Cobalt-60 and the Environment
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Stable Isotopes of Cobalt Properties of Cobalt
Stable Isotopes of Cobalt Isotope Z(p) N(n) Atomic Mass Natural Abundance Nuclear Spin Co-59 27 32 58.93320 100.00% 7/2- Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by Georg Brandt. Its name derives from the German word kobald, meaning "goblin" or "evil spirit." Minerals containing cobalt were used by the early civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia for coloring glass deep blue. Cobalt oxide is used today to add a pink or blue color to glass. It is also an important trace element in soils and necessary for animal nutrition. The most important modern use of cobalt is in the manufacture of various wear-resistant and superalloys. Its alloys have shown high resistance to corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures. Radioactive Cobalt-60 is used in radiography and in the sterilization of food. A silvery-white, shining, hard, ductile, somewhat malleable metal, cobalt is also ferromagnetic, with permeability two-thirds that of iron. It has exceptional magnetic properties in alloys. It is attached by dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It corrodes readily in air, and it has unusual coordinating properties, especially the trivalent ion. It is noncombustible except in powder form. Cobalt occurs in two allotropic modifications over a wide range of temperatures: the crystalline close-packed- hexagonal form is known as the alpha form, which turns into the beta (or gamma) form above 417 ºC. In finely powdered form, cobalt ignites spontaneously in air. Reactions with acetylene and bromine pentafluoride proceed to incandescence and can become violent. The metal is moderately toxic by ingestion. Inhalation of dusts can damage lungs. -
Nuclear Power
No.59 z iii "Ill ~ 2 er0 Ill Ill 0 Nuclear Family Pia nning p3 Chernobyl Broadsheet ·, _ I. _ . ~~~~ George Pritchar d speaks CONTENTS COMMENT The important nuclear development since the Nuclear Family Planning 3 last SCRAM Journal was the Government's The CEGB's plans, and the growing opposition, after Sizewell B by go ahead for Sizewell B: the world's first HUGH RICHARDS. reactor order since Chernobyl, and Britain's News 4-6 first since the go ahead was given to Torness Accidents Will Happen 1 and Heysham 2 in 1978. Of great concern is Hinkley Seismic Shocker 8-9 the CEGB's announced intention to build "a A major article on seismic safety of nuclear plants in which JAMES small fanilty• of PWRs, starting with Hinkley GARRETT reveals that Hinkley Point C. At the time of the campaign In the Point sits on a geological fault. south west to close the Hinkley A Magnox Trouble at Trawsfynydd 10-11 station, and .a concerted push in Scotland to A summary of FoE's recent report on increasing radiation levels from prevent the opening of Torness, another Trawsfynydd's by PATRICK GREEN. nuclear announcement is designed to divide Pandora's POX 12 and demoralise the opposition. But, it should The debate over plutonium transport make us more determined. The article on the to and from Dounreay continues by facing page gives us hope: the local PETE MUTTON. authorities on Severnside are joining forces CHERNOBYL BROADSHEET to oppose Hinkley C, and hopefully they will Cock-ups and Cover-ups work closely with local authorities in other "Sacrificed to • • • Nuclear Power" threatened areas - Lothian Region, The Soviet Experience Northumberland, the County Council Coalition "An Agonising Decision• 13 against waste dumping and the Nuclear Free GEORGE PRITCHARD explains why Zones - to formulate a national anti-nuclear he left Greenpeoce and took a job strategy. -
Annual Report 1951 National Bureau of Standards
Annual Report 1951 National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 204 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Charles Sawyer, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astint, Director Annual Report 1951 National Bureau of Standards For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 2 5, D. C. Price 50 cents CONTENTS Page 1. General Review 1 2. Electricity 16 Beam intensification in a high-voltage oscillograph 17, Low-temperature dry cells 17, High-rate batteries 17, Battery additives 18. 3. Optics and Metrology 18 The kinorama 19, Measurement of visibility for aircraft 20, Antisubmarine aircraft searchlights 20, Resolving power chart 20, Refractivity 21, Thermal expansivity of aluminum alloys 21. 4. Heat and Power . 21 Thermodynamic properties of materials 22, Synthetic rubber and other high polymers 23, Combustors for jet engines 24, Temperature and composition of flames 25, Engine "knock" 25, Low-temperature physics 26, Medical physics instrumentation 28. 5. Atomic and Radiation Physics 28 Atomic standard of length 29, Magnetic moment of the proton 29, Spectra of artificial elements 31, Photoconductivity of semiconductors 31, Radiation detecting instruments 32, Protection against radiation 32, X-ray equipment 33, Atomic and molecular ions 35, Electron physics 35, Tables of nuclear data 35, Atomic energy levels 36. 6. Chemistry 36 Radioactive carbohydrates 36, Dextran as a substitute for blood plasma 37, Acidity and basicity in organic solvents 37, Interchangeability of fuel gases 38, Los Angeles "smog" 39, Infrared spectra of alcohols 39, Electrodeposi- tion 39, Development of analytical methods 40, Physical constants 42. 7. Mechanics 42 Turbulent flow 43, Turbulence at supersonic speeds 43, Dynamic properties of materials 43, High-frequency vibrations 44, Hearing loss 44, Physical properties by sonic methods 44, Water waves 46, Density currents 46, Precision weighing 46, Viscosity of gases 46, Evaporated thin films 47. -
2.10. Neutron Activation of Paintings
2.10. Neutron activation of paintings Possible applications: • Pigment analysis by activation techniques • Neutron radiography by neutron absorption ⇒ Autoradiography Requires neutron irradiation of the entire painting using homogenous neutron flux followed by subsequent point by point raster activation measurement. Technical approach with reactors Neutron guide line is needed for providing sufficient neutron flux (~1014 neutrons/cm2/s) for activation of bulky materials outside the reactor core! 4,7 m shielding door shielding neutrons painting 2.5 m Activation with subsequent X-ray and γ-ray detection 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu, Cu(x) 202Hg(n,γ)203Hg, Hg(x) X-ray data provides pigment position γ-ray data provides pigment characteristics Timescale and Radiation Sensitivity Anthony van Dyck, Saint Rosalie praying for the Plague stricken of Palermo 1624 radiograph Pigment identification by analysis of time dependence for characteristic activity 3rd run Pigment identification by analysis of time dependence for characteristic activity 6th run Pigment identification by analysis of time dependence for characteristic activity 8th run Young man in the background Maryan Wynn Ainsworth et al. Art and Autoradiography; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; (1987) 12-18 Van Dyck Self-Portrait Head also visible in X-ray radiograph Self-Portrait of van Dyck 1622 St. Sebastian ca 1649 Painting in the Gemäldegalerie Berlin original by Georges de la Tour (1593-1652) French Court Painter Original in Louvre, question about authorship of copy, George de la Tour himself or by his son Entienne de la Tour? Neutron radiated 109 n/cm2s Neutron induced γ activity is recorded in different time steps: e.g. -
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions PRACTICING SKILLS Atoms:Their Composition and Structure 1. Fundamental Particles Protons Electrons Neutrons Electrical Charges +1 -1 0 Present in nucleus Yes No Yes Least Massive 1.007 u 0.00055 u 1.007 u 3. Isotopic symbol for: 27 (a) Mg (at. no. 12) with 15 neutrons : 27 12 Mg 48 (b) Ti (at. no. 22) with 26 neutrons : 48 22 Ti 62 (c) Zn (at. no. 30) with 32 neutrons : 62 30 Zn The mass number represents the SUM of the protons + neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number represents the # of protons, so (atomic no. + # neutrons)=mass number 5. substance protons neutrons electrons (a) magnesium-24 12 12 12 (b) tin-119 50 69 50 (c) thorium-232 90 142 90 (d) carbon-13 6 7 6 (e) copper-63 29 34 29 (f) bismuth-205 83 122 83 Note that the number of protons and electrons are equal for any neutral atom. The number of protons is always equal to the atomic number. The mass number equals the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons. Isotopes 7. Isotopes of cobalt (atomic number 27) with 30, 31, and 33 neutrons: 57 58 60 would have symbols of 27 Co , 27 Co , and 27 Co respectively. Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions Isotope Abundance and Atomic Mass 9. Thallium has two stable isotopes 203 Tl and 205 Tl. The more abundant isotope is:___?___ The atomic weight of thallium is 204.4 u. The fact that this weight is closer to 205 than 203 indicates that the 205 isotope is the more abundant isotope. -
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with Indigenous
Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020;10(4):178-211 www.ajnmmi.us /ISSN:2160-8407/ajnmmi0115339 Review Article One decade of ‘Bench-to-Bedside’ peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with indigenous [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE obtained through ‘Direct’ neutron activation route: lessons learnt including practice evolution in an Indian setting Sandip Basu1,2, Sudipta Chakraborty2,3, Rahul V Parghane1,2, Kamaldeep2,4, Rohit Ranade1,2, Pradeep Thapa1,2, Ramesh V Asopa1,2, Geeta Sonawane1,2, Swapna Nabar1,2, Hemant Shimpi1,2, Ashok Chandak1,2, Vimalnath KV3, Vikas Ostwal2,5, Anant Ramaswamy2,5, Manish Bhandare2,6, Vikram Chaudhari2,6, Shailesh V Shrikhande2,6, Bhawna Sirohi5,7, Ashutosh Dash2,3, Sharmila Banerjee1,2 1Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, India; 2Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India; 3Radiopharmaceuticals Division, BARC, Mumbai, India; 4Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India; 5Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; 6Department of Surgical Oncology, Gastrointestinal and Hepato- Pancreato-Biliary Service, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; 7Apollo Proton Cancer Centre, Chennai, India Received May 30, 2020; Accepted August 14, 2020; Epub August 25, 2020; Published August 30, 2020 Abstract: The present treatise chronicles one decade of experience pertaining to clinical PRRT services in a large- volume tertiary cancer care centre in India delivering over 4,000 therapies, an exemplar of successful -
Załącznik Nr 3 Do Wniosku O Przeprowadzenie Postępowania Habilitacyjnego
Załącznik nr 3 do wniosku o przeprowadzenie postępowania habilitacyjnego Author's review of his own writings 1. Jan Kurpeta 2. Posiadane dyplomy, stopnie naukowe Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in physics, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, year 1999, title of dissertation: „Properties of the neutron-rich nuclei at the edge of known nuclei area.” Master of Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Physics and Applied Mathematics, year 1993, title of master's thesis: „Influence of nucleon effective mass on single particle motion in the deformed nuclei.” 3. Informacje o dotychczasowym zatrudnieniu w jednostkach naukowych University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Nuclear Spectroscopy Division, assistant professor since15 February 2001 University of Leuven (Belgium), Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, post-doc position from 1 September 1998 to 31 October 1999 University of Jyväskylä (Finland), Faculty of Physics, scholarship from Center for International Mobility, PhD studies from 3 February to 15 December 1995 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Nuclear Spectroscopy Division, PhD studies from October 1993 to September 1998 Space Research Center Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Department of Planetary Geodesy, part time job for 6 months in 1993 1 4. Wskazanie osiągnięcia* wynikającego z art. 16 ust. 2 ustawy z dnia 14 marca 2003 r. o stopniach naukowych i tytule naukowym oraz o stopniach i tytule w zakresie sztuki (Dz. U. nr 65, poz. 595 ze zm.): a) tytuł osiągnięcia naukowego Structure of exotic, neutron-rich fission fragments of mass around A = 110. b) Jednotematyczny cykl publikacji przedstawiających osiągnięcie naukowe [A1] J. -
Chapter 4.3 Production and Atmospheric Release of Activation
CHAPTER 4.3 PRODUCTION AND ATMOSPHERIC RELEASE OF ACTIVATION PRODUCTS ABSTRACT The primary activation product of interest in terms of airborne release and potential offsite dose is 41Ar. Even though it is a short-lived radionuclide, 41Ar is a noble gas readily released from the reactor stacks, and most has not decayed by the time it moves offsite with normal wind speeds. SRS reactor operations produced and released relatively large quantities of 41Ar, and its production rate in the air blanket surrounding a reactor should have been roughly proportional to the reactor power level. Cummins et al. (1991) provides an SRS-developed estimate of 41Ar releases, which we compare to other measurements, check against reactor power levels, and accept as a generally reasonable estimate of SRS 41Ar releases. While these values represent the best available estimates for 41Ar releases from the SRS reactors, the values presented for the later years (1974–1988) are quite low when compared to reactor power levels and overall average 41Ar production levels. We also observe that the 41Ar release values presented for certain of the early years (1955–1967) are quite high when compared to reactor power levels for the same period. The reason for these apparent discrepancies is not clear, and adds to the uncertainty in our estimates of 41Ar releases. INTRODUCTION Most of the radioactivity produced by the five SRS production reactors involved fission products, created when 235U, 239Pu, or 233U split into two or more smaller atoms. In addition, neutrons captured by some materials inside the reactor created radioactive isotopes called activation products. -
Issues and R&D Needs for Commercial Fusion Energy
University of California, San Diego UCSD-CER-08-01 Issues and R&D needs for commercial fusion energy An interim report of the ARIES technical working groups M. S. Tillack, D. Steiner, L. M. Waganer, S. Malang, F. Najmabadi, L. C. Cadwallader, L. A. El-Guebaly, R. J. Peipert Jr, A. R. Raffray, J. P. Sharpe, A. D. Turnbull, T. L. Weaver, and the ARIES Team July 2008 Center for Energy Research University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0417 UCSD-CER-08-01 Issues and R&D needs for commercial fusion energy – An interim report of the ARIES technical working groups – August 2008 M. S. Tillack1, D. Steiner2, L. M. Waganer3, S. Malang4, F, Najmabadi1, L. C. Cadwallader5, L. A. El-Guebaly6, R. J. Peipert Jr7, A. R. Raffray1, J. P. Sharpe5, A. D. Turnbull8, T. L. Weaver7, and the ARIES Team* 1 UC San Diego 2 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 3 Consultant for The Boeing Company 4 FNT Consulting 5 Idaho National Laboratory 6 UW-Madison 7 The Boeing Company 8 General Atomics * Institutions involved in the ARIES Team include University of California San Diego, The Boeing Company, Georgia Institute of Technology, General Atomics, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Wisconsin, Madison. 1 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Evaluation methodology 2.1 Technology readiness 2.2 Reference concepts 2.2.1 Reference concepts for energy capture and conversion 2.2.2 Reference concepts for the remainder of the power core 3. -
Xa9949230 Converting Targets and Processes for Fission-Product Molybdenum-99 from High- to Low-Enriched Uranium
XA9949230 CONVERTING TARGETS AND PROCESSES FOR FISSION-PRODUCT MOLYBDENUM-99 FROM HIGH- TO LOW-ENRICHED URANIUM G.F. VANDEGRIFT, J.L. SNELGROVE, S. AASE, M.M. BRETSCHER, B.A. BUCHHOLZ, DJ. CHAKO, D.B. CHAMBERLAIN, L. CHEN, C. CONNER, D. DONG, G.L. HOFMAN, J.C. HUTTER, G.C. KNIGHTON, J.D. KWOK, R.A. LEONARD, J.E. MATOS, J. SEDLET, B. SRINTVASAN, D.E. WALKER, T. WIENCEK, EX. WOOD, D.G. WYGMANS, A. TRAVELLI Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America S. LANDSBERGER, D. WU University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, Illinois, United States of America A. SURIPTO, A. MUTALIB, H. NASUTION, H.G. ADANG, L. HOTMAN, S. AMINI, S. DEDI, R. MARTALENA, A. GOGO, B. PURWADI, D.L. AMIN, A. ZAHIRUDDIN, SUKMANA, KADARISMAN, SRIYONO, D. HAFID, M. SAYAD Badan Tenaga Atom National (PUSPIPTEK), Jakarta, Indonesia Abstract Most of the world's supply of "Mo is produced by the fissioning of 235U in high-enriched uranium targets (HEU, generally 93% 235U). To reduce nuclear-proliferation concerns, the U.S. Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactor Program is working to convert the current HEU targets to low-enriched uranium (LEU, <20%235 U). Switching to LEU targets also requires modifying the separation processes. Current HEU processes can be classified into two main groups based on whether the irradiated target is dissolved in acid or base. Our program has been working on both fronts, with development of targets for acid-side processes being the furthest along. However, using an LEU metal foil target may allow the facile replacement of HEU for both acid and basic dissolution processes. -
Neutron Activation Analysis of Calcium in Biological
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF CALCIUM IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES David A. Weber and Howard L. Andrews The university of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Reports in the literature have described the use analysis. Direct assays of calcium content should of whole-body neutron activation analyses in man provide a more sensitive determination. for estimating the content of certain elements (1-7). In this study, relatively low thermal neutron Thermal neutron reactions can be used to identify fluences have been used to assay calcium content and assay such elements as sodium, chlorine, and in mice and human cadaver fingers. Activation prod calcium through n,y reactions. Irradiations have been ucts were detected and identified by gamma-ray made with partially moderated fast neutrons in order counting, using Nal(Tl) and Ge(Li) detectors. The to approach uniform thermal neutron flux distribu weights of the elements which yielded detectable tions throughout a body cross section. The additional daughter products were determined from linear least- reactions dependent on the primary energy spectrum squares analyses of the Nal(Tl) spectra. The result of the incident neutron energy, however, have been ing estimations of calcium content in selected shown both to complicate dosimetry and interfere specimens were compared with atomic absorption with the analysis of the n,y activation products (8). determinations. Precise calibration of the neutron spectrum and ex tensive phantom studies are required to minimize MATERIALS AND METHODS these problems. The recent work of Cohn, et al (6,7) Irradiation facility. All irradiations were made in was the first to show that these coupled reaction the central region of a hohlraum within the thermal products could be used to identify and assay the column of a Triga Mark II Reactor*. -
High Specific Radioactivities of Cobalt, Platinum and Iridium From
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1951 High specific ar dioactivities of cobalt, platinum and iridium from photonuclear reactions Darleane Christian Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Physical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Christian, Darleane, "High specific ar dioactivities of cobalt, platinum and iridium from photonuclear reactions " (1951). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13387. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13387 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI HIGH SPECIFIC MDIOACTIVITI OF COBALT, PLATIirOl-I Mm IRIDIUIl FROM PHOTOirUCL:mR R3ACTI0KS by Darloana Christian A Dissertation S-ubmitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillmant of The Requiramants for the Degrea of DOCTOR OP PHILOflOPIir Major Subject: Physical Chamistry Approveds Signature was redacted for privacy. In Cha3?i¥ of tlay6r' Worls: Signature was redacted for privacy. Heaa of tiajor Departraent ^ Signature was redacted for privacy. Daan of Graduate Collage loi/a State College 1951 UMI Number: DP12638 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.