DOCSLIB.ORG

Modelling of Intertidal Floodplains for Enhanced Estuarine Transport and Decay of Faecal Indicator Organisms from a Diffuse Source

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modelling of Intertidal Floodplains for Enhanced Estuarine Transport and Decay of Faecal Indicator Organisms from a Diffuse Source Modelling of intertidal floodplains for enhanced estuarine transport and decay of faecal indicator organisms from a diffuse source A thesis submitted to Cardiff University in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1st October 2019 Amyrhul A bu Baka r Hydro -environmental Research Centre School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U .K. Abstract The noncompliance of microbiological quality to the standards of the EU Water Framework Directive at shellfish harvesting waters in the UK has become a serious threat to human health. The infected filter -feeding shellfish by enteric bacteria or viruses from these waters is major to the spreading of foodborne diseases as humans consumed them raw or undercooked. Although the quality of effluents fr om the wastewater treatment works has been improved significantly, diffuse source of pathogens from urban and agricultural settings remained as the reason to the microbiological noncompliance. The exploitation of natural wetlands along with poor management practices at catchments delivered the overloading of faecal contaminants from sources into the receiving water. In this study, a developed hydro -environmental model is novel in contribut ing to the understanding of the microbial behaviour on the implicit response to the complex estuarine environment from the perspective of their morphological characteristics . Besides, the extended modelling domain at intertidal floodplains is novel in contribut ing to the representation of the tidal creek connectivity with the sub -mesh scale design based on the hydrological characteristic of the complex floodplain topography . Furthermore, t he modelled of FIO transport and decay from intertidal marshlands is novel in contributing to the inclusion of the diffuse source with th e integration to the release -kinetic model and based on an active source at the wetting and drying boundary . The hydrodynamic calibration at several sites resulted in an optimum Manning’s n of 0.025. The successful integration between the bathymetric and topographic data at intertidal floodplains resulted in a significant improvement for the tidal circulation within the study area. The sensitivity analysis on the diffusive transport has suggested the decrease in the tracer diffusivity with the increase in the mesh resolution, with the concentration gradient has increased with the decrease of the former parameter. The sensitivity analysis on the bottom roughness has suggested the increase in the tracer retention at floodplains with the increase in the roughn ess during low tides, with the concentration in subtidal channels was less sensitive to the roughness changes during high tides. The sensitivity analysis on the microbial kinetic has suggested that MS2 coliphage experienced the biphasic decay in the estuar ine environment, with the T 90 value ranged at 1 hour and from 50 to 125 hours for the first and second components decay respectively. The sensitivity analysis on the FIOs transport from the diffuse i source has suggested the increase in the spreading area an d the flush -out mass with the decrease in , with the earlier release resulted in the higher FIOs concentration at shellfish harvesting waters for the case of the conservative mass and vice versa for the case of the decay. The FIOs distribut ion has indicated that shellfishes near tidal creeks of the adjacent marshland were highly exposed to the faecal contamination as compared at the far -field sites. Keywords: Hydrodynamic modelling, intertidal floodplains, pollutant transport, microbial tracer, biphasic decay, faecal indicator organisms, diffuse source, release kinetic, shellfish contamination ii Acknowledg ement There are a great number of individual s and organization s that have contributed to the completion of this PhD thesis. In particular, I would like to thank my research supervisors, Dr Reza Ahmadian and Professor Roger A . Falconer for their initial ideas, continued support and constructive criticism throughout my research activit y at Cardiff University . I would also like to thank the official sponsor, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (Malaysia) for the financial support through the scheme of postgraduate sponsorship besides the Food Standard Agency (UK) for the research studentship. I would like to thank the Environment Agency and Natural Resources Wales and the team from the Centre for Research into Environment and Health (CREH) of Aberystwyth Universit y and the City and County of Swansea for the data provided under the Interreg 4A Smart Coasts and Sustainable Communities Project. I would also like to thank the user community of the TELEMAC Modelling System and its managing consortium for the modelling guidance through the model application and development. In addition, I would like to thank the Advanced Research Computing at Cardiff (ARCCA) for the supercomputing facilit y and technical support offered throughout the research period. I would like to thank the staff at the office of Postgraduate Research for the ir continued assistance in the manag ement of this research. I would also like to thank research fellow s at the Hydro -environmental Research Centre in particular, those who have shared their insight towards the improvement of knowledge . My parents, wife, son, sibling and in -laws are those who deserve the most appreciation upon this achievement . I thank them for their unconditional support throughout my PhD journey . iii Table of contents Abstract ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... i Acknowledgement ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... iii Table of content s................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... iv List of figures ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ ix List of tables ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... xvii List of acronyms ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. xviii List of public ations ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ xxii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 1 1.1 Motivation ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 1 1.2 Water quality standard ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 2 1.3 Loughor Estuary ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 3 1.4 Water quality monitoring and modelling ................................ ................................ ......... 5 1.5 Research objectives ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 7 1.6 Thesis organisation ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 8 Chapter 2: Literature review ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 10 2.1 Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 10 2.2 Review of SEBC modelling studies ................................ ................................ ............... 10 2.2.1 Hydrodynamic modelling ................................ ................................ ....................... 10 2.2.2 Water quality modelling ................................ ................................ ......................... 12 2.3 Overview of mesh sizing criteria ................................ ................................ ................... 13 2.3.1 A -priori criteria ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 13 2.3.2 A -posteriori criteria ................................ ................................ ................................ .17 2.3.3 Mesh discretisation at floodplains ................................ ................................ .......... 20 2.3.3.1 Si gnificance horizontal length scales ................................ ................................ ... 20 2.3.3.2 Topographically significant points ................................ ................................ ...... 21 2.3.3.3 Features incorporation into mesh discretization ................................ .................. 26 iv 2.3.3.4 Sub -grid -scale parameterization ................................ ................................ .......... 26 2.4 Overview of floodplain roughness parameterisation ................................ ..................... 28 2.4.1 USDA Soil Conservation Service and related methods ................................ .......... 29 2.4.2 Vegetation drag model ................................ ................................ ............................ 30 2.4.3 Floodplain roughness parametrisation ................................ ................................ .... 30 2.5 Review on bacteriophage as a microbial tracer ...............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wales: River Wye to the Great Orme, Including Anglesey
    A MACRO REVIEW OF THE COASTLINE OF ENGLAND AND WALES Volume 7. Wales. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey J Welsby and J M Motyka Report SR 206 April 1989 Registered Office: Hydraulics Research Limited, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX1 0 8BA. Telephone: 0491 35381. Telex: 848552 ABSTRACT This report reviews the coastline of south, west and northwest Wales. In it is a description of natural and man made processes which affect the behaviour of this part of the United Kingdom. It includes a summary of the coastal defences, areas of significant change and a number of aspects of beach development. There is also a brief chapter on winds, waves and tidal action, with extensive references being given in the Bibliography. This is the seventh report of a series being carried out for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. For further information please contact Mr J M Motyka of the Coastal Processes Section, Maritime Engineering Department, Hydraulics Research Limited. Welsby J and Motyka J M. A Macro review of the coastline of England and Wales. Volume 7. River Wye to the Great Orme, including Anglesey. Hydraulics Research Ltd, Report SR 206, April 1989. CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 COASTAL GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 3.1 Geological background 3.2 Coastal processes 4 WINDS, WAVES AND TIDAL CURRENTS 4.1 Wind and wave climate 4.2 Tides and tidal currents 5 REVIEW OF THE COASTAL DEFENCES 5.1 The South coast 5.1.1 The Wye to Lavernock Point 5.1.2 Lavernock Point to Porthcawl 5.1.3 Swansea Bay 5.1.4 Mumbles Head to Worms Head 5.1.5 Carmarthen Bay 5.1.6 St Govan's Head to Milford Haven 5.2 The West coast 5.2.1 Milford Haven to Skomer Island 5.2.2 St Bride's Bay 5.2.3 St David's Head to Aberdyfi 5.2.4 Aberdyfi to Aberdaron 5.2.5 Aberdaron to Menai Bridge 5.3 The Isle of Anglesey and Conwy Bay 5.3.1 The Menai Bridge to Carmel Head 5.3.2 Carmel Head to Puffin Island 5.3.3 Conwy Bay 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY FIGURES 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Road Major Minor Carriagewaylatitude Longitude
    road major minor carriagewaylatitude longitude northings eastings junction_name junction_no A40 0 0 A 51.76731 -2.83432 207955 342523 A449 Interchange 560 A40 0 0 B 51.76747 -2.83412 207973 342537 A449 Interchange 560 A40 1 6 A 51.76587 -2.8562 207812 341011 Raglan 550 A40 1 6 B 51.76661 -2.85643 207895 340996 Raglan 550 A40 14 1 A 51.81049 -3.00988 212911 330474 Abergavenny Hardwick R/bout 545 A40 14 1 B 51.81049 -3.00968 212910 330489 Abergavenny Hardwick R/bout 545 A40 15 3 A 51.82017 -3.01631 213994 330046 Abergavenny 540 A40 15 3 B 51.82018 -3.01618 213994 330055 Abergavenny 540 A40 19 2 A 51.8333 -3.06261 215499 326876 Llanwenarth 530 A40 19 2 B 51.8334 -3.06261 215510 326876 Llanwenarth 530 A40 22 3 A 51.84044 -3.10561 216332 323925 Glangrwyney 520 A40 22 3 B 51.84055 -3.10562 216349 323925 Glangrwyney 520 A40 25 5 A 51.86018 -3.13771 218567 321748 Crickhowell 510 A40 25 5 B 51.8602 -3.13751 218568 321762 Crickhowell 510 A40 27 9 A 51.87132 -3.16557 219837 319850 Tretower 500 A40 27 9 B 51.87148 -3.16555 219855 319851 Tretower 500 A40 34 4 A 51.89045 -3.23861 222047 314857 Bwlch 480 A40 34 4 B 51.8905 -3.23854 222053 314862 Bwlch 480 A40 37 8 A 51.90344 -3.278 223539 312172 Llansantffraed 470 A40 37 8 B 51.90345 -3.27783 223539 312184 Llansantffraed 470 A40 40 1 A 51.91708 -3.30141 225084 310588 Scethrog 460 A40 40 1 B 51.91714 -3.30135 225091 310593 Scethrog 460 A40 42 4 A 51.93043 -3.32482 226598 309005 Llanhamlach 450 A40 42 4 B 51.93047 -3.32472 226602 309013 Llanhamlach 450 A40 44 1 A 51.93768 -3.34465 227429 307657 Cefn Brynich
    [Show full text]
  • Carmarthenshire: LANDMAP Change Detection: Visual & Sensory Aspect
    Area 3: Carmarthenshire: LANDMAP Change Detection: Visual & Sensory Aspect Monitoring Report Final: March 2015 Bronwen Thomas Rev No. 3 Date Carmarthenshire Contents 1.0. Introduction 2.0. Methodology Stage 1: Baseline of Change Stage 1a: Local Authority questionnaire findings Stage 1b: Additional desk-based information Stage 2: Fieldwork verification and survey completion 3.0. Monitoring Table Notes 4.0 General Approach to Recommended Amendments Relating to All-Wales Landscape Change Forestry conversion to broadleaf woodland Phytophthera felling Windfarms Single wind turbines Solar farms Settlement expansion Coastal erosion 5.0 Summary of Key Changes and Influences in Ceredigion Expansion of settlements New road schemes Holiday accommodation Airports and military Windfarms Forestry Moorland Large local developments Coast 6.0 Monitoring Table and Figures Bronwen Thomas Landscape Architect 03/03/2015 Page 2 of 28 www.naturalresourceswales.gov.uk Carmarthenshire 1.0 Introduction 1.1. In August 2013 Natural Resources Wales (NRW) commissioned Bronwen Thomas Landscape Architect (BTLA) to carry out stages 1, 2a and 2b of the interpretation of the LANDMAP Change Detection Packs (CDP) for the Visual & Sensory aspect covering several parts of Wales including Area 3 which includes Carmarthenshire. 1.2. In September 2013 BTLA was commissioned to prepare and manage the Local Authority questionnaire input into Visual & Sensory Change Detection across all of Wales. 1.3. In July 2014 BTLA was commissioned to carry out field visits, complete the surveys and update the Visual & Sensory data including the on-line surveys and GIS for the parts of Wales covered in the first stages, including Carmarthenshire. 2.0 Methodology 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • 382 the London Gazette, 17 January, 1936
    382 THE LONDON GAZETTE, 17 JANUARY, 1936 an interest sufficient for the presentation of a 1894, that the Minister of Agriculture and Memorial, praying that the Order in respect Fisheries has made the following Order:—. of which the Memorial is presented shall not become law without confirmation by Parlia- Order No. 5386. ment. (Dated 15th January, 1936.) Copies of the sealed Orders have been de- FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (INFECTED posited, together with copies of the Schemes, AREAS) ORDER OF 1936 (No. 5). as amended, and of the maps referred to in the Schemes, at the office of the Clerk of the SUBJECT. Catchment Board, 21, Tower Street, Ipswich, Further contracts the South Wales Foot-and- for public inspection for a period of thirty-one Mouth Disease Infected Area, as from the 21st days from the date of this notice, and may be January, 1936, to the area as described in the inspected during the ordinary office hours. Schedule. (Sgd.) A. T. A. Dobson, Principal Assistant Secretary. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, SCHEDULE. 10, Whitehall Place, Contracted Infected Area. London, S.W.I. 16th January, 1936. An Area comprising:— In the county of Glamorgan. The county borough of Swansea. The borough of Neath. The petty session divisions of Pontardawe MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND and Neath (except the parishes of Dylais FISHERIES. Higher, Neath Higher, Blaengwrach, Resolven and Glyne). LAND DRAINAGE ACT, 1930. The parishes of Mawr, Llangyfelach, Gower- River Ouse (Yorks.) Catchment Board. ton, Llanrhidian Higher, so much of the Dalton Award.
    [Show full text]
  • Weatherman Walking Loughor Estuary Walk
    bbc.co.uk/weathermanwalking © 2013 Weatherman Walking Loughor Estuary Walk Approximate distance: 11 miles For this walk we’ve included OS map coordinates as an option, should you wish to follow them. OS Explorer Map: 164 8 10 9 End 11 6 1 Start 3 5 4 2 N W E S Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of HMSO. © Crown copyright and database right 2009.All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100019855 The Weatherman Walking maps are intended as a guide to help you walk the route. We recommend using an OS map of the area in conjunction with this guide. Routes and conditions may have changed since this guide was written. The BBC takes no responsibility for any accident or injury that may occur while following the route. Always wear appropriate clothing and footwear and check 1 weather conditions before heading out. bbc.co.uk/weathermanwalking © 2013 Weatherman Walking Loughor Estuary Walk Walking information 1. Millennium Coastal Park (SS 55427 98444) To get there by car, take J47 off the M4 and head west along the A484 towards Llanelli. Drive over the Loughor Bridge and take the second exit on the roundabout following signs for the Bynea Gateway car park. Follow the coast path west around the corner for 200m and over a large metal foot bridge spanning the A484 and railway track (SS 55269 98352). From the bridge you’ll be rewarded with your first views of the Burry Inlet and northern stretch of the Loughor Estuary with its pristine salt marsh habitat and large tidal range.
    [Show full text]
  • BURRY INLET Internationally Important: Pintail, Oystercatcher
    BURRY INLET Internationally important: Pintail, Oystercatcher Nationally important: Dark-bellied Brent Goose, Shelduck, Shoveler, Knot, Dunlin Site description The Burry Inlet is an important site for The Burry Inlet is a large estuarine complex, wildfowl, especially Pintail and Shoveler. Both lying between the Gower Peninsula and the species had their highest concentrations in the town of Llanelli in South Wales, and forms the central estuary, south of the river on the estuary of the river Loughor. Its status as a Llanrhidian Sands (Pintail distribution is Ramsar Site and an SPA is based on the birds shown in Figure 59). It should be noted that supported by the large intertidal sand and one sector with traditionally high densities of mudflats and the extensive areas of saltmarsh these species could not be surveyed in mainly on the southern shore of the estuary. 2003/04. Wigeon and Mallard used the tidal There are also substantial sand dune systems flats and saltmarsh north of Llanrhidian, around the mouth of the estuary. Shellfishing eastwards to the Loughor Bridge, and smaller is licensed at the site, with non-mechanical numbers were also recorded on the upper cockling in operation, and significant mussel estuary. Teal were distributed in two areas of production in the sub-tidal areas. Bait-digging saltmarsh, to the west of Crofty and just south activities occur. Sheep and cattle grazing are of the Loughor Bridge. Small numbers of five widespread in areas of saltmarsh. Tourism and other wildfowl species (Scaup, Eider, recreational pressures are light, with walking, Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser and angling and birdwatching the principal Goosander) were recorded, mainly in the river pursuits.
    [Show full text]
  • A BRIEF HISTORY of the PUBLIC TRANSPORT THAT HAS SERVED PWLL THROUGH the YEARS by Esmor Davies a Bônau Cabbage Patch Supplemen
    A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC THE COMING OF THE HORSE that the track could be relayed to a gauge TRANSPORT THAT HAS SERVED PWLL DRAWN TRAM IN LLANELLY of 3ft 6in. To run on this new gauge, three old London County Council tram cars THROUGH THE YEARS arrived by train to operate the service on the new track. These new acquisitions were larger than the former Llanelly vehicles and consequently required two horses to pull BY them. The Llanelly Tramway Co Ltd, had only a short time left to operate, because three years later in 1911, the horse drawn Esmor Davies trams ceased altogether, and the new © 2005 electric cars took over. THE ELECTRIC CAR (Above: Horse drawn Tram) A Bônau Cabbage Patch Supplement Colonel Hutchinson of the Board of Trade finally opened the tramway, after an th inspection on September 14 1882. He rode together with Mr Winby, Mr Rosser the engineer and Mr J S Tregoning, Chairman of the Board of Health, on the first tram up and down the line. The actual route from Llanelly Station to Swansea Road was now via Station Road, Murray Street, Cowell Street, Park Street and Swansea Road. It was a single-track (Above: Lower Stepney Street with Tramcar on right) system throughout with several passing The demise of the horse drawn trams had places. These were situated in Station been envisaged as early as 1899, but it Road, Cowell Street, Stepney Street took until 1911 for the first electric tramcar (opposite what was then ‘Direct Trading Co’ to move on Llanelly’s rails.
    [Show full text]
  • Active Travel: Additional Grants Awarded April 2019 to March 2020
    Additional Active Travel Allocations – 2019-20 Proposed Allocation Local Authority Scheme £ 2019-20 Blaenau Gwent Garnlydan to Brynmawr – shared use AT route 295,000 Blaenau Gwent Ebbw Vale Hospital to 3-11 school shared use 185,000 AT route Blaenau Gwent Active Travel Core Allocation – scheme 55,000 development and minor works Caerphilly Cwm Calon AT link, Ystrad Mynach 25,000 Caerphilly Caerphilly Interchange – INM route feasibility 25,000 study Cardiff 20mph limits and active travel 47,500 Cardiff Expansion of Next Bike electric bikes 275,000 Cardiff Active travel to schools – Llanishen High 235,000 School, Corpus Christi High School, St Ederyn’s School Cardiff Technical work and design of cycleway 5 as 50,000 part of Ely Mill development riverside park Carmarthenshire Llanelli Masterplan – traffic free shared use AT 1,051,000 route Carmarthenshire Cross Hands to Ammanford Masterplan – AT 400,000 link Carmarthenshire Constructing missing footway section Cwmann 150,000 to Lampeter Carmarthenshire Cycle shelters/ parking 20,000 Carmarthenshire Remove barriers to cycling 20,000 Ceredigion IBERS to Penrhyncoch shared use path 407,000 Ceredigion Piercefield Lane link from proposed housing 12,000 developments to Llwyn yr Eos Primary School, Aberystwyth- footway widening Conwy NCR5 Rhos Point Active Travel Improvement, 286,000 Rhos on Sea Conwy Ysgol Glanwydden and Y Creuddyn active 28,600 travel improvement Conwy Llandudno congestion improvement additional 80,000 active travel link Conwy Hospital Road off-road cycle link Llandudno 270,000
    [Show full text]
  • J E Lloyd and the Intellectual Foundations of Welsh History : Emyr
    J E Lloyd and the intellectual foundations of Welsh history 1 J E Lloyd’s ‘A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest’ first published in 1911, has been of central importance to the development of Welsh historiography. This article seeks to assess the validity of the model of Welsh history developed by Lloyd. Initially, his nurturing within the Oxford school of Germanist historians, a school of thought which placed great weight on the importance of race, is considered. Lloyd is then identified as seeking to establish a complementary Welsh school of Brythonic historians. In developing his historical model he not only misinterpreted the archaeological and written records, but also suppressed evidence of the extent to which ‘Wales’ had been assimilated into the Roman Empire. He was able to sustain his model in both the first (1911) and second (1912) editions of his ‘History of Wales’, but by the time the third edition was published in 1939 that was no longer possible. Advances in the understanding of the archaeological record and the discrediting of race as a basis for historical analysis meant that the earlier foundations to his work were too contentious. As a consequence, in 1939 Lloyd abandoned that earlier theoretical framework, and sought to establish a new basis for his work. Whether he replaced those foundations with an appropriate alternative is an issue which has never been satisfactorily addressed by Welsh historians. It is suggested that consideration of that issue could prove advantageous to Welsh History in the contemporary context. In the introduction to his History of Wales, J E Lloyd 2 presented the following account of his approach to the writing of Welsh history: … (I)t has been my endeavour to bring together and to weave into a continuous narrative what may be fairly regarded as the ascertained facts of the history of Wales up to the fall of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1282.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Ffordd Y Gamlas, Bynea, Llanelli SA14 9AY
    10 Ffordd Y Gamlas, Bynea, Llanelli SA14 9AY Offers in the region of £149,995 • Well Presented Town House • 4 Bedrooms, 2 Receptions • Cloakroom & 2 Bathrooms • Car Parking & Garage • EER: C 78 John Francis is a trading name of Countrywide Estate Agents, an appointed representative of Countrywide Principal Services Limited, which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. We endeavour to make our sales details accurate and reliable but they should not be relied on as statements or representations of fact and they do not constitute any part of an offer or contract. The seller does not make any representation to give any warranty in relation to the property and we have no authority to do so on behalf of the seller. Any information given by us in these details or otherwise is given without responsibility on our part. Services, fittings and equipment referred to in the sales details have not been tested (unless otherwise stated) and no warranty can be given as to their condition. We strongly recommend that all the information which we provide about the property is verified by yourself or your advisers. Please contact us before viewing the property. If there is any point of particular importance to you we will be pleased to provide additional information or to make further enquiries. We will also confirm that the property remains available. This is particularly important if you are contemplating travelling some distance to view the property. CC/WJ/43202/270715 tiles, radiator, double glazed To the front elevation is a window, double glazed single path access to front DESCRIPTION French doors to rear entrance door with a lovely *** Handy Location For garden, useful storage display of plants and shrubs Swansea & Llanelli *** A cupboard.
    [Show full text]
  • Carmarthen Bay and Estuaries/Bae
    Carmarthen Bay and Estuaries/Bae Caerfyrddin ac Aberoedd European Marine Site Advice provided by Natural Resources Wales in fulfilment of Regulation 37 of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017. March 2018 Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................. 2 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 4 Crynodeb ............................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8 2. Purpose and format of information provided under Regulation 37 ................................ 9 2.1 Conservation Objectives Background ..................................................................... 9 2.2 Operations which may cause deterioration or disturbance ................................... 12 3. Site Description........................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Carmarthen Bay Estuaries SAC ........................................................................... 14 3.2 Site Description ..................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Burry Inlet SPA and Ramsar site .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Halfway and Pemberton by Byron Davies Is Licensed Under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License
    Halfway and Pemberton by Byron Davies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. HALFWAY AND PEMBERTON (LLANELLI) A Chronicle compiled by BYRON DAVIES Chapter One: Early Years ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter Two: Llandafen Farm ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter Three: The St David’s Railway ......................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter Four: The Halfway Hotel.................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter Five: The County Athletic Grounds, Halfway Park ............................................................................................ 38 Chapter Six: Halfway United Rugby Club ........................................................................................................................ 51 Chapter Seven: Halfway Football Club ............................................................................................................................ 55 Chapter Eight: The Health and Strength Club ................................................................................................................. 60 Chapter Nine: Halfway Primary School ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]