow directions in NH 966B (SE-NW/NW-SE and Old NH 47 (NE-SW/SW-NE)

The duration of the count was determined prior to commencement of traffic counting. Manual counting of vehicles passing a point at a specific interval of 1 hour was done to identify the hourly pattern of traffic flow characteristics. The composition of traffic includes two wheelers (Cycle/Motor Cycle), three wheelers (Goods & Passenger Autos), Light Motor Vehicles (Passenger Cars/Van/Mini Tempo) and Heavy Motor Vehicles such as Lorries, Buses, Containers, etc. The hourly flow pattern of the study area was captured using traffic counting forms. Pedestrians also form an important stream at the study area. Hence pedestrian counts were also incorporated in the traffic counting forms.

The traffic study was conducted on 31st January 2018, 10 hours counts were considered from 7 am to 6 pm. The study was not conducted from 1 pm to 2 pm as this duration is found to be non peak time for traffic in urban regions in Ernakulam. Hence the period of study was from 7.00 am to 1 pm and from 2 pm to 6 pm. The traffic counting forms with the data collected for the traffic flow in both directions are given in Table 8.1 to Table 8.4 .

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Table 8.1: Traffic counting form (South-East to North-West)

POINT OF STUDY AREA: NH 966B DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW: SOUTH-EAST TO NORTH-WEST DATE: 31ST JANUARY 2018 TIME: 07:00 AM - 01:00 PM & 02:00 PM - 06:00 PM

TRAFFIC CENSUS COUNT SURVEY FORM

Sl Time (AM- Pedestrian Two Wheeler Three wheeler Light Motor Vehicles Heavy Motor Vehicles No PM) Cycle Scooter Auto rikshaw Car Other LMV Passenger Luxury Bus/ Other HMV (Van/ Bus Heavy Lorry (Crains/ Total MiniLorry/ Container, Mini Bus/ JCB, etc) Tempo, etc) 1. 07:00-08:00 17 21 186 18 99 34 6 29 5 415

2. 08:00-09:00 18 10 308 36 197 23 6 30 1 629

3. 09:00-10:00 16 10 380 25 280 39 7 18 0 775

4. 10:00-11:00 5 3 355 30 181 35 2 11 23 645

5. 11:00-12:00 15 7 288 27 195 48 2 31 15 628

6. 12:00-01:00 5 3 206 31 110 27 2 29 8 421

7. 02:00-03:00 0 1 199 9 160 35 1 19 5 429

8. 03:00-04:00 8 9 210 13 156 28 4 24 4 456

9. 04:00-05:00 16 5 242 24 134 30 7 16 3 477

10. 05:00-06:00 10 5 377 14 231 36 5 38 21 737

Total 110 74 2751 227 1743 335 42 245 85 5612

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Table 8.2: Traffic counting form (North-West to South-East)

POINT OF STUDY AREA: NH 966B DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW: NORTH-WEST TO SOUTH-EAST DATE: 31ST JANUARY 2018 TIME: 07:00 AM - 01:00 PM & 02:00 PM - 06:00 PM

TRAFFIC CENSUS COUNT SURVEY FORM

Sl Time (AM- Pedestrian Two Wheeler Three Light Motor Vehicles Heavy Motor Vehicles No PM) wheeler Cycle Scooter Auto rikshaw Car Other LMV Passenger Luxury Bus/ Other HMV (Van/ Bus Heavy Lorry (Crains/ Total MiniLorry/ Container, JCB, Mini Bus/ etc) Tempo, etc) 1. 07:00-08:00 15 9 234 13 74 9 2 5 0 361 2. 08:00-09:00 12 6 741 28 133 4 2 4 0 930 3. 09:00-10:00 6 5 637 47 154 21 3 9 0 882 4. 10:00-11:00 6 2 369 17 206 19 2 14 1 636 5. 11:00-12:00 11 7 389 31 189 36 0 21 7 691 6. 12:00-01:00 6 4 304 19 217 60 3 29 2 644 7. 02:00-03:00 5 7 260 25 137 27 1 10 5 372 8. 03:00-04:00 6 4 258 30 189 29 0 21 5 542 9. 04:00-05:00 33 8 386 30 174 25 3 14 11 684 10. 05:00-06:00 42 13 496 33 295 80 3 20 21 1003 Total 142 65 4074 273 1768 310 19 147 52 6745

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Table 8.3: Traffic counting form (South-West to North-East)

POINT OF STUDY AREA: OLD NH 47 DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW: SOUTH-WEST TO NORTH-EAST DATE: 31ST JANUARY 2018 TIME: 07:00 AM - 01:00 PM & 02:00 PM - 06:00 PM

TRAFFIC CENSUS COUNT SURVEY FORM

Sl Time (AM- Pedestrian Two Wheeler Three Light Motor Vehicles Heavy Motor Vehicles No PM) wheeler Cycle Scooter Auto Car Other LMV Passenger Luxury Bus/ Other HMV rikshaw (Van/ Bus Heavy Lorry (Crains/ Total MiniLorry/ Container, JCB, Mini Bus/ etc) Tempo, etc) 1. 07:00-08:00 8 77 770 161 406 243 103 47 30 1845

2. 08:00-09:00 0 62 1158 325 777 435 88 23 36 2904

3. 09:00-10:00 3 30 918 191 560 405 62 8 12 2189

4. 10:00-11:00 21 7 950 182 738 590 81 6 8 2583

5. 11:00-12:00 0 13 870 106 470 283 64 25 6 1837

6. 12:00-01:00 0 0 396 99 177 121 42 9 6 850

7. 02:00-03:00 1 2 355 74 220 278 45 12 9 996

8. 03:00-04:00 19 2 374 56 183 80 84 11 12 821

9. 04:00-05:00 8 5 423 68 239 94 70 31 12 950

10. 05:00-06:00 11 29 472 48 258 90 64 41 11 1024 Total 71 227 6686 1310 4028 2619 703 213 142 15999

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Table 8.4: Traffic counting form (North-East to South-West)

POINT OF STUDY AREA: OLD NH 47 DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC FLOW: NORTH-EAST TO SOUTH-WEST DATE: 31ST JANUARY 2018 TIME: 07:00 AM - 01:00 PM & 02:00 PM - 06:00 PM

TRAFFIC CENSUS COUNT SURVEY FORM

Sl No Time (AM-PM) Pedestrian Two Wheeler Three Light Motor Vehicles Heavy Motor Vehicles wheeler Cycle Scooter Auto Car Other LMV Passenger Luxury Bus/ Other HMV rikshaw (Van/ Bus Heavy Lorry (Crains/ Total MiniLorry/ Container, Mini Bus/ JCB, etc) Tempo, etc) 1. 07:00-08:00 64 23 161 26 51 23 78 36 6 468

2. 08:00-09:00 39 11 253 34 97 42 73 12 5 566

3. 09:00-10:00 21 4 227 89 84 43 62 12 4 546

4. 10:00-11:00 12 7 246 56 172 75 70 25 10 673

5. 11:00-12:00 6 1 399 54 184 102 50 30 13 839

6. 12:00-01:00 10 4 331 68 171 73 63 15 6 741

7. 02:00-03:00 8 1 286 35 166 51 45 16 3 611

8. 03:00-04:00 4 7 477 55 246 59 61 32 9 950

9. 04:00-05:00 11 2 657 57 232 59 58 20 15 1111

10. 05:00-06:00 44 20 1147 93 377 156 71 45 14 1967

Total 219 80 4184 567 1780 683 631 243 85 8472

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8.2.3 Analysis of Traffic Data

Typical hourly patterns of traffic flow generally show a number of distinguishable peaks. The traffic in this study area is highly heterogeneous in nature. When the traffic is composed of a number of types of vehicles, it is a common practice to convert the flow into equivalent passenger car unit (PCUs), by certain equivalency factors. The flow is then expressed as PCUs per hour or PCU’s per day. PCU is a metric used in Transportation Engineering, to assess traffic-flow rate. A PCU is a measure of the impact that a mode of transport has on traffic variables (such as headway, speed, density) compared to a single standard passenger car. The conversion factors for various types of vehicles as per IRC 064-1990 are given in Table 8.5 Table 8.5: PCU Values for Different Types of Vehicles

S No Mode PCU Value 1. Cycle 0.5 2. Scooter 0.5 3. Auto rikshaw 1.0 4. Car/Van 1.0 5. Other LMV(Mini Lorry/Tempo) 1.5 6. Bus (Passenger) 3 7. Lorry/Truck/Luxury Bus 3 8. Other HMV(Craines/ JCB/Tractor) 4.5 The hourly traffic patterns for both directions of NH 966B road after applying the conversion factors for PCU are depicted in Table 8.6 and hourly traffic patterns for both directions of Old NH 47 after applying the conversion factors for PCU are depicted in Table 8.7 and 8.8

Table 8.6: Hourly traffic pattern in PCU of NH 966 B

S No Time (7.00 am to 7.00 pm) PCU/hour: from SE to NW PCU/hour: from NW-SE 1. 7:00-8:00 399 243

2. 8:00-9:00 539 558.5

3. 9:00-10:00 633.5 589.5

4. 10:00-11:00 585 489.5

5. 11:00-12:00 608 566.5

6. 12:00-1:00 415 585

7. 2:00-3:00 404 391.5

8. 3:00-4:00 422.5 479

9. 4:00-5:00 409 539

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10. 5:00-6:00 713 866

Table 8.7: Hourly traffic pattern in PCU of Old NH 47

S No Time (7.00 am to 7.00 pm) PCU/hour: from NE to SW PCU/hour: from SW to NE 1. 7:00-8:00 572.5 1940

2. 8:00-9:00 603.5 2859.5

3. 9:00-10:00 593 2096.5

4. 10:00-11:00 797 2580.5

5. 11:00-12:00 889.5 1736

6. 12:00-1:00 777 835.5

7. 2:00-3:00 617.5 1101

8. 3:00-4:00 951 886

9. 4:00-5:00 1008.5 1019

10. 5:00-6:00 1698.5 1056

The hourly pattern of traffic at NH 966B, from South-East to North-West reaches its morning peak around 9:00 am to 12:00 am and evening peak around 5:00 pm-6:00 pm. Similarly from North- West to South-East reaches its morning peak around 8:00 am to 10:00 am and evening peak around 5:00 pm-6:00 pm as depicted by Figure 8.3.

The pictorial representation of the hourly patterns of Kunnumpuram-NGO Quarters road traffic

flow is depicted in Figure 8.3.

Flow of Vehicles-NH 966B 1000 866 800 633.5 585 608 585 713 479 600 558.5 489.5 539 399 589.5 566.5 391.5 400 539 409 415 404 422.5 200

NUMBER INPCUNUMBER 243 0

TIME

South-East to North-West North-West to South-East

Figure 8.3 Hourly pattern of traffic at NH966B (Kundanoor-Willingdon Island)

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 100

The hourly pattern of traffic at Old NH 47, from North- East to South-West reaches its morning peak around 10:00 am to 12:00 am mostly uniform flow and evening peak is around 3:00 pm-6:00 pm. Similarly from South-West to North-East reaches its morning peak around 7:00 am to 11:00 am and evening peak around 4:00 pm-6:00 pm as depicted by Figure 8.4 South-West to North- East direction have more traffic load compare with opposite direction.

The pictorial representation of the hourly pattern of Old NH 47 traffic flow is depicted in Figure 8.4

Flow of Vehicles- Old NH 47 3500 2859.5 3000 2580.5 2500 2000 1940 2096.5 1736 1698.5 1500 1101 886 1008.5 889.5 835.5 1000 797 1056

NUMBER INPCUNUMBER 593 572.5 603.5 500 951 1019 777 617.5 0

TIME

North-East to South-West South-West to North-East

Figure 8.4 Hourly pattern of traffic at Old NH 47 (Thevara-Thoppumpady)

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 101

8.2.4 Photographs of Conducting Traffic Survey

Figure 8.5 Photographs of manual traffic counting

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 102

8.2.5 Different Categories of Vehicles Plying in NH 966B and Old NH 47 The number of the different categories of vehicles was converted to their corresponding values and this was used to determine the predominant categories of vehicles in the traffic flow. The frequency results of vehicles are depicted in Figure 8.6 to Figure 8.9.

NORTH-EAST TO SOUTH-WEST Heavy bus Other HMV Cycle Passenger Bus 3% 1% 1% 8% Other LMV 8%

Scooter 51% Car 21%

Autorikshah 7%

Figure 8.6 Old NH 47- Frequency of Vehicles (NE-SW)

SOUTH-WEST TO NORTH-EAST Heavy bus Other HMV Passenger Bus 1% Cycle 4% 1% 2% Other LMV 17% Scooter 42%

Car 25%

Autorikshah 8%

Figure 8.7 Old NH 47- Frequency of Vehicles (SW-NE)

Prepared by ULTRA-TECH Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory 103

SOUTH-EAST TO NORTH-WEST Heavy bus Passenger Bus Other HMV 4% Cycle 1% 2% 1% Other LMV 6%

Scooter Car 50% 32%

Autorikshah 4%

Figure 8.8 NH 966B- Frequency of Vehicles (SW-NE)

SOUTH-EAST TO NORTH-WEST Heavy bus Passenger Bus Other HMV 4% Cycle 1% 2% 1% Other LMV 6%

Scooter Car 50% 32%

Autorikshah 4%

Figure 8.9 NH 966B- Frequency of Vehicles (SW-NE)

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8.2.6 Level of Service (LOS) Level of Service is a qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream and it describes these conditions in terms of factors such as speed and travel time, freedom to manoeuvre, traffic interruptions, comfort, convenience and safety. Six LOS are recognized in IRC 64 1990. These are designated from A to F, with LOS A representing the best operating condition (free flow) and LOS F, the worst (forced/break down flow). The characteristics of traffic flow for each of these LOS are depicted in Table 8.8. Table 8.8: Characteristics of the various Level of Service in Indian Roads as per IRC

Level of Existing Service Characteristics Traffic/Design (LOS) Service Volume

Represents a condition of free flow. Individual users are virtually unaffected by the presence of others in the traffic A stream. Freedom to select desired speeds and to manoeuvre 0.0 to 0.2 (Excellent) within the traffic stream is high. The general level of comfort and convenience provided to the road users is excellent

Represents a zone of stable flow, with the drivers still having reasonable freedom to select their desired speed and B (Very manoeuvre within the traffic stream. Level of comfort and 0.2 to 0.4 Good) convenience provided is somewhat less than LOS A, because the presence of other vehicles in the traffic stream begins to affect individual behaviour

This also is a zone of stable flow, but marks the beginning of the range of flow in which the operation of individual users becomes significantly affected by interaction with others in the traffic stream. The selection of speed is now C (Good) 0.4 to 0.6 affected by the presence of others and manoeuvring within the traffic stream requires substantial vigilance on the part of the users. The general level of comfort and convenience declines noticeably at this level

Represents the limit of stable flow with conditions approaching close to unstable flow. Due to high density, the drivers are severely restricted in their freedom to select D (Fair) desired speed and manoeuvre within the traffic stream. The 0.6 to 0.8 general level of comfort and convenience is poor. Small increases in traffic flow will usually cause operational problems at this level.

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Level of Existing Service Characteristics Traffic/Design (LOS) Service Volume

Represents operating conditions when traffic volumes are at or close to the capacity level. The speeds are reduced to a low, but relatively uniform value. Freedom to manoeuvre within the traffic stream is extremely difficult and is generally accomplished by forcing a vehicle to give way to E (Poor) 0.8 to 1.0 accommodate such manoeuvres. Comfort and convenience are extremely poor and driver frustration is generally high. Operations at this level are usually unstable because small increases in flow or minor disturbances within the traffic stream will cause break downs.

Represents zone of forced or break down flow. This condition occurs when the amount of traffic approaching a point exceeds the amount which can pass it. Queues form behind such locations. Operations within the queue are F (Very characterised by stop and go waves which are extremely >1.0 Poor) unstable. Vehicles may progress at a reasonable speed for several hundred meters and may then be required to stop in a cyclic fashion. Due to high volumes, break down occurs and long queues and delays result.

8.2.7 Recommended Design Service Volumes Normally LOS C is adopted for design of roads. At this level, volume of traffic will be around 0.6 times the maximum capacity and this is taken as the Design Service Volume (DSV) for the purpose of design values. Capacity of roads is also a function of the roadside fringe conditions such as parking, extent of commercial activities, frontage access etc. The fringe conditions considered in IRC 106-1990 are given in Table 8.9. Table 8.9: Fringe Conditions for Roads as per IRC

Road Category Description

Arterial No frontage access, no standing vehicles, very little cross traffic.

Sub Arterial Frontage development, side roads, bus stops, no standing vehicles, waiting restrictions

Collectors Free frontage access, parked vehicles, bus stops, no waiting restrictions

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Design Service Volumes for different categories of roads corresponding to above referred fringe conditions are given in Table 8.10.

Table 8.10: Design Service Volumes for Different Categories of Roads

S No Type of carriage way Total Design Service Volumes for different categories of roads

Arterial Sub arterial Collector

1. 2 lane one way 2400 1900 1400

2. 2 lane two way 1500 1200 900

3. 3 lane one way 3600 2900 2200

4. 4 lane undivided two 3000 2400 1800 way

5. 4 lane divided two way 3600 2900 -

6. 6 lane undivided two 4800 3800 - way

7. 6 lane divided two way 5400 4300 -

8. 8 lane divided two way 7200 - -

From Table 8.9 and Table 8.10, since NH 966B and Old NH 47 are two lanes two ways Sub Arterial Road, the Design Volume Capacity for the same is PCU/hour / 1200. The Level of Service for this road is determined based on the PCU Values given in Table 8.6 and Table 8.7. The LOS for the hourly pattern in NH 966B for January 31st 2018 is depicted in Table 8.11 and LOS for the hourly pattern in Old NH 47 for January 31st 2018 is depicted in Table 8.12. Table 8.11: Levels of Service in NH 966B for hourly traffic flow pattern

Time (7.00 PCU/hour: Existing Level of PCU/hour: Existing Level am to 7.00 SE-NW Traffic/ Service NW-SE Traffic/ of pm) Design Design Service Volume Volume

7:00-8:00 399 0.33 B 243 0.20 B

8:00-9:00 539 0.44 C 558.5 0.46 C

9:00-10:00 633.5 0.52 C 589.5 0.49 C

10:00-11:00 585 0.48 C 489.5 0.40 B

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Time (7.00 PCU/hour: Existing Level of PCU/hour: Existing Level am to 7.00 SE-NW Traffic/ Service NW-SE Traffic/ of pm) Design Design Service Volume Volume

11:00-12:00 608 0.50 C 566.5 0.47 C

12:00-1:00 415 0.34 B 585 0.48 C

2:00-3:00 404 0.33 B 391.5 0.32 B

3:00-4:00 422.5 0.35 B 479 0.39 B

4:00-5:00 409 0.34 B 539 0.44 C

5:00-6:00 713 0.59 C 866 0.72 D

It can be noted from Table 8.11 that, the LOS remains good for the studied stretch of NH 966B except for the peak hours. Table 8.12: Levels of Service in Old NH 47 for hourly traffic flow pattern

Time (7.00 PCU/hour: Existing Level of PCU/hour: Existing Level am to 7.00 NE-SW Traffic/ Service SW-NE Traffic/ of pm) Design Design Service Volume Volume

7:00-8:00 572.5 0.47 C 1940 1.61 F

8:00-9:00 603.5 0.50 C 2859.5 2.38 F

9:00-10:00 593 0.49 C 2096.5 1.74 F

10:00-11:00 797 0.66 D 2580.5 2.15 F

11:00-12:00 889.5 0.74 D 1736 1.44 F

12:00-1:00 777 0.64 D 835.5 0.69 D

2:00-3:00 617.5 0.51 C 1101 0.91 E

3:00-4:00 951 0.79 D 886 0.73 D

4:00-5:00 1008.5 0.84 E 1019 0.84 E

5:00-6:00 1698.5 1.41 F 1056 0.88 E

It can be noted from Table 8.12 that, the LOS remains both good and poor for the studied stretch of Old NH 47 except for the peak hours. The LOS becomes very poor for the traffic flow from SW to NE from 7.00 am till 12.00 pm

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8.2.8 Result of Traffic Studies The traffic study in NH 966B and Old NH 47revealed the following  The hourly pattern of traffic at NH 966B, from South-East to North-West reaches its morning peak around 9:00 am to 12:00 am and evening peak around 5:00 pm-6:00 pm. Similarly from North-West to South-East reaches its morning peak around 8:00 am to 10:00 am and evening peak around 5:00 pm-6:00 pm as depicted by Figure 8.3.  The hourly pattern of traffic at Old NH 47, from North- East to South-West reaches its morning peak around 10:00 am to 12:00 am mostly uniform flow and evening peak is around 3:00 pm-6:00 pm. Similarly from South-West to North-East reaches its morning peak around 7:00 am to 11:00 am and evening peak around 4:00 pm-6:00 pm as depicted by Figure 8.4. South-West to North-East direction have more traffic load compare with opposite direction.  Compare with Old NH 47, NH 966B have sufficient and good LOS and Old NH 47 has poor LOS.  The speeds are reduced to a low, but relatively uniform value. Freedom to manoeuvre within the traffic stream is extremely difficult and is generally accomplished by forcing a vehicle to give way to accommodate such manoeuvres. Comfort and convenience are extremely poor and driver frustration is generally high. Operations at this level are usually unstable because small increases in flow or minor disturbances within the traffic stream will cause break downs.  Passenger Cars and Two Wheelers (Cycle, Scooter and Motor Bike) constitute about more than 50% of the total traffic volume in both roads.  The design service volumes of these roads are exceeded by the existing traffic at many incidents. Hence proper traffic management shall be implemented to cater to the additional traffic from the proposed Expansion at Liquid Storage Terminal of M/s Ganesh Benzoplast Ltd so that it will not affect the existing traffic in both roads. The traffic flow in these stretches of the roads remains partially smooth and stable for most of the time.

8.3 Public Hearing

Public Hearing was conducted on 30th April 2018 at Collectorate Conference Hall at Kakkanad, Ernakulam and was presided over by the Additional District Magistrate (ADM) & Deputy Collector (General). The details of the project, the details regarding the EIA study, the details regarding the safety measures etc were presented during the Public Hearing. One of the residents stated that, no problems have been experienced by the people of the locality due to the running of the unit since its establishment. There were no other objections/suggestions from the public. The minutes of the Public Hearing is attached as Annexure to the EIA report.

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CHAPTER 9. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

9.1 Consultants Engaged

This EIA report is prepared on behalf of the proponents, taking inputs from proponent’s Management team, Engineering and other staff by Environmental Consultants M/s. Ultra-Tech Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory, with Head Office at Thane and branch offices at Kochi, Pune, Bengaluru and Kolkata. The NABET accreditation number of Ultra-Tech is NABET/EIA/1417/RA010

M/s Ultra-Tech Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory:

Ultra-Tech Environmental Consultancy and Laboratory [Lab recognized by MoEF – Govt. of India and NABL approved] not only gives environmental solutions for sustainable development, but make sure that they are economically feasible. A team of more than hundred environmental brigadiers consists of engineers, experts, ecologists, hydrologists, geologists, socio-economic experts, solid waste and hazard waste experts apart from environmental media sampling and monitoring experts and management experts , strive hard to serve the clients with up to mark and best services. Ultra-Tech offers environmental consultancy services to assist its clients to obtain environmental clearance for their large buildings, construction, CRZ, SEZ, high rise buildings, township projects and industries covering sugar and distilleries from respective authorities. Ultra- Tech also provide STP/ETP/WTP project consultancy on turn-key basis apart from Operation and Maintenance of these projects on annual contract basis. Also, having MoEF &CC approved environmental laboratory, Ultra-Tech provide laboratory services for monitoring and analysis of various environmental media like air, water, waste water, stack, noise and meteorological data to its clients all over India and abroad.

The EIA team involved for the proposed EIA Report is as mentioned in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1: EIA Team

SN Name of the expert Area of functional Expert(NABET Accredited) 1 Mr. Timir Shah EIA Coordinator 2 Mr. Timir Shah Air Pollution 2 Mr. Timir Shah Water Pollution 3 Mrs Deepa Karnik Solid Hazardous Waste 5 Mr Vikrant Kulkarni Ecology and Biodiversity 6 Mr Yogesh Raskar Socio Economic 7 Ms Ananthitha Team Members Mr Rahulraj V R Ms Thara K Thankappan

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Functional area experts and assistance to FAE involved in the EIA study for “M/s.Ganesh Benzoplast Ltd.” is as shown in Table 9.2.

Table 9.2: Functional Area Experts Involved in the EIA

FUNCTIONAL AREA EXPERTS NAME OF NAME OF NAME OF S.N. INVOLVED SECTOR PROJECT CLIENT FA NAME/S 1. Schedule 6 Isolated M/s.Ganesh AP Mr. Timir Shah (b) Category storage and Benzoplast Mr. Timir Shah ‘B’ handling of Limited WP Associate: hazardous Ms Ananthitha A chemicals Mr Vikrant Kulkarni EB Associate: Ms.Haritha V Mohanan SE Mr Yogesh Raskar

Associate: SHW Mrs.DeepaTamhane – Karnik

Mr Yogesh Raskar LU Associate: Ms Thara K Thankappan Dr.Subhash Bonde RH Associate: Mr Rahul Raj V R

9.2 Laboratory for Analysis

The details of the Laboratory engaged for the monitoring and analysis of environmental parameters are depicted in Table 9.3.

Table 9.3: Details of Laboratory for Analysis and Monitoring of Environmental Parameters

Name of laboratory Scope of services Accreditation status Monitoring and Analysis of:  Ambient Air Quality  Noise Quality Accredited by NABL M/s Envirodesign Ecolabs  Soil Quality Valid upto 22.12.2018  Surface Water  Ground Water

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