Contents
LIST OF MAPS xlvii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xlviii
PREFACE li
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS lxiii
GENERAL INTRODUCTION Art, Play, and the Comparative Study of Religion 1
JACK MILES
JUDAISM 53 Introduction: Israel among the Nations 55
DAVID BIALE
First Temple Literature, 2500 B.C.E-586 B.C.E. 69
CHRONOLOGY 74
BEFORE THE BIBLE 78
ENUMA ELISH 78 Tablet V [The Creation of the World] 78 Tablet VI [The Creation of Mankind] 79 THE LEGEND OF SARGON 81 I CONTENTS
THE BIBLE 82
TORAH 82 Genesis 82 1 [God's Work of Creation] 84 2 [Adam and Eve in Eden] 85 12:1-3 [God's Promise to Abram] 86 17 [The Rite of Circumcision Instituted] 86 22:1-19 [The Birth of Isaac; the Expulsion of Hagar] 88 38 [Judah's Household Troubles] 89 Exodus 90 1 [The Oppression of Israel's Descendants] 91 2 [The Birth of Moses; Moses Flees Egypt] 92 3 [Moses Is Charged by God to Deliver Israel out of Bondage] 93 13:1-10 [The Exodus from Egypt] 95 15:1-21 [A Song of the Sea] 95 19 [God Speaks to Moses on Mount Sinai] 97 20 [The Ten Commandments] 98 Leviticus 99 9 [Aaron Offers Sacrifices to God] 100 23 [Holiday Laws] 101 Deuteronomy 103 6 [Exhortation to Keep the Commandments] 105 12:1—12 [Moses Proclaims a Code of Special Laws] 106 2 Kings 107 23:1-25 [Josiah Restores True Worship] 107
PSALMS 109 1 ["Happy is the man"] 110 2 ["Why do nations assemble"] 110 19 ["The heavens declare the glory of God"] 111 139 ["O Lord, You have examined me and know me"] 112
PROPHETS 113 Hosea 114 2 [The Unfaithfulness of Hosea's Wife; the Idolatry of the Nation] 114 Amos 117 5:21-27 [A Warning to the Israelites] 117 9:11-15 [The Restoration of Israel] 118 Isaiah 119 1:1-28 [On the Wickedness and Redemption of Israel] 119 2:1-5 [A Prophecy of Peace] 122 6:1-8 [Isaiah's Calling] 122 40:1-26 [Peace; the Greatness of God] 123 Jeremiah 125 1:4-10 [Jeremiah's Calling] 126 31:31-34 [A New Covenant] 126 CONTENTS I vii
Ezekiel 127 1 [The Vision of Ezekiel] 127 37:1-14 [Ezekiel in the Valley of Bones] 129
Second Temple Literature, 538 B.C.E-70 C.E. 131
CHRONOLOGY 135
THE BIBLE 137
CANONICAL WRITINGS 137 The Song of Songs 137 2:1-14 ["I am a rose of Sharon"] 138 8:6—7 ["Let me be a seal upon your heart"] 139 Job 139 1 [About Job; Satan's Wager with God] 140 3 [Job Curses His Birth] 141 38:1-18 [The Lord As Creator] 143 Ecclesiastes 144 1 [The Vanity of Life] 144 3 [Everything Has Its Time] 145 Daniel 147 7 [The Vision of the Four Beasts] 147 12:1-4 [Prophecy of the End of Time] 149
AFTER THE BIBLE 150
EXTRACANONICAL WRITINGS 150 Ben Sira (Ecclesiasticus) 150 1:1-20 ["All wisdom is from the Lord"] 150 39:1-11 [Wisdom and the Law of Moses] 151 2 Maccabees 152 6 [Desecration of the Temple; Martyrdom of Eleazar] 153 7 [The Martyrdom of the Mother and Her Seven Sons] 155 10:1-8 [Restoration of the Temple] 157 1 Enoch 158 1 [Enoch's Vision] 158 10 [The Apocalypse] 159 12 [The Origin of Evil] 160 14 [Chastising the Watchers; Enoch Ascends to Heaven] 161 15 [God Instructs Enoch; the Origin of Evil, Continued] 162 16 [Some Consequences of Judgment Day] 163 Jubilees 163 1 [Moses, God, the Law, and Israel] 164 2:17-24 [The Sabbath] 167 6:32-38 [The Calendar] 167 50 [The Sabbath, Continued] 168 viii I CONTENTS
DEAD SEA SCROLLS 169 Charter of Association 171 Column 1 [Goals of the Yahad's Rule] 171 Column 2 [The Priests, the Levites, and the Community] 172 Column 3 [The Prince of Light versus the Angel of Darkness] 173 Column 4 [The Spirits of Light and Darkness, Continued] 174 The Damascus Document 176 Column Al [Israel's Abandonment of God] 176 Column A2 [Consequences of Being Righteous or Wicked] 177 Habakkuk Commentary 178 Column 1:16-17 [Exhortation] 178 Column 2 [God's "Traitors"; the Kittim] 178 Column 3 [The Kittim, Continued] 179 Column 4 [The Kittim, Continued] 179 Column 5 [The Chosen Will Pass Judgment on the Gentiles] 180 Column 6 [The Kittim and Plunder] 180 Column 7 [On God's Prophecy] 181 Column 8 [God's Judgment on the Wicked Priest] 181 Column 9 [The Wicked Priest, Continued] 182 Column 10 [God's Judgment on the Spreader of Lies] 182 Column 11:1-17 [The Wicked Priest, Continued] 183 The War Scroll, Column 1:1-15 [Sons of Light versus Sons of Darkness] 184
JEWISH LITERATURE IN ANCIENT GREEK 185 Letter of Aristeas (to Philocrates) (second century B.C.E.) 186 Philo of Alexandria (20 B.C.E.-50 c.E.) 191 Soul and Body of the Divine Laws 192 "Know Thyself" 192 A Jewish Inscription from Roman Egypt (mid-second century B.c.E.-early second century c.E.) 194 Flavius Josephus (37-ca. 100 c.E.) 195 The Jewish War 196 Chapter 7. Judaea under Roman Rule 196 CONTENTS I Ix
World of the Rabbis, First-Seventh Century C.E. 203
CHRONOLOGY 207
THE ORAL TORAH 209
Pirkei Avot (first—second century C.E.) 212 1 [The Chain of Oral Transmission from Sinai] 212 4 [Sayings of the Rabbis] 214 Babylonian Talmud: Menachot 214 29b [Moses Returns As a Yeshiva Boy] 214 ToseftaSotah 215 13:3-4 [The Decline of Prophecy] 215 Babylonian Talmud: Bava Batra 216 12a—b [Sage versus Prophet] 216 Babylonian Talmud: Sabbath 216 31a [Torah on One Foot] 216 Babylonian Talmud: Eruvin 217 13b [Contradictions for the Sake of Heaven] 217 Tosefta Eduyot 218 1:4 [Learning from the Losing Side in Debate] 218 Babylonian Talmud: Bava Metzia 218 59b [The Oven of 'Akhnai] 218 Song of Songs Rabbah 220 1.1.11 [The Hidden Glory of a Love Song] 220 Avot de-Rabbi Nathan 221 4 [Licensing the First Rabbinic Academy] 221 1.4 ["Mercy and not sacrifice"] 222 Babylonian Talmud: Sabbath 223 88a [A Midrash on Revelation] 223
LAW AND LEGEND 224
THE LAWS OF SABBATH OBSERVANCE AND WORK 224 Babylonian Talmud: Sabbath 226 49b [What Counts As Work?] 226 73a [The Primary Labours] 227 73b ["Why state the number?"] 227 74a [The Labours, Continued; the Sabbath and Food] 229 74b [The Sabbath and Food, Continued] 230 Genesis Rabbah: Sabbath 230 11.8 [Israel Married to the Sabbath] 231
LEGENDS ON THE CREATION OF THE WORLD 231 Genesis Rabbah 233 1.1 [The Act of Creation] 233 1.9 [God the Artist] 233 I CONTENTS
1.10 [Creation and the Hebrew Letter Beth] 234 2.5 [Creation and Deeds of Good and Evil] 234 3.4 [God's Robe of Light] 235 6.3 [Sun and Moon] 235
LEGENDS ON THE BINDING OF ISAAC 236 Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer 238 31 [The Death and Resurrection of Isaac] 238 Genesis Rabbah 238 55.2 [The Lord Tries the Righteous] 238 55.7 ["Take ... thy son"] 239 56.4 [Samael versus Abraham] 239 56.8 [Isaac Afraid] 240 56.9 [Redemption and the Binding of Isaac] 240
THE RABBIS AMONG PAGANS AND JEWS 242
THE RABBIS AND GREEK CULTURE 242 Mishnah: Avodah Zarah 243 3.4 [Aphrodite in the Bathhouse] 243 3.1 [Forbidden Images] 243 Jerusalem Talmud: Avodah Zarah 244 3 [Images Forbidden] 244 42d [Images Permitted] 244 WOMEN CHALLENGE THE RABBIS 244 Babylonian Talmud: Berachot 246 51b [Lady Yaltha's Shattering Dissent] 246 Babylonian Talmud: Eruvin 246 53b-54a [Lady Beruriah's Defiant Irony] 246 Jerusalem Talmud: Sotah 247 4:4 ["And didn't you enjoy it?"] 247 3:16 [Why Not Give Her a Proper Answer?] 247 SYNAGOGUE AND LITURGY 247 The Synagogue 247 Babylonian Talmud: Berachot 249 7b-8a [Rabbis Don't Pray in Synagogues] 249 Tosefta Megillah 250 2:18N [Proper Synagogue Comportment] 250 Inscription from Smyrna (second century B.C.E.) 250 [Epitaph for a Woman Who Led a Synagogue] 250 Daily Liturgy 250 Aleinu ["It is our duty to praise"] 252 Mourners' Kaddish ["Glorified and sanctified be God's great name"] 254 Passover 256 Haggadah shel Pesach [Script for Home Passover] 257 The Introduction 257 The Four Questions 257 CONTENTS I xi
The Reply 258 [History of the Jews] 258 The Midrash on Deuteronomy 26:5—8: Introduction 258 The Midrash 259 Redemption 261
DREAMS OF REDEMPTION 262 Midrash: Lamentations Rabbah 263 Proem 24R [Shaming God into Mercy] 263 Babylonian Talmud: Sanhedrin 266 Chapter XI [When Will the Messiah Come?] 267 Sefer Zerubbabel 273 [A Vision of Two Future Messiahs] 274
VISIONS OF HEAVEN 278 Tosefta Hagiga 281 2:3-4 ["Four entered the pardes"] 281 Babylonian Talmud 282 [The Story of Aher] 282 Visions of Ezekiel 284 The Myth of Sar Torah 287 [The Prince of Torah] 287 Sefer Yetsirah [The Book of Formation] 291 Chapter I [Numerology and Gematria] 291
The Jewish Middle Ages. 637-1789 295
CHRONOLOGY 300
MEDIEVAL CURRICULUM 305
JOSEPH BEN JUDAH IBN AQNIN (ca. 1150-ca. 1220) 306 Tibb al-Nufus 306 A Course of Study 306
PHILOSOPHY 309
SAADYA GAON (881-942) 309 The Book of Beliefs and Opinions 311 Reason and Faith 311 Four Arguments for Creation 313 The Transcendence of the Creator; Arguments for the Creatio ex Nihilo 316 The Two Classes of Law: Laws of Reason and Laws of Revelation 318 The Resurrection of the Dead in the Present World 322 xii I CONTENTS
SALOMON BEN JEROHAM (fl. 940-960) 324 Milhamot ha-Shem 325 Canto II [A Karaite Argument against Sa'adiah] 325
JUDAHHALEVI (1075-1141) 327 The Kuzari 328 [The Preeminence of the Jewish People] 328 [The Preeminence of the Land of Israel] 330
MOSES MAIMONIDES (1136/38-1204) 332 Commentary on the Mishnah 336 [The Thirteen Principles of Faith] 336 Guide of the Perplexed 340 Introduction 5b-8b [On Parables] 340 Book One 342 Chapter 55 [On Referring to God] 342 Chapter 58 [On Describing God through Negations] 343 Book Two 345 Chapter 21 [God As Creator] 345 Book Three 346 Chapter 32 [On the Law] 346
ISAAC ABRAVANEL (1437-1508) 350 Rosh Amanah 351 23. An Explanation of the Correct Opinion in This Matter [of Set Principles] 351
LAW 352
HAI GAON (936-1038) 355 Teshuvot ha-Ge'onim 355 18a [Ship Passengers on the Sabbath] 355 59 [Reading by the Sabbath Light] 356
ANAN BEN DAVID (fl. eighth century) 357 Karaite Law of Sabbath 357 V [On Work, Fire, and Light] 357
MOSES MAIMONIDES (1136/38-1204) 358 Mishneh Torah 358 Introduction [The Law] 358 Laws of the Sabbath 362 1:1 [Resting from Work] 362 5:1 [Lighting the Candles] 362 30:1-10, 15 [Miscellaneous Sabbath Laws] 363
ABRAHAM BEN DAVID OF POSQUIERES (RABAD) (ca. 1125-1198) 365 [Maimonides Challenged] 365 CONTENTS I xiii
MEIR OF ROTHENBURG (MAHARAM) (ca. 1215-1293) 365 Responsa 365 36-54 [Sabbath Rules in Ordinary Life] 365 783-784 [Martyrdom and Suicide] 369
JOSEPH KARO (1488-1575) 370 Shulhan Arukh 370 263:2-3 [On Sabbath] 370
BIBLE COMMENTARY 371
RASHI (RABBI SHLOMO ITZHAKI) (1040-1105) 374 Commentary 374 [On Genesis 1:1] 374 [Introduction to Song of Songs] 374
ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (ca. I089-ca. 1164) 375 Introduction to the Torah 375 Introductory Prayer 375 Path One [Path of the Sages] 376 Path Two [Path of the Meanderers] 376 Path Three [Path of Darkness and Black Gloom] 377 Path Four [Path of the Sages in Christian Lands] 378 Path Five [Grammatical Interpretation of Torah] 378
RAMBAN (RABBI MOSES BEN NAHMAN; NAHMAN1DES) (1194-1270) 380 The Book of Genesis 380 Introduction 380
POETRY—SACRED AND SECULAR 384
ELEAZAR BEN KALLIR (ca. sixth century?) 385 The Dialogue of Zion and God 385
EPHRAIM OF BONN (1132-1200) 386 The Slaughter of Isaac and His Revival 387
DUNASH BEN LABRAT (tenth century) 389 ["Let Scripture be your Eden"] 390
THE WIFE OF DUNASH (tenth century) 390 ["Will her love remember"] 390
YITZHAQ IBN MAR SHA'UL (mid-tenth-early eleventh century) 391 ["A fawn sought in Spain"] 391 xiv I CONTENTS
SAMUEL HA-NAGID (993-1056) 392 ["In fact I love that fawn"] 392 The House of Prayer 393 ["First war"] 394 The Market 394
SOLOMON IBN GABIROL (1021-1057) 395 The Book of Grammar 396 Prologue 396 The Bee 397 ["I look for you"] 397 ["You lie in my palace"] 398
MOSES IBN EZRA (1055-after 1148) 398 Heart's Desire 398
JUDAH HALEVI (1075-1141) 400 True Life 400 ["You knew me"] 400 A Doe Far from Home 401 ["My heart is in the East"] 401
ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (ca. 1089-ca. 1164) 402 Fortune's Stars 402 World Poetry 402 ["You whose hearts are asleep"] 403
TODROS ABULAFIA (1247-after 1300) 404 ["I've labored in love"] 404 ["May my tongue"] 405 ["There's nothing wrong in wanting a woman"] 405 ["Old age is double-edged"] 405 ["The Lord is good"] 406
PIETY BEYOND THE LAW 407
BAHYA IBN PAKUDA (fl. first half of the eleventh century) 408 Hovot ha-Levavot 408 [On Asceticism, Its Kinds and Advantages] 408
JUDAH THE HASID (ca. 1150-ca. 1217) 410 Sefer Hasidim 410 [Ascetic Practices] 410 [A Visit to Gan Eden] 411 [A Person's Place in Gan Eden] 411 [The Blood of Martyrs] 411
ELEAZAR OF WORMS (ca. 1176-1238) 412 [Hasidic Piety] 412 CONTENTS I xv
DEMONIC AND OTHER FOLKTALES 414
Alphabet of Ben Sirah 416 [Lilith, Adam's First Wife] 416
Sefer Rezial 417 This Is the Prayer of Adam, the First Man 417
The Awesome Tale of Rabbi Kalonymus 419
A Porter Saves Maimonides' Life 421
The Mock Marriage 422
WOMEN'S SPIRITUALITY 424
TEKHINES (seventeenth-eighteenth century) 426 [The Kindling of the Lights] 426 [The Mitzvah of Sabbath Candles] 426 [The High Priest and the Kindling of the Lights] 427 [Women's Mitzvot and the Female Body] 427
GLUCKEL OF HAMELN (1646-1724) 427 The Memoirs 427 Book One [Introduction] 427
MYSTICISM 430
MOSES DE LEON AND THE RISE OF KABBALAH 430 THE ZOHAR (late thirteenth century) 434 Exegesis III:152a. The Bodies of the Torah, and the Soul of the Torah 434 Introduction 436 1:1a—b [The Creation of the Universe] 436 1:3b [On Be-Reshit, "In the Beginning"] 437 1:4a-5a [On the Messiah and the Secrets of the Torah] 438 Parashat Be-Reshit 441 1:1-15a [On Creation] 441 l:49b-51b [Male and Female] 442 Shabbat 446 2:135a-b. The Secret of Sabbath 446
ATTRIBUTED TO RAMBAN (RABBI MOSES BEN NAHMAN; NAHMANIDES) (second half of the thirteenth century) 447 The Holy Letter 447 Chapter 2. The First Way 447 The Nature of Intercourse 447 i I CONTENTS
ISAAC LURIA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF KABBALAH IN PALESTINE 448
ISAAC LURIA (1534-1572) 450 [Luria's Role in Kabbalah] 450 [Luria on Creation] 450 Withdrawal and Shattering 450 Shattering and Growth 451 Traces 451 [Luria on Prayer] 452
SOLOMON ALKABETZ (ca. 1505-ca. 1576) 453 Lekhah Dodi (Come, My Friend) 453
A DYBBUK STORY (ca. early seventeenth century) 454 [Isaac Luria and the Safed Widow] 454
MEDIEVAL MESSIANISM: BETWEEN POLITICS AND MYSTICISM 456
MOSES MAIMONIDES (1136/38-1204) 459 Mishneh Torah—Book 14: Judges 459 Chapter 11 [Laws on Messiah] 459 Chapter 12 [Laws on Messiah, Continued] 460
RAMBAN (RABBI MOSES BEN NAHMAN; NAHMANIDES) (1194-1270) 462 The Barcelona Disputation 462 The Book of Redemption 464
NATHAN OF GAZA (1643-1680) 466 Letter to Raphael Joseph 466 Letter to Sabbatai Zevi's Brother 469
ABRAHAM MIGUEL CARDOZO (1627-1706) 470 Apology for the Fallen Messiah 470
HASIDISM AND ITS OPPONENTS 475
FOUNDER OF HASIDISM: RABBI ISRAEL BEN ELIEZER 476
RABBI ISRAEL BEN ELIEZER (BAAL SHEM TOV; THE BESHT) (1698-1760) 478 Letter of the Besht to His Brother-in-Law 478 In Praise of the Baal Shem Tov 479 The Besht Reveals Himself 479 Rabbi Gershon, the Besht, and the Zohar 480 The Dance of the Hasidim 481 The Besht and Shabbetai Tsevi 481 The Lithuanian Jew and the Besht 482 CONTENTS I xvli
Zava'at ha-Rivash 482 Union in Prayer 482 The Dangers of Sorrow 483 I [Sorrow and Worship] 483 II [Evil Desires and Prayer] 483 Keter Shem Tov 484 The Purpose of Food 484
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE BESHT 484
DOV BAER, THE MAGGID OF MESERITCH (died 1772) 486 Maggid Devarav Le-Yaakov 486 God Is in All 486 God's Presence in the World 489
RABBI LEVI YITZHAK OF BERDICHEV (1740-1810) 489 Kedushat Levi 489 The Purpose of Worship 489
RABBI MENAHEM MENDEL OF VITEBSK (1730-1788) 490 Pri ha-Aretz 490 The Secret of the Contraction of the Moon 490 The Zaddik's Mission 491
RABBI NAHMAN OF BRATSLAV (1772-1810) 491 Kitzur Likutey Moharan 491 Obedience to the Zaddik 491 Likutey Moharan Kama 492 Israel and the World 492 Tales [The Loss of the Princess] 494
HASIDISM'S OPPONENTS 497
THE BRODY PROCLAMATION (1772) 499 HAYYIM OF VOLOZHIN (1749-1821) 501 Nefesh ha-Hayyim 501 [On Lishmah] 501
Modern Judaism, 1789 to the Present 503
CHRONOLOGY 507
HARBINGERS OF MODERNITY 513
BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1677) 516 Theological-Political Treatise 516 Chapter 3. Of the Vocation of the Hebrews, and Whether the Gift of Prophecy Was Peculiar to Them 516 Chapter 7. Of the Interpretation of Scripture 518 xviii I CONTENTS
MOSES MENDELSSOHN (1729-1786) 522 Jerusalem 522
THE SCIENCE OF JUDAISM: THE NEW HISTORICISM 525
IMMANUEL WOLF (active early nineteenth century) 527 On the Concept of a Science of Judaism 527
NAHMAN KROCHMAL (1785-1840) 529 Moreh Nevukhe ha-Zeman 529 Only an Historical Approach Can Preserve Judaism 529
HEINRICH GRAETZ (1817-1891) 533 History of the Jews 533 Introduction to Volume Four [The Diaspora and Jewish Literature] 533
GERSHOM SCHOLEM (1897-1982) 535 The Science of Judaism—Then and Now 535
YOSEF HAYIM YERUSHALMI (1932-2009) 537 Zakhor 537 [On Jewish Historicism] 537
NINETEENTH-CENTURY RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS 541
REFORM 541
SAMUEL HOLDHEIM (1806-1860) 543 This Is Our Task 543 Talmud and Reform 544
ABRAHAM GEIGER (1810-1874) 544 Present-Day Judaism and Its Intellectual Trends 544 On the Lack of Religious Fervor in Present-Day Jewry (Reflections of a Layman) 545
REFORM BEGETS ORTHODOXY 547
MOSES SOFER (1762-1839) 549 The Ethical Will of an Orthodox Leader 549 Responsum 549 [On the Reformed Temple] 549
MOSES SCHICK (1807-1879) 551 Responsum 551 [Reformed Jews as Heretics] 551 CONTENTS I xix
SAMSON RAPHAEL HIRSCH (1808-1888) 553 Religion Allied to Progress 553 Our Principle 553
AKIVA SCHLESINGER (1837-1922) 555 Lev ha-Ivri 555 [Resisting Change] 555
ISRAEL MEIR KAGAN POUPKO (THE HAFETZ HAYIM) (1838-1933) 556 Sefer Homat ha-Dat 556 [Warding Off the Evil of Religious Reform] 556
A MIDDLE PATH 557
ZECHARIAS FRANKEL (1801-1875) 557
On Changes in Judaism 557
THE VARIETIES OF MODERN HALAKHAH: SABBATH 560
ISRAEL MEIR KAGAN POUPKO (THE HAFETZ HAYIM) (1838-1933) 562 Mishnah Berurah 562 Introduction [On the Sabbath] 562 [The Sabbath, Continued] 563 MOSHE FEINSTEIN (1895-1986) 565 Responsum 565 [Modern Challenges to Orthodoxy] 565
ARTHUR H. NEULANDER (1896-1988) 566 The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath 566
WOMEN'S VOICES 569
RAHEL MORPURGO (1790-1871) 570 ["Lament no more"] 570 ["Woe! my knowledge is weak"] 570
EMMA LAZARUS (1849-1887) 571 In the Jewish Synagogue at Newport 571 The New Ezekiel 572 1492 572
THE TRADITION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY JEWISH THOUGHT 574
HERMANN COHEN (1842-1918) 574 Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism 575 Introduction 575 I CONTENTS
MARTIN BUBER (1878-1965) 578 Hasidism and Modern Man 579 II [Hasidism and One's Personal Relationship with God] 579 III [Reconciling the Sacred and Profane] 582 I and Thou 582 First Part [The Twofold World; The Three Relational Worlds] 582 Third Part [Hallowing the Everyday] 585
MORDECAI KAPLAN (1881-1983) 586 Judaism As a Civilization 587 Chapter XXII. Introductory: The Need for Reorientation to the Problem of Religion 587 Chapter XXIII. The Place of Religion in Jewish Life 589
FRANZ ROSENZWEIG (1886-1929) 590 The Star of Redemption 592 Part 2, Book 2. Revelation or The Ever-Renewed Birth of the Soul 592 Part 3, Book 1. The Fire or The Eternal Life 594
JOSEPH BER SOLOVEITCHIK (1903-1993) 601 Halakhic Man 602 Part 1. Halakhic Man: His World View and His Life 602 Part 2. Halakhic Man: His Creative Capacity 610
ABRAHAM JOSHUA HESCHEL (1907-1972) 610 The Sabbath 611 Prologue. Architecture of Time 611 Part One, 1. A Palace in Time 612 Epilogue 614
FEMINIST THINKERS CONFRONT THE TRADITION 615
ALICIA OSTRIKER (born 1937) 618 Entering the Tents 618
RACHEL ADLER (born 1943) 621 The Jew Who Wasn't There: Halakhah and the Jewish Woman 621 In Your Blood, Live: Re-visions of a Theology of Purity 625
SARA REGUER 631 Kaddish from the "Wrong" Side of the Mehitzah 631
JUDITH PLASKOW (born 1947) 634 The Right Question Is Theological 634 CONTENTS I xxi
SHOAH 641
THEOLOGIANS 641
EMIL L. FACKENHEIM (1916-2003) 641 God's Presence in History 642 The Commanding Voice of Auschwitz 642 Witness unto the Nations 645 Longing, Defiance, Endurance 646
PRIMO LEVI (1919-1987) 647 Survival in Auschwitz 648 The Canto of Ulysses 648
RICHARD RUBENSTEIN (born 1924) 653 After Auschwitz 653 Chapter 1. The Dean and the Chosen People 653
ELIE WIESEL (born 1928) 660 From Night 662
POETS 666
NELLY SACHS (1891-1970) 667 O the chimneys 667 But who emptied your shoes of sand 668
JACOB GLATSTEIN (1896-1971) 668 Without Jews 668
AMIR GILBOA (1917-1984) 669 Isaac 670
PAUL CELAN (1920-1970) 670 Death Fugue 670
DAN PAGIS (1930-1986) 672 Written in Pencil in the Sealed Freight Car 672
ZIONISM AND THE STATE OF ISRAEL 673
AHAD HAAM (ASHER GINSBERG) (1856-1927) 675 The Spiritual Revival 675
AARON DAVID GORDON (1856-1922) 678 People and Labor 678 Our Tasks Ahead 680
ABRAHAM ISAAC KOOK (1865-1935) 682 Lights for Rebirth 682 xxii I CONTENTS
MARTIN BUBER (1878-1965) 686 [Nationalism and Zion] 686 [Hebrew Humanism] 687
GERSHOM SCHOLEM (1897-1982) 689 Thoughts about Our Language 689
YESHAYAHU LEIBOWITZ (1903-1994) 690 The Religious Significance of the State of Israel 690
SECULAR JEWS CONFRONT THE TRADITION 695
AHAD HA'AM (ASHER GINSBERG) (1856-1927) 695 The Supremacy of Reason 696
MICHA YOSEF BERDICHEVSKY (1865-1921) 699 In Two Directions 699 The Question of Our Past 701
HAYYIM NAHMAN BIALIK (1873-1934) 703 Revealment and Concealment in Language 704 Ha-Masmid 709
SAUL TCHERNIKHOVSKY (1875-1943) 711 Before a Statue of Apollo 711
FRANZ KAFKA (1883-1924) 713 Before the Law 713
KADYA MOLODOWSKY (1894-1975) 714 Merciful God 715 The Sabbath Song 716 Moses and Aaron 717
GERSHOM SCHOLEM (1897-1982) 719 Revelation and Tradition As Religious Categories in Judaism 719
YEHUDA AMICHAI (1924-2000) 723 Gods Change, Prayers Are Here to Stay 723
PHILIP ROTH (born 1933) 730 The Counterlife 731 [Circumcision and the Secular Jew] 731 CONTENTS I xxiii
CHRISTIANITY 735 Introduction: The Words and the Word Made Flesh 737
LAWRENCE S. CUNNINGHAM
The Apostolic Era, 4 B.C.E-100C.E. 767
CHRONOLOGY 773
THE OLD TESTAMENT 775
GENESIS 775 Genesis 1—3. ["'I was afraid because I was naked'"] 776 Genesis 12:1-3. ["'All the families of the earth shall bless themselves by you'"] 780 Genesis 15:1—6. ["And because he put his trust in the Lord, He reckoned it to his merit"] 780 Genesis 22:1—19. ["'Because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your favored one'"] 780
EXODUS 781 Exodus 19—20:23. ["You shall have no other gods besides Me"] 782
DEUTERONOMY 785 Deuteronomy 6:1—15. ["You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart"] 785
SAMUEL 786 1 Samuel 2:1-10. ["And Hannah prayed"] 787 2 Samuel 7:8—17. ["I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me"] 788
PSALMS, PROVERBS 788 Psalm 22. ["My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"] 789 Psalm 23. ["The Lord is my shepherd"] 791 Psalm 110. ["The Lord says to my lord, 'Sit at my right hand'"] 791 Proverbs 8:22—31. ["I was by his side, a master craftsman"] 792
ISAIAH 793 Isaiah 9:1—6. ["And he is named Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace"] 794 xxiv I CONTENTS
Isaiah 11:1-9. ["The wolf shall dwell with the lamb"] 794 Isaiah 40:1-8. ["Prepare ye the way of the Lord"] 795 Isaiah 52:13-53. ["A sheep silent before shearers, he did not open his mouth"] 795 Isaiah 56:1-8. ["My house shall be called a house of prayer for all peoples"] 797
JEREMIAH 798 Jeremiah 31:31-34. ["I will make a new convenant. . . and inscribe it upon their hearts"] 798
EZEKIEL, DANIEL 799 Ezekiel 37:1-14. ["Son of man, can these bones live?"] 800 Daniel 7:1-14. ["Behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven"] 800
THE NEW TESTAMENT 802
JOHN 802 John 1:1-18. ["In the beginning was the Word"] 803
LUKE 803 Luke 1—2:14. ["'You will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger'"] 804
MATTHEW 808 Matthew 5—7. ['"When someone strikes you on your right cheek, turn the other one to him as well'"] 809 Matthew 19:16-26. ["'Go, sell what you have and give to (the) poor'"] 815 Matthew 25:31-46. ["'I was ... in prison and you visited me"] 815
LUKE 816 Luke 10:21—37. ['"A Samaritan . . . went to him and bandaged his wounds'"] 817 Luke 15:1—32. ["'This brother of yours was dead and has come to life; he was lost and has been found"] 817
MARK 819 Mark 1:1—13. ["'The voice of one crying out in the wilderness'"] 820 Mark 5:35-43. ["'The child is not dead but sleeping'"] 821 Mark 6:45-52. ["He came towards them walking on the sea"] 821 Mark 8:27-9:8. ['"One for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah'"] 822 CONTENTS
Mark 14—16:8. ["'My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?'"] 823
JOHN, ACTS 828 John 20. ["Except I ... thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe"] 829 Acts 2:1—8, 12—46. ["Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them"] 830
LETTERS OF PAUL 832 2 Corinthians 10-11. ["Are they Israelites? So am I"] 832 Romans 7—9. ["Wretched man that I am! Who will rescue me . . . ?"] 836 Galatians 3:6—9, 23—29. ["There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus"] 836 Philippians 1:27-2:11. ["He made himself nothing"] 843 1 Corinthians 15:12-19, 35-44, 51-58. ["The trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible"] 843
HEBREWS, JAMES 846 The Letter to the Hebrews 11—12:2. ["Witnesses in a great cloud all around us"] 848 James 2:14-24. ['"Faith apart from works is barren'"] 850
REVELATION 851 Revelation 20—21:8. ["Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth"] 852
The Patristic Era, 100-600 C.E. 855
CHRONOLOGY 857
EARLY CHRISTIAN WORSHIP 859
SAINT JUSTIN MARTYR (ca. 100-165) 859 From The Apology 860
ANONYMOUS (early second century) 863 The Didache 863
EGERIA (late fourth century) 869 From the Travels of Egeria 870
SAINT JOHN CHRYSOSTOM (ca. 347-407) 872 From The Eucharistic Prayer in the Byzantine Liturgy 873 xxvi I CONTENTS
THE ROMAN PERSECUTIONS 878
TACITUS (ca. 56-ca. 120) 878 From the Annals 879
PLINY THE YOUNGER (ca. 61-ca. 113) and THE EMPEROR TRAJAN (53-117) 880 Letters 880
ANONYMOUS (early second century) 882 From The Martyrdom of Polycarp 883
ORIGEN (185-ca. 254) 885 From An Exhortation to Martyrdom 886
ANONYMOUS EDITOR (early third century) 889 From The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity 889
OTHER CHRISTIAN GOSPELS 892
ANONYMOUS (mid-to-late second century?) 892 From the Gospel of Thomas 893
ANONYMOUS (mid-to-late second century?) 895 From the Protoevangelium of James 897
ARTICULATIONS OF CHRISTIAN BELIEF 899
IRENAEUS OF LYONS (13O?-2O2) 900 Front Against the Heresies 900
TERTULLIAN (ca. 160-225) 902 De Spectaculis 903 [On Roman Circus, Theater, and Gladiatorial Games] 903
THE FIRST ECUMENICAL COUNCIL (325) 905 The Nicene Creed 906
THE SECOND ECUMENICAL COUNCIL (381) 906 The Creed of Nicaea-Constantinople 907
THE THIRD ECUMENICAL COUNCIL (431) 907 The Formula of Union at Ephesus 908
THE FOURTH ECUMENICAL COUNCIL (451) 909 On the Person and Natures of Christ 909 CONTENTS I xxvii
SAINT JOHN OF DAMASCUS (ca. 675-749) 910 Three Treatises on Images 911 From the Third Treatise 911
PSEUDO-DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE (fl. ca. 500) 912 On Mystical Theology 913 From Chapter One 913 Chapter Four 914 From Chapter Five 914
BIOGRAPHICAL AND AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TEXTS 915
SAINT JEROME (ca. 347-420) 915 From Letters 916
SAINT AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-430) 918 Confessions 919 From Book Eight 919 From Book Ten 922 The City of God 922 From Book XIV 924
SULPICIUS SEVERUS (ca. 360-ca. 420) 928 Life of Saint Martin 929 Chapter II 929 From Chapter III 930 Chapter X 931
SAINT PATRICK (late fifth century) 932 From Confession 933
ANONYMOUS (eighth century) 935 Saint Patrick's Breastplate 935
EARLY CHRISTIAN HYMNODY 938
PRUDENTIUS (348-411?) 938 From Ode in Honor of the Blessed Martyr Lawrence 939
SAINT EPHREM THE SYRIAN (3O6?-373) 941 Hymns on the Nativity 942 Hymn 7 942
SAINT ROMANOS THE MELODIST (early sixth century) 943 The Standing Hymn 944
ANONYMOUS (eighth century?) 950 From The Dream of the Rood 951 xxviii I CONTENTS
THE ASCETIC TRADITION 953
SAINT ATHANASIUS OF ALEXANDRIA (ca. 296-373) 954 From Life of Anthony 954
SAINT GREGORY OF NYSSA (ca. 335-ca. 395) 956 Life of Macrina 957 [Saint Macrina's Last Words] 957
ANONYMOUS (fourth and fifth centuries) 960 From Sayings of the Desert Fathers 960
SAINT BENEDICT OF NURSIA (480?-543) 962 From Rule of Saint Benedict 963
The Middle Ages, 600-1300 969
CHRONOLOGY 973
MISSIONARY EXPANSION 974
SAINT BEDE THE VENERABLE (673?-735) 974 Ecclesiastical History of the English People 975 From Book Two 975
RUDOLF OF FULDA (800?-ca. 862-65) 979 The Life of Abbess Leoba 979 [From Prologue] 979
ANONYMOUS (early twelfth century) 981 From the Russian Primary Chronicle 981
MEDIEVAL MONASTICISM 986
SAINT ANSELM OF CANTERBURY (1033-1109) 986 Meditations 987 Meditation on Human Redemption 987
SAINT HILDEGARD OF BINGEN (1098-1179) 992 Scivias 992 Vision Twelve: The New Heaven and the New Earth 992
SAINT BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX (1090-1153) 998 Sermons on the Song of Songs 998 Sermon 3: The Kiss of the Lord's Feet, Hands and Mouth 998 CONTENTS I xxix
THE MENDICANT TRADITION 1002
SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI (1181 or 1182-1226) 1003 The Testament 1004 The Canticle of Brother Sun 1006 Little Flowers 1007 [Saint Francis Preaches to the Birds] 1008
SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) 1009 From On the Lord's Prayer 1010 Summa contra Gentiles 1014 [On Knowing the Creator through His Creatures] 1015
MEDIEVAL LATIN HYMNODY 1020
ANONYMOUS (ca. ninth century) 1021 Ave Maris Stella 1021
ANONYMOUS (late eleventh century?) 1022 Salve Regina 1022
WIPO (died 1050) 1023 Victimae Paschali Laudes 1023
SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) 1024 Pange, Lingua, Gloriosi 1024
ANONYMOUS (thirteenth century) 1025 Dies Irae 1025
The Lace Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 1300-1517 1029
CHRONOLOGY 1033
VISIONS OF HELL AND HEAVEN, CREATION AND CREATOR 1034 DANTE ALIGHIERI (1265-1321) 1034 The Divine Comedy 1034 Inferno 1036 From Canto I 1036 From Canto III 1038 Paradiso 1040 Canto XXXIII 1040 xxx I CONTENTS
MEISTER ECKHART (ca. 1260-1327) 1044 [Sermon 15: On Poverty of Spirit] 1045
ANONYMOUS (late fifteenth century) 1048 From The Summoning of Everyman 1048
SAINT CATHERINE OF SIENA (1347-1380) 1052 The Dialogue 1052 Prologue 1052 The Bridge 1053
JULIAN OF NORWICH (1342-ca. 1416) 1057 Front Showings 1058
THOMAS A KEMPIS (ca. 1380-1471) 1063 The Imitation of Christ 1064 From Book One 1064
OUTSPOKEN WOMEN AND THE FIRST STIRRINGS OF REFORM 1067
WILLIAM LANGLAND (ca. 1330-1387) 1067 Piers Plowman 1068 Passus VII 1068 [On Sloth and a Slothful Monk] 1068
MARGERY KEMPE (ca. 1373-1438) 1071 The Book of Margery Kempe 1071 [Examination before the Archbishop of York] 1071
GEOFFREY CHAUCER (ca. 1343-1400) 1075 The Canterbury Tales 1076 From The Wife of Bath's Prologue 1076
Reformations and the Wars of Religion, 1517-1700 1081
CHRONOLOGY 1085
PILLARS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN GERMANY, FRANCE, AND ENGLAND 1090
MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) 1091 From The Freedom of a Christian 1093 Large Catechism 1098 The Sixth Commandment 1098 CONTENTS I xxxi
Small Catechism for Ordinary Pastors and Preachers 1100 [Preface] 1100 A Mighty Fortress Is Our God 1103
JOHN CALVIN (1504-1565) 1104 The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1106 [On Predestination] 1106
THOMAS CRANMER (1489-1556) 1108 The Book of Common Prayer 1109 From The Order for the Administration of the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion 1109
DUELING MARTYROLOGIES: CHRISTIAN CONTRA CHRISTIAN 1114
ELIZABETH, A DUTCH ANABAPTIST (sixteenth century) 1115 The Mirror of Martyrs 1115 Letter 1115
HENRY MORE (1586-1661] 1118 The Elizabethan Jesuits 1118 [The Trial and Execution of Robert Southwell] 1118
SPANISH MYSTICS OF THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION 1121
SAINT IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA (1491-1556) 1122 The Spiritual Exercises 1123 [From A Meditation on the Two Standards] 1123
SAINT TERESA OF AVILA (1515-1582) 1126 The Book of Her Life 1127 Chapter I 1127
CHRISTIANITY REACHES THE NEW WORLD AND CHINA 1129
BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS (1484-1556) 1130 Rules for Confessors 1130 Prologue 1130
SOR JUANA INES DE LA CRUZ (1651-1695) 1133 From Reply to Sister Philothea 1135
NICHOLAS TRIGAULT (1577-1628) 1138 [A Seventeenth-Century Jesuit Missionary in China] 1139 xxxii I CONTENTS
BAROQUE DEVOTION IN A CENTURY OF CONVERSION AND COUNTERCONVERSION 1142
ROBERT SOUTHWELL (1561-1595) 1142 The Burning Babe 1142
JOHN DONNE (1572-1631) 1143 Death, Be Not Proud 1143
GEORGE HERBERT (1593-1633) 1144 The Holdfast 1144
RICHARD CRASHAW (ca. 1613-1649) 1144 From To the Noblest and Best of Ladies, the Countess of Denbigh 1144
EPICS OF SALVATION 1146
JOHN MILTON (1608-1674) 1146 Paradise Lost 1147 From Book I 1147 From Book XII 1147
JOHN BUNYAN (1628-1688) 1150 The Pilgrim's Progress 1150 From The Second Part 1150
PROTESTANT CATHOLICS, CATHOLIC PROTESTANTS, AND BEYOND 1153
BLAISE PASCAL (1623-1662) 1154 From Pensees 1155
ROGER WILLIAMS (1603-1683) 1157 From The Bloody Tenet of Persecution, for Cause of Conscience, in a Conference between Truth and Peace 1158
Encounters with Modernity, 1700-1914 1161
CHRONOLOGY 1165
THE BIBLE WITHIN THE LIMITS OF REASON ALONE 1167
HERMANN SAMUEL REIMARUS (1694-1768) 1168 Apology for Rational Worshippers of God 1169 [Contradictions in the Gospels' Resurrection Accounts] 1169 CONTENTS I xxxiii
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778) 1170 Emile, or On Education 1171 From Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar 1171
FRIEDRICH SCHLEIERMACHER (1768-1834) 1173 On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers 1174 From On the Religions [from Fifth Speech] 1174
ADOLF VON HARNACK (1851-1930) 1176 From What Is Christianity? 1177
ALFRED FIRMIN LOISY (1857-1940) 1180 The Firmin Lectures 1180 From The Individualist Theory of Religion 1180
ROMANTICISM, NATURE, AND THE CHRISTIANITY OF THE HEART 1185
NICOLAS VON ZINZENDORF (1700-1760) 1186 From The Brotherly Agreement at Herrnhut 1187
JONATHAN EDWARDS (1703-1758) 1190 Front Personal Narrative 1191
JOHN WESLEY (1703-1791) 1193 From Journal 1194
CHARLES WESLEY (1707-1788) 1196 Love Divine, All Loves Excelling 1196
JOSEPH SMITH (1805-1844) 1197 Pearl of Great Price 1198 From The History of Joseph Smith, the Prophet 1198
CHARLOTTE ELLIOT (1789-1871) 1202 Just as I Am 1202
JARENALEE (1783-ca. 1849) 1203 The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee 1204 My Call to Preach the Gospel 1204
THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON (1823-1911) 1207 From Negro Spirituals 1207
JULIA WARD HOWE (1819-1910) 1211 The Battle Hymn of the Republic 1212
ANONYMOUS (mid-nineteenth century) 1212 The Way of a Pilgrim 1213 From Chapter 1 1213 xxxiv I CONTENTS
SCANDAL AND PARADOX, FEAR AND FAITH 1217
JOHN HENRY NEWMAN (1801-1890) 1218 Apologia pro Vita Sua 1218 From Chapter V 1218
S0REN KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) 1223 Fear and Trembling 1224 From Preface 1224 Tuning Up 1225 From Eulogy on Abraham 1228
G. K. CHESTERTON (1874-1936) 1232 Orthodoxy 1233 From Paradoxes of Christianity 1233
THE SEA OF FAITH: EBB OR FLOOD? 1237
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY (1825-1895) 1238 From Agnosticism and Christianity 1239
MATTHEW ARNOLD (1822-1888) 1243 Dover Beach 1243
EMILY DICKINSON (1830-1886) 1244 [He Fumbles at Your Soul] 1245 [Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church—] 1245
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS (1844-1889) 1246 The Windhover 1247
DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873) 1247 From Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa 1248 [Livingstone Makes His First Convert] 1248
ALBERT SCHWEITZER (1875-1965) 1251 From Christianity and the Religions of the World 1252
The Twentieth Century, 1914-2001 1255
CHRONOLOGY 1259
JANE ADDAMS (1860-1935) 1261 From A New Impulse to an Old Gospel 1262
WILFRED OWEN (1893-1918) 1264 The Parable of the Old Man and the Young 1265 CONTENTS I xxxv
T. S. ELIOT (1888-1965) 1266 Journey of the Magi 1267
BERTRAND RUSSELL (1872-1970) 1268 From Why I Am Not a Christian 1269
KARL BARTH (1886-1968) 1271 Our Anxiety and God 1272
REINHOLD NIEBUHR (1892-1971) 1275 Why the Christian Church Is Not Pacifist 1275 The Truth and Heresy of Pacifism 1277 The Contribution of a True Pacifism 1278
DIETRICH BONHOEFFER (1906-1945) 1279 From The Cost of Discipleship 1281
W. H. AUDEN (1907-1973) 1285 Friday's Child (In Memory of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Martyred at Flossenburg, April 9th, 1945) 1285
WILLIAM TEMPLE (1881-1944) 1287 From German Atrocities: Aid for Refugees [Resolution on Behalf of the Jews of Europe] 1288
SIMONE WEIL (1909-1943) 1290 From Reflections on the Right Use of School Studies with a View to the Love of God 1291
MOTHER MARIA SKOBTSOVA (1891-1945) 1294 From The Second Gospel Commandment 1295
DOROTHY DAY (1897-1980) 1299 From The Duty of Delight 1300
PAUL TILLICH (1886-1965) 1302 Dynamics of Faith 1303 From What Faith Is 1303
PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN (1881-1955) 1306 From The Mass on the World 1307
THOMAS MERTON (1915-1968) 1310 From No Man Is an Island 1310
C. S. LEWIS (1898-1963) 1313 The Four Loves 1313 From Charity 1313 xxxvi I CONTENTS
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. (1929-1968) 1316 I Have a Dream 1317
THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL (1965) 1320 NostraAetate 1321
GUSTAVO GUTIERREZ (born 1928) 1324 From The Task and Content of Liberation Theology 1325
DESMOND TUTU (born 1931) 1330 From The Rainbow People of God 1331
RIGOBERTA MENCHU (born 1959) 1335 I, Rigoberta Menchii 1336 The Bible and Self-Defence: The Examples of Judith, Moses, and David 1336
CZESLAW MILOSZ (1911-2004) 1339 Campo dei Fiori 1340 You Who Wronged 1342 Readings 1342
The New Millennium, 2001-the Present 1345
CHRONOLOGY 1347
YEONG MEE LEE (born 1966) 1350 From A Political Reception of the Bible: Korean Minjung Theological Interpretation of the Bible 1351
CHRISTIAN DE CHERGE (1937-1996) 1358 Spiritual Testament 1359
LIU ZHENYING (BROTHER YUN; born 1958) 1361 The Heavenly Man 1362 From Back to Jerusalem 1362
POPE JOHN PAUL II (1920-2005) AND ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH BARTHOLOMEW I (born 1940) 1365 Common Declaration on Environmental Ethics 1366
CHRISTIAN WIMAN (born 1966) 1369 From My Bright Abyss 1370 CONTENTS I xxxvii
ISLAM 1375 Introduction: Submission to God as the Wellspring of a Civilization 1377
JANE DAMMEN MCAULIFFE
The Foundational Epoch, 610-750 1409
CHRONOLOGY 1414
QURAN: GOD'S CULMINATING GIFT TO HUMANKIND 1418
Sura 1 1418 Sura 4 1419 Sura 12 1432 Sura 55 1439 Suras 78-114 1442
SIRA: THE LIFE STORY OF THE PROPHET 1463
IBN HISHAM (died 833) 1463 Ibn Ishaq's The Life of Muhammad 1467 The Prophet's Mission 1467 The Beginning of the Sending Down of the Quran 1470 Khadlja, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Accepts Islam 1471 The Prescription of Prayer 1472 'All b. Abu Talib the First Male to Accept Islam 1473 The Apostle's Public Preaching and the Response 1474 The Covenant between the Muslims and the Medinans and with the Jews 1478
The Classical Synthesis, 750-1756 1481
CHRONOLOGY 1491
HADITH AND SUNNA: THE PERFECT MAN REMEMBERED AS THE PERFECT GUIDE TO LIFE 1498
AL-BUKHARI (810-870) 1498 The Early Years of Islam 1499 The Story of the Night Journey 1499 The Ascension 1500 xxxviii I CONTENTS
MUSLIM IBN AL-HAJJAJ (821-875) 1502 Authentic Collection of the Sayings and Doings of the Prophet Muhammad 1504 From The Book of Virtue, Good Manners and Joining of the Ties of Relationship 1504 From The Book of Knowledge 1509 From The Book Pertaining to Paradise, Its Description, Its Bounties and Its Intimates 1511
AL-NAWAWI (1233-1277) 1514 Gardens of the Righteous 1515 On the Excellence of Reading the Quran 1515 On Safeguarding the Quran 1516 On Good Recitation of the Quran 1517 On Special Chapters and Verses 1517 On Gathering Together for Recitation of the Quran 1519
MUHAMMAD BAQIR MAJLISI (1627-1699) 1519 Oceans of Lights 1521 Al-Baqir, the Fifth Imam 1521 Ja'far al-Sadiq, the Sixth Imam 1521 Mtisa, the Seventh Imam 1523 From cAll al-Rida, the Eighth Imam 1523
SHARVA AND FIQH: DIVINE WILL AND HUMAN INTERPRETATION 1527
AL-SHAFri (767-820) 1527 The Epistle on Legal Theory 1529 Obligations Established by Explicit Texts and in Regard to Which God's Emissary Provided a Parallel Practice 1529 Obligations Expressed in General Terms 1531 Concerning Alms 1534
IBN HANBAL (780-855) 1536 From The Book of Marriage 1538
AL-QAYRAWANI (922-996) 1542 Treatise on Law 1544 Chapter I. Marriage, Divorce, Return, Injurious Assimilation . . . 1544 CONTENTS I xxxix
THE INTELLECTUAL ELABORATION OF THE CLASSICAL SYNTHESIS 1552
KALAM: THEOLOGY 1552
ABU HANIFA (699-767) 1552 Two Creeds 1553 The Fikh Akbar I 1553 The Fikh Akbar II 1554
AL-ASH'ARI (874-935) 1559 The Concise Remarks 1561 Chapter 8. Discussion of Faith 1561 Chapter 9. Discussion of the Particular and the Universal, and of the Promise and the Threat 1562
IBN BABAWAYH [SHAYKH SADUQ] (ca. 920-991) 1564 The Beliefs of the Shf is 1565 Chapter 35. The Belief Concerning the Number of Prophets and Vicegerents 1565 Chapter 36. The Belief Concerning Infallibility 1567 Chapter 39. The Belief Concerning Dissimulation 1568
AL-GHAZALI (1058-1111) 1569 From The Revival of the Religious Sciences: The Book of the Conduct of Life as Exemplified by the Prophetic Character 1572
SHAH WALI ALLAH (1703-1762) 1576 The Conclusive Argument from God 1578 Chapter 71. Fortifying the Religion against Distortion 1578
IBN CABD AL-WAHHAB (1703-1792) 1582 From The History and Doctrines of the Wahhabis 1584
FALSAFA: PHILOSOPHY 1588
AL-FARABI (ca. 878-950) 1588 The Virtuous City 1590 Chapter 15. Perfect Associations and Perfect Ruler; Faulty Associations 1590
IBN SINA (980-1037) 1597 The Book of Healing 1599 Metaphysics X 1599 Chapter 2. Proof of Prophecy. The Manner of the Prophet's Call to God, the Exalted. The "Return" to God 1599 Chapter 3. Acts of Worship: Their Benefits in This World and the Next 1601 xl ] CONTENTS
Chapter 4. Establishment of the City, the Household (That Is, Marriage), and the General Laws Pertaining to These Matters 1603 Chapter 5. Concerning the Caliph and the Imam: The Necessity of Obeying Them. Remarks on Politics, Transactions, and Morals 1606
IBNRUSHD (1126-1198) 1609 The Decisive Treatise on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy 1610 Chapter 3: Philosophical Interpretations of Scripture Should Not Be Taught to the Majority. The Law Provides Other Methods of Instructing Them 1610
'ULUM AL-QUR'AN: SCRIPTURE SCHOLARSHIP OR "QUR'ANIC SCIENCES" 1617
FAKHR AL-DIN AL-RAZI (1149/50-1210) 1617 From The Great Commentary 1619
IBN TAYMIYYA (1263-1328) 1626 Front Introductory Treatise on the Principles of Tafsir 1628
ILM AL-AKHLAQ: PRIVATE ETHICS AND PUBLIC GOVERNANCE 1633
MISKAWAYH (ca. 932-1030) 1633 The Refinement of Character 1635 A Section on the Education of the Young . . . 1635
AL-MAWARD1 (974-1058) 1639 The Ordinances of Government 1640 From Chapter 9. On the Appointment of Prayer Leaders 1640
NIZAM AL-MULK (1018-1092) 1645 The Book of Government, or Manners of the Kings 1647 Chapter 14. Concerning Constant Employment of Messengers and Carriers 1647 Chapter 15. On Being Careful about Giving Verbal Orders in Drunkenness and Sobriety 1647 Chapter 16. Concerning the Steward of the Household and the Importance of His Post 1648 Chapter 17. Concerning Boon-Companions and Intimates of the King and the Conduct of Their Affairs 1648 Chapter 35. Concerning the Arrangements for Setting a Good Table 1650
NASIR AL-DIN AL-TUSI (1201-1274) 1650 The Nasirean Ethics 1652 Concerning the Chastisement and Regulation of Wives 1652 CONTENTS I xli
TA'RIKH: HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND TRAVEL WRITING 1656
IBN AL-KALBI (ca. 737-821) 1656 The Book of Idols 1658 From Introduction 1658 Manah 1659 Allat 1660 From Al-'Uzza 1661
AL-BALADHURI (d. ca. 892) 1663 The Origins of the Islamic State 1665 The Conquest of Syria 1665 The Advance of Khalid ibn-al-Walid on Syria and the Places He Reduced on His Way 1667
AL-TABARI (ca. 839-923) 1669 The History of Messengers and Kings 1671 'Abbasid Authority Affirmed 1671 The Reason Abu Jafar Built Baghdad 1671
IBN AL-NADIM (d. ca. 990) 1675 The Catalogue 1676 The Second Section of the First Chapter, with the Titles of the Books of the Laws Revealed to the Community of Muslims and the Sects of the Peoples [through Revealed Books] 1676
IBN MUNQIDH (1095-1188) 1680 The Book of Instruction by Example 1681 From An Appreciation of the Frankish Character 1681
IBN JUBAYR (1145-1217) 1685 The Travels 1686 From The Month of Jumada '1-Ula (579) 1686
IBN BATTUTA (1304-1368) 1692 The Travels 1696 Chapter 10 1696
IBN KHALDUN (1332-1406) 1701 An Introduction to History 1703 Chapter 1. Human Civilization in General 1703 Fifth Prefatory Discussion. Differences with Regard to Abundance and Scarcity of Food . . . 1703
AL-HASAN AL-WAZZAN (between 1489 and 1496-ca. 1554) 1707 From Description of Africa 1708 xlii ! CONTENTS
TASAWWUF: THE MYSTICAL INTERIORITY OF SUFISM 1714
ZAYN AL-'ABIDIN 'ALI B. AL-HUSAYN (ca. 658-ca. 713) 1714 The Book of the Constant Prostrator 1715 Supplication 6. His Supplication in Morning and Evening 1715 Supplication 8. His Supplication in Seeking Refuge from Hateful Things, Bad Moral Qualities, and Blameworthy Ac ts 1719
AL-BISTAMI (d. ca. 875) 1720 The Mi'raj 1721
AL-HAKIM AL-TIRMIDHI (fl. ninth century) 1726 The Seal of the Saints 1727 The Beginning of the Career of Abl 'Abd Allah [theSageofTirmidh] 1727
AL-SULAMI (937-1021) 1737 From The Memorial of Pious Sufi Women 1741
AL-GHAZALI (1058-1111) 1750 Deliverance from Error 1752 Discussion of the Ways of the Sufis 1752 The True Nature of Prophecy and the Need All Men Have for It 1757 From The Reason for Resuming Teaching After Having Given It Up 1760
IBNAL-'ARABI (1165-1240) 1763 The Meccan Openings 1764 From The Most Beautiful Names: Chapter 558 1764
RUMI (1207-1273) 1769 The Mathnavi: Book One 1771 Exordium: The Song of the Reed 1771 From The Lion, the Wolf, and the Fox 1773 A Guest Came to Joseph, and Joseph Demanded a Gift from Him 1775
ISMA'ILI DEVOTIONAL SONGS 1778 Two Ginans 1779 From Venti (Supplication) RuhanI Visal, attributed to Pir Hasan Kabir al-Din 1779 Sakhl marl atama na odhar (O Friend, the Saviour of My Soul), attributed to Pir Sadr al-Din 1784
MULLA SADRA SHIRAZI (ca. 1572-1640) 1785 The Wisdom of the Throne 1787 Principle (Concerning the Pre-Existence of Soul) 1787 Principle (Concerning the Soul as the Key to Eschatology) 1788 CONTENTS I xliii
BELLES LETTRES: THE FINE ARTS OF POETRY AND PROSE 1789
QASIDA: THE ARABIC ODE 1789
'ALQAMA (fl. sixth century) 1789 Is What You Knew Kept Secret 1790
PERSIAN LYRICISM AND FURTHER POETIC PERMUTATIONS 1796
NIZAMKca. 1141-1209) 1796 Seven Beauties 1798 In Praise of the Chief among Prophets 1798 On the Prophet's Ascent to Heaven 1799
SA'DI (ca. 1215-earIy 1290s) 1803 The Rose Garden 1804 From Chapter 5. Love and Youth 1804
HAFIZ (1325/26-1390) 1807 The Collection 1808 A Mad Heart 1809 Where Are the Tidings of Union? 1810 The Riddle of Life 1811
ADAB: FABLE, APHORISM, AND ESSAY 1812
AL-JAHIZ (ca. 776-868/69) 1812 From The Art of Keeping Secrets and Holding One's Tongue 1813
IBN HAZM (994-1064) 1819 The Ring of the Dove 1820 Front The Signs of Love 1820
THE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS (fourteenth century) 1824 [The Story of the Merchant and the Demon] 1825 [From The First Old Man's Tale] 1829
DARA SHUKOH (1615-1659) 1831 From The Greatest Secret 1832 xliv I CONTENTS
The Classical Synthesis Encounters Modernity, 1765 to the Present 1837
CHRONOLOGY 1846
COLONIALISM AND POSTCOLONIALISM 1850 AL-JABARTI (1753-1825/26) 1850 From The History of the Period of the French Occupation 1852
NANAASMA'U (1793-1864) 1858 Elegy for Bello 1859 Bello's Character 1861
MUHAMMAD 'ABDUH (1849-1905) 1863 The Theology of Unity 1865 Chapter 15. The Expansion of Islam: Its Unparalleled Speed 1865
RASHID AHMAD GANGOHI (1829-1905) 1871 Two Fatwas on Hajj in British India 1873
MUHAMMAD IQBAL (1877-1938) 1874 Complaint 1875
MAHMUD SHALTUT (1893-1963) 1880 The Qur'an and Fighting 1882 The Verses of Fighting 1882
SAYYID QUTB (1906-1966) 1888 Milestones 1890 From Chapter 4. Jihaad in the Cause of God 1890
MALCOLM X (1925-1965) 1895 The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1897 From Chapter 17. Mecca 1897
THE RELIGIOUS REASSERTION 1903
RUHOLLAH KHOMEINI (1902-1989) 1903 The First Day of God's Government 1905 The Meaning of the Cultural Revolution 1907
MOHAMMED ARKOUN (1928-2010) 1909 Rethinking Islam 1911 Chapter 22. Human Rights 1911 CONTENTS I xlv
USAMA BIN LADIN (1957-2011) 1919 The World Islamic Front 1920
EBRAHIM MOOSA (b. 1957) 1922 From The Debts and Burdens of Critical Islam 1923
THE EMERGENCE OF WOMEN'S VOICES 1929
SAYYID AHMAD KHAN (1817-1898) 1929 The Rights of Women 1930
MUHAMMAD 'ABDUH (1849-1905) 1933 Al-Manar Commentary 1934 From Polygamy 1934
'ALI SHARrATI (1933-1977) 1939 Fatima Is Fatima 1941 Chapter 1. Who Am I? 1941 From Chapter 2. Who Is Responsible? 1942 From Chapter 4. What Should Be Done? 1944 From Chapter 6. What Role Did Women Play in the Attack!? 1945 From Chapter 13. Why Fatima? 1946 From Epilogue 1949
FATIMA MERNISSI (b. 1940) 1950 The Veil and the Male Elite 1952 From Chapter 7. The Prophet and Women 1952
AMINA WADUD (b. 1952) 1957 From Qur'an and Woman 1958
NEGOTIATING RELIGIOUS PLURALISM 1962
NURCHOLISH MADJID (1939-2005) 1962 From Islamic Faith and the Problem of Pluralism: Relations among the Believers 1964
FETHULLAH GULEN (b. 1941) 1970 Toward a Global Civilization of Love and Tolerance 1972 Tolerance and Dialogue in the Qur'an and the Sunna 1972 Dialogue in the Muhammadan Spirit and Meaning 1973 Dialogue with the People of the Book 1975 Sports and the Process of Dialogue 1977
TARIQ RAMADAN (b. 1962) 1978 Western Muslims and the Future of Islam 1980 Chapter 9. Interreligious Dialogue 1980 xlvi I CONTENTS
Glossaries JUDAISM A3 CHRISTIANITY A18 ISLAM A33
Selected. Bibliographies JUDAISM A43 CHRISTIANITY A48 ISLAM A55
Permissions Acknowledgments A63
Indexes A78