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The Value of Connections in Turbulent Times: Evidence from the United States
The Value of Connections In Turbulent Times: Evidence from the United States Daron Acemoglu Simon Johnson Amir Kermani MIT and NBER MIT and NBER MIT James Kwak Todd Mitton University of Connecticut BYU First Version: May 2009 This Version: May 2013 Abstract The announcement of Tim Geithner as President-elect Obama’snominee for Treasury Sec- retary in November 2008 produced a cumulative abnormal return for …nancial …rms with which he had a personal connection. This return was around 15 percent from day 0 through day 10, relative to other comparable …nancial …rms. This result holds across a range of robustness checks and regardless of whether we measure connections in terms of …rms with headquar- ters in New York City, meetings he had in 2007-08, or non-pro…t board memberships he shared with …nancial services executives. There were subsequently abnormal negative returns for connected …rms when news broke that Geithner’s con…rmation might be derailed by tax issues. Roughly in line with market expectations, the Obama administration hired people from Geithner-connected …rms into top level …nancial policy positions. Geithner’s policies proved supportive of large …nancial …rms’executives, shareholders, and creditors –including for Citigroup, with which he had the strongest prior connections. But the market-perceived quantitative value of connections is broader than just for the “too big to fail” category. We argue that this value of connections re‡ects the perceived impact of relying on the advice of a small network of …nancial sector executives during a time of acute crisis and heightened policy discretion. Keywords: cultural capture, political connections, economic crises, institutions JEL Classi…cation: G01, G14, G21, G28 For helpful comments we thank seminar participants at MIT, Harvard Business School, the International Monetary Fund, the University of Alberta, BYU, and the 2012 Econometric Society meetings. -
Treasury Financing Status and the Debt Limit
POLICY MATTERS Treasury Financing Status and the Debt Limit October 10, 2013 Treasury Secretary Jack Lew has said that unless Congress increases the debt limit, Treasury will run out of borrow- ing authority on October 17. As this deadline draws closer, we have received a number of questions from clients about the potential consequences if Treasury runs out of borrowing authority. It is important to emphasize at the outset that a default on Treasury securities is an extremely unlikely outcome. We are optimistic that a political solu- tion will be reached before Treasury runs out of cash. The situation is extremely fluid: even as we write, there are new proposals being discussed that could push out the date that Treasury exhausts its borrowing authority past October 17. While we remain optimistic and are watching the back-and-forth in Washington DC very carefully, we do recognize the importance of thinking through all of the contingencies. The notes here outline our understand- ing of the options Treasury would face after running out of borrowing authority, as well as a discussion of how different parts of the financial system might be affected. It is also important to note that any analysis of what will happen after the debt limit is reached is necessarily specu- lative, because there is no good precedent for the current situation, and because decisions made by individual policymakers are impossible to fully anticipate. The following addresses three separate, but related questions: (1) What happens after October 17? (2) If the debt limit is not raised, can Treasury avoid a technical default? (3) How might the financial system respond to a technical default? 1. -
2015 Annual Report
ANNUAL REPORT 2015 MARCH 2016 TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS ALEX GORSKY Chairman, Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer This year at Johnson & Johnson, we are proud this aligned with our values. Our Board of WRITTEN OVER to celebrate 130 years of helping people Directors engages in a formal review of 70 YEARS AGO, everywhere live longer, healthier and happier our strategic plans, and provides regular OUR CREDO lives. As I reflect on our heritage and consider guidance to ensure our strategy will continue UNITES & our future, I am optimistic and confident in the creating better outcomes for the patients INSPIRES THE long-term potential for our business. and customers we serve, while also creating EMPLOYEES long-term value for our shareholders. OF JOHNSON We manage our business using a strategic & JOHNSON. framework that begins with Our Credo. Written OUR STRATEGIES ARE BASED ON over 70 years ago, it unites and inspires the OUR BROAD AND DEEP KNOWLEDGE employees of Johnson & Johnson. It reminds OF THE HEALTH CARE LANDSCAPE us that our first responsibility is to the patients, IN WHICH WE OPERATE. customers and health care professionals who For 130 years, our company has been use our products, and it compels us to deliver driving breakthrough innovation in health on our responsibilities to our employees, care – from revolutionizing wound care in communities and shareholders. the 1880s to developing cures, vaccines and treatments for some of today’s most Our strategic framework positions us well pressing diseases in the world. We are acutely to continue our leadership in the markets in aware of the need to evaluate our business which we compete through a set of strategic against the changing health care environment principles: we are broadly based in human and to challenge ourselves based on the health care, our focus is on managing for the results we deliver. -
I:\28947 Ind Law Rev 47-1\47Masthead.Wpd
CITIGROUP: A CASE STUDY IN MANAGERIAL AND REGULATORY FAILURES ARTHUR E. WILMARTH, JR.* “I don’t think [Citigroup is] too big to manage or govern at all . [W]hen you look at the results of what happened, you have to say it was a great success.” Sanford “Sandy” Weill, chairman of Citigroup, 1998-20061 “Our job is to set a tone at the top to incent people to do the right thing and to set up safety nets to catch people who make mistakes or do the wrong thing and correct those as quickly as possible. And it is working. It is working.” Charles O. “Chuck” Prince III, CEO of Citigroup, 2003-20072 “People know I was concerned about the markets. Clearly, there were things wrong. But I don’t know of anyone who foresaw a perfect storm, and that’s what we’ve had here.” Robert Rubin, chairman of Citigroup’s executive committee, 1999- 20093 “I do not think we did enough as [regulators] with the authority we had to help contain the risks that ultimately emerged in [Citigroup].” Timothy Geithner, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2003-2009; Secretary of the Treasury, 2009-20134 * Professor of Law and Executive Director of the Center for Law, Economics & Finance, George Washington University Law School. I wish to thank GW Law School and Dean Greg Maggs for a summer research grant that supported my work on this Article. I am indebted to Eric Klein, a member of GW Law’s Class of 2015, and Germaine Leahy, Head of Reference in the Jacob Burns Law Library, for their superb research assistance. -
National Economic Council Sarah Rosen Wartell
Green_1.qxd 11/7/08 4:17 PM Page 15 THE WHITE HOUSE 15 National Economic Council Sarah Rosen Wartell he National Economic Council, directed by the president’s national eco- Tnomic advisor, is the White House unit that should coordinate the devel- opment of the president’s domestic and international economic program. The NEC should embody a commitment to a fair process of inquiry and debate among the president’s top advisors, in which ideas are tested and improved by discourse. Many perspectives, from inside and outside of government, must be given voice, ensuring that the president has informed advice in a timely and ef- ficient way. Cabinet secretaries and other senior White House staff all should have an opportunity to be heard on important decisions in private and can then speak in public in unison—knowing they had a fair shot at shaping the decision. The result: a good policymaking process that provides more time for all the key policymakers to advance the needs of the country and less time wasted in bu- reaucratic jockeying. Most modern presidents had some structure for economic policy coordina- tion,1 though the specific form of the NEC first appeared under President Bill Clinton. The model used by his predecessor, President George H. W. Bush, in- cluded a small White House staff supporting an Economic Policy Committee overseen by the Treasury secretary, but Bush relied on it little. For domestic matters, Bush relied heavily upon the Office of Management and Budget Di- rector Dick Darman, although he would also turn to individual agency heads for different projects.2 On the campaign trail, presidential candidate Bill Clinton first proposed the creation of a National Economic Security Council, arguing that (unlike Presi- dent Bush) his focus in world affairs would be on the economic interests of Americans. -
Citigroup Inc. 399 Park Avenue New York, NY 10043 March 11, 2003
Citigroup Inc. 399 Park Avenue New York, NY 10043 March 11, 2003 Dear Stockholder: We cordially invite you to attend Citigroup’s annual stockholders’ meeting. The meeting will be held on Tuesday, April 15, 2003, at 9AM at Carnegie Hall, 154 West 57th Street in New York City. The entrance to Carnegie Hall is on West 57th Street just east of Seventh Avenue. At the meeting, stockholders will vote on a number of important matters. Please take the time to carefully read each of the proposals described in the attached proxy statement. Thank you for your support of Citigroup. Sincerely, Sanford I. Weill Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer This proxy statement and the accompanying proxy card are being mailed to Citigroup stockholders beginning about March 11, 2003. Citigroup Inc. 399 Park Avenue New York, NY 10043 Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders Dear Stockholder: Citigroup’s annual stockholders’ meeting will be held on Tuesday, April 15, 2003, at 9AM at Carnegie Hall, 154 West 57th Street in New York City. The entrance to Carnegie Hall is on West 57th Street just east of Seventh Avenue. You will need an admission ticket or proof of ownership of Citigroup stock to enter the meeting. At the meeting, stockholders will be asked to ᭟ elect directors, ᭟ ratify the selection of Citigroup’s independent auditors for 2003, ᭟ act on certain stockholder proposals, and ᭟ consider any other business properly brought before the meeting. The close of business on February 27, 2003, is the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting. -
Who Should Be the Next Fed Chairman?
A SYMPOSIUM OF VIEWS THE MAGAZINE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY 888 16th Street, N.W. Suite 740 Washington, D.C. 20006 Phone: 202-861-0791 Fax: 202-861-0790 www.international-economy.com [email protected] Who Should Over the next several years, commentators will speculate Be the on the identity of the next Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors once Alan Greenspan’s Next Fed tenure ends in 2006. Instead of speculation centered on who is likely to be next, per- haps the initial question should relate to who should Chairman? assume the post many describe today as “central banker to the world”? 44 THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY FALL 2004 TIE ASKED DOZENS OF EXPERTS Among those mentioned as possible replacements:* Bob Rubin Martin Feldstein Larry Summers Ben Bernanke William McDonough Joseph Stiglitz Lawrence B. Lindsey Robert McTeer Janet Yellen Glen Hubbard David Malpass Robert Barro Ian Macfarlane Bill Gross *Note: Selections made prior to November 2 U.S. presidential election. FALL 2004 THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY 45 BARNEY FRANK Member, U.S. House of Representatives, and senior GEORGE SOROS Democrat on the Financial Chairman, Soros Fund Services Committee Management f John Kerry is elected President, I will urge strongly Bob Rubin is by far the most qualified. the appointment of Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz Ito chair the Fed. That position has become the single most influential office affecting national economic pol- icy, and Stiglitz’s commitment to and understanding of the importance of combining economic growth with a concern for economic fairness are sorely needed. Given the increasing role that globalization plays, his interna- tional experience is also a great asset. -
Safety Glass–Restoring Glass Steagall
June 2013 www.citizen.org Safety Glass Why It’s Time to Restore the 1930s Law Separating Banking and Gambling Acknowledgments This report was written by Bartlett Naylor, financial policy advocate for Public Citizen’s Congress Watch division. Significant research assistance was provided by Jack Berghel and Nicholas Kitchel. Wallace Turbeville, senior fellow at Demos, provided invaluable advice. Congress Watch Research Director Taylor Lincoln edited the report. About Public Citizen Public Citizen is a national non-profit organization with more than 300,000 members and supporters. We represent consumer interests through lobbying, litigation, administrative advocacy, research, and public education on a broad range of issues including consumer rights in the marketplace, product safety, financial regulation, worker safety, safe and affordable health care, campaign finance reform and government ethics, fair trade, climate change, and corporate and government accountability. Public Citizen’s Congress Watch 215 Pennsylvania Ave. S.E Washington, D.C. 20003 P: 202-546-4996 F: 202-547-7392 http://www.citizen.org © 2013 Public Citizen. Public Citizen Safety Glass ighty years ago, on June 16, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Banking Act, E also known as “Glass-Steagall,” in reference to Sen. Carter Glass (D-Va.) and Rep. Henry Steagall (D-Ala.). The law created deposit insurance, with the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. In exchange for guaranteeing the deposits of bank customers, Glass-Steagall steered FDIC banks into engaging in socially useful activity, notably making loans to businesses and consumers. In effect, Glass-Steagall forced the mega-banks of the day to sell off their investment divisions. -
Confidential-Sample Chapters Full Text On
CONFIDENTIAL-SAMPLE CHAPTERS FULL TEXT ON REQUEST Praise for $uperHubs “In $uperHubs, Ms. Navidi skillfully applies network science to the global finan- cial system and the human networks that underpin it. $uperHubs is a topical and relevant book that should be read by anyone seeking a fresh perspective on the human endeavor that is our financial system.” CONFIDENTIAL-SAMPLE—PROFESSOR LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS, CHAPTERS Harvard; former US Secretary of the Treasury, former Director of the US National Economic Council, former president of Harvard University, and author “Sandra Navidi’s book $uperHubs is beautifully and effectively done. Not only is it a fascinating description of the power wielded by elite networks over the financial sector, it is also a meditation on the consequences of this system for FULLthe economy TEXT and the society. ON In recentREQUEST times, we have seen extraordinary rup- tures—notably Britain’s vote to break away from the European Union and the intensified sense of exclusion felt by much of America’s working class. The last chapter of $uperHubs proposes that this ruling system›s “monoculture,” its iso- lation from the rest of society, and its seeming unawareness of the fragility of what it has built are largely responsible for these ruptures, and that the system may lead to a major crisis in the future.” —PROFESSOR EDMUND S. PHELPS, Columbia University, 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics; Director, Center on Capitalism and Society, and author “$uperHubs” is a book written with great style but also containing a lot of impor- tant substance. The style is so engaging, a real page turner, that I finished it in one non-stop session. -
Annual Report 2014 (PDF)
Impact 2014 Together we are working toward our vision of a community where every woman and girl has the opportunity to reach her full potential. Dear Supporter, The Women’s Fund of Omaha dedicated 2014 to building our capacity to improve the lives of women and girls through research, grants, and advocacy. Here are the highlights of what we accomplished in 2014 because of you: Identifying Issues The Women’s Fund of The cornerstone of our mission is to seek relevant, credible information Omaha is a trusted expert concerning the status of women and girls in our community. Through surveys in the community, we identify and in-depth research we are able to identify major issues that impact their critical issues, fund innovative lives. In 2014, we completed the following research: solutions and influence dynamic change. Since our beginning in 1990, the ► Adolescent Health Project (AHP) –This project seeks to create Women’s Fund has supported sustainable community-wide changes through a research-based, results local agencies with more focused, comprehensive approach that will: (1) increase the sexual than $4.5 million in grants for knowledge and health of youth and, thereby, (2) decrease the number programs that address the most of youth engaging in risky sexual behavior and the rates of STDs and pressing issues as identified teen pregnancy. Learn more about AHP at http://goo.gl/lG2rlN by our research, and we have established our own programs to meet ► Women’s Voices & the U-VISA - A qualitative study designed to assess unaddressed needs. the impact of the U-VISA program from the Latina women that have used the program to escape intimate partner violence. -
Rebuilding Bank Governance After the Financial Crisis: Best Practices Thomson Reuters CONTENTS
REBUILDING BANK GOVERNANCE AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS: BEST PRACTICES THOMSON REUTERS CONTENTS WHY BANKS ARE DIFFERENT . 3 ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING RISK . 4 FOCUSING ON THE RIGHT DATA REMAINS A CORE CHALLENGE . 5 FINDING THE RIGHT PEOPle – EXPERIENCE IS KEY, BUT NOT THE ONLY ANSWER . 5 A SPOTLIGHT ON EXECUTIVE PAY . 6 CONCLUSION . 7 2 REBUILDING BANK GOVERNANCE AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS: BEST PRACTICES OCTOBER 2012 Demands on bank directors have rarely been There is also a wider array of risks bank higher . Following the financial crisis of 2008, managements and boards must assess in board members in the U .s . and Europe contrast to other industries . These include have confronted dozens of new rules from a credit; market; liquidity; operational; legal and multitude of regulators, while striving to regain reputational risks . At any time, one of these the confidence of customers and shareholders . risks has the potential to jeopardize the bank’s Amidst this newfound scrutiny, bank boards business—making it critical for board members are increasingly being held accountable, with to have timely access to information . regulators as well as private plaintiffs pursuing The regulatory scrutiny to which banks are claims when performance falters . In the first subject, as well as the rising risk of litigation, nine months of 2012, the FDIC authorized suits makes it particularly important for banks to against 274 defendants—although many of be able to point to an effective governance these will ultimately be settled . structure . For example, banks should give The scrutiny shows no sign of abating . Just in careful thought to what percentage of directors the last few months, there has been the Libor are ‘inside’ directors versus independent rate-setting scandal that led to the resignation directors; what the appropriate board of Barclays chief executive, and the unexpected committees are to establish and of course, who trading loss of more than $5 .8 billion at is best equipped to run those committees . -
Lehman Brothers
Lehman Brothers Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (Pink Sheets: LEHMQ, former NYSE ticker symbol LEH) (pronounced / ˈliːm ə n/ ) was a global financial services firm which, until declaring bankruptcy in 2008, participated in business in investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales, research and trading, investment management, private equity, and private banking. It was a primary dealer in the U.S. Treasury securities market. Its primary subsidiaries included Lehman Brothers Inc., Neuberger Berman Inc., Aurora Loan Services, Inc., SIB Mortgage Corporation, Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB, Eagle Energy Partners, and the Crossroads Group. The firm's worldwide headquarters were in New York City, with regional headquarters in London and Tokyo, as well as offices located throughout the world. On September 15, 2008, the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection following the massive exodus of most of its clients, drastic losses in its stock, and devaluation of its assets by credit rating agencies. The filing marked the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history.[2] The following day, the British bank Barclays announced its agreement to purchase, subject to regulatory approval, Lehman's North American investment-banking and trading divisions along with its New York headquarters building.[3][4] On September 20, 2008, a revised version of that agreement was approved by U.S. Bankruptcy Judge James M. Peck.[5] During the week of September 22, 2008, Nomura Holdings announced that it would acquire Lehman Brothers' franchise in the Asia Pacific region, including Japan, Hong Kong and Australia.[6] as well as, Lehman Brothers' investment banking and equities businesses in Europe and the Middle East.