THE AUTHOR and HER TIMES Willa Cather Was Born, in 1873, D
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BARRON'S BOOK NOTES WILLA CATHER'S MY ANTONIA ^^^^^^^^^^WILLA CATHER: THE AUTHOR AND HER TIMES Willa Cather was born, in 1873, during an exciting period in American history wh en the Middle West was settled by courageous pioneers, some from the East, some from Europe. The eldest of seven children, Cather spent her first years in the E ast, living in a lovely Virginia house that had been in the family for several g enerations. When she was nine, Willa Cather's life changed. Relatives had sent glowing repor ts of farming opportunities in the central Nebraska region called "the Divide." The Cathers were susceptible to tuberculosis and hoped the dry Nebraska climate would be more favorable than that of humid Virginia. In 1883 Willa Cather and he r family journeyed by rail to join their extended family in the small settlement west of Red Cloud that was already known as Catherton. Although there were no longer many covered wagons, buffalo, or Indians in Nebras ka, the huge prairie rippling with reddish grass seemed wild and foreign to Will a Cather. So did her new neighbors. Homesteading immigrants from all over Europe , they were farming previously unbroken prairie land. These people and this land inspired My Antonia and Cather's other Midwestern novels. Until she was ten years old, Willa Cather was educated at home, first by her Vir ginia grandmother, then by her Nebraska grandmother. They introduced her to Shak espeare and the Greek and Latin classics, and encouraged the intelligent and out going girl to think for herself at a young age. Many aspects of my Antonia are autobiographical. The fictional town of Black Haw k is based on Red Cloud. Just like Jim Burden (the novel's narrator), young Will a Cather arrived by train and then rode the rest of the way to her grandparents' house--about fifteen miles--in the straw-covered bed of a farm wagon. Her grand parents' house was exactly like Jim's. And, like him, the young Willa made frien ds with the immigrant families nearby. One of these families, the Sadileks from Bohemia, now part of Czechoslovakia, pr ovided the model for the Shimerda family in My Antonia. Mr. Sadilek, a musician, was so depressed by the bleak new country that he shot himself after breaking h is violin across his knee. His daughter Annie was the inspiration for Antonia. S he worked in the home of the Miner family, the model for the Harlings in the boo k. A year or so after they arrived on the farm, Willa Cather's parents moved the fa mily into Red Cloud. She and her mother were both homesick and ill, and her fath er didn't like the backbreaking farm work. He went into real estate loans and in surance, and Willa attended a school for the first time. In Red Cloud, as she al ways had, the girl spent much of her time math adults. An Englishman, who read L atin with her, let her help with experiments in his laboratory. She decided she wanted to become a doctor and persuaded two of the town's physicians to let her accompany them on their rounds. About this time, she began calling herself Willi am Cather, M.D. As you see, Cather not only thought of herself as a doctor, she thought of herse lf as a boy. She cut her hair very short (shocking in those days), dressed boyis hly, and was close to her two younger brothers, who called her "Willie." Not many girls went to college in those days, but it never occurred to Cather no t to. At the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, the state capital, she continued to lead an independent and unconventional life. Among the influential friends s he made were two families who owned newspapers. Coincidentally, during her first year at the university, a teacher gave one of her essays to the Nebraska State Journal, the largest of five papers in Lincoln. Once she had seen her initials i n print, she decided to become an author, not a doctor. For the college literary magazine and the Journal, she described people and plac es which would eventually make their way into her books. She sometimes insulted people by publishing thinly disguised character sketches of them. As the newspap er's drama and book critic, she expressed decisive views on art and life. She was so busy during her senior year writing newspaper articles and practice-t eaching that her other schoolwork suffered. In courses that interested her, she read far beyond the requirements (sometimes more than her teachers had read), bu t she resented "required reading." After she became famous, she said that she di dn't want students to be forced to read her books, so she wouldn't let her work be printed in school editions or in anthologies. As she had as a child, Cather continued to think "like a man." She didn't accept her generation's idea that women should be passive, domestic, and uneducated. I nstead she actively pursued a literary life and a worldly perspective which gave her work universal appeal. After being graduated from college in 1895, Cather moved back home for a year an d wrote short stories as well as newspaper columns. When she was twenty-three, a publisher invited her to edit a new ladies' magazine in Pittsburgh. After she l eft the prairie she began to feel a nostalgia for the land and people of "the Di vide" which lasted all her life. She liked to say that the years between eight a nd fifteen are the most important. Her own vivid memories of those years are rec reated for you in My Antonia. For the next ten years Willa Cather worked in Pittsburgh at various jobs, and co ntinued to send columns about the books and culture of the East back to papers i n Lincoln. For scholars today, those columns form a sort of diary of Cather's th oughts on the arts and artists during her twenties. Although she practiced journ alism for more than half her life, she knew she would eventually write novels, a nd she already thought of herself as a literary artist. When she placed her firs t short story in a national magazine in 1900, she decided to devote herself to w riting fiction instead of newspaper articles. To support herself she taught Engl ish in Pittsburgh high schools for five years. By this time she had been invited to live in the home of Isabelle McClung and he r parents. Isabelle was young, attractive, and a wealthy arts patron who encoura ged Cather in her writing. The two became inseparable. Although Isabelle later m arried, their friendship remained so vital to Cather that one critic called Isab elle "the great love of her life." (Forty years later when Isabelle died, Cather said she realized that Isabelle had been the person for whom all her books had been written.) Cather's early boyishness and her later close friendship with several women (inc luding her companion of forty years, Edith Lewis) make it unsurprising that she never married. Although the nature of these friendships remains a matter of spec ulation, Cather herself always claimed that generally art and marriage don't mix because an artist must become a "human sacrifice" to the god of art. Eventually, Cather's single-mindedness paid off. Her poetry and short stories dr ew the attention of the New York publisher S.S. McClure. In 1906 she moved there to work on the staff of the famous McClure's magazine. She stayed six years, th ree of them as managing editor. While researching articles, hunting for talented contributors in Europe and at home, and meeting people in the publishing world, she still found time to write her own stories. Still, at nearly forty she had not yet written a novel. Some people have called this journalistic period a "literary detour" which delayed her career as a novel ist until the second half of her life. She herself called it her "apprenticeship ." She evidently learned her trade well, because in the next thirty years she pr oduced a dozen novels, several of which have become classics of American literat ure. My Antonia is probably the most famous. A reader must look to the novels for clues about Cather's later life. When she b ecame well known, she grew intensely private. She avoided publicity. Burning all the personal letters she could get back from her friends, she specified that no surviving letters were ever to be published (though nearly a thousand are now a vailable to scholars in libraries). Film versions of her works were prohibited. She authorized only certain of her writings to be collected. Cather wanted to be remembered for her best work, and she did everything she could to protect it fr om being tarnished by her lesser efforts. Her first novel, Alexander's Bridge (1912), was influenced by the works of Henry James and Edith Wharton, both of whom Cather admired. Then she met the Maine wr iter Sarah Orne Jewett, who encouraged her to write about a more familiar geogra phical region and to develop her own style. She was ripe for this advice, and la ter commented that "life began for me when I ceased to admire and began to remem ber." In the next three books, Cather found the subjects and personal style that made her famous. She drew on her memories of prairie spaces and pioneer life.