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WA State Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan

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WA State Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan Washington State Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan: Final Plan January 19, 2006 Department of Ecology Publication No. 05-07-048 Department of Health Publication No. 333-060 This report is available on the Department of Ecology home page on the World Wide Web at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/0507048.html For a printed copy of this report, contact: Department of Ecology Publications Distributions Office Address: PO Box 47600, Olympia WA 98504-7600 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (360) 407-7472 Refer to Publication Number #05-07-048 Any use of product or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the authors or the Department of Ecology. The Department of Ecology is an equal-opportunity agency and does not discriminate on the basis of race, creed, color, disability, age, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, disabled veteran’s status, Vietnam-era veteran’s status, or sexual orientation. If you have special accommodation needs or require this document in alternative format, please contact Joan LeTourneau at 360-407-6764 (voice) or 711 or 1-800-833-6388 (TTY). Final PBDE CAP January 19, 2006 Washington State Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan: Final Plan The PBDE Chemical Action Plan Technical Committee contributed to the development of this document. Members include: Washington State Department of Ecology Harriet Ammann, Ph.D. Air Quality Program Dennis Bowhay Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program Dave Bradley Toxics Cleanup Program Cathy Carruthers Governmental Relations – Rules Unit Leatta Dahlhoff Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program Damon Delistraty, Ph.D. Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program Mike Gallagher Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program Dawne Gardiska Toxics Cleanup Program Lynne Geller Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program Miles Kuntz Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program Rick Manugian Communication and Education Program Cheryl Niemi Water Quality Program Cheri Peele Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program Jay Shepard Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program Alex Stone, D. Sc. Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program Washington State Department of Health Jason Allen Office of Environmental Health Assessments Mike Dunning Office of Policy, Legislative and Constituent Relations Denise Laflamme Office of Environmental Health Assessments Joanne Bonnar Prado Office of Environmental Health Assessments Erin Wallace Office of Environmental Health Assessments i Final PBDE CAP January 19, 2006 This page is purposely left blank for duplex copying ii Final PBDE CAP January 19, 2006 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary.......................................................................................................... vii PBDE basics................................................................................................................. ix New work completed since December, 2004 .............................................................. ix Recommendations..........................................................................................................x External Advisory Committee Members, June - December, 2004….…………………..xiii External Advisory Committee Members, July – November 2005................................... xiv Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................xv I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 II. Purpose and Description of PBDEs ................................................................................5 Purpose of PBDEs..........................................................................................................5 Uses of PBDEs...............................................................................................................5 PBDEs: Scientific Description.......................................................................................8 III. Unintended Consequences: PBDEs, Human Health, and the Environment ...............11 PBDEs and Human Health...........................................................................................12 PBDEs and the Environment .......................................................................................24 Products Containing PBDEs at End-of-Life................................................................30 IV. Degradation of Deca-BDE...........................................................................................35 V. Alternatives ...................................................................................................................41 Alternatives to PBDEs: Penta- and Octa-BDE ............................................................42 Deca-BDE Alternatives ...............................................................................................45 VI. Cost Benefit Analysis ..................................................................................................63 Business Model............................................................................................................64 Individual Model..........................................................................................................66 Potential Health Benefits .............................................................................................67 Limitations Due to Uncertainty and Variability ..........................................................73 VII. PBDEs and the Regulatory Environment...................................................................75 Washington State Overview ........................................................................................75 Federal Overview.........................................................................................................75 Other States: Overview................................................................................................77 International Overview ................................................................................................81 VIII. Policy Recommendations..........................................................................................89 Products Containing PBDEs at End-of-Life................................................................89 Source Control .............................................................................................................91 Minimizing Human Exposure......................................................................................97 Monitoring and Research...........................................................................................100 Appendixes ......................................................................................................................103 Appendix A: Survey of Manufacturers.....................................................................105 iii Final PBDE CAP January 19, 2006 Appendix B: Survey of Wholesalers and Retailers...................................................107 Appendix C: Companies Phasing out PBDEs ..........................................................111 Appendix D: Degradation of PBDEs........................................................................113 Appendix E: References on Degradation..................................................................121 Appendix F: Toxicity Profiles for Deca-BDE, alternatives and related chemicals .145 Appendix G: Definitions of terms and ranking criteria for Table 12 ......................249 Appendix H: Cost Benefit Analysis Tables..............................................................253 Appendix I: Consumer Product Safety Commission Proposed Rules....................269 Appendix J: Bibliography.......................................................................................271 Appendix K: Endnotes.............................................................................................285 iv Final PBDE CAP January 19, 2006 List of Figures and Tables Page Figures Figure 1. deca-BDE structure……………………………………………………………. 9 Figure 2. PBDEs in Swedish breast milk, 1972-2000 ......................................................12 Figure 3. PBDE in breast milk and fat samples around the world....................................13 Figure 4. Serum PBDE levels in four occupational groups (Sweden)..............................19 Figure 5. Electronic products and potential PBDE pathways...........................................30 Figure 6. Automobiles and potential PBDE pathways .....................................................31 Figure 7. Upholstered furniture and potential PBDE pathways .......................................31 Figure 8. Formula for estimating costs to Washington businesses………………………64 Figure 9. Formula for estimating average lifetime expenditures………………………...66 Figure 10. Health benefit model…………………………………………………………..69 Figure 11. Present value estimate of health benefits……………………………………...73 Tables Table 1. PBDE volume estimates: Total market demand by region in 2001 in metric tons (and by percent)..................................................................................6 Table 2. Companies that produce deca-BDE......................................................................7 Table 3. PBDE congeners of particular interest…………………………………………..9 Table 4. General compositions of PBDE-based flame retardants given in percent of BDE congeners
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