DOCSLIB.ORG

Integration of Wind Energy in Power Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integration of Wind Energy in Power Systems Integration of Wind Energy in Power Systems A summary of Danish experiences May 2017 Content 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 2 Historical development of wind power in Denmark ................................................................................ 5 2.1 The oil crisis in the 1970s and the foundation of the modern wind industry.................................. 5 2.2 The electrical power system in Denmark today ............................................................................. 7 2.3 Onshore and offshore wind power in Denmark today ................................................................. 11 2.4 The relevance of Danish experience for Indonesia ..................................................................... 13 3 Power generation from wind turbines ................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Characteristics of wind power generation.................................................................................... 15 3.2 Turbine design parameters for specific wind sites ...................................................................... 17 3.3 Economy of modern wind power ................................................................................................. 20 3.4 Discussion – low speed wind turbines ......................................................................................... 26 4 Policy and regulatory measures for promotion of wind power in Denmark .......................................... 29 4.1 Political strategies undertaken in Denmark to accelerate wind power ........................................ 29 4.2 Overall regulation and policy framework in Denmark .................................................................. 32 4.3 Subsidy schemes for onshore and offshore wind power in Denmark today ............................... 34 4.4 Discussion – looking into which subsidy schemes that are useful to kick start a development of wind power in Indonesia .......................................................................................................................... 39 5 Challenges related to integration of wind power .................................................................................. 43 5.1 Ensuring a suitable grid ............................................................................................................... 43 5.2 Ensuring the value of wind when it is very windy ........................................................................ 43 5.3 Ensuring sufficient production capacity when it is not windy ....................................................... 44 5.4 Balancing wind power .................................................................................................................. 45 5.5 How wind power leads to the need for a more flexible power system ........................................ 45 6 Power markets in Europe ..................................................................................................................... 49 6.1 Price generation ........................................................................................................................... 50 6.2 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 58 7 Operating the power system with wind power in Denmark .................................................................. 59 7.1 Wind power and system flexibility ................................................................................................ 59 7.2 Operational planning.................................................................................................................... 61 7.3 Forecasting systems .................................................................................................................... 65 7.4 System reserve requirements ...................................................................................................... 70 Page 2/103 Integration of Wind Energy in Power Systems 7.5 Discussion – How some of the power system’s operational limitation and challenges that the Indonesian power system experience can be addressed in order to integrate more wind power ........... 73 8 Power system flexibility for integration of wind power in Denmark ...................................................... 74 8.1 The transmission system ............................................................................................................. 74 8.2 Flexibility in conventional power plants ....................................................................................... 76 8.3 Power to heat ............................................................................................................................... 81 8.4 Demand response ....................................................................................................................... 84 8.5 Ancillary services ......................................................................................................................... 87 8.6 Discussion – discussion on possible measures that could be taken to increase the flexibility in the Indonesian power system .................................................................................................................. 88 9 Grid connection of wind power plants in Denmark ............................................................................... 90 9.1 Approval process of wind power plants in DK ............................................................................. 90 9.2 Technical requirements in a grid connection code for wind power plants ................................... 92 9.3 Grid connection of wind power plants and technical assessments ............................................. 94 9.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 94 10 Integration of photovoltaics .............................................................................................................. 96 10.1 Characteristic of solar power ....................................................................................................... 96 10.2 Integration of solar power ............................................................................................................ 96 10.3 Discussion – technical integration issues of solar power in Indonesia ........................................ 97 11 Island systems ................................................................................................................................. 98 11.1 Case story – The Faroe Islands .................................................................................................. 98 11.2 Case story – Micro-grid solutions for remote islands and villages ............................................ 103 Page 3/103 Integration of Wind Energy in Power Systems 1 Introduction The aim of this report is to describe Danish experiences with wind integration and discuss their relevance regarding the integration of wind and solar power in Indonesia, particularly regarding grid connection. In this respect, Indonesia is facing the following tasks and challenges: 1) To establish policies and regulatory measures that will help accelerate the development of wind power and other variable renewable sources. 2) To ensure a secure and stable electricity system where demand and supply is balanced, system operation is smooth, and voltage/frequency is under control, even if 10% or more of the energy mix is covered by wind power production in the future. 3) To ensure an economically efficient operation of the electricity system with an optimal utilisation of wind power. 4) To evaluate potential wind power projects and on the basis of evaluations, to decide which po- tential wind power projects can be approved and accepted for grid connection, while still main- taining a secure and balanced electricity system. 5) To ensure a smooth integration of solar power in the Indonesian power system. The specific focus of the report is thereby on regulatory and technical power system integration chal- lenges, primarily related to wind power. The report is based on Danish experiences with integration of wind power, and these experiences are - to the extent possible for the Danish experts with their current knowledge of the Indonesian electricity system - related to the Indonesian context. Chapter 2 provides an historical overview of wind power development in Denmark. Chapter 3 focuses on the nature of pow- er generation from wind turbines; chapter 4 discusses how policy can support an expansion of wind pow- er, and chapter 5 shares Danish experiences from operating the power system with high wind power penetrations of up to 42%. Chapter 7 discusses Danish experiences with power system flexibility measures designed to aid the integration of wind power and chapter 9 discusses how to assess and approve grid connection of wind power plants. Finally, chapter 10 will briefly discuss Danish experiences from grid inte- gration of photovoltaics. Based on lessons learned from Denmark, the end of most chapters will discuss how to address challenges faced by Indonesia today with regards to the topics of the specific chapters. This specific composition of topics is the result
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Renewable Energy Australian Water Utilities
    Case Study 7 Renewable energy Australian water utilities The Australian water sector is a large emissions, Melbourne Water also has a Water Corporation are offsetting the energy user during the supply, treatment pipeline of R&D and commercialisation. electricity needs of their Southern and distribution of water. Energy use is These projects include algae for Seawater Desalination Plant by heavily influenced by the requirement treatment and biofuel production, purchasing all outputs from the to pump water and sewage and by advanced biogas recovery and small Mumbida Wind Farm and Greenough sewage treatment processes. To avoid scale hydro and solar generation. River Solar Farm. Greenough River challenges in a carbon constrained Solar Farm produces 10 megawatts of Yarra Valley Water, has constructed world, future utilities will need to rely renewable energy on 80 hectares of a waste to energy facility linked to a more on renewable sources of energy. land. The Mumbida wind farm comprise sewage treatment plant and generating Many utilities already have renewable 22 turbines generating 55 megawatts enough biogas to run both sites energy projects underway to meet their of renewable energy. In 2015-16, with surplus energy exported to the energy demands. planning started for a project to provide electricity grid. The purpose built facility a significant reduction in operating provides an environmentally friendly Implementation costs and greenhouse gas emissions by disposal solution for commercial organic offsetting most of the power consumed Sydney Water has built a diverse waste. The facility will divert 33,000 by the Beenyup Wastewater Treatment renewable energy portfolio made up of tonnes of commercial food waste Plant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Opportunity of Cogeneration in the Ceramic Industry in Brazil – Case Study of Clay Drying by a Dry Route Process for Ceramic Tiles
    CASTELLÓN (SPAIN) THE OPPORTUNITY OF COGENERATION IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL – CASE STUDY OF CLAY DRYING BY A DRY ROUTE PROCESS FOR CERAMIC TILES (1) L. Soto Messias, (2) J. F. Marciano Motta, (3) H. Barreto Brito (1) FIGENER Engenheiros Associados S.A (2) IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo S.A (3) COMGAS – Companhia de Gás de São Paulo ABSTRACT In this work two alternatives (turbo and motor generator) using natural gas were considered as an application of Cogeneration Heat Power (CHP) scheme comparing with a conventional air heater in an artificial drying process for raw material in a dry route process for ceramic tiles. Considering the drying process and its influence in the raw material, the studies and tests in laboratories with clay samples were focused to investigate the appropriate temperature of dry gases and the type of drier in order to maintain the best clay properties after the drying process. Considering a few applications of CHP in a ceramic industrial sector in Brazil, the study has demonstrated the viability of cogeneration opportunities as an efficient way to use natural gas to complement the hydroelectricity to attend the rising electrical demand in the country in opposition to central power plants. Both aspects entail an innovative view of the industries in the most important ceramic tiles cluster in the Americas which reaches 300 million squares meters a year. 1 CASTELLÓN (SPAIN) 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The energy scenario in Brazil. In Brazil more than 80% of the country’s installed capacity of electric energy is generated using hydropower.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Storage Impact on CHP Cogeneration Performance with Southwoods Case Study Edmonton, Alberta Michael Roppelt C.E.T
    Thermal Storage Impact on CHP Cogeneration Performance with Southwoods Case Study Edmonton, Alberta Michael Roppelt C.E.T. CHP Cogeneration Solar PV Solar Thermal Grid Supply Thermal Storage GeoExchange RenewableAlternative & LowEnergy Carbon Microgrid Hybrid ConventionalSystemSystem System Optional Solar Thermal Option al Solar PV CNG & BUILDING OR Refueling COMMUNITY Station CHP Cogeneration SCALE 8 DEVELOPMENT Hot Water Hot Water DHW Space Heating $ SAVINGS GHG OPERATING Thermal Energy Cool Water Exchange & Storage ElectricalMicro Micro-Grid-Grid Thermal Microgrid Moving Energy not Wasting Energy Natural Gas Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Cogeneration $350,000 2,500,000 kWh RETAILINPUT OUTPUT VALUE NATURAL GAS $400,000. $100,000.30,000 Gj (85% Efficiency) CHP $50,000 Cogeneration15,000 Energy Gj Technologies CHP Unit Sizing Poorly sized units will not perform optimally which will cancel out the benefits. • For optimal efficiency, CHP units should be designed to provide baseline electrical or thermal output. • A plant needs to operate as many hours as possible, since idle plants produce no benefits. • CHP units have the ability to modulate, or change their output in order to meet fluctuating demand. Meeting Electric Power Demand Energy Production Profile 700 Hourly Average 600 353 January 342 February 500 333 March 324 April 400 345 May 300 369 June 400 July 200 402 August 348 September 100 358 October 0 362 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Meeting Heat Demand with CHP Cogeneration Energy Production Profile Heat Demand (kWh) Electric Demand (kWh) Cogen Heat (kWh) Waste Heat Heat Shortfall Useable Heat CHP Performance INEFFICIENCY 15% SPACE HEATING DAILY AND HEAT 35% SEASONAL ELECTRICAL 50% IMBALANCE 35% 50% DHW 15% Industry Studies The IEA works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 30 member countries and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • A Model for Internalization of Environmental Effects for Different Cogeneration Technologies
    2nd WSEAS/IASME International Conference on ENERGY PLANNING, ENERGY SAVING, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (EPESE'08) Corfu, Greece, October 26-28, 2008 A model for internalization of environmental effects for different cogeneration technologies ROXANA PATRASCU AND EDUARD MINCIUC Faculty of Power Engineering University Politehnica of Bucharest Splaiul Independentei 313, Bucharest, Postal Code 060032 ROMANIA Abstract: - Economic quantification of environmental effects should be found in the energy price. European research studies underline the main characteristics of environmental taxes, which comparing to other taxes, lead to improved energy and economic efficiencies. This is due to that fact that environmental taxes stimulate utilization of clean and renewable energy sources as well as clean energy production technologies. The article presents a model for internalization of environmental aspects for different cogeneration technologies: steam turbine, gas turbine and internal combustion engine. The model is validated using a cogeneration plant at an industrial company. A special importance for establishing the model has been paid to the hypotheses needed to economically quantify the environmental effects. Using the proposed model there has been established that environmental taxes has great influence on energy prices and on establishing the optimal technical solution for cogeneration plant. Key-Words: - energy, environment, cogeneration, eco-taxes, pollutants 1 Introduction Presently, there are the following types of taxes that The technical and economic efficiency of are used: cogeneration technologies that use fossil fuels Energy tax – a quantitative tax applied to should include the effects of environmental taxes. energy consumption; The environmental impact of different cogeneration Different pollutant tax (CO2, SO2, NOx, etc.) technologies using fossil fuels are quantified by – qualitative tax, that can really lead to some different criteria that cannot be used in an economic changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined Heat & Power (CHP), Also Known As Cogeneration, Supplies
    TEXAS COMBINED HEAT AND POWER INITIATIVE www.texaschpi.org P.O. Box 1462 Austin, Texas 78767 512.705.9996 Combined Heat & Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, supplies 20% of the electricity in Texas. CHP uses well-known technologies that can be deployed quickly and cost-effectively in a wide variety of industrial, institutional and commercial applications. And similar to the commonly known renewable energy sources, CHP consumes very little water. By all accounts, CHP It is the most efficient way to generate power from fuel including natural gas, waste or byproducts, biogas, or biomass. Typically, power generation is an inherently inefficient process that creates heat but with CHP the heat is used to displace fuel instead of evaporating cooling water as is required with conventional power generation. Texas leads the nation in CHP generation with about 16 GW, or 20% of total US capacity. Texas added 10,000 MWe of CHP capacity between 1995 and 2002 and the bulk of this was comprised of large (100+ MWe) systems located at industrial sites. However, economic and policy barriers have limiting further gains, especially of smaller CHP systems. We believe the state is at a cross roads where the implementation of smart policies supportive of CHP could stimulate another burst of CHP development and significant growth in industrial and commercial projects. Growth in CHP is needed because it is a dispatchable, distributed resource that reduces energy consumption, provides impressive air emission savings, saves water, improves energy reliability and security, and makes Texas businesses more competitive in world markets. TXCHPI estimates that the existing CHP capacity reduces water consumption by 28 billion gallons or 85,000 acre-feet per year.
    [Show full text]
  • 163 Bioenergynews15.1
    iea news june 2003.qxd 17/06/2003 8:25 a.m. Page 1 Bioenergy set for growth in Australia Guest Editorial by Dr Stephen Schuck, Member for Australia Bioenergy is relatively well established in some sectors in Australia. The installed electricity generating capacity at Australia’s 30 sugar mills, using bagasse, totals 369 MW. Australia is a leader in capturing and using landfill gas. Some 29 projects across Australia, up to 13 MW in size, have a total installed capacity of close to 100 MW. There are also 11 wastewater treatment plants around Australia which capture biogas for producing 24 MW of electricity. In addition, 6 to 7 million tonnes of firewood are used in Australia every year. In recent years there has been increased interest in the development of bioenergy to meet government greenhouse gas reduction targets. In April 2001, Australia’s Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) came into force. The Target requires an additional 9,500 GWh of new renewable electricity to be generated per year from sources such as bioenergy. It is set to raise Australia’s renewable energy proportion from 10.5% in 1997 to approximately 12.5% percent by 2010. The MRET has provided a stimulus for bioenergy in Australia. For instance Australia’s oldest sugar mill, the Rocky Point Mill in South Eastern Queensland, has been upgraded to 30 MWe for year-round operation, using wood waste in the non-crushing season. Australia’s first large-scale anaerobic digester (82,000 tonnes per year) fed by food and other organic wastes is currently being commissioned near Sydney.
    [Show full text]
  • COGEN Europe Position Paper in Response to European Commission Consultation on “Strategy for Long-Term EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions”
    COGEN Europe Position Paper In response to European Commission Consultation on “Strategy for long-term EU greenhouse gas emissions reductions” Brussels, 09/10/2018 In the context of the Paris Agreement, the EU has set ambitious energy and climate change objectives to ensure that it relies on secure, affordable and climate-friendly energy. The cogeneration sector is committed to the creation of a resilient, decentralised and carbon neutral European energy system by 2050 with cogeneration as its backbone. Cogeneration empowers European citizens and industry to generate efficiently reliable and affordable clean heat and power locally, thus representing a “no regrets” solution for delivering EU’s energy and climate objectives both in the medium and long term. The EU’s 2030 climate and energy framework, which is currently taking shape, has reaffirmed Europe’s commitment to implementing energy efficiency first, to putting consumers at the centre and cementing Europe’s leadership in renewable energy production and use, all while reducing CO2 emissions and boosting competitiveness and growth. Moving beyond 2030, the EU’s Strategy for long- term EU greenhouse gas emissions reductions should: ✓ continue to integrate the “energy efficiency first” principle by prioritising primary energy savings across the entire energy value chain and applying it to all energy sources. Energy and climate policy should in a consistent and effective manner ensure that high efficiency cogeneration is set as the default option over the separate and inefficient production of 1 heat and electricity; ✓ take an integrated approach to energy systems, promoting a mix of decarbonisation solutions across the key energy infrastructures (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Power Economics Rhetoric & Reality
    WIND POWER ECONOMICS RHETORIC & REALITY The Performance of Wind Power in Denmark Gordon Hughes WIND POWER ECONOMICS RHETORIC & REALITY Volume ii The Performance of Wind Power in Denmark Gordon Hughes School of Economics, University of Edinburgh © Renewable Energy Foundation 2020 Published by Renewable Energy Foundation Registered Office Unit 9, Deans Farm Stratford-sub-Castle Salisbury SP1 3YP The cover image (Adobe Stock: 179479012) shows a coastal wind turbine in Esbjerg, Denmark. www.ref.org.uk The Renewable Energy Foundation is a registered charity in England and Wales (No. 1107360) CONTENTS The Performance of Wind Power in Denmark: Summary ........................................ v The Performance of Wind Power in Denmark ............................................................ 1 1. Background ........................................................................................................... 1 2. Data on Danish wind turbines ............................................................................ 4 3. Failure analysis for Danish turbines .................................................................... 6 4. Age and turbine performance in Denmark ...................................................... 16 5. The performance of offshore turbines .............................................................. 20 6. Auctions and the winner’s curse ...................................................................... 23 7. Kriegers Flak and the economics of offshore wind generation ....................... 27 8. Financial
    [Show full text]
  • Italy's Effort to Phase out and Rationalise Its Fossil Fuel Subsidies
    ITALY’S EFFORT TO PHASE OUT AND RATIONALISE ITS FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDIES A REPORT ON THE G20 PEER-REVIEW OF INEFFICIENT FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDIES THAT ENCOURAGE WASTEFUL CONSUMPTION IN ITALY PREPARED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE PEER-REVIEW TEAM: ARGENTINA, CANADA, CHILE, CHINA, FRANCE, GERMANY, INDONESIA, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, IEA, UN ENVIRONMENT, IISD, EUROPEAN ENERGY RETAILERS, GREEN BUDGET EUROPE, THE OECD (CHAIR OF THE PEER-REVIEW) AND SELECTED EXPERTS APRIL 2019 1 │ Italy’s effort to phase out and rationalise its fossil-fuel subsidies A report on the G20 peer-review of inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption in Italy Prepared by the members of the peer-review team: Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Netherlands, New Zealand, IEA, UN Environment, IISD, European Energy Retailers, Green Budget Europe, the OECD (Chair of the peer-review) and selected experts ITALY’S EFFORT TO PHASE OUT AND RATIONALISE ITS FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES 2 │ Table of contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Background and context ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6: Generating Resources and Energy Storage Technologies
    Sixth Northwest Conservation and Electric Power Plan Chapter 6: Generating Resources and Energy Storage Technologies Summary of Key Findings .............................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Generating Resource Applications & Services ............................................................................... 9 Energy ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Firm Capacity............................................................................................................................ 12 Regulation and Load-following ................................................................................................ 13 Combined Heat and Power ....................................................................................................... 14 Distributed Generation .............................................................................................................. 16 Hydroelectric Power ..................................................................................................................... 16 Existing Hydropower System ................................................................................................... 17 Integrating Fish & Wildlife and Power Planning ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • System and Market Integration of Wind Power in Denmark
    CORE Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Online Research Database In Technology System and market integration of wind power in Denmark Lund, Henrik; Hvelplund, Frede; Alberg Østergaard, Poul; Möller, Bernd; Vad Mathiesen, Brian; Karnøe, Peter; Andersen, Anders N.; Morthorst, Poul Erik; Karlsson, Kenneth Bernard; Münster, Marie; Munksgaard, Jesper; Wenzel, Henrik Published in: Energy Strategy Reviews Link to article, DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2012.12.003 Publication date: 2013 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Lund, H., Hvelplund, F., Alberg Østergaard, P., Möller, B., Vad Mathiesen, B., Karnøe, P., ... Wenzel, H. (2013). System and market integration of wind power in Denmark. Energy Strategy Reviews, 1, 143-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2012.12.003 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fossil Fuel Fired Power Generation Systems 3/61
    GGRREEEENNHHOOUUSSEE GGAASS EEMMIISSSSIIOONNSS FFRROOMM FFOOSSSSIILL FFUUEELL FFIIRREEDD PPOOWWEERR GGEENNEERRAATTIIOONN SSYYSSTTEEMMSS M. STEEN DG-JRC/IAM EUR 19754 EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE (DG JRC) INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED MATERIALS http://www.jrc.nl LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the information offered in this publication. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fossil Fuel Fired Power Generation Systems 3/61 The Energy Technology Observatory (ETO) at the Institute for Advanced Materials of the DG-JRC focuses on technology aspects of power generation and conversion at large. In line with the mission statement of the JRC it provides objective and independent support to the EU policy- maker on power generation issues with emphasis on environment and sustainable growth aspects. Its work is carried out in close relationship with all stakeholders and with other Institutes of DG-JRC. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fossil Fuel Fired Power Generation Systems 4/61 TABLE of CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Issue 7 1. Distribution of GHG emissions and their sources 7 2. Emissions stemming from energy generation 9 3. Emissions from fossil fuel fired power plants 12 3.1 relative contribution of generation technology and fuel type 12 3.2 Fuel mix: effect of carbon content 13 3.3 Thermal Efficiency 13 3.3.1 Coal-fired plants 15 3.3.2 Natural Gas Power Plants 17 3.3.3 Comparison coal and gas 19 3.4 Combined heat and power (CHP) 22 4. Evolution trend of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel fired power plants 25 4.1 changes in energy consumption for power generation 25 4.2 changes in emissions 29 5.
    [Show full text]