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Molecular Systematics of the Genera Laurencia, Osmundea and Palisada (Rhodophyta) from the Canary Islands - Analysis of Rdna and RUBISCO Spacer Sequences

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Molecular Systematics of the Genera Laurencia, Osmundea and Palisada (Rhodophyta) from the Canary Islands - Analysis of Rdna and RUBISCO Spacer Sequences Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid Vol. 65(1): 97-109 enero-junio 2008 ISSN: 0211-1322 Molecular systematics of the genera Laurencia, Osmundea and Palisada (Rhodophyta) from the Canary Islands - Analysis of rDNA and RUBISCO spacer sequences by Sh. Lewis1, P. Gacesa (†)1, M.C. Gil-Rodríguez2, F. Valdés3 & I. Frías4 1 School of Molecular and Medical Biosciences, University of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3US, UK 2 Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. [email protected] 3 Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. [email protected] 4 ICIC, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. [email protected] Abstract Resumen Lewis, Sh., Gacesa, P., Gil-Rodríguez, M.C., Valdés, F. & Frías, I. Lewis, Sh., Gacesa, P., Gil-Rodríguez, M.C., Valdés, F. & Frías, I. 2008. Molecular systematics of the genera Laurencia, Os- 2008. Sistemática molecular de los géneros Laurencia, Osmun- mundea and Palisada (Rhodophyta) from the Canary Islands - dea y Palisada (Rhodophyta) de las Islas Canarias, basadas en la Analysis of rDNA and RUBISCO spacer sequences. Anales Jard. secuencia espaciadora del RUBISCO y del rDNA. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 65(1): 97-109. Bot. Madrid 65(1): 97-109 (en inglés). The molecular systematics of Laurencia, Osmundea and Palisada Se aportan datos filogenéticos de algunas especies de Laurencia, (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) species from the Canary Islands Osmundea y Palisada (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) de las Islas has been determined by analysis sequences of the ribulose,1-5, Canarias mediante el análisis de secuencias de la región espacia- bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) spacer from the plastid dora de ribulose,1-5, bisfosfato carboxilasa (RUBISCO) del geno- genome and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and ma plastídico y las regiones espaciadoras internas (ITS1, ITS2) y the rDNA 5.8S coding region from the nuclear genome. Com- de la región codificadora del rDNA en el genoma nuclear. Los parison of sequence data showed an identity of 72-83 % be- tres géneros analizados, Laurencia, Osmundea y Palisada mues- tween the species. Three taxonomic group were identified that tran las correspondientes identidades moleculares con una iden- correspond to established phylogenetic taxons. Phylogenetic tidad del 72-83% entre ellas. Empleando métodos de parsimo- trees using both parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods nia y máxima similitud, los correspondientes árboles filogenéti- were derived from the sequence data; the trees indicate that cos ponen de manifiesto que O. pinnatifida es el taxon más dis- O. pinnatifida appears to be the most distantly related species tante entre las especies de Laurencia y Palisada analizadas. La from the Laurencia and Palisada species. The exact phylogenetic posición exacta del taxon mencionado como Laurencia sp. A position of Laurencia sp. A (“amarilla”) need additional studies. “amarilla”) precisa de estudio adicional. Keywords: Laurencia, Osmundea, Palisada, Phylogeny, Canary Palabras clave: Laurencia, Osmundea, Palisada, Filogenia, Islas Islands. Canarias. Introduction The complex include red algae species of small to medium size; they are spread worldwide except in the The Laurencia complex Lamouroux (Rhodophyta) Artic and Antarctic (McDermid, 1988). They are fre- has been separate into five genera: Laurencia sensu quently found in temperate waters, however they stricto Lamouroux, Chondrophycus Tokida & Saito, make up an important part of the tropical and sub- Osmundea Stackhouse, Palisada K.W. Nam and tropical marine flora (Saito, 1969; Diaz-Piferrer, 1970; Coryneclaida J. Agardh, based on vegetative and re- Lawson & John, 1982; Rodríguez de Rios & Saito, productive structures (Garbary & Harper, 1998; Nam 1982; Cordeiro-Marino & al., 1983; McDermid, 1988; & al., 1994). Vandermeulen & al., 1990). 98 Sh. Lewis & al. Many authors have pointed out the problems of nomic and systematic studies of algae (Destombe & identification presented in species from these com- Douglas, 1991; Goff & al., 1994; Stache-Grain & al., plex in the Atlantic Ocean (Saito, 1964, 1965, 1967; 1997). Magne, 1980; Rodríguez de Rios & Saito, 1982; In addition to RUBISCO, the comparison of DNA Cribb, 1983; Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun, 1992, 1993; sequences of rDNA, has proved to be a useful system- Haroun & Prud’homme van Reine, 1993; Maggs & atic tool. rDNA consists of genes that encode for the Hommersand 1993; Hernández-González & al., large (28S) and small ribosomal sub-unit RNA (18S 1994; among others). At the same time, new combina- and 5.8S) plus transcribed and non-transcribed spac- tions and records, and new species were described for er regions. The intergenic spacer region (non-coding) the Laurencia complex (Wynne & Ballantine 1991; has evolved most rapidly while the coding regions are Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun 1992; Furnari & al. 2001, the most evolutionary conserved sequences of the 2002; Yoneshigue-Valentin & al. 2003; Klein & Ver- cistron (Druehl & Saunders, 1992). Interspecific and laque 2005; Cassano & al. 2006). Recently, a morpho- intraspecific sequence variation of these regions has logical phylogenetic analysis of this complex was re- been examined in plants (Baldwin, 1992), fungi ported but this complex, in Canary Islands, required (O’Donnell, 1992), diatoms (Zechman & al., 1994), additional analysis in order to be correctly ubicated green algae (Coleman & al., 1994; Bakker & al., 1995), into inequivocal taxons instead of some morphologi- ahermatypic corals (Beauchamp & Powers, 1996) and cal and physiological similitude. red algae (Steane & al., 1991). rDNA has also been Both, the small and large subunits of RUBISCO, utilised for systematic and taxonomic studies of algae are encoded by the red algae plastid genome. The RU- (Goff & al., 1994; Rumpf & al., 1996; Stache-Grain & BISCO genes of Rhodophyta, Cryptophyta and Chro- al., 1997). mophyta are co-transcribed (Zetsche & al.,1991) and Goff & al. (1994) and Stache-Grain & al. (1997) ex- are separated by a small non-coding spacer region amined the value of both the ITS and RUBISCO (Fig. 1). spacer sequences in delineating relationships of pop- The RUBISCO “operon” has been extensively ulations, species and genera in Gracilaria Greville, studied in algae (e.g., Valentin & Zetche, 1990; Kono Gracilariopsis Dawson, Ectocarpus Lyngbye and Ku- &al., 1991; Hommersand & al., 1994; Pichard & al., ckuckia Hamel. They found that both were highly 1997). This spacer region has been utilized in taxo- conserved at species and population levels. Fig. 1. Plastid RUBISCO spacer region in red algae. Amplification primers are represented by the forward and reverse arrows. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 65(1): 97-109, enero-junio 2008. ISSN: 0211-1322 Phylogenetic of the Laurencia, Osmundea and Palisada spp. 99 In this work we initiate a preliminary molecular RUBISCO DNA Amplification: The RUBISCO analysis of this complex group by means of the ampli- spacer was amplified using forward primer: 5’TGTG- fication and sequencing of the RUBISCO spacer and GACCTCTACAAACAGC and reverse primer: 5’CC- rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) CATAGTTCCCAAT. The reactions were performed including the intervening 5.8S coding region of the after initial denaturation at 95 oC for 10 min. The sam- nuclear genome of six species in the genus Laurencia, ples were then cycled sequentially using a tempera- Osmundea and Palisada. The results obtained were ture regime of 95 oC/5 min, 90 oC/1 min, 50 oC/2 min used to derivate a phylogenetic tree that indicate the (5 cycles); 72 oC/1 min; 90 oC/1 min, 60 oC/1 min, 72 molecular taxonomy between species. oC/1 min (30 cycles); 72 oC/10 min. rDNA Amplification: Target regions of rDNA were Materials and Methods amplified using forward primer: 5’GTTTCCGTAG- GTGAACCTGC and reverse primer: 5’ATATGCT- Treatment of algal material and nuclear DNA extrac- TAAGTTCAGCGGGT. The reactions were per- tion: Individual plants were collected from various lo- formed after initial denaturation at 95 oC for 10 min. cations (Table 1) in Tenerife and La Palma (Canary Is- The samples were then cycled sequentially using a lands) and New Zealand. A voucher specimen from temperature regime of 94 oC/1.25min, 60 oC/2min each species from the Canary Islands used for sequenc- and 72 oC/4min repeated for 30 cycles followed by a ing and amplification were deposited in the La Laguna final period of 72 oC/10 min. University Herbarium TFC. Samples of Laurencia thyr- sifera J. Agardh from New Zealand were provided by Cloning of purified PCR products: Purified PCR Dr Ruth Falshaw (Industrial Research Limited, New products (Qiagen gel extraction kit) were ligated us- Zealand). Only algae that were visibly clear of epi- ing the pGEM-T vector system (Promega) according phytes were used for DNA extraction. DNA was ex- to the company’s instructions. These ligated products tracted from the apical parts of the thallus, frozen by were transformed either by a heat shock method into immersion in liquid nitrogen and stored at –20 ºC. E. coli XL1 or electrophorated using electro-compe- For extraction and amplification of plastic DNA tent E. coli JS5 high efficiency cells (Bio-Rad). fresh/frozen thallus (5 g) was suspended in 15 ml of Sequencing of plasmid DNA: Chain-termination se- 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) containing 50 mM EDTA quencing of purified PCR products was performed (pH 8.0) and 0.5 M NaCl to which 10% (w/v) SDS using the USB SequenaseR* Version 2.0 kit according was added. Ribonuclease A (0.15 mg) and Proteinase to the company’s protocol. Some clones were se- K (1.5 mg) were added to the sample and the tube in- o quenced using forward and reverse M13 primers la- cubated at 37 C for 1.5 h. DNA was isolated by phe- beled with fluorescein (Pharmacia LKB), using a nol and chloroform / isoamylalcohol (24:1 v/v) pre- Pharmacia LKB Automated Laser Fluorescent (ALF) cipitation and extracted in cold absolute alcohol. DNA sequencer and others sequenced using a Hy- Plastid, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was isolated baid LI-COR 4000LS infra-red automated sequencer.
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