Relazioni Politiche E Mitologiche Tra Le Culture Antagoniste Della Sinistra

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Relazioni Politiche E Mitologiche Tra Le Culture Antagoniste Della Sinistra UNIVERSITA’ DI MILANO – BICOCCA Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione DOTTORATO IN ANTROPOLOGIA DELLA CONTEMPORANEITA’ XX° CICLO ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES – EHESS DOCTORAT EN ANTHROPOLOGIE et ETHNOLOGIE Tesi in cotutela internazionale Thèse en co-tutelle internationale Dottoranda: ELENA APOSTOLI CAPPELLO RIBELLI, ATTIVISTI, MILITANTI E VIAGGIATORI. POLITICHE E MITI NELLA RELAZIONE TRA CULTURE ANTAGONISTE DELLA SINISTRA RADICALE ITALIANA E MOVIMENTO ZAPATISTA IN CHIAPAS Tesi diretta da: prof. Silvia Vignato Thèse co-dirigée par : Juan Carlos Garavaglia (D.E.) Discussa il – Soutenue le: 15 dicembre 2009 Commissione - Jury: prof. Silvia Vignato; prof. Enzo Matera; prof. Juan Carlos Garavaglia; prof. Marc Lazar RIBELLI, ATTIVISTI, MILITANTI E VIAGGIATORI. ........................................8 POLITICHE E MITI NELLA RELAZIONE TRA CULTURE ANTAGONISTE DELLA SINISTRA RADICALE ITALIANA E MOVIMENTO ZAPATISTA IN CHIAPAS................................................................................................................... 8 Ringraziamenti.......................................................................................................... 9 Introduzione.............................................................................................................11 Capitolo I - Attivismo altermondialista da Seattle agli antagonisti italiani: movimenti eco-socialisti in età neoliberale..............................................................31 1. Le sinistre antagoniste italiane inserite nel contesto mondiale............................31 1.1. “La globalizzazione e i suoi oppositori”: collocazione storica dei movimento mondiale contro il neoliberismo e specificità italiane..........................................32 1.2. I movimenti sociali italiani dagli anni Settanta a oggi: verso una struttura a rete........................................................................................................................33 1.3. Le relazioni di potere dopo le classi: lotte basate su affiliazioni locali.........37 1.4. Modalità di appartenenza a un gruppo marginale.........................................38 2. Il Movimento tra gli anni Novanta e i gli inizi del Duemila: auto ed etero definizioni ................................................................................................................39 2.1. Da Seattle a Genova: il “Movimento dei movimenti.................................... 41 3. Il Movimento dei movimenti a Genova............................................................... 43 3.1. Genova come evento mediatico ................................................................... 45 3.2. Le manifestazioni e la gestione della conflittualità: alcuni aspetti rituali.....47 3.3. Diversità delle pratiche di piazza nelle componenti del Movimento...........49 3.4. La piazza come metonimia della vita pubblica: tra partecipazione e disciplinamento ................................................................................................... 50 3.5. Virtualizzazione del conflitto e cittadinanza apolide....................................51 3.6. La piazza, il corpo e la conflittualità sociale ................................................52 4. La fase dei Forum Sociali.....................................................................................53 4.1. I Forum di Porto Alegre................................................................................ 54 4.2. Democrazia dal basso....................................................................................55 4.3. Funzionamento dei Forum Sociali ............................................................... 56 4.4. Gli italiani e i Forum Sociali.........................................................................57 4.5. Il Forum Sociale di Firenze...........................................................................58 5. Il Movimento italiano contro la guerra in Iraq ....................................................58 5.1. Discorso riflessivo sulle debolezze strutturali del Movimento.....................60 6. Frammentazioni ideologiche e orizzonte etico condiviso nella nozione di Movimento: priorità dell’esperienza personale........................................................61 6.1. Il ruolo della scrittura nella produzione riflessiva movimentista..................62 6.2. “Think global act local”: popolo e territorio................................................. 64 7. Definizione delle modalità di appartenenza ........................................................65 7.1. Leggere e consumare ....................................................................................66 7.2. Dispositivi di differenziazione politica attraverso il commercio del caffé “solidale”..............................................................................................................67 7.3. Appartenenze instabili: riferimenti culturali complessi e ideologie condivise ..............................................................................................................................68 7.4. Autonomie culturali e rapporto con il denaro................................................69 7.5. Problematiche legate alla definizione: l’indefinitezza come rivendicazione politica..................................................................................................................70 7.6. Vantaggi e svantaggi delle relazioni fragili................................................... 71 8. La nozione di globalizzazione: possibili inquadramenti teorici...........................73 1 8.1. La cittadinanza come ambito strategico........................................................74 9. Il “neolibersimo”: costruzione militante di una categoria politica ......................76 9.1. Un nemico comune e immateriale.................................................................77 9.2. La manifestazione di piazza come strumento di indicazione del nemico.....78 9.3. L’Impero come elemento narrativo di un ordine simbolico: i suoi ideatori.79 9.4. Resistenze locali tra Chiapas e Italia.............................................................80 9.5. Riterritorializzazioni e localismi................................................................... 82 10. La globalizzazione come mito cosmologico fondante ...................................... 83 10.1. Internet come oggetto di costruzioni mitiche e come veicolo di diffusione dei miti stessi........................................................................................................84 10.2. Mitologie politiche e immaginario condiviso ............................................86 10.3. Produzioni editoriali di rappresentazioni della globalizzazione.................87 Capitolo II - L’associazione Ya Basta e i CSO – Centri Sociali Occupati..............90 1. Genesi ed evoluzioni ideologiche dei CSO – Centri Sociali Occupati ...............90 1.1. Disaccordi storiografici e costruzione un’élite intellettuale antagonista in Italia......................................................................................................................91 1.2. Gli anni Settanta: espansioni e contrazioni del “Movimento”......................93 1.3. Gli “Autonomi”: cenni storici....................................................................... 95 1.4. Le prime occupazioni negli anni Settanta..................................................... 97 1.5. Gli anni Ottanta e la disgregazione del movimento .....................................99 2. Gli anni Novanta e la nascita dell’associazione Ya Basta: dalla frammentazione alla nascita di un movimento .................................................................................101 2.1. Ya Basta come primo osservatorio di un’etnografia multi-situata..............106 2.2. Coesione interna e tratti di socialità esclusiva presso l’associazione Ya Basta ............................................................................................................................107 2.3. L’oggetto di ispirazione: l’insurrezione zapatista del 1994.........................109 3. Gli anni Novanta: la Carta di Milano e l’unificazione dei CSO.........................111 3.1. La Carta di Milano: prospettive e obiettivi.................................................112 3.2. Funzione fondante di un passato condiviso.................................................113 3.3. Diversificazione degli anarchici e condivisione dei principi dello zapatismo ............................................................................................................................ 114 3.4. Il movimento delle “Tute Bianche” ............................................................114 3.5. Il movimento dei “Disobbedienti”.............................................................. 117 4. Gli antagonisti veneti: Radio Sherwood e l’associazione Ya Basta...................119 4.1. Il ruolo di “teorici” di movimento svolto dai veneti in un quadro nazionale di divisione dei compiti.......................................................................................... 121 4.2. Gestione dell’immagine pubblica: visibilità mediatica degli antagonisti veneti.................................................................................................................. 122 5. I CSO italiani oggi..............................................................................................123 5.1. Il CSO e la ricerca di comunità................................................................... 125 5.2. Lavoro e “precariato”..................................................................................126
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