DOCSLIB.ORG

Yttrium /Holmium Ratio and Lanthanide Observed in Pre-Cenozoic Limestones

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Yttrium /Holmium Ratio and Lanthanide Observed in Pre-Cenozoic Limestones Geochemical Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 31 to 44, 1991 Non-chondritic yttrium /holmium ratio and lanthanide tetrad effect observed in pre-Cenozoic limestones IWAO KAWABE, YOKO KITAHARA and KOH NAITO Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790, Japan (Received July 27, 1990; Accepted March 26, 1991) REE and Y in limestones have been determined by ICP-AES method coupled with pre-concentra tion chemical procedures. The lanthanide tetrad effect has been clearly observed in the REE patterns of two Permian limestones. It is the W-type tetrad effect seen in seawaters. Y/Ho ratios for the limestones show large positive deviations from the chondritic ratio. Similar non-chondritic Y / Ho ratios are seen in a Precambrian limestone from South Africa, seawaters, and marine phosphorites. Their REE patterns are well characterized by the W-type tetrad effect. These facts and recent results of aquatic geochemistry of REE and Y strongly suggest that the positive Y anomalies are intimately associated with the W-type tetrad effect of REE in natural aquatic solutions including seawaters and in some hydrogenous deposits from the solutions. Y is not a pseudo lanthanide that behaves like Ho in natural conditions where the lanthanide tetrad effect is operative. This must be a thermochemical effect related to the absence of 4f electron in Y3+ and the systematic differences in 4f electronic configurations in the REE3+ series. The REE plus Y patterns with positive Y anomalies and the W-type tetrad effect are important for the gochemical studies of limestones and other hydrogeneous deposits. and related materials. The other one called the INTRODUCTION M-type is observed in solid materials that are Masuda and Ikeuchi (1979) first probably having remained after leaching by demonstrated that the lanthanide tetrad effect in aqueous media. They emphasized the com nature is recognized in peculiar REE abundance plementary relationship between the W and M patterns for seawaters and a marine phosphate tetrad effects. nodule. Subsequently, Masuda and his The tetrad effect itself was proposed original coworkers further found that such tetrad effects ly by Peppard et al. (1969 and 1970) on the basis are detectable in other natural substance in of their studies on solvent extraction of trivalent cluding limestones, valves of living shellfish, lanthanides and actinides. According to their fresh groundwaters, siliceous ores, leucogranites works, when the logarithmic distribution and so on (Kamioka and Masuda, 1986; Masuda coefficients for trivalent REE between organic et al., 1987; Masuda and Akagi, 1989). On the and aqueous phases are plotted against the other hand, detailed studies on REE distribution atomic number of the lanthanide, the plot ap in Pacific and Atlantic ocean water columns pears to consist of four distinct smooth curves. made by De Baar et al. (1983 and 1985a, b) pro The fifteen REE are grouped by the curves into vide further evidence for the lanthanide tetrad four tetrads with Gd being common to the sec effect in seawaters. Recently, Masuda et al. ond and third tetrads. The extended smooth (1987) proposed to distinguish two types of curves for the first and second tetrads and those tetrad effects in nature: The first one called the for the third and fourth tetrads intersect respec W-type by them is observed in natural waters tively between Nd and Pm and between Ho and 31 32 I. Kawabe et al. Er. In a similar plot for trivalent actinides, they plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP showed that an analogous tetrad effect is ap AES) after the group separation of these parent with Cm being common to the second elements from matrix major elements. The and third tetrads. They wrote that, if the geochemical importance of intimate association lanthanide tetrad effect should be valid, the of non-chondritic Y/Ho ratios with the W-type "half -filled" shell effect would be joined by the lanthanide tetrad effect in limestones and "one -quater-filled" shell effect and "three seawaters is discussed. quaters-filled" shell effect because of the discon tinuities occurring respectively between the third and fourth and between the tenth and eleventh SAMPLES 4f electron additions. Two limestones (EL-1 and EL-2) were sam In response to the proposal of tetrad effect, pled from the Lower to Middle Permian lime Jorgensen (1970) and Nugent (1970) put forward stone body in Ohnogahara, Nonura-cho, Ehime quantum mechanical interpretations for the Prefecture. The limestone body occurs together tetrad effects in terms of the interelectron repul with greenstones, cherts, and clastic rocks. They sion energy of the q electrons in each 4f" or 5f' are collectively designated the Ohnogahara electronic configuration for trivalent lanthanides Group and one of the key pre-Cenozoic and actinides. geological units that constitute the Northern If the lanthanide tetrad effect is related to the Chichibu Belt in the western part of Shikoku ground state electronic configurations in which Island, Japan. The other is a calcareous gneiss the 4f sub-shell is successively filled by an addi sampled in Nishisetodani area along Ohnagatani tional electron, the relationship between Ho and River, Yatsuo-cho, Nei-gun, Toyama Prefec Y is important because the trivalent ionic radii ture. This is a typical sample of the most for Ho and Y are almost the same despite no 4f calcareous member of the calc-silicate gneiss of electron in Y. In this respect, Peppard et al. the Hida metamorphic rocks. The calc-silicate (1969) themselves noted that Y does not always gneiss is characterized as alternations of marbles behave as a pseudo lanthanide in solvent extract and quartzites. This sample was taken from a ions for REE. The distribution coefficient for Y marble-rich portion. It consists of calcite in a solvent extraction system involving H[DOP] mainly, and accessory amounts of quartz , (benzene) and HC1(aqueous) is comparable with clinopyroxene, and tremolite are present. This that for Ho or Er. However, in the other extrac sample differs petrographically from the two tion system utilizing DEH[CIMP] (benzene) and samples of the Ohnogahara limestone in having LiBr plus HBr (aqueous), such a coefficient for Y silicate impurities in it. differs greatly from any values of the coefficients for all the REE. In this context, it is interesting and important EXPERIMENTAL to study the lanthanide tetrad effect and the frac The aliquots of each powdered sample tionation between Y and Ho or other heavy REE weighing 10-30g have been used for repeated together even in natural substance. However, analyses of three to six times, because the REE almost all previous analytical results relevant to and Y contents were expected to be as low as the tetrad effects in natural samples include chondrite levels. Two methods for sample neither Y data nor the information as to Y/Ho decomposition were used in order to ensure the fractionations, because the mass spectrometric presence or absence of non-carbonate impurities isotope dilution method (MSID) has been used that may have those elements and resist the principally. In this paper, we report REE and Y chemical dissolution by mineral acids or by HF determinations for some Japanese pre-Cenozoic plus mineral acids. The first method is the limestones using the inductively coupled Ar dissolution by HC1 alone. The solution is filtered Y/Ho ratio and lanthanide tetrad effect in limestones 33 to remove insoluble materials if present. Only rections for spectral interferences among the the filtrate is used in subsequent procedures for measured elements were made in calculating the the group separation of REE and Y. The other final results of the concentrations of REE and Y method includes additional decomposition pro in samples. The linear correction factors for spec cedures to make all the constituent materials tral interferences among REE, Y and Ca have soluble as completly as possible. The filtered in been re-determined for this study, and the soluble materials after dissolution by HC1 are previous set by Kawabe et al. (1988) was slightly ignited in a Pt-crucible, and then dissolved by revised. The blank tests for all the chemical pro HF + HNO3 + HC1O4 twice. It is filtered again, cedures indicate that the blank correction is un and this filtrate is combined with the first filtrate necessary. after dissolution by HCI. The filterd insolubles, As a result of REE and Y analyses in stan after being ignited in a Pt-crucible again, are fur dard rocks and clastic rocks enriched in heavy ther fused with 300 mg of (2:1) mixture of minerals, we confirmed that the residues after Na2CO3 and H3BO3. If necessary, this fusion is the dissolution by HF-mineral acids can be com repeated twice. The fusion product is then pletely dissolved by the fusion procedure using dissolved in HCl and added to the combined solu Na2CO3 and H3BO3 (Kawabe et al., in prepara tion of the first and second filtrates. This is the tion). So that we believe that all materials in each sample solution obtained by the second decom sample are satisfactorily decomposed into the position method. solution by the second method. By using the sam Both of the sample solutions by the two diges ple solution spiked with the standard solution tion methods are used in the same procedures for having 1001cg of La, Eu, Lu and Y each, the group separation of REE and Y, in which co recovery in the group separation was checked. precipitation with Fe(OH)3 is followed by the ca The recovery of more than 99 % was found for tion-exchange purification. The co-precipitation each spiked element. The alkali earth elements is made at pH = 6.5 by adding 20 mg Fe 3+ and and trivalent major elements are negligible in the ammonia water.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Development of the Periodic Classification of the Chemical Elements
    THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS by RONALD LEE FFISTER B. S., Kansas State University, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree FASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physical Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 196A Approved by: Major PrafeLoor ii |c/ TABLE OF CONTENTS t<y THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION 0? TEH-IS USED 1 The Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Importance of the Study 1 Definition of Terms Used 2 Atomic Number 2 Atomic Weight 2 Element 2 Periodic Classification 2 Periodic Lav • • 3 BRIEF RtiVJiM OF THE LITERATURE 3 Books .3 Other References. .A BACKGROUND HISTORY A Purpose A Early Attempts at Classification A Early "Elements" A Attempts by Aristotle 6 Other Attempts 7 DOBEREBIER'S TRIADS AND SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATIONS. 8 The Triad Theory of Dobereiner 10 Investigations by Others. ... .10 Dumas 10 Pettehkofer 10 Odling 11 iii TEE TELLURIC EELIX OF DE CHANCOURTOIS H Development of the Telluric Helix 11 Acceptance of the Helix 12 NEWLANDS' LAW OF THE OCTAVES 12 Newlands' Chemical Background 12 The Law of the Octaves. .........' 13 Acceptance and Significance of Newlands' Work 15 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LOTHAR MEYER ' 16 Chemical Background of Meyer 16 Lothar Meyer's Arrangement of the Elements. 17 THE WORK OF MENDELEEV AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 19 Mendeleev's Scientific Background .19 Development of the Periodic Law . .19 Significance of Mendeleev's Table 21 Atomic Weight Corrections. 21 Prediction of Hew Elements . .22 Influence
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • 4-1 Section 4. Transportation of Radioactive Materials
    SECTION 4. TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS PART A. GENERAL RH-3000. Authority. Act 8 of Second Extraordinary Session of 1961, as amended. RH-3001. Effective Date. The provisions of these Regulations shall become operative on the effective date of an agreement executed by the State of Arkansas and the Federal Government under the provisions of Section 274 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended (73 STAT. 689). RH-3002. Purpose and Scope. a. This Section establishes requirements for packaging, preparation for shipment, and transportation of licensed material. b. The packaging and transport of licensed material are also subject to the regulations of other agencies (e.g., the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the U.S. Postal Service) having jurisdiction over means of transport. The requirements of this Section are in addition to, and not in substitution for, other requirements. c. The regulations in this Section apply to any licensee authorized by specific or general license issued by the Department to receive, possess, use, or transfer licensed material, if the licensee delivers that material to a carrier for transport, transports the material outside the site of usage as specified in the Department license, or transports that material on public highways. No provision of this Section authorizes the possession of licensed material. d. 1. Exemptions from Section 4 requirements are specified in Part C of this Section. General licenses for which no NRC package approval is required are issued in RH-3304. through RH-3306. The general license in RH-3301. requires that an NRC Certificate of Compliance or other package approval be issued for the package to be used under this general license.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]
  • BLM Alaska Rare Earth Elements Infographic
    MINERALS ARE CRITICAL TO A RENEWABLE FUTURE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS Alaska may hold what the nation needs to innovate for tomorrow Rare Earth Elements (REE) are a group of 17 metals that Periodic Table cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means, which is why they appear together in the periodic table. They occur abundantly on earth but are rarely found in concentrations high enough for economical extraction; thus their REE nickname. They are soft, malleable, and ductile and usually reactive, especially at elevated temperatures or when finely divided. The rare earth elements' unique properties are 15 within the chemical group called LANTHANIDES used in a wide variety of applications. plus SCANDIUM and YTTRIUM RARE EARTH ELEMENTS La Ce Pr No Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Sc Y Occurrences in Alaska Even green tech generates waste UTQIAĠVIK With fewer than 5% of lithium-ion batteries being recycled worldwide in 2019, for example, we can PRUDHOE BAY all reduce e-waste by recycling the REE already mined. NOME FAIRBANKS ANCHORAGE JUNEAU SITKA Alaska REEs KETCHIKAN Bokan Mountain Property, La lanthanum Ho holmium 37 miles southwest of Ketchikan Ce cerium Er erbium on Prince of Wales Island, is Alaska’s Gd gadolinium Yb ytterbium most significant REE prospect. Dy dysprosium Y yttrium Map is for graphical purposes only 2011 Data Rare Earth Minerals in Mobile Devices Vibrator Dysprosium Circuit board electronics Neodymium Dysprosium Praseodymium Gadolinum Terbium Lanthanum Neodymium Praseodymium Color Screen Dysprosium Europium Lanthanum Neodymium Praseodymium Terbium Yttrium Glass polishing Cerium Lanthanum Praseodymium Speaker Dysprosium Neodymium Praseodymium Terbium References: https://dggs.alaska.gov https://www.usgs.gov For more information, visit https://www.blm.gov/alaska/minerals https://www.inl.gov https://www.rare-earths.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Vapor Pressure of Holmium Metal and Decomposition Pressures of Holmium Carbides Gene Felix Wakefield Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1961 Vapor pressure of holmium metal and decomposition pressures of holmium carbides Gene Felix Wakefield Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Physical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Wakefield, Gene Felix, "Vapor pressure of holmium metal and decomposition pressures of holmium carbides " (1961). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1989. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1989 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 62-1373 microfilmed exactly as received WAKEFIELD, Gene Felix, 1933- VAPOR PRESSURE OF HOLMIUM METAL AND DECOMPOSITION PRESSURES OF HOLMIUM CARBIDES. Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph.D., 1961 Chemistry, physical University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan VAPOR PRESSURE OF HOLMIUM METAL AND DECOMPOSITION PRESSURES OF HOLMIUM CARBIDES by Gene Felix Wakefield A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Physical Chemistry Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1961 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. VAPOR PRESSURE STUDIES 7 A. Historical 7 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Holmium-Containing Bioactive Glasses Dispersed in Poloxamer 407 Hydrogel As a Theragenerative Composite for Bone Cancer Treatment
    materials Article Holmium-Containing Bioactive Glasses Dispersed in Poloxamer 407 Hydrogel as a Theragenerative Composite for Bone Cancer Treatment Telma Zambanini 1, Roger Borges 1, Ana C. S. de Souza 1 , Giselle Z. Justo 2, Joel Machado, Jr. 3, Daniele R. de Araujo 1 and Juliana Marchi 1,* 1 Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; [email protected] (T.Z.); [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (A.C.S.d.S.); [email protected] (D.R.d.A.) 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04039-032, SP, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-11-3356-7488 Abstract: Holmium-containing bioactive glasses can be applied in bone cancer treatment because the holmium content can be neutron activated, having suitable properties for brachytherapy applications, while the bioactive glass matrix can regenerate the bone alterations induced by the tumor. To facilitate the application of these glasses in clinical practice, we proposed a composite based on Poloxamer 407 thermoresponsive hydrogel, with suitable properties for applications as injectable systems. Therefore, Citation: Zambanini, T.; Borges, R.; in this work, we evaluated the influence of holmium-containing glass particles on the properties de Souza, A.C.S.; Justo, G.Z.; of Poloxamer 407 hydrogel (20 w/w.%), including self-assembly ability and biological properties. Machado, J., Jr.; de Araujo, D.R.; 58S bioactive glasses (58SiO -33CaO-9P O ) containing different Ho O amounts (1.25, 2.5, 3.75, Marchi, J.
    [Show full text]
  • BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged To
    BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged to Four and Five Significant Figures Norman E. Holden Energy Sciences & Technology Department National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton, NY 11973-5000 www.bnl.gov Prepared for the 44th IUPAC General Assembly, in Torino, Italy August 2007 Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This preprint is intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, it may not be cited or reproduced without the author’s permission. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements.Pdf
    A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter DHS 157
    Published under s. 35.93, Wis. Stats., by the Legislative Reference Bureau. 505 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES DHS 157 Appendix I Chapter DHS 157 APPENDIX I Quantities for Use with Decommissioning under Section DHS 157.15 NOTE: To convert µCi to kBq, multiply the µCi value by 37. Material Microcurie Americium−241 ................................................... ....................... 0.01 Antimony−122 ................................................... ......................... 100 Antimony−124 ................................................... .......................... 10 Antimony−125 ................................................... .......................... 10 Arsenic−73 ................................................... ............................ 100 Arsenic−74 ................................................... ............................. 10 Arsenic−76 ................................................... ............................. 10 Arsenic−77 ................................................... ............................ 100 Barium−131 ................................................... ............................ 10 Barium−133 ................................................... ............................ 10 Barium−140 ................................................... ............................ 10 Bismuth−210 ................................................... ............................ 1 Bromine−82 ................................................... ............................ 10 Cadmium−109 ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon DEQ Briefing Paper: Rare Earth Elements
    Briefing Paper: Rare Earth Elements Oct. 4, 2011 Primary Author: Barb Puchy Executive Summary This paper describes rare earth elements - their composition, qualities and uses – and how these difficult-to-extract elements play a role in the global material management system. It describes how these elements may become more critical in the future for the military and for technologies including hybrid cars, wind turbines, cell phones and spy planes. This paper looks at the environmental consequences of using rare earth minerals, their limited availability, and how reusing and recycling these elements can be part of a more sustainable worldwide system. Rare earth elements include 17 chemical elements that are not really “rare” but are actually relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust. However, they seldom exist in pure form and are rarely in concentrated minable deposits, making them costly to extract. They include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium (the lanthanide elements on periodic table). Yttrium and scandium are also often considered rare earth elements since they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties. These rare earth elements’ unique properties have led to an ever-increasing variety of applications. These include uses in major industries such as automotive, medical, defense, technology/computers and clean energy, as well as use in hybrid cars and wind turbines. Because of widespread use of these elements in technology, particularly by the military, the U.S. is examining domestic deposits with renewed interest and funding. Currently, about 97 percent of the world supply of rare earth elements comes from China.
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)*
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 85, No. 5, pp. 1047–1078, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-13-03-02 © 2013 IUPAC, Publication date (Web): 29 April 2013 Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)* Michael E. Wieser1,‡, Norman Holden2, Tyler B. Coplen3, John K. Böhlke3, Michael Berglund4, Willi A. Brand5, Paul De Bièvre6, Manfred Gröning7, Robert D. Loss8, Juris Meija9, Takafumi Hirata10, Thomas Prohaska11, Ronny Schoenberg12, Glenda O’Connor13, Thomas Walczyk14, Shige Yoneda15, and Xiang-Kun Zhu16 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; 2Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA; 3U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA; 4Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium; 5Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany; 6Independent Consultant on MiC, Belgium; 7International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria; 8Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia; 9National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada; 10Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; 11Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; 12Institute for Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; 13New Brunswick Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA; 14Department of Chemistry (Science) and Department of Biochemistry (Medicine), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; 15National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan; 16Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract: The biennial review of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of five elements. The atomic weight of bromine has changed from 79.904(1) to the interval [79.901, 79.907], germanium from 72.63(1) to 72.630(8), indium from 114.818(3) to 114.818(1), magnesium from 24.3050(6) to the interval [24.304, 24.307], and mercury from 200.59(2) to 200.592(3).
    [Show full text]