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August 2016 – No. 228 Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology

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August 2016 – No. 228 Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part VII. Parabuthus Pocock, 1890 (Buthidae), with Description of P. hamar sp. n. and P. kajibu sp. n. from Ethiopia František Kovařík, Graeme Lowe, Jana Plíšková & František Šťáhlavský August 2016 – No. 228 Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology EDITOR: Victor Fet, Marshall University, ‘[email protected]’ ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Michael E. Soleglad, ‘[email protected]’ Euscorpius is the first research publication completely devoted to scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius takes advantage of the rapidly evolving medium of quick online publication, at the same time maintaining high research standards for the burgeoning field of scorpion science (scorpiology). Euscorpius is an expedient and viable medium for the publication of serious papers in scorpiology, including (but not limited to): systematics, evolution, ecology, biogeography, and general biology of scorpions. Review papers, descriptions of new taxa, faunistic surveys, lists of museum collections, and book reviews are welcome. Derivatio Nominis The name Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 refers to the most common genus of scorpions in the Mediterranean region and southern Europe (family Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius is located at: http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/Euscorpius (Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755-2510, USA) ICZN COMPLIANCE OF ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS: Electronic (“e-only”) publications are fully compliant with ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) (i.e. for the purposes of new names and new nomenclatural acts) when properly archived and registered. All Euscorpius issues starting from No. 156 (2013) are archived in two electronic archives: • Biotaxa, http://biotaxa.org/Euscorpius (ICZN-approved and ZooBank-enabled) • Marshall Digital Scholar, http://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/. (This website also archives all Euscorpius issues previously published on CD-ROMs.) Between 2000 and 2013, ICZN did not accept online texts as "published work" (Article 9.8). At this time, Euscorpius was produced in two identical versions: online (ISSN 1536-9307) and CD-ROM (ISSN 1536-9293) (laser disk) in archive-quality, read-only format. Both versions had the identical date of publication, as well as identical page and figure numbers. Only copies distributed on a CD-ROM from Euscorpius in 2001-2012 represent published work in compliance with the ICZN, i.e. for the purposes of new names and new nomenclatural acts. In September 2012, ICZN Article 8. What constitutes published work, has been amended and allowed for electronic publications, disallowing publication on optical discs. From January 2013, Euscorpius discontinued CD-ROM production; only online electronic version (ISSN 1536-9307) is published. For further details on the new ICZN amendment, see http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3944/. Publication date: 23 August 2016 http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:65077794-E810-4C60-B7C1-D19D97295CB4 Euscorpius — Occasional Publications in Scorpiology. 2016, No. 228 Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part VII. Parabuthus Pocock, 1890 (Buthidae), with description of P. hamar sp. n. and P. kajibu sp. n. from Ethiopia František Kovařík 1, 3, Graeme Lowe 2, Jana Plíšková 3 & František Šťáhlavský 3 1 P. O. Box 27, CZ-145 01 Praha 45, Czech Republic; www.scorpio.cz 2 Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308, USA 3 Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:65077794-E810-4C60-B7C1-D19D97295CB4 Summary All Parabuthus species from Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somaliland were newly collected and are revised for the first time. The complex of Parabuthus liosoma is split into three sibling species with separate areas of distribution: P. abyssinicus Pocock, 1901 (Eritrea, Djibouti, central and north-eastern parts of Ethiopia), P. liosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Yemen and Saudi Arabia), and P. maximus Werner, 1913 (Tanzania and Kenya). P. hamar sp. n. and P. kajibu sp. n., discovered during scorpiological expeditions in 2011–2016, are described. Information is provided about all Parabuthus species from the Horn of Africa, their taxonomy, distribution, and ecology, fully com- plemented with color photos of live and preserved specimens, as well as their habitat. The hemispermatophores of P. abyssinicus and P. kajibu sp. n. are illustrated and described. In addition to the analyses of external morphology and hemispermatophores, we also describe the karyotypes of P. abyssinicus (2n=16), P. kajibu sp. n. (2n=18), and P. pallidus (2n=20). The monotypic genus Riftobuthus Lourenço, Duhem et Cloudsley-Thompson, 2010 is synon- ymized with Parabuthus, based in part on pectinal tooth count analysis. Phylogenetic scaling and ontogenetic invariance of pectinal tooth count are shown for buthid scorpions. Introduction quate. However, our recently collected specimens now enable us to verify or exclude old published locality In the years 2011–2016, two of the authors (FK and data, and help us to better understand the P. liosoma JP) have had the opportunity to participate in expe- species complex. ditions to the Horn of Africa, study scorpions, and pub- lish several articles on this fauna (Kovařík, 2011a, Methods, Material & Abbreviations 2011b, 2012, 2013, 2015, Kovařík & Lowe, 2012, Kovařík & Mazuch, 2011, 2015, Kovařík et al., 2013, Nomenclature and measurements follow Stahnke 2015, 2016, and Lowe & Kovařík, 2016). To date, 93 (1971), Kovařík (2009), and Kovařík & Ojanguren localities have been sampled, 53 of which have yielded Affilastro (2013), except for trichobothriotaxy (Vachon, specimens of the buthid genus Parabuthus. We analyze 1974), and sternum (Soleglad & Fet, 2003a). Hemisper- these specimens in this paper, the seventh in a series of matophore terminology follows Kovařík et al. (2016). articles concerning the composition and distribution of We intentionally use here the name Somaliland particular scorpion genera in the Horn of Africa. (Hargeysa) for the northern territory corresponding to Parabuthus is distributed both in Arabia (P. lio- the former British colony (British Somaliland), which soma) and in Africa, where localities in Eritrea and we distinguish from Somalia (Mogadisho). Somaliland Sudan represent the northern limits of its distribution. has its own currency, a functional government with Although South African and Namibian Parabuthus have representation in several countries, and its officials been revised extensively (Lamoral, 1979; Prendini, contributed to our safe visit. 2004; Prendini & Esposito, 2010), the Parabuthus Specimens were found by ultraviolet (UV) detection species from the Horn of Africa have never been revised by night, or by searching under surface debris and rocks until now, because the available material was inade- by day. All collected material was preserved in 80% 2 Euscorpius — 2016, No. 228 ethanol. Specimen Depositories: BMNH (The Natural 2f), P. glabrimanus Prendini et Esposito, 2010, and P. History Museum, London, United Kingdom); FKCP setiventer Prendini et Esposito, 2010 (their figs. 12, 17). (František Kovařík, private collection, Prague, Czech Common features include a distally dilated pars reflecta, Republic); MCSN (Museo Civico de Storia Naturale and the presence of a broad median lobe, hook, and ”Giacomo Doria”, Genoa, Italy); MZUF (Museo pointed internal lobe. Our findings agree with previous Zoologico de ”La Specola”, Firenze, Italy); and ZMHB observations that Parabuthus hemispermatophores have (Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, rather uniform structures that lack clear diagnostic dif- Berlin, Germany). Morphometrics: D, depth; L, length; ferences at the species level (Fitzpatrick, 1994; Lamoral, W, width. 1979; Prendini, 2004). We provide here descriptions and illustrations of the Systematics capsule and lobe structures of the genus Parabuthus that Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837 are more detailed than previously reported. The 2 + 1 Parabuthus Pocock, 1890 configuration of lobes (median, internal + basal), with (Figs. 1–204, Tables 1–2) the flagellum fused to a broad, carinated median lobe, is consistent with other non-Buthus group members of the Buthus (Parabuthus): Pocock, 1890: 124–125. family (Kovařík et al., 2016). A feature that has not been Parabuthus: Pocock, 1895: 309–314, plate IX, figs. 4a–d documented in other buthids is the distinctly thickened ; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 200–211 (complete reference ridge or basal lobe carina (blc) on the dorso-internal list until 2000); Kovařík, 2009: 22, 31; Prendini & surface of the capsule. Esposito, 2010: 673–710, figs. 1–17. = Heterobuthus Kraepelin, 1891: 205–211 (63–69) (syn. REMARKS ON THE KARYOTYPES. We analyzed male by Kraepelin, 1895: 79 (7)) karyotypes of three different Parabuthus species from = Riftobuthus Lourenço et al., 2010: 281, figs. 1 and 2. the Horn of Africa (Table 1). We used standard cyto- Syn. n. genetic methods (e.g. Kovařík et al., 2009). The chro- mosome slides were stained with 5% Giemsa and the TYPE SPECIES. Androctonus (Prionurus) liosoma Ehren- relative length of the chromosomes of the diploid set berg in Hemprich et Ehrenberg, 1828 was measured for each specimen using the software Image J 1.45r (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij) with the plugin DIAGNOSIS. Total length 35–180 mm. Dorsal tricho- Levan (Sakamoto & Zacaro, 2009) based on 10 post- bothria of pedipalp femur arranged in α-configuration. pachytene spermatocyte
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