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Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico and the Zapatistas' Re-Conception of Power

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Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico and the Zapatistas' Re-Conception of Power Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Honors Theses Student Research 2010 Erasing the Steps of Kingdom: Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico and the Zapatistas' Re-conception of Power Tara Brian Colby College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Colby College theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed or downloaded from this site for the purposes of research and scholarship. Reproduction or distribution for commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the author. Recommended Citation Brian, Tara, "Erasing the Steps of Kingdom: Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico and the Zapatistas' Re-conception of Power" (2010). Honors Theses. Paper 572. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses/572 This Honors Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colby. Erasing the Steps of Kingdom: Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico and the Zapatistas’ Re-conception of Power Tara Brian Colby College May 3 rd , 2010 Senior Honors Thesis International Studies Department Advisor/First Reader: Professor Maple Razsa Second Readers: Professor Patrice Franko and Professor Winifred Tate Erasing the Steps of Kingdom Brian 1 Table of Contents A Series of Introductions ……………………………………………………...…………………3 Discovering the Zapatistas………………………………………...………………………7 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………..…10 Secondary Research: Studying Indigenous Mexicans from Maine………………….......10 Literature on the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN)……………….…………10 Fieldwork: From Maine to Mexico………………………………………………………12 Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas Center for Human Rights……………..…………..……...13 Agua Clara……………………………………………………………………………….14 Fighting an Unofficial War: A Window into Chiapas in January 2010………......……..17 The Experience of Fieldwork and Research……………………………………………..21 Studying the Zapatistas: Setting the Terms of Knowledge Production………………….24 Thesis Outline……………………………………………………………………………………30 Chapter 1: The Zapatistas’ Revolution of Revolution: Shifting the Locus of Struggle and Relinquishing the Answer ……………………………………………………………………. .36 Shifting the Locus of Struggle………………..………………………………………….40 “Asking we Walk”: Dispossessing the Vanguard and Opening the Struggle……………42 To Change the World Without Taking Power…………………………………………...45 Becoming “Scandalously Indian”: The Formation of the EZLN………………………...49 Indigenous Peasants as Revolutionary Subjects…………………………………………54 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………………………..57 Chapter 2: Resistance Through Creation: Autonomous Governance and Process as Ideology ……………………………………………………………………………………….…59 Creating Autonomy in a State of Denial…………………………………………………66 Writing a New Chapter of Autonomy: The Creation of the Juntas del Buen Gobierno ...70 Origins of Zapatista Autonomous Governance…………………………………………..74 Governance as a Process of Community………………………………………………...76 Leadership……………………………………………………………………………….76 Rotational Leadership……………………………………………………………79 Lead by Obeying…………………………………………………………………83 Erasing the Steps of Kingdom Brian 2 Consensus: Dispersing the Power to Decide…………………………………………….85 Consensus and Community……………………………………………………………...86 Consensus as a Form of Democratic Practice……………………………………………88 Questions of Efficiency and Efficacy…………………………………………………....90 Thoughts for the Future: Control and Flexibility……………………………………..….93 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………………………..96 Chapter 3: Rising from the People: Community-Authored Development in Rebel Territory ………………………………………………………………………………………...98 The Paradox of Chiapas: A Rich Land, A Poor People………………………………...101 Laying the Foundations of Indigenous Exploitation……...…………………….102 Under the Arms of the PRI: “Development” without Democracy in 20 th Century Chiapas………………………………………………………………………….106 A Critique of NGO-Led Development Work in Chiapas……………………................112 Rising from the Pueblo : NGOs in Rebel Territory and the Zapatista Vision of Community-Authored Development…………………………………………...115 Escaping Poverty in Community: Striving for more Equitable Development…………118 Empowering Communities with the Skills to Enact Their Own Development………...121 Dignity as an Organizational Principal: Renegotiating the Relationship with Solidarity Groups………………………………………………………………123 Grappling with Dependency……………………………………………………………127 Development as a Source of Division…………………………………………………..128 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...136 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………..…138 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………143 Appendices …………………………………………………………………………….……….144 Appendix A: Demands Submitted by the Zapatistas during the February 1994 Dialogue………………………………………………………..144 Appendix B: Paramilitaries and Counterinsurgency in and around Morelia…………...151 Appendix C: Negotiating for Autonomy: The San Andrés Accords ..........................…153 Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………………………155 Erasing the Steps of Kingdom Brian 3 A Series of Introductions “Utopia is on the horizon: when I walk two steps, it takes two steps back…I walk ten steps, it is ten steps further away. What is utopia for? It is for this, for walking” Eduardo Galeano. Pedro, a young campesino and Zapatista of 23, grins at my expression of amazement as he tells me that his community began from nothing seven years ago. Living in a divided village and threatened by local paramilitaries, he tells me how 25 Zapatista families left their homes to start a new life in the dense jungles of the Selva Lacandóna . In my mind I imagine barefoot women and children, men and boys hacking at the tangled vines with their machetes, erecting simple houses of sticks and palm leaves and plowing the newly claimed earth to plant the milpas that would sustain them. This young Zapatista, only seven years old when the indigenous movement declared war on the Mexican government in 1994 and established over 30 autonomous municipalities, tells me with pride that his community was founded on March 3 rd , 2003 on abandoned land that the government had intended to use for an ecotourism project. “It was very hard,” he says, speaking about the first few years. “Many paramilitaries threatened us, but now things are calm; they know there is nothing they can do.” Pedro’s story is one of numerous tales of resistance and creation that demonstrates the incredible courage, vision, and tenacity of the indigenous peoples of Chiapas, qualities I witnessed repeatedly when I travelled to Mexico in the spring of 2009 and again in January, 2010. The decision of Pedro’s community’s to begin anew, independent of government involvement in its internal affairs, reflects a running sentiment among Zapatistas that a dignified life of struggle and hardship is better than one caught under the dictates of a governmental system that has continually failed them. Not only does Pedro’s story make manifest the cry of “Basta !” (Enough), but it also tells of the bravery of creation - the conviction that common Erasing the Steps of Kingdom Brian 4 people need not wait for a distant authority to change their lives for them. Rather, people posses the wisdom and strength to alter their own reality and to govern themselves with dignity. On the eve of January 1st, 1994 Mexico prepared to implement NAFTA and to begin its climb into the league of the “First World”. Yet, rather than waking to a day of festivities, Mexican politicians found themselves confronted by the masked faces of some 3,000 armed indigenous rebels (Pitarch 2004: 292) who dared to declare that Mexico was anything but the “First World” (Barmeyer 2003; McCowen 2003). The rebels’ cries exposed another side of the country, one of widespread poverty, landlessness, malnutrition, illiteracy, inadequate health care, and more than anything, false democracy: a country that, for 500 years, had sought to make itself wealthy off the sweat of indigenous labor and suffering (McCowen 2003: 29). Emerging after ten years of clandestine organizing in the eastern mountains of Chiapas, the Zapatistas took seven municipal seats within the first week of the uprising, including the city of San Cristóbal de las Casas (Poggiali 2005: 2), and nearly one year later declared 38 autonomous municipalities (similar to counties) in which communities refused to respect the federal government or constitutionally elected mayors or governors (Trejo 2002: 7). The Zapatistas declared war on the Mexican government and demanded, “work, land, shelter, food, healthcare, education, independence, freedom, democracy, justice and peace” (Poggiali 2005; Marcos 1995b: 54). At the heart of their demands was a desire for true democracy, something that the Zapatistas believed still elluded Mexico (Stahler-Sholk 2000). The problem with Mexico, they said, was that democracy was an illusion, a game of farcical elections and empty votes, a game of oppression and authoritarianism that ignored the voices of Mexicans and especially indigenous Mexicans. Erasing the Steps of Kingdom Brian 5 Invoking Article 39 of Mexico’s 1917 Constitution, which invests national sovereignty and the right to alter governments in the people of Mexico (Collier 2005: 2), the Zapatistas demanded the right to autonomy for indigenous villages and, as one step in the democratization of government and the recognition of plural ethnic groups, proposed decentralization of the government at
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