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Introduction to Public Speaking Public Speaking: the Virtual Text Chapter 1 Public Speaking: The Virtual Text introduction to public speaking Public Speaking: The Virtual Text chapter 1 By Lisa Schreiber, Ph.D. and Morgan Hartranft Millersville University, Millersville, PA introduction Humans’ ability to communicate chapter objectives chapter outline using formalized systems of language After reading this chapter, you should be Introduction sets us apart from other living creatures able to: Benefits of Public Speaking on the Earth. Whether these language o Personal conventions make us superior to other 1. Articulate at least three o Professional creatures is debatable, but there is no reasons why public o Public Models of Communication question that overall, the most speaking skills are o Linear successful and most powerful people important. 2. Describe the difference o Transactional over the centuries have mastered the between the linear and Elements of the Communication ability to communicate effectively. In the transactional model of Process fact, the skill of speaking is so communication. o Encoding and Decoding important that it has been formally 3. List, define, and give an o Communicator taught for thousands of years (see example of each of the o Message Chapter 2 “The Origins of Public components of o Channel Speaking” by DeCaro). communication. o Noise 4. Differentiate between the o Worldview The ironic feature of public speaking major types of speeches o Context is that while we recognize that it is an 5. Identify the eleven core Types of Speeches important skill to have, many of us do public speaking Speaking Competencies not like or want to give speeches. You competencies. o Useful Topic may be reading this book because it 6. Apply chapter concepts in o Engaging Introduction was assigned to you in a class, or you final questions and o Clear Organization may be reading it because you have to activities. o Well-Supported Ideas give a speech in your personal or o Closure in Conclusion o Clear and Vivid Language professional life. If you are reading o Suitable Vocal Expression this book because you like public o Corresponding Nonverbals The purpose of this chapter is to speaking or you have a burning desire o Adapted to the Audience to learn more about it, you’re in the familiarize readers with the basic o Adept Use of Visual Aids minority. concepts of communication and public o Convincing Persuasion speaking. The chapter begins with a Conclusion The good news about public description of the personal, Review Questions and Activities speaking is that although it may not be professional, and public benefits of Glossary on the top of the list of our favorite learning more about public speaking. References anyone activities, can learn to give Then the transactional model of effective presentations. You don’t have communication is introduced along to look like a Hollywood star and you with the fundamental components of don’t have to use fancy words to be a the communication process. Next, successful speaker. What is important readers will learn about different types Wherever I go meeting the is that the audience understands you of speeches and the occasions for public... spreading a message and remembers what you have to say. which they would be presented. The of human values, spreading a By learning and using the techniques chapter ends with an overview of provided in this book, you will discover eleven primary public speaking message of harmony, is the how to create engaging speeches and competencies. most important thing. present them using your own delivery style. ~Dalai Lama ©2013 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. PDF documents prepared by Lisa Schreiber. Document layout by Donna Painter Graphics. Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking www.publicspeakingproject.org fulfill essential roles in our family and But before you even start a career, community. you have to get a job. Effective Another great personal benefit of speaking skills make you more public speaking is that it builds self- attractive to employers, enhancing your confidence. It’s no surprise that chances of securing employment and speaking in public is scary, but by later advancing within your career. engaging in the activity you will build Employers, career counselors, and the self-confidence through the experience. National Association of Colleges and Chapter 11, “Speaking with Employers (NACE) all list good Confidence” by Grapsy ( in this book) communication skills at the top of the will give you advice on how to list of qualities sought in potential minimize speech apprehension, and the employees. According to NACE’s executive director, Marilyn Mackes, the advice can be used in many other social situations as well. Job Outlook 2013 Report found that employers are looking for people who benefits of public speaking can communicate effectively (Koncz & According to the Association of Allen, 2012). Monster.com advises, American Colleges and Universities, Action is a great restorer and “articulating thoughts clearly and there are a core set of skills that are builder of confidence. concisely will make a difference in necessary “both for a globally engaged Inaction is not only the result, both a job interview and subsequent job democracy and for a dynamic- performance” (McKay, 2005). innovation fueled economy” (Rhodes, but the cause, of fear. public 2010, p. 10). In the category of Perhaps the action you take “Intellectual and practical skills” Learning about public speaking will public speaking is listed as one of will be successful; perhaps allow you to participate in democracy these core skills. This is not different action or at its most basic level. Public speaking particularly surprising given that adjustments will have to is important in creating and sustaining a communication skills are critical for society, which includes informed, intellectual development, career follow. But any action is active participants. Even if you do not trajectory, and civic engagement. better than no action at all. plan to run for office, learning about Public speaking is universally public speaking helps you to listen ~ Norman Vincent Peale more carefully to and critically evaluate applicable to all types of majors and occupations and is seen by U.S. other’s speeches. In fact the “Listening employers as a critical employability professional Effectively” and “Critical Thinking and skill for job seekers (Rockler-Gladen, TV announcers, teachers, lawyers, Reasoning” chapters in this book by 2009; U.S. Department of Labor, and entertainers must be able to speak Goddu and Russ will help you to 2000). No matter what your ambitions well, but most other professions require develop those skills. Listening and and interests are, developing speaking or at the very least can benefit from the critical thinking allow you to skills will benefit your personal, skills found in public speaking. understand public dilemmas, form an professional, and public life. opinion about them, and participate in It is believed 70% of jobs today resolving them. The progress of the personal involve some form of public speaking past century involving segregation, People don’t just give presentations (Aras, 2012). With the recent on the job and in classes. At times we economic shift from manufacturing to are called upon to give speeches in our service careers, the ability to personal lives. It may be for a special communicate with others has become event, such as a toast at a wedding. We crucial. Top CEOs advise that great may be asked to give a eulogy at a leaders must be able to communicate funeral for a friend or loved one. As a ideas effectively, they must be able to part of volunteer work, one may have persuade, build support, negotiate and to introduce a guest speaker at an event speak effectively in public (Farrell, or present or accept an award for 2011). The chapters on “Informative service. Chapter 17, “Special Occasion Speaking” and “Persuasive Speaking” Speaking” by Scholl will help you to can help readers understand how to prepare for these brief but important write presentations that enhance their speeches. Developing the skill to give leadership skills. these types of speeches can help us to 1-2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking www.publicspeakingproject.org women’s rights and environmental protection are the result of people advancing new ideas and speaking out to others to persuade them to adopt changes. models of communication It should be clear by now that public speaking happens all around us in many segments of our lives. However, to truly understand what is happening within these presentations, we need to take a step back and look at some of the key components of the communication process. linear model of communication The first theoretical model of communication was proposed in 1949 by Shannon and Weaver for Bell Laboratories (Shannon & Weaver, transactional model of 1949). This three-part model was communication your new apartment, you would picture intended to capture the radio and Models of communication have in your mind the landscape, streets and television transmission process. evolved significantly since Shannon buildings, and then you would select However it was later adapted to human and Weaver first proposed their well- the best words that describe the route communication and is now known as known conceptual model over sixty so your aunt could find you. the linear model of communication. years ago. One of the most useful Decoding is the reverse process of The first part of the model is the models for understanding public listening to words, thinking about sender, and this is the person who is speaking is Barnlund’s (2008) them, and turning those words into speaking.
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